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Meule A, Allison KC, Platte P. A German version of the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ): psychometric properties and correlates in a student sample. Eat Behav 2014; 15:523-7. [PMID: 25094066 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Night eating syndrome (NES) is marked by substantial evening or nocturnal food intake, insomnia, morning anorexia, and depressed mood. The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) is the most frequently used instrument for the assessment of NES and available in several languages. The current study aimed at providing and validating a German version of the NEQ using an online study among students (N=729). The German NEQ had acceptable internal consistency (α=.71) and three-week retest-reliability (r=.77). The four-factor structure of the original version (morning anorexia, evening hyperphagia, mood/sleep, nocturnal ingestions) could be replicated, except for one item. Convergent validity was supported by moderate positive correlations with eating pathology, emotional eating, and habitual food cravings. Discriminant validity was supported by small positive correlations with relevant, but not eating-related constructs (eveningness preference, impulsivity). Scores on the NEQ were also positively, but weakly, correlated with body mass index (r=.18). The German version of the NEQ appears to be a useful tool for future investigations on night eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Petra Platte
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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252
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Greenwood J, Broadbent J, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Restrained eaters consume more food only if they are impulsive and male. Eat Behav 2014; 15:582-5. [PMID: 25218355 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study utilised the preload paradigm to evaluate whether dietary restraint, impulsivity, or their interaction significantly predicts heightened food consumption among male and/or female participants. Following a high calorie preload, 79 participants aged 18 to 40 (53 females and 26 males) completed a deceptive taste test and questionnaires measuring restraint and impulsivity levels. A series of hierarchical regressions were run, controlling for self-rated hunger levels. A significant negative association between level of restraint and food consumption post-preload was found for males, but this relationship was not significant for female participants. The hypothesis that impulsivity would directly predict heightened food consumption was not supported for either gender. However, impulsivity was found to significantly moderate the relationship between restraint and food intake in the male sample, but not the female, providing partial support for this hypothesis. Potential reasons for this gender-specific interaction effect of impulsivity and restraint for food consumption are discussed. More broadly, present findings highlight the need for further consideration of the role of impulsivity in undermining food intake of restrained eaters. Future research should also consider how preload effects may differ across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Greenwood
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - J Broadbent
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Australia.
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253
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Torok M, Darke S, Shand F, Kaye S. Violent offending severity among injecting drug users: examining risk factors and issues around classification. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1773-8. [PMID: 25123345 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of research as to how injecting drug users (IDU) might be differentiated in the severity of their violent offending. This paper reported on the risks associated with severity, as well as issues around severity classification and the impact on observed relationships with known major risk factors. METHOD A cross-sectional survey administered to 300 IDU, who had injected drugs weekly or more in the past 12months. A structured questionnaire addresses potential substance use and early-life risk factors for violent offending. RESULTS Four severity groups were identified: non-violent (24%), low (34%), moderate (22%) and high (20%) level offenders. Higher severity groups had more prevalent and more severe histories of childhood maltreatment, child psychopathology and dysfunctional trait personalities, as well as more severe substance use problems than low-level and non-violent IDU. Regression analyses found that only two of 15 risk factors remained uniformly associated with violent offending across the four classification schemes tested: (1) having committed violence under the influence and (2) having more impulsive trait personalities. CONCLUSIONS Disaggregating IDU into distinct subgroups showed that the extent and severity of predispositional and substance use risk exposure corresponded to the severity of violent offending. There is a need to establish a systematic method for classifying severity given that there were clinically meaningful differences between groups which require further exploration and replication, and because there was extensive variation in the risks associated with severity across schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Torok
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Shand
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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254
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Missbach B, Florack A, Weissmann L, König J. Mental imagery interventions reduce subsequent food intake only when self-regulatory resources are available. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1391. [PMID: 25506337 PMCID: PMC4246674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that imagining food consumption leads to food-specific habituation effects. In the present research, we replicated these effects and further examined whether the depletion of self-regulatory resources would reduce the habituation effects of imagined food consumption. Since self-regulatory resources have been shown to reduce habituation effects during the perception of emotional stimuli, we expected a reduction in habituation effects from imagined food consumption when self-regulatory resources were depleted. In Study 1, we replicated habituation effects as a response to imagining gummy bear consumption with a high (36) and medium number (18) of repetitions in a camouflaged taste test. Participants imagining gummy bear intake showed decreased food intake compared with participants who imagined putting a coin into a laundry machine. The number of repetitions did not significantly moderate the observed habituation effect. In Study 2, we investigated whether self-regulatory depletion would impede habituation effects evoked by the imagination of walnut consumption. Participants in a depleted state did not show a reduction in food intake after imagining walnut intake compared with participants in a non-depleted state. We discuss directions for future research and processes that might underlie the observed moderating effect of self-regulatory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Missbach
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Arnd Florack
- Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Lukas Weissmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
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255
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Kerr ZY, Evenson KR, Rosamond WD, Mihalik JP, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW. Association between concussion and mental health in former collegiate athletes. Inj Epidemiol 2014; 1:28. [PMID: 27747661 PMCID: PMC5005582 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-014-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing research on the association between concussion and mental health outcomes is largely limited to former professional athletes. This cross-sectional study estimated the association between recurrent concussion and depression, impulsivity, and aggression in former collegiate athletes. METHODS Former collegiate athletes who played between 1987-2012 at a Division I university completed an online questionnaire. The main exposure, total number of self-recalled concussions (sport-related and non-sport-related), were categorized as: zero (referent), one, two, or three or more concussions. The main outcomes were the depression module of The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Short Form of the Barratt Impulsiveness scale (BIS15); and the 12-item Short Form of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF). Depression was categorized into a binomial severity classification that differentiated between no or mild depression (PHQ-9 scores <10) and moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 scores ≥10). Impulsivity and aggression were kept as continuous outcomes. Binomial regression estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR). Linear regression estimated adjusted mean differences (MD). RESULTS Of the 797 respondents with complete data (21.9% completion rate), 38.8% reported at least one concussion. Controlling for alcohol dependence and family history of depression, the prevalence of moderate to severe depression among former collegiate athletes reporting three or more concussions in total was 2.4 times that of those reporting zero concussions [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.0, 5.7]. Controlling for alcohol dependence, family history of anxiety, relationship status, obtaining a post-graduate degree, and playing primary college sport professionally, former collegiate athletes reporting two or more concussions in total had higher mean scores for impulsivity, compared to those reporting no concussions (2 concussions MD = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.1; 3+ concussions MD = 1.9; 95% CI: 0.6, 3.2). Controlling for alcohol dependence, sex, and relationship status, former collegiate athletes reporting three or more concussions in total had a higher mean score for aggression, compared to those reporting no concussions (MD = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.7). CONCLUSIONS Our study found an association between former concussion and greater risk of severe depression and higher levels of impulsivity and aggression among former collegiate athletes. Additional prospective studies better addressing causality and ascertaining valid lifetime concussion histories and medical histories are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Epidemiology, Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bank of America Building, Suite 500, 137 E. Franklin St, Chapel Hill, 27599-7505, NC, USA. .,NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, 401 West Michigan Street, Suite 500, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA.
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bank of America Building, Suite 306, 137 E. Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wayne D Rosamond
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bank of America Building, Suite 306, 137 E. Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason P Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Matthew A. Gfeller Sport-related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, 313 Woollen Gymnasium, Chapel Hill, 27599-8605, NC, USA
| | - Kevin M Guskiewicz
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Matthew A. Gfeller Sport-related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, 2207 Stallings-Evans Sports Medicine Center, Chapel Hill, 27599-8700, NC, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bank of America Building, Suite 500, 137 E. Franklin St, Chapel Hill, 27599-7505, NC, USA
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256
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Reid RC, Cyders MA, Moghaddam JF, Fong TW. Psychometric properties of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale in patients with gambling disorders, hypersexuality, and methamphetamine dependence. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1640-1645. [PMID: 24314714 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS; Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995) is a widely-used self-report measure of impulsivity, there have been numerous questions about the invariance of the factor structure across clinical populations (Haden & Shiva, 2008, 2009; Ireland & Archer, 2008). The goal of this article is to examine the factor structure of the BIS among a sample consisting of three populations exhibiting addictive behaviors and impulsivity: pathological gamblers, hypersexual patients, and individuals seeking treatment for methamphetamine dependence to determine if modification to the existing factors might improve the psychometric properties of the BIS. The current study found that the factor structure of the BIS does not replicate in this sample and instead produces a 12-item three-factor solution consisting of motor-impulsiveness (5 items), non-planning impulsiveness (3 items), and immediacy impulsiveness (4 items). The clinical utility of the BIS in this population is questionable. The authors suggest future studies to investigate comparisons with this modified version of the BIS and other impulsivity scales such as the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale in clinical populations when assessing disposition toward rash action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Jacquelene F Moghaddam
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Timothy W Fong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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257
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García-Rodríguez O, Blanco C, Wall MM, Wang S, Jin CJ, Kendler KS. Toward a comprehensive developmental model of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 144:160-9. [PMID: 25262528 PMCID: PMC4253146 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to identify predictors of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence (ND) to develop a comprehensive risk-factor model based on Kendler's development model for major depression. METHODS Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), Wave 2 (n=34,653). Risk factors were divided into five developmental tiers according to Kendler's model (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, past-year). Hierarchical logistic regression models were built to predict the risk of smoking initiation and the risk of ND, given initiation. The continuation ratio (CR) was tested by ordinal logistic regression to examine whether the impact of the predictors was the same on smoking initiation or ND. RESULTS The final models highlighted the importance of different tiers for each outcome. The CR identified substantial differences in the predictors of smoking initiation versus ND. Childhood tier appears to be more determinant for smoking initiation while the effect of more distal tiers (i.e. childhood and early adolescence) was tempered by more proximal ones (i.e. late adolescence, adulthood and past-year) in ND, with few sex differences. CONCLUSIONS The differential effect of some predictors on each outcome shows the complexity of pathways from smoking initiation to ND. While some risk factors may be shared, others impact only at one stage or have even an inverse effect. An adaptation of Kendler's developmental model for major depression showed high predictive power for smoking initiation and ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya García-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Carlos Blanco
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Melanie M. Wall
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chelsea J. Jin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA
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258
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Hamilton KR, Sinha R, Potenza MN. Self-reported impulsivity, but not behavioral approach or inhibition, mediates the relationship between stress and self-control. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1557-1564. [PMID: 24508183 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been associated with poor self-control. Individual differences in impulsivity and other behavioral tendencies may influence the relationship of stress with self-control, although this possibility has not been examined to date. The present research investigated whether cumulative stress is associated with poor self-control, and whether this relationship is mediated by impulsivity, behavioral approach, and behavioral inhibition in men and women. A community sample of 566 adults (319 women and 247 men) was assessed on the Cumulative Adversity Interview, Brief Self-control Scale, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and Behavioral Activation System and Behavioral Inhibition System Scale (BIS/BAS). Data were analyzed using regression and bootstrapping techniques. In the total sample, the effects of cumulative stress on self-control were mediated by impulsivity. Neither behavioral inhibition nor behavioral approach mediated the association between cumulative stress and self-control in the total sample. Results were similar when men and women were considered separately, with impulsivity, but not behavioral inhibition or approach, mediating the association between cumulative stress and self-control. Impulsive individuals might benefit preferentially from interventions focusing on stress management and strategies for improving self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 2103 Cole Field House, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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259
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Struckman-Johnson C, Gaster S, Struckman-Johnson D. A preliminary study of sexual activity as a distraction for young drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 71:120-128. [PMID: 24922612 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In what may be the first in-depth study of sexual activity as a driving distraction in the US, a sample of 195 male and 511 female college students at a Midwestern university (M age=19.7) participated in an on-line study of sex while driving (SWD). Of these, 64 (32.8%) men and 47 (9.3%) women had engaged in sex while driving (SWD). Nine percent of men and 29% of women had engaged in SWD as a passenger. In most recent SWD incidents, respondents reported that the two most common acts were oral sex (70.3%) and genital touching (60.4%). About 11% engaged in vaginal intercourse. Sexual activity lasted from 1 to 10min for 42.7% of the respondents. Nearly half (49.1%) were traveling 61-80mph during sex. Considering respondents' lifetime incidents of SWD, the most common driving errors reported were speeding (37.8%), drifting into another lane (36%), and letting go of the steering wheel (10.8%). Only 1.8% nearly had a crash, and none actually had a crash. Separate regression analyses for male and female respondents revealed that lower intentions to engage in SWD in the future were associated with higher estimates of the probability of a car crash. The authors consider SWD to be an under-reported in-vehicle distraction and encourage more research and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Struckman-Johnson
- Department of Psychology 414 East Clark St. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Samuel Gaster
- Department of Psychology 414 East Clark St. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Dave Struckman-Johnson
- Department of Computer Science 414 East Clark St. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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260
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Courtney RJ, Bradford D, Martire KA, Bonevski B, Borland R, Doran C, Hall W, Farrell M, Siahpush M, Sanson-Fisher R, West R, Mattick RP. A randomized clinical trial of a financial education intervention with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for low socio-economic status Australian smokers: a study protocol. Addiction 2014; 109:1602-11. [PMID: 25040447 DOI: 10.1111/add.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reducing smoking prevalence among smokers from low socio-economic status (SES) is a preventative health priority. Financial stress (e.g. shortage of money or inability to pay bills) may be a major barrier to quitting smoking. This study evaluates the efficacy of a financial education and support programme coupled with pharmacotherapy at improving cessation rates at 8-month follow-up among Australian low SES smokers (people receiving a government pension or allowance). DESIGN A two-group parallel block randomized (ratio 1 : 1) open-label clinical trial (RCT) with allocation concealment will be conducted. Allocation will be concealed to interviewers at data collection-points. SETTING The study will be conducted primarily by telephone with baseline, follow-up interviews and telephone-based support sessions. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) delivery will be mail-based. PARTICIPANTS Daily smokers who are interested in quitting smoking and are currently in receipt of government benefits (n = 1046) will be recruited through study advertisements placed in newspapers, posters placed in government social assistance agencies and Quitline telephone-based cessation support services. After completion of a baseline computer-assisted telephone interview, participants will be allocated randomly to control or intervention group using a permuted block approach. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR Participants in both groups will receive 8 weeks of free combination NRT plus Quitline support. Participants in the intervention group will also receive four telephone-delivered financial education and support sessions. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome measure will be prolonged abstinence (at 8-month follow-up) assessed using Russell Standard criteria and biochemically verified (urine cotinine). COMMENTS This is the first intervention study to evaluate the potential of co-managing financial stress as a means of enhancing smokers' capacity to quit smoking. Such an intervention may provide a scalable intervention to help low SES smokers to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Courtney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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261
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Lantini R, van den Berg JJ, Roberts MB, Bock BC, Stein LAR, Parker DR, Friedmann PD, Clarke JG. Characteristics of smoking used cigarettes among an incarcerated population. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 29:254-8. [PMID: 25180554 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about smoking behaviors involving shared and previously used cigarettes, which we refer to as "smoking used cigarettes." Examples include: cigarette sharing with strangers, smoking discarded cigarettes ("butts"), or remaking cigarettes from portions of discarded cigarettes. The current study focuses on the prevalence of and factors associated with smoking used cigarettes prior to incarceration among a U.S. prison population. Questionnaires were administered to 244 male and female inmates at baseline. Prevalence of smoking used cigarettes was assessed using 3 questions; 1 about sharing cigarettes with strangers, 1 about smoking a "found" cigarette, and 1 about smoking previously used cigarettes. Factors associated with those who engaged in smoking used cigarettes were then compared with those who did not engage in smoking used cigarettes. A majority of participants (61.5%) endorsed engaging in at least 1 smoking used cigarette behavior in the past prior to incarceration. Those who engaged in these behaviors were more likely to have a higher degree of nicotine dependence, to have started smoking regularly at a younger age, and to have lived in an unstable living environment prior to incarceration. Our results indicate that a history of smoking used cigarettes is common among incarcerated persons in the United States. Consistent with our hypothesis, engaging in smoking used cigarettes was found to be associated with a higher degree of nicotine dependence. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lantini
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital
| | | | | | - Beth C Bock
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital
| | - L A R Stein
- Social Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
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262
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Hammer EM, Kaufmann T, Kleih SC, Blankertz B, Kübler A. Visuo-motor coordination ability predicts performance with brain-computer interfaces controlled by modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR). Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:574. [PMID: 25147518 PMCID: PMC4123785 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) was suggested as a control signal for brain-computer interfaces (BCI). Yet, there is a population of users estimated between 10 to 50% not able to achieve reliable control and only about 20% of users achieve high (80–100%) performance. Predicting performance prior to BCI use would facilitate selection of the most feasible system for an individual, thus constitute a practical benefit for the user, and increase our knowledge about the correlates of BCI control. In a recent study, we predicted SMR-BCI performance from psychological variables that were assessed prior to the BCI sessions and BCI control was supported with machine-learning techniques. We described two significant psychological predictors, namely the visuo-motor coordination ability and the ability to concentrate on the task. The purpose of the current study was to replicate these results thereby validating these predictors within a neurofeedback based SMR-BCI that involved no machine learning.Thirty-three healthy BCI novices participated in a calibration session and three further neurofeedback training sessions. Two variables were related with mean SMR-BCI performance: (1) a measure for the accuracy of fine motor skills, i.e., a trade for a person’s visuo-motor control ability; and (2) subject’s “attentional impulsivity”. In a linear regression they accounted for almost 20% in variance of SMR-BCI performance, but predictor (1) failed significance. Nevertheless, on the basis of our prior regression model for sensorimotor control ability we could predict current SMR-BCI performance with an average prediction error of M = 12.07%. In more than 50% of the participants, the prediction error was smaller than 10%. Hence, psychological variables played a moderate role in predicting SMR-BCI performance in a neurofeedback approach that involved no machine learning. Future studies are needed to further consolidate (or reject) the present predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Hammer
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja C Kleih
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Blankertz
- Neurotechnology Group, Berlin Institute of Technology Berlin, Germany ; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology (BFNT) Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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263
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Meule A, Heckel D, Jurowich CF, Vögele C, Kübler A. Correlates of food addiction in obese individuals seeking bariatric surgery. Clin Obes 2014; 4:228-36. [PMID: 25826794 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that palatable, high-calorie foods may have an addictive potential. Accordingly, obesity and overconsumption of such foods have been associated with addiction-like eating behaviour. The present study investigated whether individuals with obesity can be classified as food-addicted and which factors would differentiate between food-addicted and non-addicted individuals. We administered the German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale and other questionnaires to obese individuals seeking bariatric surgery (N = 96). Results showed that 40% of the sample could be diagnosed as food-addicted. Food-addicted individuals reported more frequent food cravings, higher eating disorder psychopathology and more depressive symptoms than the non-addicted group. Age, body mass and gender distribution did not differ between groups. The food addiction group had higher attentional but similar motor and non-planning impulsivity, and had lower scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) compared with the non-addicted group. Scores on the AUDIT were associated with impulsivity in the non-addicted group only. We conclude that the prevalence of food addiction is higher in candidates for bariatric surgery compared with the general population and obese individuals not seeking bariatric surgery. A diagnosis of food addiction is associated with higher eating pathology and depression. Moreover, only attentional impulsivity, but not other dimensions of impulsivity, is associated with addictive eating. Finally, food addiction and impulsivity interactively predicted alcohol use, suggesting a crucial role of psychological variables and eating style in determining alcohol consumption in pre-bariatric patients, independent of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meule
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
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264
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Meule A, Kübler A. Double trouble. Trait food craving and impulsivity interactively predict food-cue affected behavioral inhibition. Appetite 2014; 79:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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265
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Malone SM, Luciana M, Wilson S, Sparks JC, Hunt RH, Thomas KM, Iacono WG. Adolescent drinking and motivated decision-making: a cotwin-control investigation with monozygotic twins. Behav Genet 2014; 44:407-18. [PMID: 24676464 PMCID: PMC4058380 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a monozygotic (MZ) cotwin-control (CTC) design to investigate associations between alcohol use and performance on the Iowa gambling task (IGT) in a sample of 96 adolescents (half female). The MZ CTC design is well suited to shed light on whether poor decision-making, as reflected on IGT performance, predisposes individuals to abuse substances or is a consequence of use. Participants completed structural MRI scans as well, from which we derived gray matter volumes for cortical and subcortical regions involved in IGT performance and reduced in adolescents with problematic alcohol use. Drinking was associated with poorer task performance and with reduced volume of the left lateral orbital-frontal cortex. CTC analyses indicated that the former was due to differences between members of twin pairs in alcohol use (suggesting a causal effect of alcohol), whereas the latter was due to factors shared by twins (consistent with a pre-existing vulnerability for use). Although these preliminary findings warrant replication, they suggest that normative levels of alcohol use may diminish the quality of adolescent decision-making and thus have potentially important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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266
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Kroese FM, De Ridder DTD, Evers C, Adriaanse MA. Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination. Front Psychol 2014; 5:611. [PMID: 24994989 PMCID: PMC4062817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Procrastination is a prevalent and problematic phenomenon that has mostly been studied in the domain of academic behavior. The current study shows that procrastination may also lead to harmful outcomes in the area of health behavior, introducing bedtime procrastination as an important factor related to getting insufficient sleep and consequently affecting individual well-being. Bedtime procrastination is defined as failing to go to bed at the intended time, while no external circumstances prevent a person from doing so. Methods: To empirically support the conceptual introduction of bedtime procrastination, an online survey study was conducted among a community sample (N = 177). The relationship between bedtime procrastination and individual difference variables related to self-regulation and general procrastination was assessed. Moreover, it was investigated whether bedtime procrastination was a predictor of self-reported sleep outcomes (experienced insufficient sleep, hours of sleep, fatigue during the day). Results: Bedtime procrastination was negatively associated with self-regulation: people who scored lower on self-regulation variables reported more bedtime procrastination. Moreover, self-reported bedtime procrastination was related to general reports of insufficient sleep above and beyond demographics and self-regulation. Conclusions: Introducing a novel domain in which procrastinators experience problems, bedtime procrastination appears to be a prevalent and relevant issue that is associated with getting insufficient sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor M Kroese
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Catharine Evers
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Adriaanse
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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267
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Mulhauser KRW, Struthers WM, Hook JN, Pyykkonen BA, Womack SD, MacDonald M. Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task in a Sample of Hypersexual Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.908333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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268
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Biolcati R, Passini S, Griffiths MD. All-in and Bad Beat: Professional Poker Players and Pathological Gambling. Int J Ment Health Addict 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-014-9506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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269
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EXP CLIN TRANSPLANTExp Clin Transplant 2014; 12. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.2013.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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270
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Morean ME, DeMartini KS, Leeman RF, Pearlson GD, Anticevic A, Krishnan-Sarin S, Krystal JH, O'Malley SS. Psychometrically improved, abbreviated versions of three classic measures of impulsivity and self-control. Psychol Assess 2014; 26:1003-20. [PMID: 24885848 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported impulsivity confers risk factor for substance abuse. However, the psychometric properties of many self-report impulsivity measures have been questioned, thereby undermining the interpretability of study findings using these measures. To better understand these measurement limitations and to suggest a path to assessing self-reported impulsivity with greater psychometric stability, we conducted a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scales (BIS/BAS), and the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) using data from 1,449 individuals who participated in substance use research. For each measure, we evaluated (a) latent factor structure, (b) measurement invariance, (c) test-criterion relationships between the measures, and (d) test-criterion relations with drinking and smoking outcomes. Notably, we could not replicate the originally published latent structure for the BIS, BIS/BAS, or BSCS or any previously published alternative factor structure (English language). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, we identified psychometrically improved, abbreviated versions of each measure: 8-item, 2-factor BIS-11 (root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .06, comparative fit index [CFI] = .95); 13-item, 4-factor BIS/BAS (RMSEA = .04, CFI = .96); and 7-item, 2-factor BSCS (RMSEA = .05, CFI = .96). These versions evidenced (a) stable, replicable factor structures, (b) scalar measurement invariance, ensuring our ability to make statistically interpretable comparisons across subgroups of interest (e.g., sex, race, drinking/smoking status), and (c) test-criterion relationships with each other and with drinking/smoking. This study provides strong support for using these psychometrically improved impulsivity measures, which improve data quality directly through better scale properties and indirectly through reducing response burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Morean
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Robert F Leeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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271
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Traumata, Entwicklungsperioden und motivationale Fähigkeiten bei Schweizer Verdingkindern im Alter. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 60:146-61. [DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2014.60.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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272
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Darke S, Torok M. The association of childhood physical abuse with the onset and extent of drug use among regular injecting drug users. Addiction 2014; 109:610-6. [PMID: 24279327 DOI: 10.1111/add.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether childhood physical abuse (CPA) histories were associated with age of onset of psychoactive substance use and injecting, and the extent of polydrug use among injecting drug users (IDU). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS A total of 300 IDU were administered a structured interview examining the prevalence and severity of CPA and drug use histories. FINDINGS Of the participants, 40.3% had experienced severe abuse (SA), 34.0% mild-moderate abuse (MMA) and 25.7% no abuse history (NA). After controlling for other variables, a history of severe CPA was a significant independent correlate of an earlier age at first alcohol intoxication compared to both the NA (β = -0.23, P < 0.01) and MMA (β = 0.20, P < 0.01) groups. Severe CPA was also a significant independent correlate of an earlier age at first illicit drug use compared to both the NA (β = -0.16, P < 0.05) and MMA (β = -0.15, P < 0.05) groups. In contrast, CPA histories were not independently associated with the onset of injecting drug use. After controlling for potential confounders, both the MMA (β = 0.28, P < 0.001) and SA (β = 0.27, P < 0.001) groups were associated with more extensive life-time polydrug use, but did not differ from each other (P = 0.82). After controlling for potential confounders, both MMA (β = 0.20, P < 0.01) and SA (β = 0.33, P < 0.001) group membership were associated with more extensive recent polydrug use but, again, did not differ significantly from each other (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Severe childhood physical abuse severity is associated with an earlier initiation into drug use. Any level of abuse is associated with more extensive life-time and recent polydrug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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273
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Meule A, Lutz APC, Krawietz V, Stützer J, Vögele C, Kübler A. Food-cue affected motor response inhibition and self-reported dieting success: a pictorial affective shifting task. Front Psychol 2014; 5:216. [PMID: 24659978 PMCID: PMC3952046 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition is one of the basic facets of executive functioning and is closely related to self-regulation. Impulsive reactions, that is, low inhibitory control, have been associated with higher body mass index (BMI), binge eating, and other problem behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, pathological gambling, etc.). Nevertheless, studies which investigated the direct influence of food-cues on behavioral inhibition have been fairly inconsistent. In the current studies, we investigated food-cue affected behavioral inhibition in young women. For this purpose, we used a go/no-go task with pictorial food and neutral stimuli in which stimulus-response mapping is reversed after every other block (affective shifting task). In study 1, hungry participants showed faster reaction times to and omitted fewer food than neutral targets. Low dieting success and higher BMI were associated with behavioral disinhibition in food relative to neutral blocks. In study 2, both hungry and satiated individuals were investigated. Satiation did not influence overall task performance, but modulated associations of task performance with dieting success and self-reported impulsivity. When satiated, increased food craving during the task was associated with low dieting success, possibly indicating a preload-disinhibition effect following food intake. Food-cues elicited automatic action and approach tendencies regardless of dieting success, self-reported impulsivity, or current hunger levels. Yet, associations between dieting success, impulsivity, and behavioral food-cue responses were modulated by hunger and satiation. Future research investigating clinical samples and including other salient non-food stimuli as control category is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Annika P. C. Lutz
- Research Group Self-regulation and Health, Research Unit INSIDE, Université du LuxembourgWalferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Vera Krawietz
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Judith Stützer
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Group Self-regulation and Health, Research Unit INSIDE, Université du LuxembourgWalferdange, Luxembourg
- Research Group on Health Psychology, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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274
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Torok M, Darke S, Kaye S, Shand F. The association of early-life and substance use risks to violent offending among injecting drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; 34:10-7. [PMID: 24602098 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS It remains unclear whether violent offending among injecting drug users (IDU) is the direct result of drug use factors or whether they are predisposed to violent behaviour from childhood. The current study sought to identify substance use and early-life correlates of lifetime violent offending among IDUs and to determine what risks contributed to recent violent offending. DESIGN AND METHODS Three hundred community-based regular IDUs were administered a face-to-face cross-sectional structured interview examining correlates of violent offending. RESULTS One-third (34%) of IDUs had committed violence in the past 12 months, 42% more than 12 months ago and 24% had never been violent. Predispositional and substance use risk profiles were poorer among IDUs who had been violent, but many of these risks were even more prevalent and severe among those who had been violent in the past 12 months. Multinomial logistic regression found that IDUs who had been violent in the past 12 months had greater polysubstance and higher trait aggressive personalities than the other IDUs, whereas they were further differentiated from non-recent violent IDUs in having more involvement in drug dealing and more likely to screen positive for conduct disorder. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Drug use factors alone did not adequately explain the likelihood of violent offending among IDUs. Instead, there appeared to be complex interactions between early-life risks and substance use which created a liability to violent offending, and the level of exposure to these risks appeared to explain differences in violent offending patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Torok
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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275
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Meule A, Hermann T, Kübler A. A short version of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait: the FCQ-T-reduced. Front Psychol 2014; 5:190. [PMID: 24624116 PMCID: PMC3940888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most often used instruments for the assessment of food cravings is the Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ), which consists of a trait (FCQ-T; 39 items) and state (FCQ-S; 15 items) version. Scores on the FCQ-T have been found to be positively associated with eating pathology, body mass index (BMI), low dieting success and increases in state food craving during cognitive tasks involving appealing food stimuli. The current studies evaluated reliability and validity of a reduced version of the FCQ-T consisting of 15 items only (FCQ-T-r). Study 1 was a questionnaire study conducted online among students (N = 323). In study 2, female students (N = 70) performed a working memory task involving food and neutral pictures. Study 1 indicated a one-factorial structure and high internal consistency (α = 0.94) of the FCQ-T-r. Scores of the FCQ-T-r were positively correlated with BMI and negatively correlated with dieting success. In study 2, participants reported higher state food craving after the task compared to before. This increase was positively correlated with the FCQ-T-r. Hours since the last meal positively predicted food craving before the task when controlling for FCQ-T-r scores and the interaction of both variables. Contrarily, FCQ-T-r scores positively predicted food craving after the task when controlling for food deprivation and the interaction term. Thus, trait food craving was specifically associated with state food craving triggered by palatable food-cues, but not with state food craving related to plain hunger. Results indicate high reliability of the FCQ-T-r. Replicating studies that used the long version, small-to-medium correlations with BMI and dieting success could be found. Finally, scores on the FCQ-T-r predicted cue-elicited food craving, providing further support of its validity. The FCQ-T-r constitutes a succinct, valid and reliable self-report measure to efficiently assess experiences of food craving as a trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Hermann
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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276
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Abstract
Emotional and behavioral dyscontrol are relatively common neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury and present substantial challenges to recovery and community participation. Among the most problematic and functionally disruptive of these types of behaviors are pathologic laughing and crying, affective lability, irritability, disinhibition, and aggression. Managing these problems effectively requires an understanding of their phenomenology, epidemiology, and clinical evaluation. This article reviews these issues and provides clinicians with brief and practical suggestions for the management of emotional and behavioral dyscontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Arciniegas
- Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA; Neuropsychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Hal S Wortzel
- Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Neuropsychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; VISN 19 MIRECC, Denver Veterans Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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277
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Meule A, Lutz APC, Vögele C, Kübler A. Impulsive reactions to food-cues predict subsequent food craving. Eat Behav 2014; 15:99-105. [PMID: 24411760 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Low inhibitory control has been associated with overeating and addictive behaviors. Inhibitory control can modulate cue-elicited craving in social or alcohol-dependent drinkers, and trait impulsivity may also play a role in food-cue reactivity. The current study investigated food-cue affected response inhibition and its relationship to food craving using a stop-signal task with pictures of food and neutral stimuli. Participants responded slower to food pictures as compared to neutral pictures. Reaction times in response to food pictures positively predicted scores on the Food Cravings Questionnaire - State (FCQ-S) after the task and particularly scores on its hunger subscale. Lower inhibitory performance in response to food pictures predicted higher FCQ-S scores and particularly those related to a desire for food and lack of control over consumption. Task performance was unrelated to current dieting or other measures of habitual eating behaviors. Results support models on interactive effects of top-down inhibitory control processes and bottom-up hedonic signals in the self-regulation of eating behavior, such that low inhibitory control specifically in response to appetitive stimuli is associated with increased craving, which may ultimately result in overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Annika P C Lutz
- Research Unit INSIDE, Université du Luxembourg, Route de Diekirch-BP2, L-7220 Walferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Unit INSIDE, Université du Luxembourg, Route de Diekirch-BP2, L-7220 Walferdange, Luxembourg; Research Group on Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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278
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Effects of acute treatment with a tryptophan-rich protein hydrolysate on plasma amino acids, mood and emotional functioning in older women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4595-610. [PMID: 24858376 PMCID: PMC4231284 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Effective functioning of the neurotransmitter serotonin is important for optimal cognitive and emotional function. Dietary supplements able to increase availability to the brain of the precursor amino acid, tryptophan (TRP), and thereby enhance serotonin synthesis, can have measurable impact on these psychological processes. OBJECTIVES This study involves a randomised controlled trial of a TRP-rich egg-white protein hydrolysate (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Switzerland) on plasma amino acids, cognition, mood and emotional processing in older women. METHODS Following a baseline test day without treatment, 60 healthy women aged 45-65 years received drinks containing either 2 or 4 g of TRP-rich protein hydrolysate product or 3.11 g casein hydrolysate as a control. One hour later, they undertook a 2-h battery of cognitive and emotional tests. RESULTS The TRP-rich protein hydrolysate produced the expected dose-dependent increase in the ratio of plasma TRP to competing large neutral amino acids. TRP-rich protein hydrolysate (2 g only) prevented both the decline in wellbeing and increase in fatigue seen over the test session in the control group. This treatment dose resulted in a significant shift in emotional processing towards positive words and reduced negative bias in assessing negative facial expressions. Effects on cognition were small and not statistically reliable and are not reported here. However, there was no evidence for any adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a low dose of TRP-rich protein hydrolysate may have beneficial effects on emotional function that could promote feelings of wellbeing, possibly conferring resistance to deterioration in mood in healthy subjects or depressive episodes.
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279
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Xu Y, Li Y, Jiang L. The effects of situational factors and impulsiveness on drivers' intentions to violate traffic rules: Difference of driving experience. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 62:54-62. [PMID: 24129321 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of situational variables and impulsiveness on drivers' intentions to violate traffic rules among novice, less experienced and experienced drivers in China. Specifically, eight scenarios with manipulated variables, including time pressures (high and low), descriptive norms (positive and negative) and accident base rates (high and low), were randomly presented to 232 drivers. All independent variables, except the descriptive norm, were between-subjects designs. The results showed that hypothetical high time pressure and unsafe descriptive norm increased drivers' intentions to commit violations, respectively. Moreover, the effects of situational factors and impulsiveness on their intentions to violate traffic rules depended on driving experience. Cognitive impulsiveness predicted the violation intention only of novice drivers, whereas the descriptive norm affected the intention of the remaining two groups. The stated accident base rate moderated the relationship between the descriptive norm and violation intention of experienced drivers, specifically, when the accident base rate was hypothetical high their violation intention relied more on descriptive norms. The results indicated that with increased driving experience, drivers became more sensitive to situational cues, less influenced by individual factors and, correspondingly, more likely to behave in a manner that was congruent with the surrounding situation and individuals. The potential applications for this research are the development of intervention and training programs specifically for drivers with varying levels of driving experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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van der Pol P, Liebregts N, de Graaf R, Korf DJ, van den Brink W, van Laar M. Predicting the transition from frequent cannabis use to cannabis dependence: a three-year prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:352-9. [PMID: 23886472 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent cannabis users are at high risk of dependence, still most (near) daily users are not dependent. It is unknown why some frequent users develop dependence, whereas others do not. This study aims to identify predictors of first-incidence DSM-IV cannabis dependence in frequent cannabis users. METHODS A prospective cohort of frequent cannabis users (aged 18-30, n=600) with baseline and two follow-up assessments (18 and 36 months) was used. Only participants without lifetime diagnosis of DSM-IV cannabis dependence at baseline (n=269) were selected. Incidence of DSM-IV cannabis dependence was established using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0. Variables assessed as potential predictors of the development of cannabis dependence included sociodemographic factors, cannabis use variables (e.g., motives, consumption habits, cannabis exposure), vulnerability factors (e.g., childhood adversity, family history of mental disorders or substance use problems, personality, mental disorders), and stress factors (e.g., life events, social support). RESULTS Three-year cumulative incidence of cannabis dependence was 37.2% (95% CI=30.7-43.8%). Independent predictors of the first incidence of cannabis dependence included: living alone, coping motives for cannabis use, number and type of recent negative life events (major financial problems), and number and type of cannabis use disorder symptoms (impaired control over use). Cannabis exposure variables and stable vulnerability factors did not independently predict first incidence of cannabis dependence. CONCLUSIONS In a high risk population of young adult frequent cannabis users, current problems are more important predictors of first incidence cannabis dependence than the level and type of cannabis exposure and stable vulnerability factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy van der Pol
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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281
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Childhood physical abuse, non-suicidal self-harm and attempted suicide amongst regular injecting drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:420-6. [PMID: 23906996 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood physical abuse (CPA), non-suicidal self-harm and attempted suicide are all highly prevalent amongst injecting drug users (IDU). This paper reported on the association of CPA with self-harm and attempted suicide. METHODS Cross-sectional study, with 300 IDU administered a structured interview examining the prevalence of CPA, non-suicidal self-harm and suicide attempts. RESULTS CPA was reported by 74.3%, and severe CPA by 40.3%. A history of non-suicidal self-harm was reported by 23.7%, and 25.7% had attempted suicide. Non-suicidal self-harm preceded the suicide attempt in 83.3% of cases where both had occurred. Independent correlates of non-suicidal self-harm were: female gender (OR 3.62), avoided home due to conflict (OR 2.28) and more extensive polydrug use (OR 1.32). Independent correlates of attempted suicide were: severe CPA (OR 3.18), frequent CPA (OR 2.54), avoided home due to conflict (OR 3.95), female gender (OR 2.99), a positive screen for Conduct Disorder (OR 3.53), and more extensive polydrug use (OR 1.52). CONCLUSIONS Those presenting to treatment agencies are highly likely to have a history of CPA, that may still influence their behaviours. Screening for histories of CPA and non-suicidal self-harm appears warranted when determining suicide risk for this population. At the population level, reductions in the rate of CPA, could possibly reduce the rate of subsequent suicidality.
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282
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283
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Oquendo MA, Ellis SP, Chesin MS, Birmaher B, Zelazny J, Tin A, Melhem N, Burke AK, Kolko D, Greenhill L, Stanley B, Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Brent DA. Familial transmission of parental mood disorders: unipolar and bipolar disorders in offspring. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:764-73. [PMID: 23909952 PMCID: PMC3855182 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Offspring of depressed parents are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Although bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both found in the same families, it is not clear whether transmission to offspring of BD or MDD tends to occur from parents with the same mood disorder subtype. Our primary hypothesis was that the offspring of parents with BD would be at increased risk for BD and other comorbid disorders common to BD, such as anxiety and substance use, relative to the offspring of parents with MDD. The offspring of parents with BD versus those with MDD were also hypothesized to be at greater risk for externalizing disorders (i.e., conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or antisocial personality disorder). METHODS Parents (n = 320) with mood disorders and their offspring (n = 679) were studied. Adult offspring were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders to establish the presence of psychopathology. Offspring aged 10-18 years were assessed using the School Aged Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version, and parents of children under the age of ten completed the Child Behavioral Checklist. Data were examined using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS There was no difference in hazard of mood disorders in the offspring of parents with BD as compared to the offspring of parents with MDD. However, a number of other parent and offspring characteristics increased the risk of mood, anxiety, externalizing, and substance use disorders in the offspring, including self-reported childhood abuse in the parent or offspring, offspring impulsive aggression, and the age at onset of parental mood disorder. CONCLUSIONS Mood disorders are highly familial, a finding that appears independent of whether the parent's condition is unipolar or bipolar, suggesting considerable overlap in the heritability of MDD and BD. Although parental characteristics had a limited influence on the risk of offspring psychopathology, reported childhood adversity, be it in the parent or child, is a harbinger of negative outcomes. These risk factors extend previous findings, and are consistent with diathesis-stress conceptualizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Oquendo
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Steven P Ellis
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Megan S Chesin
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jamie Zelazny
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Nadine Melhem
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ainsley K Burke
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - David Kolko
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laurence Greenhill
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Beth S Brodsky
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - David A Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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284
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What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine: The Dark Triad and gambling with your neighbor’s money. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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285
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Leitch MA, Morgan MJ, Yeomans MR. Different subtypes of impulsivity differentiate uncontrolled eating and dietary restraint. Appetite 2013; 69:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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286
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Wu AMS, Cheung VI, Ku L, Hung EPW. Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. J Behav Addict 2013; 2:160-6. [PMID: 25215198 PMCID: PMC4117295 DOI: 10.1556/jba.2.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smartphones allow users to access social networking sites (SNSs) whenever and wherever they want. Such easy availability and accessibility may increase their vulnerability to addiction. Based on the social cognitive theory (SCT), we examined the impacts of outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, and impulsivity on young Chinese smartphone users' addictive tendencies toward SNSs. METHODS Two hundred seventy-seven Macau young smartphone users (116 males and 161 females; mean age = 26.62) filled out an online Chinese questionnaire concerning their usage of social networking sites via smartphones, addiction tendencies toward SNSs, impulsivity trait, outcome expectancies toward the use, and Internet self-efficacy. RESULTS The findings revealed that those who spent more time on SNSs also reported higher addictive tendencies. Addictive tendencies were positively correlated with both outcome expectancies and impulsivity, but negatively associated with Internet self-efficacy. These three psychological variables explained 23% of the variance in addictive tendencies. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that, compared to demographics, psychological factors provide a better account for addictive tendencies towards SNSs among Chinese smartphone users in Macau. The three psychological risk factors were low Internet self-efficacy, favorable outcome expectancies, and high impulsivity trait. Educational campaigns with screening procedures for high-risk groups are recommended for effective prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise M. S. Wu
- University of Macau, Macau, China,Corresponding Author: Dr. Anise M. S. Wu; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau, China;
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287
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Uziel L. Impression Management (“Lie”) Scales Are Associated With Interpersonally Oriented Self-Control, Not Other-Deception. J Pers 2013; 82:200-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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288
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Larkin C, Di Blasi Z, Arensman E. Self-cutting versus intentional overdose: Psychological risk factors. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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289
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Zandy SL, Pang JS, Ho MHR, Matthews DB. Singaporean College Students Overpour Drinks Similar to Western Populations: Influence of Peer Presence in a Simulated Alcohol-Pouring Task. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1963-70. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Zandy
- Division of Psychology ; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore City Singapore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology ; College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas
| | - Joyce S. Pang
- Division of Psychology ; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore City Singapore
| | - Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
- Division of Psychology ; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore City Singapore
| | - Douglas B. Matthews
- Division of Psychology ; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore City Singapore
- Baylor Alcohol Research Center ; Baylor University; Waco Texas
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290
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Lu CF, Jia CX, Xu AQ, Dai AY, Qin P. Psychometric characteristics of Chinese version of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 in suicides and living controls of rural China. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2013; 66:215-29. [PMID: 23617100 DOI: 10.2190/om.66.3.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) is an important tool for measuring impulsivity in suicide research. This study aimed to assess psychometric characteristics of Chinese version of BIS-11 in suicides and controls of rural China. Data of 200 pairs of suicide cases and living controls were collected by psychological autopsy method. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of BIS-11 were 0.936 for suicides, and 0.892 for living controls. Convergent validity analysis demonstrated a significantly positive correlation between the scores of BIS-11 with the scores of Beck Hopelessness Scale and Trait Anxiety Inventory. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the BIS-11 structure was basically suitable in rural China. With its high reliability, few items in BIS-11 may need a modification in order to further improve the construct validity of this instrument for suicide research in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fei Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University School of Public Health, China
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291
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Dolcos F, Iordan AD, Kragel J, Stokes J, Campbell R, McCarthy G, Cabeza R. Neural correlates of opposing effects of emotional distraction on working memory and episodic memory: an event-related FMRI investigation. Front Psychol 2013; 4:293. [PMID: 23761770 PMCID: PMC3674478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in the emotional memory literature is why emotion enhances memory in some conditions but disrupts memory in other conditions. For example, separate studies have shown that emotional stimuli tend to be better remembered in long-term episodic memory (EM), whereas emotional distracters tend to impair working memory (WM) maintenance. The first goal of this study was to directly compare the neural correlates of EM enhancement (EME) and WM impairing (WMI) effects, and the second goal was to explore individual differences in these mechanisms. During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants maintained faces in WM while being distracted by emotional or neutral pictures presented during the delay period. EM for the distracting pictures was tested after scanning and was used to identify successful encoding activity for the picture distracters. The first goal yielded two findings: (1) emotional pictures that disrupted face WM but enhanced subsequent EM were associated with increased amygdala (AMY) and hippocampal activity (ventral system) coupled with reduced dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) activity (dorsal system); (2) trials in which emotion enhanced EM without disrupting WM were associated with increased ventrolateral PFC activity. The ventral-dorsal switch can explain EME and WMI, while the ventrolateral PFC effect suggests a coping mechanism. The second goal yielded two additional findings: (3) participants who were more susceptible to WMI showed greater amygdala increases and PFC reductions; (4) AMY activity increased and dlPFC activity decreased with measures of attentional impulsivity. Taken together, these results clarify the mechanisms linking the enhancing and impairing effects of emotion on memory, and provide insights into the role of individual differences in the impact of emotional distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
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292
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Iordan AD, Dolcos S, Dolcos F. Neural signatures of the response to emotional distraction: a review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:200. [PMID: 23761741 PMCID: PMC3672684 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt responses to emotional, potentially threatening, stimuli are supported by neural mechanisms that allow for privileged access of emotional information to processing resources. The existence of these mechanisms can also make emotional stimuli potent distracters, particularly when task-irrelevant. The ability to deploy cognitive control in order to cope with emotional distraction is essential for adaptive behavior, while reduced control may lead to enhanced emotional distractibility, which is often a hallmark of affective disorders. Evidence suggests that increased susceptibility to emotional distraction is linked to changes in the processing of emotional information that affect both the basic response to and coping with emotional distraction, but the neural correlates of these phenomena are not clear. The present review discusses emerging evidence from brain imaging studies addressing these issues, and highlights the following three aspects. First, the response to emotional distraction is associated with opposing patterns of activity in a ventral "hot" affective system (HotEmo, showing increased activity) and a dorsal "cold" executive system (ColdEx, showing decreased activity). Second, coping with emotional distraction involves top-down control in order to counteract the bottom-up influence of emotional distraction, and involves interactions between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Third, both the response to and coping with emotional distraction are influenced by individual differences affecting emotional sensitivity and distractibility, which are linked to alterations of both HotEmo and ColdEx neural systems. Collectively, the available evidence identifies specific neural signatures of the response to emotional challenge, which are fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of emotion-cognition interactions in healthy functioning, and the changes linked to individual variation in emotional distractibility and susceptibility to affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Iordan
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - S. Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - F. Dolcos
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Psychology Department, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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293
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Ireland JL, Higgins P. Behavioural stimulation and sensation-seeking among prisoners: applications to substance dependency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:229-234. [PMID: 23623718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensation-seeking among prisoners with substance dependence difficulties (drug and/or alcohol) was examined. This topic is under-researched in a prisoner sample. AIMS The aims are to examine the association between sensation-seeking, other personality variables, and substance dependency among prisoners, and to examine if sensation-seeking can be refined. METHODS Adult male prisoners (n=200) completed self-report measures examining the constructs of interest. RESULTS Sensation-seeking comprised extraversion and openness to experience. It was more appropriately described as Behavioural-Stimulation-and-Sensation-Seeking (BStim-SS). BStim-SS is related to drug and poly-substance dependency but not alcohol-only dependency. Increased impulsivity was related to all substance use dependencies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTISE BStim-SS presents as a valuable concept to apply to forensic populations. It captures the need for behavioural and emotional stimulation and lends support to Reward Discounting theory as valuable concept to apply across substance dependency. Implications for practise include: • A need to identify a broader concept of sensation-seeking for prisoner samples; • The recognition of differences within substance dependent samples, with impulsivity presenting differently across drug and/or alcohol dependent groups; • Recognition that concepts regularly applied to community samples need to be examined more specifically among forensic samples to ascertain validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Ireland
- Ashworth Research Centre (ARC), Mersey Care NHS Trust and University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
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294
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Abstract
Altruism refers to an other-benefiting behavior that is costly but bears no direct profit to oneself. At least three different forms can be distinguished: help giving, altruistic punishment, and moral courage. We investigated the differential impact of two thinking modes, intuitive (System 1) and rational (System 2), on these three altruistic behaviors. Situational (state-related) thinking style was manipulated via experimental instructions and generally preferred thinking style (trait-related) was assessed via questionnaires. We found that of the subjectively preferred thinking styles (trait), faith in intuition (System 1) promoted sharing and altruistic punishment, whereas need for cognition (System 2) promoted volunteering in a situation that required moral courage. By contrast, we did not find a significant effect of situational thinking style (state) on any of the altruistic behaviors, although manipulation checks were positive. Results elucidate the affective-motivational underpinnings of different types of altruistic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Pirita Kinnunen
- Allgemeine Psychologie II, Department of Psychology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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295
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Meule A. Impulsivity and overeating: a closer look at the subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Front Psychol 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 23596432 PMCID: PMC3622055 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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296
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Cima M, Raine A, Meesters C, Popma A. Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): differential Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggress Behav 2013; 39:99-113. [PMID: 23386470 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study reports reliability and validity of the Dutch Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). In total, 845 participants completed the RPQ along with other measures of aggression. Groups consisted of non-offender participants, criminal offenders, youngsters (age 6-18), and adults (age above 18). Test-retest stability in a subsample of 324 childhood arrestees was good (all ICC's > 0.41). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the same two-factor structure as in the original RPQ. Convergent validity was adequate (all r's > 0.16). Moreover, results demonstrated that the proactive and reactive subscales were differentially related to measurements of callousness and impulsiveness, respectively. Criterion validity was shown in that non-offender subjects demonstrated significantly lower RPQ scores than offender samples. Finally, construct validity was demonstrated in that violent offenders showed higher aggression scores than non-violent offenders. Proactive aggression showed different developmental trajectories within non-offender versus criminal samples, indicating that this form of aggression may be more pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Cima
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Psychology; Tilburg University; Tilburg; The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology; University of Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cor Meesters
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam University; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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Hamilton KR, Ansell EB, Reynolds B, Potenza MN, Sinha R. Self-reported impulsivity, but not behavioral choice or response impulsivity, partially mediates the effect of stress on drinking behavior. Stress 2013; 16:3-15. [PMID: 22376044 PMCID: PMC3673559 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2012.671397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and impulsivity contribute to alcohol use, and stress may also act via impulsivity to increase drinking behavior. Impulsivity represents a multi-faceted construct and self-report and behavioral assessments may effectively capture distinct clinically relevant factors. The present research investigated whether aspects of impulsivity mediate the effect of stress on alcohol use. A community-based sample of 192 men and women was assessed on measures of cumulative stress, alcohol use, self-reported impulsivity, and behavioral choice and response impulsivity. Data were analyzed using regression and bootstrapping techniques to estimate indirect effects of stress on drinking via impulsivity. Cumulative adversity exhibited both direct effects and indirect effects (via self-reported impulsivity) on drinking behavior. Additional models examining specific types of stress indicated direct and indirect effects of trauma and recent life events, and indirect effects of major life events and chronic stressors on drinking behavior. Overall, cumulative stress was associated with increased drinking behavior, and this effect was partially mediated by self-reported impulsivity. Self-reported impulsivity also mediated the effects of different types of stress on drinking behavior. These findings highlight the value of mediation models to examine the pathways through which different types of stress increase drinking behavior. Treatment and prevention strategies should focus on enhancing stress management and self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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298
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Morphometric correlation of impulsivity in medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Topogr 2012; 26:479-87. [PMID: 23274773 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a complex behaviour composed of different domains encompassing behavioural dis-inhibition, risky decision-making and delay discounting abnormalities. To investigate regional brain correlates between levels of individual impulsivity and grey matter volume, we performed voxel-based morphometric correlation analysis in 34 young, healthy subjects using impulsivity scores measured with Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 and computerized Kirby's delay discounting task. The VBM analysis showed that impulsivity appears to be reliant on a network of cortical (medial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and subcortical (ventral striatum) structures emphasizing the importance of brain networks associated with reward related decision-making in daily life as morphological biomarkers for impulsivity in a normal healthy population. While our results in healthy volunteers may not directly extend to pathological conditions, they provide an insight into the mechanisms of impulsive behaviour in patients with abnormalities in prefrontal/frontal-striatal connections, such as in drug abuse, pathological gambling, ADHD and Parkinson's disease.
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299
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Impulsivity modulates performance under response uncertainty in a reaching task. Exp Brain Res 2012; 225:227-35. [PMID: 23239199 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We sought to explore the interaction of the impulsivity trait with response uncertainty. To this end, we used a reaching task (Pellizzer and Hedges in Exp Brain Res 150:276-289, 2003) where a motor response direction was cued at different levels of uncertainty (1 cue, i.e., no uncertainty, 2 cues or 3 cues). Data from 95 healthy adults (54 F, 41 M) were analysed. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11). Behavioral variables recorded were reaction time (RT), errors of commission (referred to as 'early errors') and errors of precision. Data analysis employed generalised linear mixed models and generalised additive mixed models. For the early errors, there was an interaction of impulsivity with uncertainty and gender, with increased errors for high impulsivity in the one-cue condition for women and the three-cue condition for men. There was no effect of impulsivity on precision errors or RT. However, the analysis of the effect of RT and impulsivity on precision errors showed a different pattern for high versus low impulsives in the high uncertainty (3 cue) condition. In addition, there was a significant early error speed-accuracy trade-off for women, primarily in low uncertainty and a 'reverse' speed-accuracy trade-off for men in high uncertainty. These results extend those of past studies of impulsivity which help define it as a behavioural trait that modulates speed versus accuracy response styles depending on environmental constraints and highlight once more the importance of gender in the interplay of personality and behaviour.
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Meule A, Lutz A, Vögele C, Kübler A. Women with elevated food addiction symptoms show accelerated reactions, but no impaired inhibitory control, in response to pictures of high-calorie food-cues. Eat Behav 2012; 13:423-8. [PMID: 23121803 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Addictive behaviors are accompanied by a lack of inhibitory control, specifically when individuals are confronted with substance-related cues. Thus, we expected women with symptoms of food addiction to be impaired in inhibitory control, when confronted with palatable, high-calorie food-cues. Female college students (N=50) were divided in low and high food addiction groups based on the symptom count of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Participants performed a Go/No-go-task with high-calorie food-cues or neutral pictures presented behind the targets. Self-reported impulsivity was also assessed. The high food addiction group had faster reaction times in response to food-cues as compared to neutral cues and reported higher attentional impulsivity than the low food addiction group. Commission and omission errors did not differ between groups or picture types. Hence, women with food addiction symptoms reported higher attentional impulsivity and reacted faster in response to food-cues, although neither increased self-reported motor impulsivity nor impaired behavioral inhibition was found. Food addiction symptoms seem to be related to attentional aspects of impulsivity but not other facets of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Marcusstrasse 9-11, Würzburg, Germany.
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