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Microbial translocation revisited: targeting the endotoxic potential of gut microbes in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:645-653. [PMID: 30531315 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translocation of microbial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the gut may contribute to chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals. Recent studies indicate that differences in degree of acylation of gut-bacterial-derived LPS may explain variable immune effects, with hexa-acylated rather than penta-acylated LPS having proinflammatory capacity. We investigated whether the degree of acylation of gut-derived LPS associates with systemic inflammation, and the potential effect of probiotic intervention. METHODS Gut microbiota profiles from a probiotics intervention were investigated and validated in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals commencing antiretroviral therapy. The PiCRUSt software was used to predict overall functional capacity of the microbiota and in-house bioinformatics to distinguish between bacteria producing hexa-acylated and penta-acylated LPS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HIV-infected individuals with the highest ratio of proinflammatory hexa-acylated LPS to noninflammatory penta-acylated LPS-producing bacteria exhibited increased levels of systemic inflammation (neopterin, P < 0.001) and tryptophan catabolism (kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, P = 0.01), indicating a link between proinflammatory LPS, tryptophan catabolism and inflammation. After probiotics for 8 weeks, there was a decrease in Gram-negative bacteria (P = 0.01), related primarily to a reduction in bacteria producing penta-acylated LPS (P = 0.01), but not hexa-acylated LPS. The reduction in Gram-negative bacteria correlated positively with decreased plasma LPS (r = 0.72), mainly related to a reduction in bacteria producing noninflammatory penta-acylated LPS (r = 0.58). Notably, gut bacteria producing hexa-acylated LPS were outnumbered by penta-acylated LPS with a factor of 25 in HIV-infected individuals. Further studies are warranted to determine whether microbes producing hexa-acylated LPS might be a more relevant trigger of systemic inflammation compared with plasma LPS captured by the existing limulus assay.
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252
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Harrison ML, Wolfe AS, Fordyce J, Rock J, García AA, Zuñiga JA. The additive effect of type 2 diabetes on fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tryptophan and threonine in people living with HIV. Amino Acids 2019; 51:783-793. [PMID: 30868261 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and ensuing inflammation that accompany HIV infection lead to adverse metabolic consequences and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined the additive effects of T2D on circulating biomarkers involved in inflammation, coagulation, and vascular function along with plasma amino acids in people living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study included PLWH with and without T2D (n = 32 total). Analyses involved a multiplex platform for circulating biomarkers and gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for plasma amino acids. In PLWH and T2D, both fibrinogen (2.0 ± 0.6 vs 1.6 ± 0.4 µg/mL, p = 0.02) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) (40.8 ± 17.2 vs 26.7 ± 13.8 µg/mL, p = 0.02) were increased and tryptophan (47 ± 6 vs 53 ± 8 nmol/mL, p = 0.03) and threonine (102 ± 25 vs 125 ± 33 nmol/mL, p = 0.03) were decreased. Fibrinogen, as a biomarker of inflammation, and vWF, as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, are augmented by the combined effects of HIV and T2D and may contribute to the pathogenesis of T2D in PLWH. Chronic immune activation and inflammation compromise the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, which increases mucus production. Tryptophan metabolism is altered by a loss of intestinal membrane integrity and threonine is consumed in the production of mucus. Metabolic competition arising from increased protein synthesis in the setting of chronic inflammation along with the associated loss in intestinal membrane integrity may be a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of T2D in PLWH and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Harrison
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Anthony S Wolfe
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Jamie Rock
- School of Nursing, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Alexandra A García
- School of Nursing, University of Texas, Austin, USA.,Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, USA
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253
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Rhoades N, Mendoza N, Jankeel A, Sureshchandra S, Alvarez AD, Doratt B, Heidari O, Hagan R, Brown B, Scheibel S, Marbley T, Taylor J, Messaoudi I. Altered Immunity and Microbial Dysbiosis in Aged Individuals With Long-Term Controlled HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:463. [PMID: 30915086 PMCID: PMC6423162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) resulted in a significant increase in life expectancy for HIV patients. Indeed, in 2015, 45% of the HIV+ individuals in the United States were ≥55 years of age. Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection, geriatric HIV+ patients suffer from higher incidence of comorbidities compared to age-matched HIV- individuals. Both chronic inflammation and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome are believed to be major contributors to this phenomenon, however carefully controlled studies investigating the impact of long-term (>10 years) controlled HIV (LTC-HIV) infection are lacking. To address this question, we profiled circulating immune cells, immune mediators, and the gut microbiome from elderly (≥55 years old) LTC-HIV+ and HIV- gay men living in the Palm Springs area. LTC-HIV+ individuals had lower frequency of circulating monocytes and CD4+ T-cells, and increased frequency CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, levels of systemic INFγ and several growth factors were increased while levels of IL-2 and several chemokines were reduced. Upon stimulation, immune cells from LTC-HIV+ individuals produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Last but not least, the gut microbiome of LTC-HIV+ individuals was enriched in bacterial taxa typically found in the oral cavity suggestive of loss of compartmentalization, while levels of beneficial butyrate producing taxa were reduced. Additionally, prevalence of Prevotella negatively correlated with CD4+ T-cells numbers in LTC-HIV+ individuals. These results indicate that despite long-term adherence and undetectable viral loads, LTC-HIV infection results in significant shifts in immune cell frequencies and gut microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rhoades
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Norma Mendoza
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D Alvarez
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Doratt
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Omeid Heidari
- School of Nursing, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rod Hagan
- Stonewall Medical Center, Borrego Health, Cathedral City, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Brown
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Steven Scheibel
- Stonewall Medical Center, Borrego Health, Cathedral City, CA, United States
| | - Theodore Marbley
- Stonewall Medical Center, Borrego Health, Cathedral City, CA, United States
| | - Jeff Taylor
- HIV+ Aging-Palm Springs, Palm Springs, CA, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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254
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Shenoy MK, Fadrosh DW, Lin DL, Worodria W, Byanyima P, Musisi E, Kaswabuli S, Zawedde J, Sanyu I, Chang E, Fong S, McCauley K, Davis JL, Huang L, Lynch SV. Gut microbiota in HIV-pneumonia patients is related to peripheral CD4 counts, lung microbiota, and in vitro macrophage dysfunction. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:37. [PMID: 30857553 PMCID: PMC6413461 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is common and frequently fatal in HIV-infected patients, due to rampant, systemic inflammation and failure to control microbial infection. While airway microbiota composition is related to local inflammatory response, gut microbiota has been shown to correlate with the degree of peripheral immune activation (IL6 and IP10 expression) in HIV-infected patients. We thus hypothesized that both airway and gut microbiota are perturbed in HIV-infected pneumonia patients, that the gut microbiota is related to peripheral CD4+ cell counts, and that its associated products differentially program immune cell populations necessary for controlling microbial infection in CD4-high and CD4-low patients. To assess these relationships, paired bronchoalveolar lavage and stool microbiota (bacterial and fungal) from a large cohort of Ugandan, HIV-infected patients with pneumonia were examined, and in vitro tests of the effect of gut microbiome products on macrophage effector phenotypes performed. While lower airway microbiota stratified into three compositionally distinct microbiota as previously described, these were not related to peripheral CD4 cell count. In contrast, variation in gut microbiota composition significantly related to CD4 cell count, lung microbiota composition, and patient mortality. Compared with patients with high CD4+ cell counts, those with low counts possessed more compositionally similar airway and gut microbiota, evidence of microbial translocation, and their associated gut microbiome products reduced macrophage activation and IL-10 expression and increased IL-1β expression in vitro. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome is related to CD4 status and plays a key role in modulating macrophage function, critical to microbial control in HIV-infected patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera K Shenoy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Current address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas W Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - William Worodria
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Byanyima
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Musisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvia Kaswabuli
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ingvar Sanyu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Chang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Fong
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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255
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González-Hernández LA, Ruiz-Briseño MDR, Sánchez-Reyes K, Alvarez-Zavala M, Vega-Magaña N, López-Iñiguez A, Díaz-Ramos JA, Martínez-Ayala P, Soria-Rodriguez RA, Ramos-Solano M, Andrade-Villanueva JF. Alterations in bacterial communities, SCFA and biomarkers in an elderly HIV-positive and HIV-negative population in western Mexico. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:234. [PMID: 30845929 PMCID: PMC6407185 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of stool microbiota has taken great relevance in the last years, given its role in the maintenance of the intestinal metabolic, physiological, and immunological homeostasis, as well as, its effect over HIV biomarkers levels such as CD4/CD8 ratio, high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), related to poor outcomes (rapid progression to AIDS). Several efforts have been made to characterize the gut microbiome. In HIV infection, most of the studies report the presence of a dysbiotic pattern; however, few of them have made an approach in elderly HIV-positive subjects despite the fact that nowadays this subgroup is rising. In this study, we compared the composition of faecal microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), and systemic biomarkers between elderly HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 18 HIV-negative controls and 20 HIV-positive patients. The quantification of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium coccoides was performed in faecal samples by qPCR. The analysis was performed by calculating the ΔCq of each microorganism using 16S rDNA as a reference gene. Faecal SCFAs were measured by HPLC. The hs-CRP and sCD14 were performed by ELISA. RESULTS An increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, coupled with a significant increase in the proteobacteria phylum was detected in HIV-positive subjects. In contrast, a decrease in the Clostridium leptum group was observed. Nevertheless, these elderly HIV-positive patients showed higher levels of total SCFAs mainly by an augmented propionic acid values, compared to HIV-negative subjects. Whereas high levels of hs-CRP were positively correlated with sCD14 in the HIV-positive group. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in bacterial communities reveals a dysbiotic state related to an unbalance of faecal SCFAs. Therefore, these intestinal conditions might drive an increase of poor prognostic biomarkers in elderly HIV-positive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A González-Hernández
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mariana Del Rocio Ruiz-Briseño
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Molecular Biology in Medicine Ph. D. program, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Karina Sánchez-Reyes
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Alvarez-Zavala
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Natali Vega-Magaña
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alvaro López-Iñiguez
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Julio A Díaz-Ramos
- Geriatric Department, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Martínez-Ayala
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - R A Soria-Rodriguez
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Moises Ramos-Solano
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Jaime F Andrade-Villanueva
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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256
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Nowak RG, Bentzen SM, Ravel J, Crowell TA, Dauda W, Ma B, Liu H, Blattner WA, Baral SD, Charurat ME, Charurat M, Ake J, Adebajo S, Baral S, Billings E, Crowell T, Eluwa G, Fasina A, Gaydos C, Ketende S, Kokogho A, Liu H, Malia J, Makanjuola O, Michael N, Ndembi N, Njab J, Nowak R, Olawore O, Parker Z, Peel S, Ramadhani H, Robb M, Rodriguez-Hart C, Sanders-Buell E, Tovanabutra S. Anal Microbial Patterns and Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in a Pilot Study of Nigerian Men Who Have Sex with Men at Risk for or Living with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:267-275. [PMID: 30215262 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To cluster anal microbiota and define microbial patterns associated with biological, clinical, and behavioral correlates among Nigerian men who have sex with men (MSM) living with or at risk for HIV. In this cross-sectional pilot study, the 15 most abundant 16S taxa in the anal microbiota of 113 MSM underwent unsupervised K-means clustering and z-score comparisons to define similarities and dissimilarities among 4 microbiota taxonomic profiles. Distributions of oncogenic HPV (high-risk human papillomavirus [HR-HPV]), concurrent HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and other clinical and behavioral data were evaluated using Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine biological signatures of cluster membership. Prevotella was consistently represented in each cluster, but the average composition ranged from 14% to 44%. Cluster 2 was enriched with a member of the Fusobacteria phylum, Sneathia (29%). More participants of cluster 2 were HIV infected and taking ART (83%, 5/6), were virally suppressed (80%, 4/5), had HPV-16 (66.7%, 4/6), and reported no vaginal sex partners (83%, 5/6). HPV-35, a highly prevalent oncogenic HPV in Nigeria, was observed in all clusters except cluster 2 (0%, 0/6). Other covariates were similar across clusters (all p > .05). K-means unsupervised clustering, a canonical pattern recognition method, generalized the microbial community composition and structure while accounting for among sample variability. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether an anal microbial community enriched with members of the Fusobacteria phylum is associated with HIV-infected MSM who are virally suppressed and have a concurrent HPV-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Nowak
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Søren M. Bentzen
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Trevor A. Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wuese Dauda
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongjie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - William A. Blattner
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefan D. Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Man E. Charurat
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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257
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Kang Y, Cai Y. Altered Gut Microbiota in HIV Infection: Future Perspective of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:229-235. [PMID: 29877092 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection progressively destroys CD4+ mononuclear cells, leading to profound cellular immune deficiency that manifests as life-threatening opportunistic infections and malignancies (i.e., AIDS). Gut microbiota plays key roles in the modulation of host metabolism and gene expression, maintenance of epithelial integrity, and mediation of inflammatory and immunity. Hence, the normal intestinal microbiota plays a major role in the maintenance of health and disease prevention. In fact, a large number of studies have shown that the alteration of the gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic diseases, anorexia nervosa, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has shed light on the association of dysbiosis of gut microbiota with HIV infection. Hence, the modification of gut microbiota may be a potential therapeutic tool. Fecal microbiota transplantation may improve the conditions of patients with HIV infection by manipulating the human intestinal bacteria. However, the relevant research is very limited, and a large amount of scientific research work needs to be done in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 2 Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Cai
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 3 Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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258
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Jing L, Yu Z, Gao X, Liu C, Lv X, Zheng S. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and increased of interleukin 10 by Lactobacillus: a molecular mechanism protection against TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in chicks. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:1-6. [PMID: 30821556 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1566360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanism of Lactobacillus on ameliorating ulcerative colitis chicks induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). There are three groups in this study, control, Lactobacillus and ulcerative colitis groups. 1-day-old chicks were fed with microcapsules containing Lactobacillus LA-5 daily for Lactobacillus group and clustered with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to make the model of ulcerative colitis at ten-day-old. Chicks in control and ulcerative colitis groups were fed with empty microcapsules daily at 1-day-old and then chicks in ulcerative colitis group were induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) for preparation of ulcerative colitis model at 10-day-old. We detected the changes of mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in the colon by Real-Time PCR and Western Blot. Histopathology evaluation on colon was conducted. Results showed that chicks pretreated with Lactobacillus had striking injury improvement compared with ulcerative colitis group in histopathology. Compared with ulcerative colitis group, down-regulation of TNF-α and up-regulation of IL-10 were observed in Lactobacillus group chicks. Therefore, Lactobacillus could improve the injury of intestinal mucosa and reduce inflammatory response by regulating mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and IL-10, respectively. In conclusion, Lactobacillus could ameliorate the effects on chicks of TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis by reducing the inflammation and regulating the expression of TNF-α and IL-10, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jing
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Xueli Gao
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Xiaoping Lv
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
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259
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Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030200. [PMID: 30818749 PMCID: PMC6466530 DOI: 10.3390/v11030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still present persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation. This condition is the result of several factors including thymic dysfunction, persistent antigen stimulation due to low residual viremia, microbial translocation and dysbiosis, caused by the disruption of the gut mucosa, co-infections, and cumulative ART toxicity. All of these factors can create a vicious cycle that does not allow the full control of immune activation and inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent data about HIV-associated inflammation and chronic immune exhaustion in PLWH under effective ART. Furthermore, we discuss new therapy approaches that are currently being tested to reduce the risk of developing inflammation, ART toxicity, and non-AIDS co-morbidities.
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260
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Ohlsson L, Gustafsson A, Lavant E, Suneson K, Brundin L, Westrin Å, Ljunggren L, Lindqvist D. Leaky gut biomarkers in depression and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:185-193. [PMID: 30347427 PMCID: PMC6587489 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behavior. According to the 'leaky gut hypothesis', increased intestinal permeability may contribute to this relationship via bacterial translocation across enterocytes. We measured plasma levels of gut permeability markers, in patients with a recent suicide attempt (rSA), MDD subjects with no history of a suicide attempt (nsMDD), and healthy controls (HC), and related these markers to symptom severity and inflammation. METHOD We enrolled rSA (n = 54), nsMDD (n = 13), and HC (n = 17). Zonulin, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), soluble CD14, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified in plasma. Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Suicide Assessment Scale (SUAS) were used for symptom assessments. RESULTS The rSA group displayed higher I-FABP and lower zonulin levels compared with both the nsMDD and the HC groups (all P < 0.001). IL-6 correlated positively with I-FABP (r = 0.24, P < 0.05) and negatively with zonulin (r = -0.25, P < 0.05). In all subjects, I-FABP levels correlated positively with MADRS (r = 0.25, P < 0.05) and SUAS scores (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and the latter correlation was significant also in the nsMDD group (r = 0.60, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The 'leaky gut hypothesis' may improve our understanding of the link between inflammation and suicidal behavior. These findings should be considered preliminary until replicated in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical ScienceMalmo UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - A. Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical ScienceMalmo UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - E. Lavant
- Department of Biomedical ScienceMalmo UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - K. Suneson
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, PsychiatryLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - L. Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative ScienceVan Andel Research InstituteGrand RapidsMIUSA
| | - Å. Westrin
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, PsychiatryLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - L. Ljunggren
- Department of Biomedical ScienceMalmo UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - D. Lindqvist
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, PsychiatryLund UniversityLundSweden
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261
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Zhang F, Yang J, Ji Y, Sun M, Shen J, Sun J, Wang J, Liu L, Shen Y, Zhang R, Chen J, Lu H. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Not Independently Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3352. [PMID: 30761121 PMCID: PMC6362426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis, which has been linked to many neurological diseases, is common in HIV infection. However, its role in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive impairment is still not established. In this study, a total of 85 HIV infected subjects, naïve to antiretroviral therapy, were classified into two groups—those with HIV-associated neurological diseases (HAND) and those without, using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Fecal samples were collected from all subjects and microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Subjects with HAND were older (P < 0.001), with lower levels of education (P = 0.002), lower CD4 T-cell counts (P = 0.032), and greater heterosexual preference (P < 0.001), than those without HAND. Gut microbiota from subjects with HAND showed significantly lower α-diversity compared to gut microbiota from subjects without HAND (Shannon index, P = 0.003). To exclude confounding bias, 25 subjects from each group, with comparable age, gender, CD4 T-cell count, educational level and sexual preference were further analyzed. The two groups showed comparable α-diversity (for SOB index, Shannon index, Simpson index, ACE index, and Chao index, all with P-value > 0.05) and β-diversity (ANOSIM statistic = 0.010, P = 0.231). There were no significant differences in microbiota composition between the two groups after the correction for a false discovery rate. Consistently, microbiota from the two groups presented similar predictive functional profiles. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is not independently associated with neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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262
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Costiniuk CT, Saneei Z, Routy JP, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Singer J, Lebouché B, Cox J, Szabo J, Brouillette MJ, Klein MB, Chomont N, Jenabian MA. Oral cannabinoids in people living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy: CTN PT028-study protocol for a pilot randomised trial to assess safety, tolerability and effect on immune activation. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024793. [PMID: 30659041 PMCID: PMC6340429 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV have higher rates of non-infectious chronic diseases. These conditions are driven by relatively high levels of inflammation persisting on ART compared with uninfected individuals. Chronic inflammation also contributes to HIV persistence during ART. Cannabis when taken orally may represent a way to reduce inflammation and strengthen immune responses. Before planning large interventional studies, it is important to ensure that cannabis taken orally is safe and well tolerated in people living with HIV. We propose to conduct a pilot randomised trial to examine the safety and tolerability of cannabis oils containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) consumed orally in people living with HIV. We will also measure inflammatory markers, markers of HIV persistence in peripheral blood cells and changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Twenty-six people living with HIV having undetectable viral load for at least 3 years will be randomised to receive TN-TC11LM (THC:CBD in 1:1 ratio) or TN-TC19LM (THC:CBD in 1:9 ratio) capsules daily for 12 weeks. Safety and tolerability of these capsules will be assessed through haematological, hepatic and renal blood tests, face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Proportions of participants without any signs of significant toxicity (grades 0-2 scores on the WHO toxicity scale) and who complete the study, as well as scores on quality of life and mood will be examined using descriptive statistics. The effects on inflammatory markers, markers of peripheral blood reservoir size and effect on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome will be assessed before and after study completion. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre. A Data Safety Monitor will review safety information at regular intervals. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access journal within 6 months of study completion. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03550352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zahra Saneei
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- WILLL Cannabis Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jason Szabo
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marina B Klein
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Centre, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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263
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is a crucial actor in human physiology. Many of these effects are mediated by metabolites that are either produced by the microbes or derived from the transformation of environmental or host molecules. Among the array of metabolites at the interface between these microorganisms and the host is the essential aromatic amino acid tryptophan (Trp). In the gut, the three major Trp metabolism pathways leading to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), kynurenine (Kyn), and indole derivatives are under the direct or indirect control of the microbiota. In this review, we gather the most recent advances concerning the central role of Trp metabolism in microbiota-host crosstalk in health and disease. Deciphering the complex equilibrium between these pathways will facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of human diseases and open therapeutic opportunities.
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264
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Lee SY, Park YK, Yoon CH, Kim K, Kim KC. Meta-analysis of gene expression profiles in long-term non-progressors infected with HIV-1. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:3. [PMID: 30626383 PMCID: PMC6325803 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of antiretroviral treatments (ARTs), a small group of individuals infected with HIV, including long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) who maintain high levels of CD4+ T cells for more than 7–10 years in the absence of ART and in particular a subgroup of LTNPs, elite controllers (ECs), who have low levels of viremia, remain clinically and/or immunologically stable for years. However, the mechanism of stable disease progression in LTNPs and ECs needs to be elucidated to help those infected with HIV-1 remain healthy. In this study, to identify the characteristics of gene expression profiles and biomarkers in LTNPs, we performed a meta-analysis using multiple gene expression profiles among LTNPs, individuals infected with HIV-1 without ART, individuals infected with HIV-1 with ART, and healthy controls. Methods The gene expression profiles obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray data repositories were classified into three groups: LTNPs versus healthy controls (first group, 3 studies), LTNPs versus patients infected with HIV-1 without ART (second group, 3 studies), and LTNPs versus patients infected with HIV-1 with ART (third group, 3 studies). In addition, we considered a fourth group, patients infected with HIV-1 without ART versus healthy controls (3 studies), to exclude genes associated with HIV-1 infection in the three groups. For each group, we performed a meta-analysis using the RankProd method to identify and compare the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the three groups. Results We identified the 14 common DEGs in the three groups when comparing them with each other. Most belonged to immune responses, antigen processing and presentation, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, and T cell co-stimulation. Of these DEGs, PHLDA1 was up-regulated and ACTB and ACTG1 were down-regulated in all three groups. However, the rest of the up- or down-regulated genes were discordant in the three groups. Additionally, ACTB and ACTG1 are known to inhibit viral assembly and production, and THBS1 is known to inhibit HIV-1 infection. Conclusions These results suggest that significant genes identified in a meta-analysis provide clues to the cause of delayed disease progression and give a deeper understanding of HIV pathogenesis in LTNPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0443-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kwang Park
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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265
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Guillén Y, Noguera-Julian M, Rivera J, Casadellà M, Zevin AS, Rocafort M, Parera M, Rodríguez C, Arumí M, Carrillo J, Mothe B, Estany C, Coll J, Bravo I, Herrero C, Saz J, Sirera G, Torrella A, Navarro J, Crespo M, Negredo E, Brander C, Blanco J, Calle ML, Klatt NR, Clotet B, Paredes R. Low nadir CD4+ T-cell counts predict gut dysbiosis in HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:232-246. [PMID: 30171206 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection causes severe gut and systemic immune damage, but its effects on the gut microbiome remain unclear. Previous shotgun metagenomic studies in HIV-negative subjects linked low-microbial gene counts (LGC) to gut dysbiosis in diseases featuring intestinal inflammation. Using a similar approach in 156 subjects with different HIV-1 phenotypes, we found a strong, independent, dose-effect association between nadir CD4+ T-cell counts and LGC. As in other diseases involving intestinal inflammation, the gut microbiomes of subjects with LGC were enriched in gram-negative Bacteroides, acetogenic bacteria and Proteobacteria, which are able to metabolize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; and were depleted in oxygen-sensitive methanogenic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Interestingly, subjects with LGC also showed increased butyrate levels in direct fecal measurements, consistent with enrichment in Roseburia intestinalis despite reductions in other butyrate producers. The microbiomes of subjects with LGC were also enriched in bacterial virulence factors, as well as in genes associated with beta-lactam, lincosamide, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance. Thus, low nadir CD4+ T-cell counts, rather than HIV-1 serostatus per se, predict the presence of gut dysbiosis in HIV-1 infected subjects. Such dysbiosis does not display obvious HIV-specific features; instead, it shares many similarities with other diseases featuring gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Guillén
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Rivera
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Casadellà
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexander S Zevin
- University of Washington, 3018 Western Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Muntsa Rocafort
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariona Parera
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marçal Arumí
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Estany
- Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Coll
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Herrero
- Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Saz
- BCN Checkpoint, Carrer del Comte Borrell, 164, Barcelona, 08015, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillem Sirera
- Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Vigo. IIS Galicia Sur, Estrada de Clara Campoamor, 341, Vigo, 36312, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Calle
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- University of Washington, 3018 Western Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain. .,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, Vic, 08500, Catalonia, Spain. .,Infectious Diseases Service & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Catalonia, Spain.
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266
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Serrano-Villar S, de Lagarde M, Vázquez-Castellanos J, Vallejo A, Bernadino JI, Madrid N, Matarranz M, Díaz-Santiago A, Gutiérrez C, Cabello A, Villar-García J, Blanco JR, Bisbal O, Sainz T, Moya A, Moreno S, Gosalbes MJ, Estrada V. Effects of Immunonutrition in Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (Promaltia Study). Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:120-130. [PMID: 29788075 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While nutritional interventions with prebiotics and probiotics seem to exert immunological effects, their clinical implications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) at advanced HIV disease remain unclear. METHODS This was a pilot multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in which 78 HIV-infected, ART-naive subjects with <350 CD4 T cells/μL or AIDS were randomized to either daily PMT25341 (a mixture of synbiotics, omega-3/6 fatty acids and amino acids) or placebo for 48 weeks, each in combination with first-line ART. Primary endpoints were changes in CD4 T-cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio from baseline to week 48 and safety. Secondary endpoints were changes in markers of T-cell activation, bacterial translocation, inflammation, and α and β microbiota diversity. RESULTS Fifty-nine participants completed the follow-up with a mean CD4+ T-cell count of 221 ± 108 cells/μL and mean CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.26 ± 0.19. PMT25341 was well tolerated, without grade 3-4 adverse effects attributable to the intervention. While most of the assessed biomarkers improved during the follow-up in both arms, PMT25341-treated subjects did not experience any significant change, compared to placebo-treated subjects, in mean CD4+ T-cell count change (278 vs 250 cells/μL, P = .474) or CD4/CD8 ratio change (0.30 vs 0.32, P = .854). Similarly, we did not detect differences between treatment arms in secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS In HIV-infected patients initiating ART at advanced disease, the clear immunological benefits of ART were not enhanced by this nutritional intervention targeting the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and microbiota. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00870363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | | | | | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | - José I Bernadino
- HIV Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid
| | - Nadia Madrid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | | | - Alberto Díaz-Santiago
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid
| | - Judit Villar-García
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona
| | - José Ramón Blanco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital San Pedro - Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño
| | - Otilia Bisbal
- HIV Unit, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid
| | - Talía Sainz
- Pediatric Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Valencia
| | - Andrés Moya
- Area of Genomics and Health, FISABIO-Salud Pública, Valencia
- Institute of Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid
| | | | - María José Gosalbes
- Area of Genomics and Health, FISABIO-Salud Pública, Valencia
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid
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267
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Yue L, Guo H, Wang X, Sun T, Liu H, Li Q, Xu M, Yang Y, Yang W. Non-metallic element modified metal-organic frameworks as high-performance electrodes for all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 539:370-378. [PMID: 30594012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first study of the application of non-metallic element modified metal-organic frameworks in supercapacitors. Three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks modified by non-metallic element have a novel flower cluster structure, which effectively improve the structural stability and the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors. The electrochemical performances of the materials modified by the vulcanizing agent are particularly significant with a high specific capacitance of 1453.5F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and excellent cycle stability (retention rate of 89.23% after 5000 cycles). In addition, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor S@Ni-MOF//AC also shows a high energy density of 56.85 Wh kg-1 at power density of 480 W kg-1 and good cycle stability with a capacitance retention of 86.67% after 20,000 cycles at current density 5 A g-1. As a result, metal-organic frameworks materials modified by the non-metallic element make up for the crystal defects, which can be used as promising electrode materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Yue
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Taotao Sun
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Mengni Xu
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Wu Yang
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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268
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Pinato DJ, Allara E, Chen TY, Trevisani F, Minguez B, Zoli M, Harris M, Dalla Pria A, Merchante N, Platt H, Jain M, Caturelli E, Kikuchi L, Pineda J, Nelson M, Farinati F, Rapaccini GL, Aytaman A, Yin M, Tan CK, Bower M, Giannini EG, Bräu N. Influence of HIV Infection on the Natural History of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results From a Global Multicohort Study. J Clin Oncol 2018; 37:296-304. [PMID: 30562130 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conflicting evidence indicates that HIV seropositivity may influence the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of mortality in people with HIV. We aimed to verify whether HIV affected the overall survival (OS) of patients with HCC, independent of treatment and geographic origin. PATIENTS AND METHODS We designed an international multicohort study of patients with HCC accrued from four continents who did not receive any anticancer treatment. We estimated the effect of HIV seropositivity on patients' OS while accounting for common prognostic factors and demographic characteristics in uni- and multivariable models. RESULTS A total of 1,588 patients were recruited, 132 of whom were HIV positive. Most patients clustered within Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) C or D criteria (n = 1,168 [74%]) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class B (median score, 7; interquartile range [IQR], 3). At HCC diagnosis, the majority of patients who were HIV-positive (n = 65 [64%]) had been on antiretrovirals for a median duration of 8.3 years (IQR, 8.59 years) and had median CD4+ cell counts of 256 (IQR, 284) with undetectable HIV RNA (n = 68 [52%]). OS decreased significantly throughout BCLC stages 0 to D (16, 12, 7.5, 3.1, and 3 months, respectively; P < .001). Median OS of patients who were HIV-positive was one half that of their HIV-uninfected counterparts (2.2 months [bootstrap 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.1 months] v 4.1 months [95% CI, 3.6 to 4.4 months]). In adjusted analyses, HIV seropositivity increased the hazard of death by 24% ( P = .0333) independent of BCLC ( P < .0001), CTP ( P < .0001), α-fetoprotein ( P < .0001), geographical origin ( P < .0001), and male sex ( P = .0016). Predictors of worse OS in patients who were HIV-positive included CTP ( P = .0071) and α-fetoprotein ( P < .0001). CONCLUSION Despite adequate antiretroviral treatment, HIV seropositivity is associated with decreased survival in HCC, independent of stage, anticancer treatment, and geographical origin. Mechanistic studies investigating the immunobiology of HIV-associated HCC are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Allara
- 1 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ting-Yi Chen
- 3 VA Central Texas Health Care System, Austin, TX
| | | | - Beatriz Minguez
- 5 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, CIBERehd, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alessia Dalla Pria
- 7 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mamta Jain
- 10 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | | | - Mark Nelson
- 7 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ayse Aytaman
- 15 VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
| | | | | | - Mark Bower
- 7 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Norbert Bräu
- 19 James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY.,20 Icahn School Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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269
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Kaur US, Shet A, Rajnala N, Gopalan BP, Moar P, D H, Singh BP, Chaturvedi R, Tandon R. High Abundance of genus Prevotella in the gut of perinatally HIV-infected children is associated with IP-10 levels despite therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17679. [PMID: 30518941 PMCID: PMC6281660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal HIV infection is characterized by faster HIV disease progression and higher initial rate of HIV replication compared to adults. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly reduced HIV replication to undetectable levels, there is persistent elevated inflammation associated with HIV disease progression. Alteration of gut microbiota is associated with increased inflammation in chronic adult HIV infection. Here, we aim to study the gut microbiome and its role in inflammation in treated and untreated HIV-infected children. Examination of fecal microbiota revealed that perinatally infected children living with HIV had significantly higher levels of genus Prevotella that persisted despite ART. These children also had higher levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), a marker of microbial translocation, and IP-10 despite therapy. The Prevotella positively correlated with IP-10 levels in both treated and untreated HIV-infected children, while genus Prevotella and species Prevotella copri was inversely associated with CD4 count. Relative abundance of genus Prevotella and species Prevotella copri showed positive correlation with sCD14 in ART-suppressed perinatally HIV-infected children. Our study suggests that gut microbiota may serve as one of the driving forces behind the persistent inflammation in children despite ART. Reshaping of microbiota using probiotics may be recommended as an adjunctive therapy along with ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvinder S Kaur
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Shet
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Niharika Rajnala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bindu Parachalil Gopalan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu D
- Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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270
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The clinical role of the TME in solid cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:45-53. [PMID: 30413828 PMCID: PMC6325164 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly complex and heterogenous ecosystem of a tumour not only contains malignant cells, but also interacting cells from the host such as endothelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and a variety of immune cells that control tumour growth and invasion. It is well established that anti-tumour immunity is a critical hurdle that must be overcome for tumours to initiate, grow and spread and that anti-tumour immunity can be modulated using current immunotherapies to achieve meaningful anti-tumour clinical responses. Pioneering studies in melanoma, ovarian and colorectal cancer have demonstrated that certain features of the tumour immune microenvironment (TME)-in particular, the degree of tumour infiltration by cytotoxic T cells-can predict a patient's clinical outcome. More recently, studies in renal cell cancer have highlighted the importance of assessing the phenotype of the infiltrating T cells to predict early relapse. Furthermore, intricate interactions with non-immune cellular players such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts modulate the clinical impact of immune cells in the TME. Here, we review the critical components of the TME in solid tumours and how they shape the immune cell contexture, and we summarise numerous studies evaluating its clinical significance from a prognostic and theranostic perspective.
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271
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Tincati C, Ancona G, Marchetti G. The fecal microbiome directly drives immune activation in HIV infection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S45. [PMID: 30613620 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tincati
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ancona
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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272
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Lombardi VC, De Meirleir KL, Subramanian K, Nourani SM, Dagda RK, Delaney SL, Palotás A. Nutritional modulation of the intestinal microbiota; future opportunities for the prevention and treatment of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory disease. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:1-16. [PMID: 29886183 PMCID: PMC6195483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system. Mounting evidence supports the premise that the intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in its function and has led to the more common and perhaps more accurate term gut-microbiota-brain axis. Numerous studies have identified associations between an altered microbiome and neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. In most cases, it is unknown if these associations are cause or effect; notwithstanding, maintaining or restoring homeostasis of the microbiota may represent future opportunities when treating or preventing these diseases. In recent years, several studies have identified the diet as a primary contributing factor in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota and, in turn, the mucosal and systemic immune systems. In this review, we will discuss the potential opportunities and challenges with respect to modifying and shaping the microbiota through diet and nutrition in order to treat or prevent neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C Lombardi
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA; University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0357, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Kenny L De Meirleir
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Krishnamurthy Subramanian
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Sam M Nourani
- University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0357, Reno, NV, 89557, USA; Advanced Therapeutic, General Gastroenterology & Hepatology Digestive Health Associates, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0318, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, (Volga Region) 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation; Asklepios-Med (private medical practice and research center), Kossuth Lajos sgt. 23, Szeged, H-6722, Hungary.
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273
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Tuning of human MAIT cell activation by commensal bacteria species and MR1-dependent T-cell presentation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1591-1605. [PMID: 30115998 PMCID: PMC6279574 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell receptors (TCRs) recognize bacterial riboflavin pathway metabolites through the MHC class 1-related molecule MR1. However, it is unclear whether MAIT cells discriminate between many species of the human microbiota. To address this, we developed an in vitro functional assay through human T cells engineered for MAIT-TCRs (eMAIT-TCRs) stimulated by MR1-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We then screened 47 microbiota-associated bacterial species from different phyla for their eMAIT-TCR stimulatory capacities. Only bacterial species that encoded the riboflavin pathway were stimulatory for MAIT-TCRs. Most species that were high stimulators belonged to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla, whereas low/non-stimulator species were primarily Actinobacteria or Firmicutes. Activation of MAIT cells by high- vs low-stimulating bacteria also correlated with the level of riboflavin they secreted or after bacterial infection of macrophages. Remarkably, we found that human T-cell subsets can also present riboflavin metabolites to MAIT cells in a MR1-restricted fashion. This T-T cell-mediated signaling also induced IFNγ, TNF and granzyme B from MAIT cells, albeit at lower level than professional APC. These findings suggest that MAIT cells can discriminate and categorize complex human microbiota through computation of TCR signals depending on antigen load and presenting cells, and fine-tune their functional responses.
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274
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Khan S, Imran A, Malik A, Chaudhary AA, Rub A, Jan AT, Syed JB, Rolfo C. Bacterial imbalance and gut pathologies: Association and contribution of E. coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 56:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1517144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Ahamad Imran
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakeera Begum Syed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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275
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Gut microbiota and plasma metabolites associated with diabetes in women with, or at high risk for, HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:392-400. [PMID: 30366816 PMCID: PMC6286648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota alteration has been implicated in HIV infection and metabolic disorders. The relationship between gut microbiota and diabetes has rarely been studied in HIV-infected individuals, who have excess risk of metabolic disorders. METHODS Our study during 2015-2016 enrolled predominantly African Americans and Hispanics in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. We studied 28 women with long-standing HIV infection under antiretroviral therapy and 20 HIV-uninfected, but at high risk of infection, women (16 HIV+ and 6 HIV- with diabetes). Fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing prokaryotic16S rRNA gene. Plasma metabolomics profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FINDINGS No significant differences in bacterial α- or β-diversity were observed by diabetes or HIV serostatus (all P > .1). Relative abundances of four genera (Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Sneathia, and Adlercreutzia) were lower in women with diabetes compared to those without diabetes (all P < .01). In women with diabetes, plasma levels of several metabolites in tryptophan catabolism (e,g., kynurenine/tryptophan ratio), branched-chain amino acid and proline metabolism pathways were higher, while glycerophospholipids were lower (all P < .05). Results were generally consistent between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, and no significant modification effects by HIV serostatus were observed (all Pinteraction > 0.05). Anaerococcus, known to produce butyrate which is involved in anti-inflammation and glucose metabolism, showed an inverse correlation with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (r = -0.38, P < .01). INTERPRETATION Among women with or at high risk for HIV infection, diabetes is associated with gut microbiota and plasma metabolite alteration, including depletion of butyrate-producing bacterial population along with higher tryptophan catabolism. FUND: NHLBI (K01HL129892, R01HL140976) and FMF.
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276
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Fukui Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. The palatine tonsil bacteriome, but not the mycobiome, is altered in HIV infection. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:127. [PMID: 30290791 PMCID: PMC6173881 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial flora in several organs of HIV-infected individuals have been characterized; however, the palatine tonsil bacteriome and mycobiome and their relationship with each other remain unclear. Determining the palatine tonsil microbiome may provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of oral and systemic complications in HIV-infected individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to characterize the palatine tonsil microbiome in HIV-infected individuals. Results Palatine tonsillar swabs were collected from 46 HIV-infected and 20 HIV-uninfected individuals. The bacteriome and mycobiome were analyzed by amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. The palatine tonsil bacteriome of the HIV-infected individuals differed from that of HIV-uninfected individuals in terms of the decreased relative abundances of the commensal genera Neisseria and Haemophilus. At the species level, the relative abundances and presence of Capnocytophaga ochracea, Neisseria cinerea, and Selenomonas noxia were higher in the HIV-infected group than those in the HIV-uninfected group. In contrast, fungal diversity and composition did not differ significantly between the two groups. Microbial intercorrelation analysis revealed that Candida and Neisseria were negatively correlated with each other in the HIV-infected group. HIV immune status did not influence the palatine tonsil microbiome in the HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions HIV-infected individuals exhibit dysbiotic changes in their palatine tonsil bacteriome, independent of immunological status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1274-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Fukui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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277
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Williams B, Boucher C, Bushman F, Carrington-Lawrence S, Collman R, Dandekar S, Dang Q, Malaspina A, Paredes R, Wilson C, Nowak P, Klatt N, Lagenaur L, Landay A. A Summary of the Third Annual HIV Microbiome Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:828-834. [PMID: 30105916 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our microbial cotravelers have increasingly apparent roles in both maintaining health and causing disease in several organ systems. Investigators gather annually at the National Institutes of Health to present new discoveries regarding the role of the microbiome in human health and a special focus on persons living with HIV. Here, we summarize the discussions from the third annual Virology Education workshop on the microbiome in HIV, which took place in October of 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles Boucher
- Department of Virosciences, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stacy Carrington-Lawrence
- Office of AIDS Research, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, U.S. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ronald Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Que Dang
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA IrsiCaixa i Unitat VIH, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat de Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cara Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nichole Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Alan Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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278
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Lee SC, Chua LL, Yap SH, Khang TF, Leng CY, Raja Azwa RI, Lewin SR, Kamarulzaman A, Woo YL, Lim YAL, Loke P, Rajasuriar R. Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14277. [PMID: 30250162 PMCID: PMC6155144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the gut microbiota profile among HIV-infected individuals with diverse immune recovery profiles following long-term suppressive ART and investigated the relationship between the altered bacteria with markers of immune dysfunction. The microbiota profile of rectal swabs from 26 HIV-infected individuals and 20 HIV-uninfected controls were examined. Patients were classified as suboptimal responders, sIR (n = 10, CD4 T-cell <350 cells/ul) and optimal responders, oIR (n = 16, CD4 T-cell >500 cells/ul) after a minimum of 2 years on suppressive ART. Canonical correlation analysis(CCA) and multiple regression modelling were used to explore the association between fecal bacterial taxa abundance and immunological profiles in optimal and suboptimal responders. We found Fusobacterium was significantly enriched among the HIV-infected and the sIR group. CCA results showed that Fusobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts, but positively correlated with CD4 T-cell activation and CD4 Tregs. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, baseline CD4 T-cell count, antibiotic exposure and MSM status indicated that higher Fusobacterium relative abundance was independently associated with poorer CD4 T-cell recovery following ART. Enrichment of Fusobacterium was associated with reduced immune recovery and persistent immune dysfunction following ART. Modulating the abundance of this bacterial taxa in the gut may be a viable intervention to improve immune reconstitution in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ching Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Chua
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hwei Yap
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tsung Fei Khang
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Data Analytics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yoon Leng
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja Iskandar Raja Azwa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital; Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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279
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Hoggard M, Vesty A, Wong G, Montgomery JM, Fourie C, Douglas RG, Biswas K, Taylor MW. Characterizing the Human Mycobiota: A Comparison of Small Subunit rRNA, ITS1, ITS2, and Large Subunit rRNA Genomic Targets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2208. [PMID: 30283425 PMCID: PMC6157398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the human microbiome has increased dramatically in the last decade. However, much of this research has focused on bacteria, while the composition and roles of their fungal counterparts remain less understood. Furthermore, a variety of methodological approaches have been applied, and the comparability between studies is unclear. This study compared four primer pairs targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA (18S), ITS1, ITS2, and large subunit (LSU) rRNA (26S) genomic regions for their ability to accurately characterize fungal communities typical of the human mycobiota. All four target regions of 21 individual fungal mock community taxa were capable of being amplified adequately and sequenced. Mixed mock community analyses revealed marked variability in the ability of each primer pair to accurately characterize a complex community. ITS target regions outperformed LSU and SSU. Of the ITS regions, ITS1 failed to generate sequences for Yarrowia lipolytica and all three Malassezia species when in a mixed community. These findings were further supported in studies of human sinonasal and mouse fecal samples. Based on these analyses, previous studies using ITS1, SSU, or LSU markers may omit key taxa that are identified by the ITS2 marker. Of methods commonly used in human mycobiota studies to date, we recommend selection of the ITS2 marker. Further investigation of more recently developed fungal primer options will be essential to ultimately determine the optimal methodological approach by which future human mycobiota studies ought to be standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoggard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Vesty
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Microbiology Laboratory, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Giselle Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chantelle Fourie
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Douglas
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristi Biswas
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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280
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Lim SH, Methé BA, Knoll BM, Morris A, Obaro SK. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in sickle cell disease in Africa: is increased gut permeability the missing link? J Transl Med 2018; 16:239. [PMID: 30165857 PMCID: PMC6116559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella usually induces self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in many parts of Africa, especially in individuals who are malnourished, infected with malaria, or have sickle cell disease, the organism causes serious and potentially fatal systemic infections. Since the portal of entry of non-typhoidal Salmonella into the systemic circulation is by way of the intestine, we argue that an increased gut permeability plays a vital role in the initiation of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in these patients. Here, we will appraise the evidence supporting a breach in the intestinal barrier and propose the mechanisms for the increased risks for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah H Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA. .,Westchester Medical Center Cancer Institute, 19 Bradhurst Avenue, Suite 2575S, Hawthorne, NY, 10532, USA.
| | - Barbara A Methé
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Bettina M Knoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Stephen K Obaro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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281
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Type I/II Interferon in HIV-1-Infected Patients: Expression in Gut Mucosa and in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Its Modification upon Probiotic Supplementation. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1738676. [PMID: 30186879 PMCID: PMC6109550 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1738676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of type I and II interferon (IFN) was evaluated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-positive patients on long-term, suppressive, antiretroviral therapy before and after probiotic supplementation. IFNα subtypes and IFNβ were expressed at higher levels in GALT compared to PBMC, whereas an opposite trend of expression was recorded for IFNγ. An increase of IFNα6, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, and IFNα21 and a decrease of IFNγ were observed in both anatomical sites after probiotic supplementation.
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282
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Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Serrano-Villar S, Jiménez-Hernández N, Soto Del Rio MD, Gayo S, Rojo D, Ferrer M, Barbas C, Moreno S, Estrada V, Rattei T, Latorre A, Moya A, Gosalbes MJ. Interplay between gut microbiota metabolism and inflammation in HIV infection. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1964-1976. [PMID: 29789624 PMCID: PMC6052150 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection causes a disruption of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, driving a shift in the composition of gut microbiota. A deeper understanding of the metabolic changes and how they affect the interplay with the host is needed. Here, we assessed functional modifications of HIV-associated microbiota by combining metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. The transcriptionally active microbiota was well-adapted to the inflamed environment, overexpressing pathways related to resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, gut inflammation was maintained by the Gram-negative nature of the HIV-associated microbiota and underexpression of anti-inflammatory processes, such as short chain fatty acid biosynthesis or indole production. We performed co-occurrence and metabolic network analyses that showed relevance in the microbiota structure of both taxonomic and metabolic HIV-associated biomarkers. The Bayesian network revealed the most determinant pathways for maintaining the structure stability of the bacterial community. In addition, we identified the taxa's contribution to metabolic activities and their interactions with host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Vázquez-Castellanos
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Jiménez-Hernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Soto Del Rio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Sara Gayo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Estrada
- HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Systems Biology Institute (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain.
- Integrative Systems Biology Institute (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - María José Gosalbes
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain.
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283
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The microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in association with inflammation and microbial dysregulation in three HIV cohorts at various disease stages. AIDS 2018; 32:1589-1598. [PMID: 29620717 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1-infection infers an increased cardiovascular risk where gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation may contribute. We assessed TMAO, a microbial metabolite with atherosclerotic properties, in plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals at different clinical stages in relation to inflammatory markers, cardiovascular events and gut microbiota. METHODS Primary HIV-1-infected (n = 17) and chronic HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 22) were sampled before and after ART-initiation. In the chronic HIV-1-cohort, repeated faecal samples were analysed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing. HIV-1-infected individuals on longstanding ART (n = 101) and healthy HIV-1-negative individuals (n = 60), served as controls. TMAO and markers of immune activation were analysed by LC/MS/MS and immune assays, respectively. RESULTS TMAO levels were lower in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, increased significantly after ART-initiation (P = 0.040 and P < 0.001) but remained similar to healthy controls. TMAO levels were not affected by ART, immune status or degree of systemic inflammation. Higher TMAO in HIV-1-infected individuals on longstanding ART was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk (P = 0.38). Additionally, TMAO levels correlated inversely with Bacteroidetes (Rho: -0.62, P = 0.002), and positively with Firmicutes (Rho: 0.65, P = 0.001) but held no correlation to TMA-producing genera. Notably gut dysbiosis at follow-up was more pronounced in patients without increase in TMAO levels after ART characterized by loss of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.023) and significantly elevated LPS levels (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data does not support that TMAO is a significant link between gut dysbiosis and inflammation in HIV-1-infection. We propose that HIV-1, microbial composition and ART disparately confound TMAO levels, thus limiting its role as a cardiovascular risk marker in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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284
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Wasimuddin, Brändel SD, Tschapka M, Page R, Rasche A, Corman VM, Drosten C, Sommer S. Astrovirus infections induce age-dependent dysbiosis in gut microbiomes of bats. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2883-2893. [PMID: 30061706 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstV) are a major cause of diarrhoea in children. Interestingly, some wildlife species, including bats, remain phenotypically asymptomatic after infection. Disease symptoms, however, may only be less visible in bats and enteric viruses may indeed perturb their gut microbial communities. Gut microbiomes represent an important driver of immune defence mechanisms but potential effects of enteric virus-host microbiome interactions are largely unexplored. Using bats as a natural model system, we show that AstV-infections affect the gut microbiome, with the strength of the effect depending on host age. The gut microbial α- and β-diversity and the predicted microbial functional orthologs decreased in young bats but surprisingly increased in adult AstV + bats. The abundance of bacterial taxa characteristic for healthy microbiomes was strongly reduced in young AstV+ bats, possibly attributable to their immature immune system. Regardless of age, pathogen-containing genera exhibited negative interactions with several commensal taxa and increased after AstV-infection, leading to pathobiont-like shifts in the gut microbiome of all infected bats. Thus, in apparently healthy bats, AstV-infections disturb gut bacterial homeostasis, possibly increasing previously suppressed health risks by promoting co-infections. If similar processes are present in humans, the effects of enteric virus infections might have longer-term impacts extending beyond the directly observed symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasimuddin
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, D-89069, Germany
| | - Stefan Dominik Brändel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, D-89069, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Apartado, Balboa, Panama, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, D-89069, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Apartado, Balboa, Panama, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Apartado, Balboa, Panama, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Andrea Rasche
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, D-89069, Germany.
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285
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Romick-Rosendale LE, Haslam DB, Lane A, Denson L, Lake K, Wilkey A, Watanabe M, Bauer S, Litts B, Luebbering N, Dandoy CE, Davies SM. Antibiotic Exposure and Reduced Short Chain Fatty Acid Production after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:2418-2424. [PMID: 30055351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human studies have shown loss of diversity of the gut microbiome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in association with significant gut injury caused by the preparative regimen. Prolonged antibiotic use worsens loss of microbiome diversity and increases risk of complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Our data support the hypothesis that loss of intestinal commensals that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may increase dysbiosis. Here, we report an extensive longitudinal examination of changes in the luminal SCFAs in children undergoing allogeneic HSCT, and the relationship of those changes to the microbiota and antibiotic exposure. We found significant and progressive alterations in butyrate, and in additional SCFAs in stool in the first 14 days after transplant, a finding not observed in published mouse studies. SCFA levels were lower in children receiving antibiotics with activity against anaerobic organisms. Moreover, day 14 post-HSCT butyrate and propionate levels are lower in children who went on to develop GVHD, although our disease population was small. These data provide insight into the mechanism of prior observations that loss of diversity and increased antibiotic use are associated with GVHD following HSCT. Our findings offer potential modifiable targets to reduce risk of GVHD and improve survival after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Romick-Rosendale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - David B Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lee Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kelly Lake
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alyss Wilkey
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stuart Bauer
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bridget Litts
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nathan Luebbering
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher E Dandoy
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stella M Davies
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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286
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Zhang YG, Xia Y, Lu R, Sun J. Inflammation and intestinal leakiness in older HIV+ individuals with fish oil treatment. Genes Dis 2018; 5:220-225. [PMID: 30320186 PMCID: PMC6176151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil is a natural product that has shown efficacy for managing inflammatory conditions with few side effects. There is emerging evidence that crosstalks between gut epithelial cells and immune cells contribute to chronic infectious diseases. HIV-infected (HIV+) older adults show age-related co-morbidities at a younger age than their uninfected counterparts. Persistent inflammation related to the chronic viral infection and its sequelae is thought to contribute to this disparity. However, little is known about whether fish oil reduces intestinal inflammation in HIV + patients. We measure inflammation and gut barrier function in HIV + older adults (median age = 52, N = 33), following 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation (a total daily dose of 1.6 g of omega-3 fatty acids). We showed a reduction in inflammation and gut permeability as measured by CD14, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. The results indicate that older HIV + adults may benefit from a diet supplemented with the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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287
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Gut microbial diversity in HIV infection post combined antiretroviral therapy: a key target for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2018; 13:38-44. [PMID: 29045253 PMCID: PMC5718258 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the HIV-infected population is living longer and getting older under current treatment regimens, significant challenges arise for health management as the infection is associated with various premature aging phenotypes, particularly increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Here we review the current understanding of HIV-related gut dysbiosis in association with CVD and advances in clinical trials aiming to restore gut microbial diversity. RECENT FINDING Identification of a unique signature for gut dysbiosis in HIV infection between different cohorts remains challenging. However, low diversity of microbiota combined with the outgrowth of pathogenic bacterial species together with dysregulated metabolic pathways have been linked to compromised gut immunity, bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation, hence higher CVD risk among different cohorts. Data from recent clinical trials aiming to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of probiotics in treated HIV+ patients are promising and support a significant increase in microbiota diversity and reduction of systemic inflammation. However, the impact of these microbial and immunological corrections on the prevalence of CVD in HIV+ patients remains unclear. SUMMARY Positive immunological outcomes following enrichment of the gut microbial diversity have been documented, and further trials are in progress to evaluate the range of patients, with different immunological backgrounds, who might benefit from these treatments.
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288
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Altered gut microbiome composition in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential intervention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2018; 13:73-80. [PMID: 29045252 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aim of this review is to summarize the alterations occurring in gut microbiome composition after HIV infection, and to underline how intestinal dysbiosis can affect immune homeostasis, immune recovery, and persisting immune activation under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Many interventions have been suggested, mostly with inconclusive results. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence showed that gut microbiota from HIV-infected patients harbor reproducible differences compared to uninfected individuals. In this line, there is growing evidence that alterations in gut ecology during HIV infection correlate with persistence of immune defects and chronic inflammation. A reduced microbial diversity in feces of HIV-infected patients is highly associated with microbial translocation and monocyte activation markers; moreover, changes in mucosa-associated bacteria correlate with inflammation and T-cell activation. SUMMARY Studying the human host-microbiota interaction suggests that the consequences of HIV infection on microbial composition can influence immune status in HIV patients. ART induces microbiome changes that are independent of HIV infection, and some imply that ART may enhance dysbiosis. Studies and trials evaluated the effects of administering probiotics and prebiotics, finding a potential benefit on inflammation markers and immune cell activation. Emerging data on fecal microbial transplantation need to be assessed with further studies.
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289
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory, non-AIDS comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment and liver disease has become a focus of recent research. Low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture incidence in people living with HIV (PLWH) is also widely reported, however, the relationship between alterations in the gut microbiome and bone disease in PLWH has not been previously reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Murine models that manipulate the gut microbiome, either through breeding of 'germ-free' mice or antibiotic-depleted gut microbiome, show differences in bone mineral density and bone mass in those with altered gut microbiome. This effect is reported to be driven via changes in the gut-immune-skeletal axis, with changes favouring bone resorption. Several inflammatory conditions wherever bone loss is a prominent feature, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, have also reported alterations in the gut microbiome, which are associated with bone loss, again through changes in the gut-immune-skeletal axis. SUMMARY The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune-skeletal axis in HIV represents a complex relationship. Alterations in the gut microbiome, which induce an activated immune phenotype and inflammatory milieu are associated with non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH and bone loss in several other conditions characterized by chronic immune activation and inflammation. It is, therefore, likely that there are comparable effects between altered gut microbiome and bone loss in HIV, however, further research is required to better define this relationship in populations of PLWH.
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290
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article describes recent advances in understanding the causes and consequences of microbial translocation in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Persistent microbial translocation contributes to aberrant immune activation in immunodeficiency lentiviral infections and thereby, pathogenesis and mortality. Efforts to delineate the circumstances surrounding translocation have benefited from use of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected nonhuman primates and highlight the overwhelming immunologic diversion caused by translocating microbes. The use of therapeutics aimed at reducing microbial translocation show promise and will benefit from continued research into the mechanisms that promote systemic microbial dissemination in treated and untreated infections. SUMMARY Insights into the source and identity of translocating microbes in lentiviral infections continue to enhance the development of adjunct therapeutics.
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291
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the lung microbiome in HIV-infected patients and associated pulmonary diseases, and the relationship of airway microbial communities to metabolic and immune signatures within this patient population. RECENT FINDINGS The lung microbiome in HIV infection is a relatively new and rapidly developing field; early studies in the field produced inconclusive evidence as to whether HIV-infection changes the lower airway microbiome. More recent microbiome investigations have addressed these inconsistencies by incorporating systems biology approaches and laboratory models. Several investigations have now identified enrichment of Prevotella, Veillonella, and Streptococcus in the lower airways as consistent correlates of advanced HIV-infection and HIV-associated pulmonary diseases. These bacteria are associated with specific metabolic and immune profiles within the lung and circulation, providing the first indication that the lung microbiome may play a functional role in the pathogenesis of HIV-infection and HIV-associated pulmonary disease. SUMMARY This review summarizes knowledge to date on the lung microbiome in HIV infection, as well as challenges and accomplishments in the field within the last 2 years. Although the lung microbiome in HIV infection is still an emerging field, recent studies have formed a framework for future functional analysis of microbes in HIV pathogenesis.
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292
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The functional consequences of the microbiome in HIV: insights from metabolomic studies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2018; 13:88-94. [PMID: 29035945 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is critical to gain insight into the metabolic pathways by which the microbiota might influence HIV immunopathogenesis to exploit host-microbiota interactions. The aim of this review is to sketch a very broad picture of recent advances in our knowledge of how HIV might affect the microbiota, with a focus on specific gene products, particularly, metabolites produced by the microbiota that may affect HIV immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS First, we describe the different approaches used to explore imbalances in effector microbial products during HIV infection. Then, we review the mechanisms by which the microbiota might affect HIV immunopathogenesis. We cover several aspects of HIV immunopathogenesis, including systemic inflammation, mucosal immunity, enterocyte barrier integrity, HIV persistence and effects on HIV-specific humoral and cytotoxic responses. The altered interplay between mucosal immunity and dysbiotic bacteria helps to explain poorly understood observations in HIV infection, including susceptibility to HIV acquisition or the risk of HPV-related cancers, lung infections and cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Although there is an urgent need to standardize the methods used for assessing the functional level of the microbiota, it is recognized that functional modulation of the microbiota for therapeutic purposes should be evaluated to improve HIV care.
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Lu W, Feng Y, Jing F, Han Y, Lyu N, Liu F, Li J, Song X, Xie J, Qiu Z, Zhu T, Routy B, Routy JP, Li T, Zhu B. Association Between Gut Microbiota and CD4 Recovery in HIV-1 Infected Patients. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1451. [PMID: 30034377 PMCID: PMC6043814 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition of the gut microbiota has been linked with human immunedeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Evidence suggests that ART-treated patients with poor CD4+ T-cell recovery have higher levels of microbial translocation and immune activation. However, the association of the gut microbiota and immune recovery remains unclear. We performed a cross-sectional study on 30 healthy controls (HC) and 61 HIV-infected individuals, including 15 immunological ART responders (IRs), 20 immunological ART non-responders (INRs) and 26 untreated individuals (VU). IR and INR groups were classified by CD4+ T-cell counts of ≥350 cells/mm3 and <350 cells/mm3 after 2 years of ART, respectively. Each subject’s gut microbiota composition was analyzed by metagenomics sequencing. Levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells and CD8+CD38+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. We identified more Prevotella and fewer Bacteroides in HIV-infected individuals than in HC. Patients in INR group were enriched with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, unclassified Subdoligranulum sp. and Coprococcus comes when compared with those in IR group. F. prausnitzii and unclassified Subdoligranulum sp. were overrepresented in individuals in VU group with CD4+ T-cell counts <350 cells/mm3. Moreover, we found that the relative abundance of unclassified Subdoligranulum sp. and C. comes were positively correlated with CD8+HLA-DR+ T-cell count and CD8+HLA-DR+/CD8+ percentage. Our study has shown that gut microbiota changes were associated with CD4+ T-cell counts and immune activation in HIV-infected subjects. Interventions to reverse gut dysbiosis and inhibit immune activation could be a new strategy for improving immune reconstitution of HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Fanhui Jing
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Research Institute and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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294
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Sui Y, Dzutsev A, Venzon D, Frey B, Thovarai V, Trinchieri G, Berzofsky JA. Influence of gut microbiome on mucosal immune activation and SHIV viral transmission in naive macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1219-1229. [PMID: 29858581 PMCID: PMC6030500 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether the gut microbiome affects HIV transmission. In our recent SHIV vaccine study, we found that the naive rhesus macaques from two different sources had significantly different rates of infection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with SHIVSF162P4 virus. Exploring causes, we found that the more susceptible group of seven macaques had significantly more activated CD4+CCR5+Ki67+ T cells in the rectal mucosa than the more resistant group of 11 macaques from a different source. The prevalence of pre-challenge activated rectal CD4 T cells in the naive macaques correlated inversely with the number of challenges required to infect. Because the two naive groups came from different sources, we hypothesized that their microbiomes may differ and might explain the activation difference. Indeed, after sequencing 16s rRNA, we found differences between the two naive groups that correlated with immune activation status. Distinct gut microbiota induced different levels of immune activation ex vivo. Significantly lower ratios of Bacteroides to Prevotella, and significantly lower levels of Firmicutes were found in the susceptible cohort, which were also inversely correlated with high levels of immune activation in the rectal mucosa. Thus, host-microbiome interactions might influence HIV/SIV mucosal transmission through effects on mucosal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
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295
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Ji Y, Zhang F, Zhang R, Shen Y, Liu L, Wang J, Yang J, Tang Q, Xun J, Qi T, Wang Z, Song W, Tang Y, Chen J, Lu H. Changes in intestinal microbiota in HIV-1-infected subjects following cART initiation: influence of CD4+ T cell count. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:113. [PMID: 29934497 PMCID: PMC6015051 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of immunodeficiency and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in shaping the gut microbiota in HIV-1-infected subjects (HISs) have not been described thoroughly by time-series investigations. In this study, 36 antiretroviral-naïve HISs were enrolled to prospectively assess alterations in the fecal microbiota and plasma markers of microbial translocation and inflammation with cART. At baseline, the species α-diversity of the fecal microbiota was significantly lower in HISs with a CD4+ T cell count <300/mm3 than in HISs with a CD4+ T cell count >300/mm3 (Shannon index: Median 2.557 vs. 2.981, P = 0.006; Simpson index: Median 0.168 vs. 0.096, P = 0.004). Additionally, the baseline α-diversity indices correlated with CD4+ T cell counts (Shannon index: r = 0.474, P = 0.004; Simpson index: r = −0.467, P = 0.004) and the specific plasma biomarkers for microbial translocation and inflammation. After cART introduction, the species α-diversity of fecal microbiota in HISs with CD4+ T cell counts <300/mm3 was significantly restored (Shannon index: Median 2.557 vs. 2.791, P = 0.007; Simpson index: Median 0.168 vs. 0.112, P = 0.004), while the variances were insignificant among HISs with CD4+ T cell counts >300/mm3 (Shannon index: Median 2.981 vs. 2.934, P = 0.179; Simpson index: Median 0.096 vs. 0.119, P = 0.082). Meanwhile, with cART introduction, alterations in the gut microbial composition were more significant in the subgroup with CD4+ T cell counts >300/mm3, corresponding to increases in the specific plasma inflammatory markers. These findings implicated the interactive roles of immunodeficiency and cART for affecting gut microbiota in HIV-1-infected individuals, providing new insights into intestinal microbiome dysbiosis related to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Ji
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Fengdi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhenyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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296
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Deusch S, Serrano-Villar S, Rojo D, Martínez-Martínez M, Bargiela R, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Sainz T, Barbas C, Moya A, Moreno S, Gosalbes MJ, Estrada V, Seifert J, Ferrer M. Effects of HIV, antiretroviral therapy and prebiotics on the active fraction of the gut microbiota. AIDS 2018; 32:1229-1237. [PMID: 29683848 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a recent blinded randomized study, we found that in HIV-infected individuals a short supplementation with prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS/glutamine) ameliorates dysbiosis of total gut bacteria, particularly among viremic untreated patients. Our study goal was to determine the fraction of the microbiota that becomes active during the intervention and that could provide additional functional information. DESIGN A total of six healthy individuals, and 16 HIV-infected patients comprising viremic untreated patients (n = 5) and antiretroviral therapy-treated patients that are further divided into immunological responders (n = 7) and immunological nonresponders (n = 4) completed the 6-week course of prebiotic treatment, including six patients receiving a placebo. METHODS Alpha and beta diversity of potentially active and total gut microbiota was evaluated using shotgun proteomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS HIV infection decreased dormancy and increased alpha diversity of active bacteria in comparison with the healthy controls, whose richness was not further influenced by the prebiotic intervention. The effect of the prebiotics was most evident at the beta-diversity of active bacteria, particularly within viremic untreated patients. We found that the prebiotics did not only ameliorate dysbiosis of total bacteria in viremic untreated patients but also increased the abundance of active bacteria with strong immunomodulatory properties and amino acids metabolism, namely Bifidobacteriaceae, at similar levels to those in healthy individuals. This effect was attenuated in ART-treated individuals. CONCLUSION The effect of prebiotics was greater among ART-naive HIV-infected individuals than in ART-treated patients and healthy controls. This highlights the importance of therapies aimed at manipulating the microbiome in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deusch
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS)
| | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University
| | | | - Rafael Bargiela
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid
| | - Jorge F Vázquez-Castellanos
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (Universidad de Valencia y CSIC), Valencia
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Talía Sainz
- Department of Pediatrics, Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital La Paz and La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ)
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University
| | - Andrés Moya
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (Universidad de Valencia y CSIC), Valencia
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS)
| | - María J Gosalbes
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (Universidad de Valencia y CSIC), Valencia
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Vicente Estrada
- HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid
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297
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Abstract
Methods Fecal samples were collected from 92 bats in Slovenia, consisting of 12 different species, and the bacterial microbiota was assessed via next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results Sequences were assigned to 28 different phyla, but only Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria accounted for ≥1% of sequences. One phylum (Proteobacteria), one class (Gammaproteobacteria), three orders (Pseudomonadales, Lactobacillales, Bacillales), four families (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Carnobacteriaceae), and five genera (Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Carnobacterium, an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter) accounted for 50% of sequences. There were no significant differences in the relative abundances of any phyla between bat species, but various differences were noted at lower taxonomic levels, such as Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in M. blythii), Pseudomonadaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in Rhinolophus hipposideros) and Chlamydiaceae (P = 0.04, most abundant in Myotis myotis). There were significant differences in richness between species in both adults and juveniles/subadults, but there was no impact of sex on any alpha diversity index. When only adults are considered, there were significant differences in community membership between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.011), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.004). There were also significant differences in community structure between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.025), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.026). When adults of the four main species were compared, 14 OTUs were identified as differentially abundant using LEfSe. Only one difference was identified when comparing R. hipposideros adults and juvenile/subadults, with Klebsiella over-represented in the younger bats. Conclusions Bats have a complex and diverse microbiota with a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The relevance of this difference is unclear and requires further study. Differences in the microbiota were observed between bat species, perhaps reflecting different diets and environmental exposures.
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298
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Exosome markers associated with immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7227. [PMID: 29740045 PMCID: PMC5940833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from most cell types including immune cells. Prior studies suggest exosomes play a role in HIV pathogenesis, but little is known about exosome cargo in relation to immune responses and oxidative stress. Here, we characterize plasma exosomes in HIV patients and their relationship to immunological and oxidative stress markers. Plasma exosome fractions were isolated from HIV-positive subjects on ART with suppressed viral load and HIV-negative controls. Exosomes were characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS proteomics. Plasma exosomes were increased in HIV-positive subjects compared to controls, and correlated with increased oxidative stress markers (cystine, oxidized cys-gly) and decreased PUFA (DHA, EPA, DPA). Untargeted proteomics detected markers of exosomes (CD9, CD63, CD81), immune activation (CD14, CRP, HLA-A, HLA-B), oxidative stress (CAT, PRDX1, PRDX2, TXN), and Notch4 in plasma exosomes. Exosomal Notch4 was increased in HIV-positive subjects versus controls and correlated with immune activation markers. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with patient-derived exosomes induced expression of genes related to interferon responses and immune activation. These results suggest that exosomes in ART-treated HIV patients carry proteins related to immune activation and oxidative stress, have immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells, and may have pro-inflammatory and redox effects during pathogenesis.
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299
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Suzuki TA. Links between Natural Variation in the Microbiome and Host Fitness in Wild Mammals. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:756-769. [PMID: 28992216 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in model organisms have shown that compositional variation in the microbiome can affect a variety of host phenotypes including those related to digestion, development, immunity, and behavior. Natural variation in the microbiome within and between natural populations and species may also affect host phenotypes and thus fitness in the wild. Here, I review recent evidence that compositional variation in the microbiome may affect host phenotypes and fitness in wild mammals. Studies over the last decade indicate that natural variation in the mammalian microbiome may be important in the assistance of energy uptake from different diet types, detoxification of plant secondary compounds, protection from pathogens, chemical communication, and behavior. I discuss the importance of combining both field observations and manipulative experiments in a single system to fully characterize the functions and fitness effects of the microbiome. Finally, I discuss the evolutionary consequences of mammal-microbiome associations by proposing a framework to test how natural selection on hosts is mediated by the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi A Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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300
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Impact of HIV and Type 2 diabetes on Gut Microbiota Diversity, Tryptophan Catabolism and Endothelial Dysfunction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6725. [PMID: 29712976 PMCID: PMC5928109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection and type 2 diabetes are associated with altered gut microbiota, chronic inflammation, and increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to investigate the combined effect of these diseases on gut microbiota composition and related metabolites, and a potential relation to endothelial dysfunction in individuals with HIV-infection only (n = 23), diabetes only (n = 16) or both conditions (n = 21), as well as controls (n = 24). Fecal microbiota was analyzed by Illumina sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene. Markers of endothelial dysfunction (asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA]), tryptophan catabolism (kynurenine/tryptophan [KT]-ratio), and inflammation (neopterin) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The combination of HIV and type 2 diabetes was associated with reduced gut microbiota diversity, increased plasma KT-ratio and neopterin. Microbial genes related to tryptophan metabolism correlated with KT-ratio and low alpha diversity, in particular in HIV-infected with T2D. In multivariate analyses, KT-ratio associated with ADMA (β = 4.58 [95% CI 2.53–6.63], p < 0.001), whereas microbiota composition per se was not associated with endothelial dysfunction. Our results indicate that tryptophan catabolism may be related to endothelial dysfunction, with a potentially detrimental interaction between HIV and diabetes. The potential contribution of gut microbiota and the impact for cardiovascular risk should be further explored in prospective studies powered for clinical end points.
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