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Kim JD, Lee A, Choi J, Park Y, Kang H, Chang W, Lee MS, Kim J. Epigenetic modulation as a therapeutic approach for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e175. [PMID: 26228095 PMCID: PMC4525299 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but progressive and currently incurable disease, which is characterized by vascular remodeling in association with muscularization of the arterioles, medial thickening and plexiform lesion formation. Despite our advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH and the recent therapeutic advances, PAH still remains a fatal disease. In addition, the susceptibility to PAH has not yet been adequately explained. Much evidence points to the involvement of epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases including cancer, peripheral hypertension and asthma. The knowledge gained from the epigenetic study of various human diseases can also be applied to PAH. Thus, the pursuit of novel therapeutic targets via understanding the epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA, might be an attractive therapeutic avenue for the development of a novel and more effective treatment. This review provides a general overview of the current advances in epigenetics associated with PAH, and discusses the potential for improved treatment through understanding the role of epigenetics in the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aram Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihea Choi
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsook Park
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kang
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Green DE, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Searles CD, Hart CM. PPARγ Ligands Attenuate Hypoxia-Induced Proliferation in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells through Modulation of MicroRNA-21. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208095 PMCID: PMC4514882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and often fatal disorder whose pathogenesis involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Although modern PH therapies have significantly improved survival, continued progress rests on the discovery of novel therapies and molecular targets. MicroRNA (miR)-21 has emerged as an important non-coding RNA that contributes to PH pathogenesis by enhancing vascular cell proliferation, however little is known about available therapies that modulate its expression. We previously demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation, vascular remodeling and PH through pleiotropic actions on multiple targets, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). PTEN is a validated target of miR-21. We therefore hypothesized that antiproliferative effects conferred by PPARγ activation are mediated through inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-21 expression. Human PASMC monolayers were exposed to hypoxia then treated with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG,10 μM), or in parallel, C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to hypoxia then treated with RSG. RSG attenuated hypoxic increases in miR-21 expression in vitro and in vivo and abrogated reductions in PTEN and PASMC proliferation. Antiproliferative effects of RSG were lost following siRNA-mediated PTEN depletion. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic decreased PTEN and stimulated PASMC proliferation, whereas miR-21 inhibition increased PTEN and attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PPARγ ligands regulate proliferative responses to hypoxia by preventing hypoxic increases in miR-21 and reductions in PTEN. These findings further clarify molecular mechanisms that support targeting PPARγ to attenuate pathogenic derangements in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Smith KA, Yuan JXJ, Schumacker PT. MicroRNAs and PARP: co-conspirators with ROS in pulmonary hypertension. Focus on "miR-223 reverses experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26201953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul T Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Potus F, Ruffenach G, Dahou A, Thebault C, Breuils-Bonnet S, Tremblay È, Nadeau V, Paradis R, Graydon C, Wong R, Johnson I, Paulin R, Lajoie AC, Perron J, Charbonneau E, Joubert P, Pibarot P, Michelakis ED, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Downregulation of MicroRNA-126 Contributes to the Failing Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2015; 132:932-43. [PMID: 26162916 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) failure is the most important factor of both morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying mechanisms resulting in the failed RV in PAH remain unknown. There is growing evidence that angiogenesis and microRNAs are involved in PAH-associated RV failure. We hypothesized that microRNA-126 (miR-126) downregulation decreases microvessel density and promotes the transition from a compensated to a decompensated RV in PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied RV free wall tissues from humans with normal RV (n=17), those with compensated RV hypertrophy (n=8), and patients with PAH with decompensated RV failure (n=14). Compared with RV tissues from patients with compensated RV hypertrophy, patients with decompensated RV failure had decreased miR-126 expression (quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; P<0.01) and capillary density (CD31(+) immunofluorescence; P<0.001), whereas left ventricular tissues were not affected. miR-126 downregulation was associated with increased Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (SPRED-1), leading to decreased activation of RAF (phosphorylated RAF/RAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); (phosphorylated MAPK/MAPK), thus inhibiting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. In vitro, Matrigel assay showed that miR-126 upregulation increased angiogenesis of primary cultured endothelial cells from patients with decompensated RV failure. Furthermore, in vivo miR-126 upregulation (mimic intravenous injection) improved cardiac vascular density and function of monocrotaline-induced PAH animals. CONCLUSIONS RV failure in PAH is associated with a specific molecular signature within the RV, contributing to a decrease in RV vascular density and promoting the progression to RV failure. More importantly, miR-126 upregulation in the RV improves microvessel density and RV function in experimental PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Potus
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Grégoire Ruffenach
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Abdellaziz Dahou
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Christophe Thebault
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ève Tremblay
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Valérie Nadeau
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Renée Paradis
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Colin Graydon
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ryan Wong
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ian Johnson
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Roxane Paulin
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Annie C Lajoie
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Jean Perron
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Eric Charbonneau
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Philippe Joubert
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Evangelos D Michelakis
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Steeve Provencher
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.).
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.).
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Abstract
Since their initial discovery in the early 1990s, microRNAs have now become the focus of a multitude of lines of investigation ranging from basic biology to translational applications in the clinic. Previously believed to be of no biological relevance, microRNAs regulate processes fundamental to human health and disease. In diseases of the lung, microRNAs have been implicated in developmental programming, as drivers of disease, potential therapeutic targets, and clinical biomarkers; however, several obstacles must be overcome for us to fully realize their potential therapeutic use. Here, we provide for the clinician an overview of microRNA biology in selected diseases of the lung with a focus on their potential clinical application.
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256
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Niu R. Functions of Shp2 in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2075-83. [PMID: 26088100 PMCID: PMC4568912 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics and therapies have shown evident advances. Tumour surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the main techniques in treat cancers. Targeted therapy and drug resistance are the main focus in cancer research, but many molecular intracellular mechanisms remain unknown. Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is associated with breast cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer and other cancer types. Signalling pathways involving Shp2 have also been discovered. Shp2 is related to many diseases. Mutations in the ptpn11 gene cause Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome and childhood leukaemia. Shp2 is also involved in several cancer-related processes, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell proliferation, cell cycle and drug resistance. Based on the structure and function of Shp2, scientists have investigated specific mechanisms involved in cancer. Shp2 may be a potential therapeutic target because this phosphatase is implicated in many aspects. Furthermore, Shp2 inhibitors have been used in experiments to develop treatment strategies. However, conflicting results related to Shp2 functions have been presented in the literature, and such results should be resolved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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257
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Li XQ, Li YJ, Wang Y. Ambrisentan May Improve Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension. Clin Ther 2015; 37:1270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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258
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Vaidya B, Gupta V. Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary arterial hypertension: Unique molecular targets to site-specific drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 211:118-33. [PMID: 26036906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by increased blood pressure in the small arterioles supplying blood to lungs for oxygenation. Advances in understanding of molecular and cellular biology techniques have led to the findings that PAH is indeed a cascade of diseases exploiting multi-faceted complex pathophysiology, with cellular proliferation and vascular remodeling being the key pathogenic events along with several cellular pathways involved. While current therapies for PAH do provide for amelioration of disease symptoms and acute survival benefits, their full therapeutic potential is hindered by patient incompliance and off-target side effects. To overcome the issues related with current therapy and to devise a more selective therapy, various novel pathways are being investigated for PAH treatment. In addition, inability to deliver anti-PAH drugs to the disease site i.e., distal pulmonary arterioles has been one of the major challenges in achieving improved patient outcomes and improved therapeutic efficacy. Several novel carriers have been explored to increase the selectivity of currently approved anti-PAH drugs and to act as suitable carriers for the delivery of investigational drugs. In the present review, we have discussed potential of various novel molecular pathways/targets including RhoA/Rho kinase, tyrosine kinase, endothelial progenitor cells, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and miRNA in PAH therapeutics. We have also discussed various techniques for site-specific drug delivery of anti-PAH therapeutics so as to improve the efficacy of approved and investigational drugs. This review will provide gainful insights into current advances in PAH therapeutics with an emphasis on site-specific drug payload delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- School of Pharmacy, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Vivek Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, United States.
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259
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Miano JM, Long X. The short and long of noncoding sequences in the control of vascular cell phenotypes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3457-88. [PMID: 26022065 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two principal cell types of importance for normal vessel wall physiology are smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Much progress has been made over the past 20 years in the discovery and function of transcription factors that coordinate proper differentiation of these cells and the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. More recently, the converging fields of bioinformatics, genomics, and next generation sequencing have accelerated discoveries in a number of classes of noncoding sequences, including transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), microRNA genes, and long noncoding RNA genes, each of which mediates vascular cell differentiation through a variety of mechanisms. Alterations in the nucleotide sequence of key TFBS or deviations in transcription of noncoding RNA genes likely have adverse effects on normal vascular cell phenotype and function. Here, the subject of noncoding sequences that influence smooth muscle cell or endothelial cell phenotype will be summarized as will future directions to further advance our understanding of the increasingly complex molecular circuitry governing normal vascular cell differentiation and how such information might be harnessed to combat vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,
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260
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Shi L, Liao J, Liu B, Zeng F, Zhang L. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1188-204. [PMID: 26004493 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the major risk factor for the development of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure and renal disease. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of hypertension are complex and remain largely elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA fragments of 22-26 nucleotides and regulate protein expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA. A growing body of recent research indicates that miRNAs are important in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of miRNAs in cardiovascular remodeling, focusing specifically on hypertension. We also review recent progress of the miRNA-based therapeutics including pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies (such as exercise training) and their potential applications in the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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261
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Chen T, Zhou G, Zhou Q, Tang H, Ibe JCF, Cheng H, Gou D, Chen J, Yuan JXJ, Raj JU. Loss of microRNA-17∼92 in smooth muscle cells attenuates experimental pulmonary hypertension via induction of PDZ and LIM domain 5. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:678-92. [PMID: 25647182 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0941oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotype and are implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. OBJECTIVES This study aims to understand the mechanisms regulating PASMC proliferation and differentiation by microRNA-17∼92 (miR-17∼92) and to elucidate its implication in PAH. METHODS We generated smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific miR-17∼92 and PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) knockout mice and overexpressed miR-17∼92 and PDLIM5 by injection of miR-17∼92 mimics or PDLIM5-V5-His plasmids and measured their responses to hypoxia. We used miR-17∼92 mimics, inhibitors, overexpression vectors, small interfering RNAs against PDLIM5, Smad, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β to determine the role of miR-17∼92 and its downstream targets in PASMC proliferation and differentiation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that human PASMC (HPASMC) from patients with PAH expressed decreased levels of the miR-17∼92 cluster, TGF-β, and SMC markers. Overexpression of miR-17∼92 increased and restored the expression of TGF-β3, Smad3, and SMC markers in HPASMC of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic PAH, respectively. Knockdown of Smad3 but not Smad2 prevented miR-17∼92-induced expression of SMC markers. SMC-specific knockout of miR-17∼92 attenuated hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice, whereas reconstitution of miR-17∼92 restored hypoxia-induced PH in these mice. We also found that PDLIM5 is a direct target of miR-17/20a, and hypertensive HPASMC and mouse PASMC expressed elevated PDLIM5 levels. Suppression of PDLIM5 increased expression of SMC markers and enhanced TGF-β/Smad2/3 activity in vitro and enhanced hypoxia-induced PH in vivo, whereas overexpression of PDLIM5 attenuated hypoxia-induced PH. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first evidence that miR-17∼92 inhibits PDLIM5 to induce the TGF-β3/SMAD3 pathway, contributing to the pathogenesis of PAH.
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262
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Lai X, Chen Q, Zhu C, Deng R, Zhao X, Chen C, Wang Y, Yu J, Huang J. Regulation of RPTPα-c-Src signalling pathway by miR-218. FEBS J 2015; 282:2722-34. [PMID: 25940608 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPα), an activator of Src family kinases, is found significantly overexpressed in human cancer tissues. However, little is known about the regulation of RPTPα expression. miRNAs target multiple genes and play important roles in many cancer processes. Here, we identified a miRNA, miR-218 that binds directly to the 3'-UTR of RPTPα. Ectopic overexpression of miR-218 decreased RPTPα protein leading to decreased dephosphorylation of c-Src and decreased tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. A feedback loop between c-Src and miR-218 was revealed where c-Src inhibits transcription of SLIT2, which intronically hosts miR-218. These results show a novel regulatory pathway for RPTPα-c-Src signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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263
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McLendon JM, Joshi SR, Sparks J, Matar M, Fewell JG, Abe K, Oka M, McMurtry IF, Gerthoffer WT. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of a microRNA-145 inhibitor improves experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Control Release 2015; 210:67-75. [PMID: 25979327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that exploit RNA interference (RNAi) hold great potential for improving disease outcomes. However, there are several challenges that limit the application of RNAi therapeutics. One of the most important challenges is effective delivery of oligonucleotides to target cells and reduced delivery to non-target cells. We have previously developed a functionalized cationic lipopolyamine (Star:Star-mPEG-550) for in vivo delivery of siRNA to pulmonary vascular cells. This optimized lipid formulation enhances the retention of siRNA in mouse lungs and achieves significant knockdown of target gene expression for at least 10days following a single intravenous injection. Although this suggests great potential for developing lung-directed RNAi-based therapies, the application of Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of RNAi based therapies for pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains unknown. We identified differential expression of several microRNAs known to regulate cell proliferation, cell survival and cell fate that are associated with development of PAH, including increased expression of microRNA-145 (miR-145). Here we test the hypothesis that Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide against miR-145 (antimiR-145) will improve established PAH in rats. We performed a series of experiments testing the in vivo distribution, toxicity, and efficacy of Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of antimiR-145 in rats with Sugen-5416/hypoxia induced PAH. We showed that after subchronic therapy of three intravenous injections over 5weeks at 2mg/kg, antimiR-145 accumulated in rat lung tissue and reduced expression of endogenous miR-145. Using a novel in situ hybridization approach, we demonstrated substantial distribution of antimiR-145 in the lungs as well as the liver, kidney, and spleen. We assessed toxic effects of Star:Star-mPEG/antimiR-145 with serial complete blood counts of leukocytes and serum metabolic panels, gross pathology, and histopathology and did not detect significant off-target effects. AntimiR-145 reduced the degree of pulmonary arteriopathy, reduced the severity of pulmonary hypertension, and reduced the degree of cardiac dysfunction. The results establish effective and low toxicity of lung delivery of a miRNA-145 inhibitor using functionalized cationic lipopolyamine nanoparticles to repair pulmonary arteriopathy and improve cardiac function in rats with severe PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M McLendon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Sachindra R Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Jeff Sparks
- Celsion-EGEN, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Majed Matar
- Celsion-EGEN, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - Kohtaro Abe
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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264
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Courboulin A, Kang C, Baillard O, Bonnet S, Bonnet P. Increasing pulmonary artery pulsatile flow improves hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in piglets. J Vis Exp 2015:e52571. [PMID: 25993379 PMCID: PMC4542540 DOI: 10.3791/52571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease affecting distal pulmonary arteries (PA). These arteries are deformed, leading to right ventricular failure. Current treatments are limited. Physiologically, pulsatile blood flow is detrimental to the vasculature. In response to sustained pulsatile stress, vessels release nitric oxide (NO) to induce vasodilation for self-protection. Based on this observation, this study developed a protocol to assess whether an artificial pulmonary pulsatile blood flow could induce an NO-dependent decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. One group of piglets was exposed to chronic hypoxia for 3 weeks and compared to a control group of piglets. Once a week, the piglets underwent echocardiography to assess PAH severity. At the end of hypoxia exposure, the piglets were subjected to a pulsatile protocol using a pulsatile catheter. After being anesthetized and prepared for surgery, the jugular vein of the piglet was isolated and the catheter was introduced through the right atrium, the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, under radioscopic control. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 30 min after (T2) the pulsatile protocol. It was demonstrated that this pulsatile protocol is a safe and efficient method of inducing a significant reduction in mean PAP via an NO-dependent mechanism. These data open up new avenues for the clinical management of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Courboulin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group (CRIUCPQ), Laval University
| | | | - Olivier Baillard
- Université Diderot Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique Explorations Fonctionnelles; INSERM U 965
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group (CRIUCPQ), Laval University
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours;
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease without effective treatment. Despite decades of research and the development of novel treatments, PAH remains a fatal disease, suggesting an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in patients with PAH and in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, normalization of a few miRNAs is reported to inhibit experimental pulmonary hypertension. We have reviewed the current knowledge about miRNA biogenesis, miRNA expression pattern, and their roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We have also identified emerging trends in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PAH and propose future studies that might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Zhou
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago; and
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266
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Xing Y, Zheng X, Li G, Liao L, Cao W, Xing H, Shen T, Sun L, Yang B, Zhu D. MicroRNA-30c contributes to the development of hypoxia pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptor β expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:155-66. [PMID: 25882492 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). MicroRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and might be implicated in the etiology of PAH. Data from in vivo and in vitro cell culture models showed that hypoxia inhibits microRNA-30c (miR-30c) expression in PASMCs. Inhibition of miR-30c by either hypoxia or AMO-30c results in PASMC proliferation (cell viability, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki67, and tubulin polymerization) and the inhibition of apoptosis (cell cycle progression, Cyclin A and Cyclin D, and TUNEL staining). Moreover, down-regulation of miR-30c also results in the phenotype switch from contractile to synthetic PASMC (SM22α and Calponin, osteopontin expression, and wound healing assay). In contrast, these effects were reversed by the application of an miR-30c mimetic under hypoxic conditions. Mechanically, miR-30c inhibited the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) expression by directly binding to the 3' untranslated region of PDGFRβ mRNA (luciferase reporter assays, and PDGFRβ-masking antisense oligodeoxynucleotides). Pharmacological inhibition of PDGFR by AG-1296 displayed similar effects to the miR-30c mimetic. These data suggest that the down-regulation of miR-30c accounts for the up-regulation of PDGFRβ expression, and subsequent activation of PDGF signaling results in the hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation and phenotype switching. Therefore, increasing miR-30c expression levels could be explored as a potential new therapy for hypoxia-induced PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Guixia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China; Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China; Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China; Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tingting Shen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China; Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China; Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
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267
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Huber LC, Ulrich S, Leuenberger C, Gassmann M, Vogel J, von Blotzheim LG, Speich R, Kohler M, Brock M. Featured Article: microRNA-125a in pulmonary hypertension: Regulator of a proliferative phenotype of endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1580-9. [PMID: 25854878 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215579018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling due to excessive proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells is a hallmark feature of pulmonary hypertension. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNA fragments that have recently been associated with remodeling of pulmonary arteries, in particular by silencing the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2). Here we identified a novel pathway involving the concerted action of miR-125a, BMPR2 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN) that controls a proliferative phenotype of endothelial cells. An in silico approach predicted miR-125a to target BMPR2. Functional inhibition of miR-125a resulted in increased proliferation of these cells, an effect that was found accompanied by upregulation of BMPR2 and reduced expression of the tumor suppressors CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16). These data were confirmed in experimental pulmonary hypertension in vivo. Levels of miR-125a were elevated in lung tissue of hypoxic animals that develop pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, circulating levels of miR-125a were found to be lower in mice with pulmonary hypertension as compared to control mice. Similar findings were observed in a small cohort of patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. These translational data emphasize the pathogenetic role of miR-125a in pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Huber
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Leuenberger
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Rudolf Speich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brock
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
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268
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Rothman AMK, Chico TJA, Lawrie A. MicroRNA in pulmonary vascular disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 124:43-63. [PMID: 24751426 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of target mRNA. miRNA are key regulators of a wide range of cellular processes and their discovery has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulatory networks. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating and fatal disease characterized by remodeling of pulmonary arteries and right heart failure. Factors including sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, and altered cellular signaling pathways drive disease through pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the recruitment of circulating cells. miRNA have been shown to regulate many of the key drivers of pathology, yet the role of only a limited number of miRNA has been recognized in PAH. Investigation of the diverse regulatory functions of miRNA offers the potential to further understanding of the cellular pathology of PAH and to provide much needed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in the investigation of miRNA in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M K Rothman
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J A Chico
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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269
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Lopaschuk
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute (G.D.L., J.R.U.) and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.R.U.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - John R Ussher
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute (G.D.L., J.R.U.) and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.R.U.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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270
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Dutzmann J, Daniel JM, Bauersachs J, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Sedding DG. Emerging translational approaches to target STAT3 signalling and its impact on vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:365-74. [PMID: 25784694 PMCID: PMC4431663 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammation responses characterize the vascular remodelling processes in atherosclerosis, restenosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and angiogenesis. The functional and phenotypic changes in diverse vascular cell types are mediated by complex signalling cascades that initiate and control genetic reprogramming. The signalling molecule's signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a key role in the initiation and continuation of these pathophysiological changes. This review highlights the pivotal involvement of STAT3 in pathological vascular remodelling processes and discusses potential translational therapies, which target STAT3 signalling, to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, current clinical trials using highly effective and selective inhibitors of STAT3 signalling for distinct diseases, such as myelofibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, are discussed with regard to their vascular (side-) effects and their potential to pave the way for a direct use of these molecules for the prevention or treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Dutzmann
- Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jan-Marcus Daniel
- Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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271
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Modulation of miRNAs in Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2015; 2015:169069. [PMID: 25861465 PMCID: PMC4377470 DOI: 10.1155/2015/169069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new class of posttranscriptional regulators of many cardiac and vascular diseases. They are a class of small, noncoding RNAs that contributes crucial roles typically through binding of the 3′-untranslated region of mRNA. A single miRNA may influence several signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling by targeting multiple genes. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive obliteration of pulmonary (micro) vasculature that results in elevated vascular resistance, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and RV failure. The pathology of PH involves vascular cell remodeling including pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. There is no cure for this disease. Thus, novel intervention pathways that govern PH induced RVH may result in new treatment modalities. Current therapies are limited to reverse the vascular remodeling. Recent studies have demonstrated the roles of various miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PH and pulmonary disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PH and discusses the potential for miRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of PH at clinical setting.
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272
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Circulating biomarkers in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Update and future direction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:282-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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273
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Role of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: possible relevance of miR-23a. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:792846. [PMID: 25815108 PMCID: PMC4357130 DOI: 10.1155/2015/792846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH) is a rare disease characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to heart failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control the expression of genes, including some involved in the progression of IPAH, as studied in animals and lung tissue. These molecules circulate freely in the blood and their expression is associated with the progression of different vascular pathologies. Here, we studied the expression profile of circulating miRNAs in 12 well-characterized IPAH patients using microarrays. We found significant changes in 61 miRNAs, of which the expression of miR23a was correlated with the patients' pulmonary function. We also studied the expression profile of circulating messenger RNA (mRNAs) and found that miR23a controlled 17% of the significantly changed mRNA, including PGC1α, which was recently associated with the progression of IPAH. Finally we found that silencing of miR23a resulted in an increase of the expression of PGC1α, as well as in its well-known regulated genes CYC, SOD, NRF2, and HO1. The results point to the utility of circulating miRNA expression as a biomarker of disease progression.
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274
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Low AT, Howard L, Harrison C, Tulloh RMR. Pulmonary arterial hypertension exacerbated by ruxolitinib. Haematologica 2015; 100:e244-5. [PMID: 25682609 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Low
- Pulmonary Hypertension, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Infirmary, London
| | - Luke Howard
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
| | - Claire Harrison
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert M R Tulloh
- Pulmonary Hypertension, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Infirmary, London
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275
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Brock M, Haider TJ, Vogel J, Gassmann M, Speich R, Trenkmann M, Ulrich S, Kohler M, Huber LC. The hypoxia-induced microRNA-130a controls pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation by directly targeting CDKN1A. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 61:129-37. [PMID: 25681685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) is one of the major factors that trigger vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Several studies have implicated that hypoxia inhibits the tumor suppressor p21 (CDKN1A). However, the precise mechanism is unknown. The mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH and in vitro experiments were used to assess the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the expression of CDKN1A. In these experiments, the miRNA family miR-130 was identified to regulate the expression of CDKN1A. Transfection of HPASMC with miR-130 decreased the expression of CDKN1A and, in turn, significantly increased smooth muscle proliferation. Conversely, inhibition of miR-130 by anti-miRs and seed blockers increased the expression of CDKN1A. Reporter gene analysis proved a direct miR-130-CDKN1A target interaction. Exposure of HPASMC to hypoxia was found to induce the expression of miR-130 with concomitant decrease of CDKN1A. These findings were confirmed in the mouse model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension showing that the use of seed blockers against miR-130 restored the expression of CDKN1A. These data suggest that miRNA family miR-130 plays an important role in the repression of CDKN1A by hypoxia. miR-130 enhances hypoxia-induced smooth muscle proliferation and might be involved in the development of right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brock
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Haider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Speich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Trenkmann
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars C Huber
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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276
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Alhawaj R, Patel D, Kelly MR, Sun D, Wolin MS. Heme biosynthesis modulation via δ-aminolevulinic acid administration attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L719-28. [PMID: 25659899 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00155.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines how heme biosynthesis modulation with δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) potentially functions to prevent 21-day hypoxia (10% oxygen)-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice and the effects of 24-h organoid culture with bovine pulmonary arteries (BPA) with the hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension mediator endothelin-1 (ET-1), with a focus on changes in superoxide and regulation of micro-RNA 204 (miR204) expression by src kinase phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). The treatment of mice with ALA attenuated pulmonary hypertension (assessed through echo Doppler flow of the pulmonary valve, and direct measurements of right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy), increases in pulmonary arterial superoxide (detected by lucigenin), and decreases in lung miR204 and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression. ALA treatment of BPA attenuated ET-1-induced increases in mitochondrial superoxide (detected by MitoSox), STAT3 phosphorylation, and decreases in miR204 and SOD2 expression. Because ALA increases BPA protoporphyrin IX (a stimulator of guanylate cyclase) and cGMP-mediated protein kinase G (PKG) activity, the effects of the PKG activator 8-bromo-cGMP were examined and found to also attenuate the ET-1-induced increase in superoxide. ET-1 increased superoxide production and the detection of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, suggesting oxidant conditions might impair heme biosynthesis by ferrochelatase. However, chronic hypoxia actually increased ferrochelatase activity in mouse pulmonary arteries. Thus, a reversal of factors increasing mitochondrial superoxide and oxidant effects that potentially influence remodeling signaling related to miR204 expression and perhaps iron availability needed for the biosynthesis of heme by the ferrochelatase reaction could be factors in the beneficial actions of ALA in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Alhawaj
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dhara Patel
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Melissa R Kelly
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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277
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Lee A, McLean D, Choi J, Kang H, Chang W, Kim J. Therapeutic implications of microRNAs in pulmonary arterial hypertension. BMB Rep 2015; 47:311-7. [PMID: 24755557 PMCID: PMC4163875 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.6.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that play critical posttranscriptional regulatory roles typically through targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA). Mature miRNAs are known to be involved in global cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and organogenesis, due to their capacity to target multiple mRNAs. Thus, imbalances in the expression and/or activity of miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is a progressive disease characterized by vascular remodeling due to excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Recently, studies have evaluated the roles of miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of PAH in these pulmonary vascular cells. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PAH and discusses the potential for miRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of PAH. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(6): 311-317]
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Danielle McLean
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, 208 South Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jihea Choi
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kang
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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278
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Emerging therapies and future directions in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:489-501. [PMID: 25840098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex obliterative vascular disease. It remains deadly despite an explosion of basic research over the past 20 years that identified myriads of potential therapeutic targets, few of which have been translated into early phase trials. Despite the agreement over the past decade that its pathogenesis is based on an antiapoptotic and proproliferative environment within the pulmonary arterial wall, and not vasoconstriction, all the currently approved therapies were developed and tested in PAH because of their vasodilatory properties. Numerous potential therapies identified in preclinical research fail to be translated in clinical research. Here we discuss 7 concepts that might help address the "translational gap" in PAH. These include: a need to approach the "pulmonary arteries-right ventricle unit" comprehensively and develop right ventricle-specific therapies for heart failure; the metabolic and inflammatory theories of PAH that put many "diverse" abnormalities under 1 mechanistic roof, allowing the identification of more effective targets and biomarkers; the realization that PAH might be a systemic disease with primary abnormalities in extrapulmonary tissues including the right ventricle, skeletal muscle, immune system, and perhaps bone marrow, shifting our focus toward more systemic targets; the realization that many heritable components of PAH have an epigenetic basis that can be therapeutically targeted; and novel approaches like cell therapy or devices that can potentially improve access to transplanted organs. This progress marks the entrance into a new and exciting stage in our understanding and ability to fight this mysterious deadly disease.
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279
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Bertero T, Cottrill K, Krauszman A, Lu Y, Annis S, Hale A, Bhat B, Waxman AB, Chau BN, Kuebler WM, Chan SY. The microRNA-130/301 family controls vasoconstriction in pulmonary hypertension. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:2069-85. [PMID: 25505270 PMCID: PMC4303661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.617845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex disorder, spanning several known vascular cell types. Recently, we identified the microRNA-130/301 (miR-130/301) family as a regulator of multiple pro-proliferative pathways in PH, but the true breadth of influence of the miR-130/301 family across cell types in PH may be even more extensive. Here, we employed targeted network theory to identify additional pathogenic pathways regulated by miR-130/301, including those involving vasomotor tone. Guided by these predictions, we demonstrated, via gain- and loss-of-function experimentation in vitro and in vivo, that miR-130/301-specific control of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ regulates a panel of vasoactive factors communicating between diseased pulmonary vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Of these, the vasoconstrictive factor endothelin-1 serves as an integral point of communication between the miR-130/301-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ axis in endothelial cells and contractile function in smooth muscle cells. Thus, resulting from an in silico analysis of the architecture of the PH disease gene network coupled with molecular experimentation in vivo, these findings clarify the expanded role of the miR-130/301 family in the global regulation of PH. They further emphasize the importance of molecular cross-talk among the diverse cellular populations involved in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine and
| | | | - Adrienn Krauszman
- the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine and
| | - Sofia Annis
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine and
| | - Andrew Hale
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine and
| | | | - Aaron B Waxman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - B Nelson Chau
- Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92121, and
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada, the Department of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine and
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280
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Boucherat O, Potus F, Bonnet S. microRNA and Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 888:237-52. [PMID: 26663186 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal vasculopathy associated with complex etiology that involves remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries leading to elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance. This process results in right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and ultimately RV failure. In addition, PAH is associated with systemic impairment in the skeletal muscle contributing to exercise intolerance. It has only been a few decades since microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implied in the development and progression of PAH regarding every organ affected by the disease. Indeed, impairment of miRNA's expression has been involved in vascular cell remodeling processes such as adventitial fibroblast (AdvFB) migration; pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction observed in PAH. At the molecular level miRNAs have been described in the control of ion channels and mitochondrial function as well as the regulation of the BMPR2 signaling pathways contributing to PAH lung impairment. Recently miRNAs have also been specifically implicated in RV dysfunction and systemic angiogenic impairment, observed in PAH. In this chapter, we will summarize the knowledge on miRNA in PAH and highlight their crucial role in the etiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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281
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Malenfant S, Potus F, Fournier F, Breuils-Bonnet S, Pflieger A, Bourassa S, Tremblay È, Nehmé B, Droit A, Bonnet S, Provencher S. Skeletal muscle proteomic signature and metabolic impairment in pulmonary hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:573-84. [PMID: 25548805 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exercise limitation comes from a close interaction between cardiovascular and skeletal muscle impairments. To better understand the implication of possible peripheral oxidative metabolism dysfunction, we studied the proteomic signature of skeletal muscle in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Eight idiopathic PAH patients and eight matched healthy sedentary subjects were evaluated for exercise capacity, skeletal muscle proteomic profile, metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Skeletal muscle proteins were extracted, and fractioned peptides were tagged using an iTRAQ protocol. Proteomic analyses have documented a total of 9 downregulated proteins in PAH skeletal muscles and 10 upregulated proteins compared to healthy subjects. Most of the downregulated proteins were related to mitochondrial structure and function. Focusing on skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial health, PAH patients presented a decreased expression of oxidative enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase, p < 0.01) and an increased expression of glycolytic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase activity, p < 0.05). These findings were supported by abnormal mitochondrial morphology on electronic microscopy, lower citrate synthase activity (p < 0.01) and lower expression of the transcription factor A of the mitochondria (p < 0.05), confirming a more glycolytic metabolism in PAH skeletal muscles. We provide evidences that impaired mitochondrial and metabolic functions found in the lungs and the right ventricle are also present in skeletal muscles of patients. KEY MESSAGE • Proteomic and metabolic analysis show abnormal oxidative metabolism in PAH skeletal muscle. • EM of PAH patients reveals abnormal mitochondrial structure and distribution. • Abnormal mitochondrial health and function contribute to exercise impairments of PAH. • PAH may be considered a vascular affliction of heart and lungs with major impact on peripheral muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malenfant
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Service de Pneumologie, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
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282
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Bienertova-Vasku J, Novak J, Vasku A. MicroRNAs in pulmonary arterial hypertension: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:221-34. [PMID: 25660363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and increasingly prevalent disease, manifested by the maladaptation of pulmonary vasculature, which consequently leads to right heart failure and possibly even death. The development of PAH is characterized by specific functional as well as structural changes, primarily associated with the aberrant function of the pulmonary artery endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and vascular fibroblasts. MicroRNAs constitute a class of small ≈22-nucleotides-long non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and that may lead to significant cell proteome changes. While the involvement of miRNAs in the development of various diseases--especially cancer--has been reported, numerous miRNAs have also been associated with PAH onset, progression, or treatment responsiveness. This review focuses on the role of microRNAs in the development of PAH as well as on their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in both experimental PAH models and in humans. Special attention is given to the roles of miR-21, miR-27a, the miR-17-92 cluster, miR-124, miR-138, the miR-143/145 cluster, miR-150, miR-190, miR-204, miR-206, miR-210, miR-328, and the miR-424/503 cluster, specifically with the objective of providing greater insight into the pervasive roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of this deadly condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bienertova-Vasku
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Vasku
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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283
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Li SS, Ran YJ, Zhang DD, Li SZ, Zhu D. MicroRNA-190 regulates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by targeting a voltage-gated K⁺ channel in arterial smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1196-205. [PMID: 24446351 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with sustained vasoconstriction, profound structural remodeling of vasculatures and alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), while the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. By regulating the expression of proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play an important role in cell fates including differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation, and may be involved in the development of PAH. Based on our previous study, hypoxia produced a significant increase of the miR-190 level in the pulmonary artery (PA), here, we used synthetic miR-190 to mimic the increase in hypoxic conditions and showed evidence for the effects of miR-190 on pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and Ca(2+) influx in arterial SMCs. Synthetic miR-190 remarkably enhanced the vasoconstriction responses to phenylephrine (PE) and KCl. The voltage-gated K(+) channel subfamily member, Kcnq5, mRNA was shown to be a target for miR-190. Meanwhile, miR-190 antisense oligos can partially reverse the effects of miR-190 on PASMCs and PAs. Therefore, these results suggest that miR-190 appears to be a positive regulator of Ca(2+) influx, and plays an important role in hypoxic pulmonary vascular constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, China; Department of Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
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284
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MacKay CE, Knock GA. Control of vascular smooth muscle function by Src-family kinases and reactive oxygen species in health and disease. J Physiol 2014; 593:3815-28. [PMID: 25384773 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognised as second messenger molecules that regulate cellular function by reversibly oxidising specific amino acid residues of key target proteins. Amongst these are the Src-family kinases (SrcFKs), a multi-functional group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). In this review we examine the evidence supporting a role for ROS-induced SrcFK activity in normal VSM contractile function and in vascular remodelling in cardiovascular disease. VSM contractile responses to G-protein-coupled receptor stimulation, as well as hypoxia in pulmonary artery, are shown to be dependent on both ROS and SrcFK activity. Specific phosphorylation targets are identified amongst those that alter intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and various types of K(+) channels, as well as amongst those that regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and myosin phosphatase activity, including focal adhesion kinase, protein tyrosine kinase-2, Janus kinase, other focal adhesion-associated proteins, and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors. We also examine a growing weight of evidence in favour of a key role for SrcFKs in multiple pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signalling pathways relating to oxidative stress and vascular remodelling, with a particular focus on pulmonary hypertension, including growth-factor receptor transactivation and downstream signalling, hypoxia-inducible factors, positive feedback between SrcFK and STAT3 signalling and positive feedback between SrcFK and NADPH oxidase dependent ROS production. We also discuss evidence for and against the potential therapeutic targeting of SrcFKs in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E MacKay
- Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Greg A Knock
- Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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285
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Pugliese SC, Poth JM, Fini MA, Olschewski A, El Kasmi KC, Stenmark KR. The role of inflammation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: from cellular mechanisms to clinical phenotypes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L229-52. [PMID: 25416383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00238.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases sharing the common feature of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. The disease is usually characterized by mild to moderate pulmonary vascular remodeling that is largely thought to be reversible compared with the progressive irreversible disease seen in World Health Organization (WHO) group I disease. However, in these patients, the presence of PH significantly worsens morbidity and mortality. In addition, a small subset of patients with hypoxic PH develop "out-of-proportion" severe pulmonary hypertension characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling that is irreversible and similar to that in WHO group I disease. In all cases of hypoxia-related vascular remodeling and PH, inflammation, particularly persistent inflammation, is thought to play a role. This review focuses on the effects of hypoxia on pulmonary vascular cells and the signaling pathways involved in the initiation and perpetuation of vascular inflammation, especially as they relate to vascular remodeling and transition to chronic irreversible PH. We hypothesize that the combination of hypoxia and local tissue factors/cytokines ("second hit") antagonizes tissue homeostatic cellular interactions between mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts and/or smooth muscle cells) and macrophages and arrests these cells in an epigenetically locked and permanently activated proremodeling and proinflammatory phenotype. This aberrant cellular cross-talk between mesenchymal cells and macrophages promotes transition to chronic nonresolving inflammation and vascular remodeling, perpetuating PH. A better understanding of these signaling pathways may lead to the development of specific therapeutic targets, as none are currently available for WHO group III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Pugliese
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Jens M Poth
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mehdi A Fini
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; and
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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286
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Prewitt AR, Ghose S, Frump AL, Datta A, Austin ED, Kenworthy AK, de Caestecker MP. Heterozygous null bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 mutations promote SRC kinase-dependent caveolar trafficking defects and endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:960-71. [PMID: 25411245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) is a rare, fatal disease of the pulmonary vasculature. The majority of HPAH patients inherit mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor gene (BMPR2), but how these promote pulmonary vascular disease is unclear. HPAH patients have features of pulmonary endothelial cell (PEC) dysfunction including increased vascular permeability and perivascular inflammation associated with decreased PEC barrier function. Recently, frameshift mutations in the caveolar structural protein gene Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were identified in two patients with non-BMPR2-associated HPAH. Because caveolae regulate endothelial function and vascular permeability, we hypothesized that defects in caveolar function might be a common mechanism by which BMPR2 mutations promote pulmonary vascular disease. To explore this, we isolated PECs from mice carrying heterozygous null Bmpr2 mutations (Bmpr2(+/-)) similar to those found in the majority of HPAH patients. We show that Bmpr2(+/-) PECs have increased numbers and intracellular localization of caveolae and caveolar structural proteins CAV-1 and Cavin-1 and that these defects are reversed after blocking endocytosis with dynasore. SRC kinase is also constitutively activated in Bmpr2(+/-) PECs, and localization of CAV-1 to the plasma membrane is restored after treating Bmpr2(+/-) PECs with the SRC kinase inhibitor 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (PP2). Late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells isolated from HPAH patients show similar increased activation of SRC kinase. Moreover, Bmpr2(+/-) PECs have impaired endothelial barrier function, and barrier function is restored after treatment with PP2. These data suggest that heterozygous null BMPR2 mutations promote SRC-dependent caveolar trafficking defects in PECs and that this may contribute to pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction in HPAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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287
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Comer BS, Ba M, Singer CA, Gerthoffer WT. Epigenetic targets for novel therapies of lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:91-110. [PMID: 25448041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In spite of substantial advances in defining the immunobiology and function of structural cells in lung diseases there is still insufficient knowledge to develop fundamentally new classes of drugs to treat many lung diseases. For example, there is a compelling need for new therapeutic approaches to address severe persistent asthma that is insensitive to inhaled corticosteroids. Although the prevalence of steroid-resistant asthma is 5-10%, severe asthmatics require a disproportionate level of health care spending and constitute a majority of fatal asthma episodes. None of the established drug therapies including long-acting beta agonists or inhaled corticosteroids reverse established airway remodeling. Obstructive airways remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), restrictive remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and occlusive vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension are similarly unresponsive to current drug therapy. Therefore, drugs are needed to achieve long-acting suppression and reversal of pathological airway and vascular remodeling. Novel drug classes are emerging from advances in epigenetics. Novel mechanisms are emerging by which cells adapt to environmental cues, which include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of transcription and translation by noncoding RNAs. In this review we will summarize current epigenetic approaches being applied to preclinical drug development addressing important therapeutic challenges in lung diseases. These challenges are being addressed by advances in lung delivery of oligonucleotides and small molecules that modify the histone code, DNA methylation patterns and miRNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Comer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Mariam Ba
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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288
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Johar D, Siragam V, Mahood TH, Keijzer R. New insights into lung development and diseases: the role of microRNAs. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:139-48. [PMID: 25563747 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous noncoding RNA molecules (∼ 22 nucleotides) that can regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. Research interest in the role of miRNAs in lung biology is emerging. MiRNAs have been implicated in a range of processes such as development, homeostasis, and inflammatory diseases in lung tissues and are capable of inducing differentiation, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. In recent years, several studies have reported that miRNAs are differentially regulated in lung development and lung diseases in response to epigenetic changes, providing new insights for their versatile role in various physiological and pathological processes in the lung. In this review, we discuss the contribution of miRNAs to lung development and diseases and possible future implications in the field of lung biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Departments of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology (adjunct), University of Manitoba and Biology of Breathing Theme, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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289
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Suen CM, Mei SHJ, Kugathasan L, Stewart DJ. Targeted delivery of genes to endothelial cells and cell- and gene-based therapy in pulmonary vascular diseases. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1749-79. [PMID: 24265244 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that, despite significant advances in medical therapies over the last several decades, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis. Gene therapy is a method to deliver therapeutic genes to replace defective or mutant genes or supplement existing cellular processes to modify disease. Over the last few decades, several viral and nonviral methods of gene therapy have been developed for preclinical PAH studies with varying degrees of efficacy. However, these gene delivery methods face challenges of immunogenicity, low transduction rates, and nonspecific targeting which have limited their translation to clinical studies. More recently, the emergence of regenerative approaches using stem and progenitor cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have offered a new approach to gene therapy. Cell-based gene therapy is an approach that augments the therapeutic potential of EPCs and MSCs and may deliver on the promise of reversal of established PAH. These new regenerative approaches have shown tremendous potential in preclinical studies; however, large, rigorously designed clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Suen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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290
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Li W, Ma K, Zhang S, Zhang H, Liu J, Wang X, Li S. Pulmonary microRNA expression profiling in an immature piglet model of cardiopulmonary bypass-induced acute lung injury. Artif Organs 2014; 39:327-35. [PMID: 25347932 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After surgery performed under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), severe lung injury often occurs in infants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potentially involved in diverse pathophysiological processes via regulation of gene expression. The objective of this study was to investigate differentially expressed miRNAs and their potential target genes in immature piglet lungs in response to CPB. Fourteen piglets aged 18.6 ± 0.5 days were equally divided into two groups that underwent sham sternotomy or CPB. The duration of aortic cross-clamping was 2 h, followed by 2 h reperfusion. Lung injury was evaluated by lung function indices, levels of cytokines, and histological changes. We applied miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis to determine miRNA expression. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for validation of predicted mRNA targets. The deterioration of lung function and histopathological changes revealed the piglets' lungs were greatly impaired due to CPB. The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 increased in the lung tissue after CPB. Using miRNA microarray, statistically significant differences were found in the levels of 16 miRNAs in the CPB group. Up-regulation of miR-21 was verified by PCR. We also observed down-regulation in the levels of miR-127, miR-145, and miR-204, which were correlated with increases in the expression of the products of their potential target genes PIK3CG, PTGS2, ACE, and IL6R in the CPB group, suggesting a potential role for miRNA in the regulation of inflammatory response. Our results show that CPB induces severe lung injury and dynamic changes in miRNA expression in piglet lungs. Moreover, the changes in miRNA levels and target gene expression may provide a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of CPB-induced injury to immature lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Li
- Center of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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291
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Vaillancourt M, Ruffenach G, Meloche J, Bonnet S. Adaptation and remodelling of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2014; 31:407-15. [PMID: 25630876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodelling of pulmonary arteries caused by a proliferation/apoptosis imbalance within the vascular wall. This pathological phenotype seems to be triggered by different environmental stress and injury events such as increased inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic deregulation. It appears that one of the first hit to occur is endothelial cells (ECs) injury and apoptosis, which leads to paracrine signalling to other ECs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and fibroblasts. These signals promote a phenotypic change of surviving ECs by disturbing different signalling pathways leading to sustained vasoconstriction, proproliferative and antiapoptotic phenotype, deregulated angiogenesis, and formation of plexiform lesions. EC signalling also recruits proinflammatory cells, leading to pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, sustaining the inflammatory environment and autoimmune response. Finally, EC signalling promotes proliferative and antiapoptotic PAH-PASMC phenotypes, which acquire migratory capacities, resulting in increased vascular wall thickness and muscularization of small pulmonary arterioles. Adaptation and remodelling of pulmonary circulation also involves epigenetic components, such as microRNA deregulation, DNA methylation, and histone modification. This review will focus on the different cellular and epigenetic aspects including EC stress response, molecular mechanisms contributing to PAH-PASMC and PAEC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, as well as epigenetic control involved in adaptation and remodelling of the pulmonary circulation in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Vaillancourt
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Ruffenach
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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292
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Yin Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Fei B, Quan C, Zhang J, Song M, Bian Z, Wang Q, Ni S, Hu Y, Mao Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yu J, Du X, Hua D, Huang Z. miR-204-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating RAB22A. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6187-99. [PMID: 25294901 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE miR-204-5p was found to be downregulated in colorectal cancer tissues in our preliminary microarray analyses. However, the function of miR-204-5p in colorectal cancer remains unknown. We therefore investigated the role, mechanism, and clinical significance of miR-204-5p in colorectal cancer development and progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We measured the expression of miR-204-5p and determined its correlation with patient prognoses. Ectopic expression in colorectal cancer cells, xenografts, and pulmonary metastasis models was used to evaluate the effects of miR-204-5p on proliferation, migration, and chemotherapy sensitivity. Luciferase assay and Western blotting were performed to validate the potential targets of miR-204-5p after the preliminary screening by a microarray analysis and computer-aided algorithms. RESULTS miR-204-5p is frequently downregulated in colorectal cancer tissues, and survival analysis showed that the downregulation of miR-204-5p in colorectal cancer was associated with poor prognoses. Ectopic miR-204-5p expression repressed colorectal cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, restoring miR-204-5p expression inhibited colorectal cancer migration and invasion and promoted tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RAB22A, a member of the RAS oncogene family, is a direct functional target of miR-204-5p in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, RAB22A protein levels in colorectal cancer tissues were frequently increased and negatively associated with miR-204-5p levels and survival time. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate for the first time that miR-204-5p acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer through inhibiting RAB22A and reveal RAB22A to be a new oncogene and prognostic factor for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. Oncology Institute, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bojian Fei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxu Song
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leyuan Zhou
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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293
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Hiram R, Rizcallah E, Sirois C, Sirois M, Morin C, Fortin S, Rousseau E. Resolvin D1 reverses reactivity and Ca2+ sensitivity induced by ET-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the human pulmonary artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1547-58. [PMID: 25281570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare and progressive disease characterized by an inflammatory status and vessel wall remodeling, resulting in increased pulmonary artery resistance. During the last decade, treatments have been proposed; most of them target the endothelial pathways that stimulate smooth muscle cell relaxation. However, PH remains associated with significant morbidity. We hypothesized that inflammation plays a crucial role in the severity of the abnormal vasoconstriction in PH. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of resolvin D1 (RvD1), a potent anti-inflammatory agent, on the pharmacological reactivity of human pulmonary arteries (HPAs) via an in vitro model of induced hyperreactivity. The effects of RvD1 and monoacylglyceride compounds were measured on contractile activity and Ca(2+) sensitivity developed by HPAs that had been pretreated (or not) under proinflammatory conditions with either 10 ng/ml TNF-α or 10 ng/ml IL-6 or under hyperreactive conditions with 5 nM endothelin-1. The results demonstrated that, compared with controls, 24-h pretreatment with TNF-α, IL-6, or endothelin-1 increased reactivity and Ca(2+) sensitivity of HPAs as revealed by agonist challenges with 80 mM KCl, 1 μM serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 30 nM U-46619, and 1 μM phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. However, 300 nM RvD1 as well as 1 μM monoacylglyceride-docosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride strongly reversed the overresponsiveness induced by both proinflammatory and hyperreactive treatments. In pretreated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, Western blot analyses revealed that RvD1 treatment decreased the phosphorylation level of CPI-17 and expression of transmembrane protein member 16A while increasing the detection of G protein-coupled receptor 32. The present data demonstrate that RvD1, a trihydroxylated docosahexaenoic acid derivative, decreases induced overreactivity in HPAs via a reduction in CPI-17 phosphorylation and transmembrane protein member 16A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddy Hiram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edmond Rizcallah
- Department of Pathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Sirois
- Service of Thoracic Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Marco Sirois
- Service of Thoracic Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Caroline Morin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; SCF Pharma, Ste-Luce, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Eric Rousseau
- Department of Pathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada;
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294
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miR-21/DDAH1 pathway regulates pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia. Biochem J 2014; 462:103-12. [PMID: 24895913 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The NOS (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor ADMA (asymmetric dimethylarginine) contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Reduced levels of the enzymes metabolizing ADMA, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAH1 and DDAH2) and increased levels of miR-21 are linked to disease pathology, but the mechanisms are not understood. In the present study we assessed the potential role of miR-21 in the regulation of hypoxia-induced changes in ADMA metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia inhibited DDAH1 and DDAH2 expression and increased ADMA levels in cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells. In contrast, in human pulmonary smooth muscle cells, only DDAH2 was reduced whereas ADMA levels remained unchanged. Endothelium-specific down-regulation of DDAH1 by miR-21 in hypoxia induced endothelial dysfunction and was prevented by overexpression of DDAH1 and miR-21 blockade. DDAH1, but not DDAH2, mRNA levels were reduced, whereas miR-21 levels were elevated in lung tissues from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and mice with pulmonary hypertension exposed to 2 weeks of hypoxia. Hypoxic mice treated with miR-21 inhibitors and DDAH1 transgenic mice showed elevated lung DDAH1, increased cGMP levels and attenuated pulmonary hypertension. Regulation of DDAH1 by miR-21 plays a role in the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and may be of broader significance in pulmonary hypertension.
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295
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Potus F, Malenfant S, Graydon C, Mainguy V, Tremblay È, Breuils-Bonnet S, Ribeiro F, Porlier A, Maltais F, Bonnet S, Provencher S. Impaired angiogenesis and peripheral muscle microcirculation loss contribute to exercise intolerance in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:318-28. [PMID: 24977625 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0383oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by significant exercise intolerance, which is multifactorial and involves skeletal muscle alterations. There is growing evidence that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in PAH pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that miR-126, an endothelial-specific, proangiogenic miR, is down-regulated in the peripheral muscles of patients with PAH, which would account for skeletal muscle microcirculation loss and exercise intolerance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients with PAH displayed decreases in exercise capacity ([Formula: see text]o2max) and microcirculation loss on quadriceps muscle biopsy (in CD31(+) immunofluorescence experiments) compared to control subjects. Exercise capacity correlated with muscle capillarity (r = 0.84, P < 0.01). At the cellular level, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 expression were similar in both groups. Conversely, PAH was associated with a 60% decrease in miR-126 expression in a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction experiment (P < 0.01), resulting in up-regulation of its targeted protein, Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (SPRED-1), and a marked decrease in the downstream effectors of the VEGF pathway, p-Raf/Raf and p-ERK/ERK, as determined by immunoblot analysis. Using freshly isolated CD31(+) cells from human quadriceps biopsies, we found that the down-regulation of miR-126 in PAH triggered the activation of SPRED-1, impairing the angiogenic response (Matrigel assay). These abnormalities were reversed by treating the PAH cells with miR-126 mimic, whereas inhibition of miR-126 (antagomir) in healthy CD31(+) cells fully mimicked the PAH phenotype. Finally, miR-126 down-regulation in skeletal muscle of healthy rats decreased muscle capillarity in immunofluorescence assays (P < 0.05) and exercise tolerance in treadmill tests (P < 0.05), whereas miR-126 up-regulation increased them in monocrotaline PAH rats. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that exercise intolerance in PAH is associated with skeletal muscle microcirculation loss and impaired angiogenesis secondary to miR-126 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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296
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Comer BS, Camoretti-Mercado B, Kogut PC, Halayko AJ, Solway J, Gerthoffer WT. MicroRNA-146a and microRNA-146b expression and anti-inflammatory function in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L727-34. [PMID: 25217662 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00174.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-146a and miR-146b are negative regulators of inflammatory gene expression in lung fibroblasts, epithelial cells, monocytes, and endothelial cells. The abundance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-1β is negatively regulated by the miR-146 family, suggesting miR-146a and/or miR-146b might modulate inflammatory mediator expression in airway smooth muscle thereby contributing to pathogenesis of asthma. To test this idea we compared miR-146a and miR-146b expression in human airway smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) from nonasthmatic and asthmatic subjects treated with cytomix (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFNγ) and examined the miRNAs' effects on COX-2 and IL-1β expression. We found that cytomix treatment elevated miR-146a and miR-146b abundance. Induction with cytomix was greater than induction with individual cytokines, and asthmatic cells exhibited higher levels of miR-146a expression following cytomix treatment than nonasthmatic cells. Transfection of miR-146a or miR-146b mimics reduced COX-2 and IL-1β expression. A miR-146a inhibitor increased COX-2 and IL-1β expression, but a miR-146b inhibitor was ineffective. Repression of COX-2 and IL-1β expression by miR-146a correlated with reduced abundance of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R. These results demonstrate that miR-146a and miR-146b expression is inducible in hASMCs by proinflammatory cytokines and that miR-146a expression is greater in asthmatic cells. Both miR-146a and miR-146b can negatively regulate COX-2 and IL-1β expression at pharmacological levels, but loss-of-function studies showed that only miR-146a is an endogenous negative regulator in hASMCs. The results suggest miR-146 mimics may be an attractive candidate for further preclinical studies as an anti-inflammatory treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Comer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Blanca Camoretti-Mercado
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Paul C Kogut
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Julian Solway
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;
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297
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic hypoxia can drive maladaptive responses in numerous organ systems, leading to a multitude of chronic mammalian diseases. Oxygen homeostasis is intimately linked with mitochondrial metabolism, and dysfunction in these systems can combine to form the backbone of hypoxic-ischemic injury in multiple tissue beds. Increased appreciation of the crucial roles of hypoxia-associated miRNA (hypoxamirs) in metabolism adds a new dimension to our understanding of the regulation of hypoxia-induced disease. RECENT ADVANCES Myriad factors related to glycolysis (e.g., aldolase A and hexokinase II), tricarboxylic acid cycle function (e.g., glutaminase and iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein 1/2), and apoptosis (e.g., p53) have been recently implicated as targets of hypoxamirs. In addition, several hypoxamirs have been implicated in the regulation of the master transcription factor of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, clarifying how the cellular program of hypoxia is sustained and resolved. CRITICAL ISSUES Central to the discussion of metabolic change in hypoxia is the Warburg effect, a shift toward anaerobic metabolism that persists after normal oxygen levels have been restored. Many newly discovered targets of hypoxia-driven microRNA converge on pathways known to be involved in this pathological phenomenon and the apoptosis-resistant phenotype associated with it. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The often synergistic functions of miRNA may make them ideal therapeutic targets. The use of antisense inhibitors is currently being considered in diseases in which hypoxia and metabolic dysregulation predominate. In addition, exploration of pleiotripic miRNA functions will likely continue to offer unique insights into the mechanistic relationships of their downstream target pathways and associated hypoxic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Cottrill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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298
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Ramiro-Diaz JM, Giermakowska W, Weaver JM, Jernigan NL, Gonzalez Bosc LV. Mechanisms of NFATc3 activation by increased superoxide and reduced hydrogen peroxide in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C928-38. [PMID: 25163518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00244.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated increased superoxide (O2(·-)) and decreased H2O2 levels in pulmonary arteries of chronic hypoxia-exposed wild-type and normoxic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout mice. We also showed that this reciprocal change in O2(·-) and H2O2 is associated with elevated activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells isoform c3 (NFATc3) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). This suggests that an imbalance in reactive oxygen species levels is required for NFATc3 activation. However, how such imbalance activates NFATc3 is unknown. This study evaluated the importance of O2(·-) and H2O2 in the regulation of NFATc3 activity. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in O2(·-) enhances actin cytoskeleton dynamics and a decrease in H2O2 enhances intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, contributing to NFATc3 nuclear import and activation in PASMC. We demonstrate that, in PASMC, endothelin-1 increases O2(·-) while decreasing H2O2 production through the decrease in SOD1 activity without affecting SOD protein levels. We further demonstrate that O2(·-) promotes, while H2O2 inhibits, NFATc3 activation in PASMC. Additionally, increased O2(·-)-to-H2O2 ratio activates NFATc3, even in the absence of a Gq protein-coupled receptor agonist. Furthermore, O2(·-)-dependent actin polymerization and low intracellular H2O2 concentration-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration contribute to NFATc3 activation. Together, these studies define important and novel regulatory mechanisms of NFATc3 activation in PASMC by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ramiro-Diaz
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - John M Weaver
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nikki L Jernigan
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
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299
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miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular injury and remodeling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:826-35. [PMID: 25104456 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury, remodeling, as well as angiogenesis, are the leading causes of coronary or cerebrovascular disease. The blood vessel functional imbalance trends to induce atherosclerosis, hypertension, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. As several genes have been identified to be dynamically regulated during vascular injury and remodeling, it is becoming widely accepted that several types of non-coding RNA, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are involved in regulating the endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behaviors. Here, we review the progress of the extant studies on mechanistic, clinical and diagnostic implications of miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular injury and remodeling, as well as angiogenesis, emphasizing the important roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular diseases. Furthermore, we introduce the interaction between miRNAs and lncRNAs, and highlight the mechanism through which lncRNAs are regulating the miRNA function. We envisage that continuous in-depth research of non-coding RNAs in vascular disease will have significant implications for the treatment of coronary or cerebrovascular diseases.
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Bertero T, Lu Y, Annis S, Hale A, Bhat B, Saggar R, Saggar R, Wallace WD, Ross DJ, Vargas SO, Graham BB, Kumar R, Black SM, Fratz S, Fineman JR, West JD, Haley KJ, Waxman AB, Chau BN, Cottrill KA, Chan SY. Systems-level regulation of microRNA networks by miR-130/301 promotes pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3514-28. [PMID: 24960162 PMCID: PMC4109523 DOI: 10.1172/jci74773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the vascular disease pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves disparate molecular pathways that span multiple cell types. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may coordinately regulate PH progression, but the integrative functions of miRNAs in this process have been challenging to define with conventional approaches. Here, analysis of the molecular network architecture specific to PH predicted that the miR-130/301 family is a master regulator of cellular proliferation in PH via regulation of subordinate miRNA pathways with unexpected connections to one another. In validation of this model, diseased pulmonary vessels and plasma from mammalian models and human PH subjects exhibited upregulation of miR-130/301 expression. Evaluation of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells revealed that miR-130/301 targeted PPARγ with distinct consequences. In endothelial cells, miR-130/301 modulated apelin-miR-424/503-FGF2 signaling, while in smooth muscle cells, miR-130/301 modulated STAT3-miR-204 signaling to promote PH-associated phenotypes. In murine models, induction of miR-130/301 promoted pathogenic PH-associated effects, while miR-130/301 inhibition prevented PH pathogenesis. Together, these results provide insight into the systems-level regulation of miRNA-disease gene networks in PH with broad implications for miRNA-based therapeutics in this disease. Furthermore, these findings provide critical validation for the evolving application of network theory to the discovery of the miRNA-based origins of PH and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sofia Annis
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Hale
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balkrishen Bhat
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajeev Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Dean Wallace
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Ross
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D. West
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Haley
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron B. Waxman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B. Nelson Chau
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A. Cottrill
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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