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Shin HJ, Franco LH, Nair VR, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. A baculovirus-conjugated mimotope vaccine targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185945. [PMID: 28982200 PMCID: PMC5628901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, an effective vaccine for M. tuberculosis is lacking. We panned a phage display library using monoclonal antibodies against M. tuberculosis liporabinomannan (LAM), an important component of the M. tuberculosis cell wall, and identified two peptide sequences, HSFKWLDSPRLR or SGVYKVAYDWQH, with high antibody affinity after multiple rounds of panning. Only the HSFKWLDSPRLR peptide induced an anti-LAM response when conjugated to either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or to the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyherovirus (AcMNPV) when introduced into mice by injection or via intranasal inoculation, respectively. Vaccination with AcMNPV conjugated HSFKWLDSPRLR peptide delayed mortality in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Thus, we report a proof of principle M. tuberculosis vaccination strategy combining an anti-LAM mimotope with a baculovirus delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Luis H. Franco
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Vidhya R. Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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252
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Çakar B. Evaluation of Treatment Indications, Tuberculin Skin Test, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination Scars in the Cases of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment. Turk Thorac J 2017; 19:7-12. [PMID: 29404180 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2017.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to evaluate the latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment application and to investigate if there is change between tuberculin skin test (TST) results according to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) scar numbers after LTBI treatment with isoniazid (INH). MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected from the LTBI treatment files from the dispensary of 2006. The results were statistically evaluated. RESULTS Latent tuberculosis infection was administered to 253 cases in 2006. The male/female case rate was 51/49. The age of most patients was under 15 years out of 14 cases. The mean age was 8.92±6.87 years (range, 0-84 years). One case had liver function test abnormality and INH was stopped in the first month of treatment. The completion rate of LTBI treatment was 95%. BCG vaccination rate was 93%. Active tuberculosis did not develop during the LTBI treatment in our study. Of all the cases, 221 scar numbers and TST were full. Of all cases 221 the scar numbers and TST value were full.TST of the 221 cases according to BCG vaccine scar numbers and indications were compared pre- and post-treatment with INH. Indications for LTBI treatment in these cases were close contact with smear-positive active pulmonary tuberculosis cases (n=77, 35%), TST-positive children aged <15 years (n=138, 62%), and the other (n=6, 3%) immunosuppressed patient cases. After treatment with INH, TST values decreased in the TST-positive children aged <15 years with one and 2 scars, with a statistically significant this result were found statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The age of patients in most cases with LTBI treatment was under 15 years. The treatment completion rate and BCG vaccination rate were high. One case had liver function test abnormality. Active tuberculosis did not develop during the LTBI treatment. In the group with TST-positive children aged <15 years with one and 2 BCG vaccine scars, the decrease between pre- and post-treatment TST results showed a statistically significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Çakar
- Ankara Tuberculosis Control Dispensary, Ankara, Turkey
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253
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Al-Humadi HW, Al-Saigh RJ, Al-Humadi AW. Addressing the Challenges of Tuberculosis: A Brief Historical Account. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:689. [PMID: 29033842 PMCID: PMC5626940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease that still poses a threat to human health. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the pathogen responsible for TB, uses diverse ways in order to survive in a variety of host lesions and to subsequently evade immune surveillance; as a result, fighting TB and its associated multidrug resistance has been an ongoing challenge. The aim of this review article is to summarize the historical sequence of drug development and use in the fight against TB, with a particular emphasis on the decades between World War II and the dawn of the twenty first century (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam W. Al-Humadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rafal J. Al-Saigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ahmed W. Al-Humadi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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254
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Dockrell HM, Smith SG. What Have We Learnt about BCG Vaccination in the Last 20 Years? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1134. [PMID: 28955344 PMCID: PMC5601272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have been or are entering clinical trials, which include genetically modified mycobacteria, mycobacterial antigens delivered by viral vectors, or mycobacterial antigens in adjuvant. Some of these vaccines aim to replace the existing BCG vaccine but others will be given as a boosting vaccine following BCG vaccination given soon after birth. It is clear that the existing BCG vaccines provide incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB. This review will discuss what we have learnt over the last 20 years about how the BCG vaccine induces specific and non-specific immunity, what factors influence the immune responses induced by BCG, and progress toward identifying correlates of immunity against TB from BCG vaccination studies. There is still a lot to learn about the BCG vaccine and the insights gained can help the development of more protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Dockrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Smith
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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255
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Nissen TN, Birk NM, Blok BA, Arts RJW, Andersen A, Kjærgaard J, Thøstesen LM, Hoffmann T, Jeppesen DL, Nielsen SD, Kofoed PE, Stensballe LG, Aaby P, Ruhwald M, Netea MG, Benn CS, Pryds O. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination at birth and in vitro cytokine responses to non-specific stimulation. A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:29-41. [PMID: 28890996 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown increased in vitro cytokine responses to non-related pathogens after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. A total of 158 infants (80 BCG administered within 7 days of birth; 78 controls) were bled 4 days post-randomization, and at age 3 and 13 months. Geometric mean concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 (24 h stimulation) and IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22 (96 h stimulation) in response to in vitro stimulation with RPMI, LPS, PHA, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and BCG were compared among BCG vaccinated children and controls. BCG vaccination did not affect in vitro cytokine production, except IFN-γ and IL-22 response to BCG. Stratifying for 'age at randomization' we found a potentiating effect of BCG on cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) in the 4 days post randomization stimulations, among children who were vaccinated at age 2-7 days versus age 0-1 days. BCG vaccination did not potentiate cytokine production to non-BCG antigens. At 4 days post randomization, BCG was associated with higher cytokine production in the later randomized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Nissen
- Department of Pediatrics, 460, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - N M Birk
- Department of Pediatrics, 460, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - B A Blok
- Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R J W Arts
- Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Andersen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - J Kjærgaard
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic 4072, Juliane Marie Centret, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - L M Thøstesen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Skovvangen 2-8, DK-6000, Kolding, Denmark
| | - T Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, 460, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - D L Jeppesen
- Department of Pediatrics, 460, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - S D Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P-E Kofoed
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Skovvangen 2-8, DK-6000, Kolding, Denmark
| | - L G Stensballe
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic 4072, Juliane Marie Centret, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P Aaby
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - M Ruhwald
- Human Immunology, Infectious Disease Immunology, Division of Vaccine, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Artillerivej 5, Denmark
| | - M G Netea
- Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C S Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - O Pryds
- Department of Pediatrics, 460, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
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256
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Manning TJ, Wilkerson K, Holder T, Bartley AC, Jackson C, Plummer S, Phillips D, Krajewski L, Wylie G. Pharmacokinetic studies of a three-component complex that repurposes the front line antibiotic isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:149-155. [PMID: 29050764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The frontline tuberculosis (Tb) antibiotic isoniazid has been repurposed using a three component complex aimed at increasing the delivery efficiency and adding new avenues to its mechanism of action. This study focuses on pharmacokinetic studies of the isoniazid-sucrose-copper (II)-PEG-3350 complex. The assays include the Plasma Protein Binding Assay (85.8%), Caco-2 Permeability Assay (B→APapp, 0.13 × 10-6 cm/s), Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay (i.e. CYP2B6, IC50 = 7.26 μM), In vitro microsomal Stability Assay (t1/2 NADPH-Dependent > 240 min), and HepG2 Cytotoxicity (no toxicity). The National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel is used to measure activity against cancer cells. The percent growth values averaged over all 60 cell lines indicates the complex has no anti-cancer activity, which also suggests a lack of general toxicity. It also provides data for the complexes specificity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Manning
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA.
| | - Kyle Wilkerson
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Taylor Holder
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Jackson
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Sydney Plummer
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Dennis Phillips
- PAMS Facility, Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Logan Krajewski
- Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) Facility, National High Field Magnet Lab, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Greg Wylie
- NMR Lab, Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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257
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Abstract
Tuberculosis infects millions of people worldwide and remains a leading global killer despite widespread neonatal administration of the tuberculosis vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). BCG has clear and sustained efficacy, but after 10 years, its efficacy appears to wane, at least in some populations. Fortunately, there are many new tuberculosis vaccines in development today, some in advanced stages of clinical trial testing. Here we review the epidemiological need for tuberculosis vaccination, including evolving standards for administration to at risk individuals in developing countries. We also examine proven sources of immune protection from tuberculosis, which to date have exclusively involved natural or vaccine exposure to whole cell mycobacteria. After summarizing evidence for the use and efficacy of BCG, we detail the most promising new candidate vaccines against tuberculosis. The global need for a new tuberculosis vaccine is acute and huge, but clinical trials to be completed in the coming few years are likely either to identify a new tuberculosis vaccine or to substantially reframe how we understand immune protection from this historical scourge.
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258
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Abstract
It is almost 100 years since the development of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). While BCG does confer consistent protection against disseminated disease, there is an urgent need for a more effective vaccine against pulmonary disease. There are several indications for such an improved vaccine, including prevention of infection, prevention of disease, and a therapeutic vaccine to prevent recurrent disease. The two main approaches to TB vaccine development are developing an improved whole mycobacterial priming agent to replace BCG and/or developing a subunit booster vaccine to be administered after a BCG or BCG replacement priming vaccination. In this article we review the status of the current candidate vaccines being evaluated in clinical trials. The critical challenges to successful TB vaccine development are the uncertain predictive value of the preclinical animal models and the lack of a validated immune correlate of protection. While it is relatively simple to evaluate safety and immunogenicity in phase 1/2 studies, the evaluation of efficacy requires complex studies with large numbers of subjects and long periods of follow-up. This article reviews the potential role for human Experimental Medicine studies, in parallel with product development, to help improve the predictive value of the early-stage trials.
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259
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Jones-López EC, Acuña-Villaorduña C, Fregona G, Marques-Rodrigues P, White LF, Hadad DJ, Dutra-Molina LP, Vinhas S, McIntosh AI, Gaeddert M, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Salgame P, Palaci M, Alland D, Ellner JJ, Dietze R. Incident Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in household contacts of infectious tuberculosis patients in Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:576. [PMID: 28821234 PMCID: PMC5563014 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In household contact investigations of tuberculosis (TB), a second tuberculin skin test (TST) obtained several weeks after a first negative result consistently identifies individuals that undergo TST conversion. It remains unclear whether this delay in M. tuberculosis infection is related to differences in the infectious exposure, TST boosting, partial host resistance, or some other factor. METHODS We conducted a household contact study Vitória, Brazil. Between 2008 and 2013, we identified culture-positive pulmonary TB patients and evaluated their household contacts with both a TST and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and identified TST converters at 8-12 weeks post study enrollment. Contacts were classified as TST-positive (≥10 mm) at baseline, TST converters, or persistently TST-negative. We compared TST converters to TST-positive and to TST-negative contacts separately, using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS We enrolled 160 index patients and 838 contacts; 523 (62.4%) were TST+, 62 (7.4%) TST converters, and 253 (30.2%) TST-. TST converters were frequently IGRA- at 8-12 weeks. In adjusted analyses, characteristics distinguishing TST converters from TST+ contacts (no contact with another TB patient and residence ownership) were different than those differentiating them from TST- contacts (stronger cough in index patient and contact BCG scar). CONCLUSIONS The individual risk and timing of M. tuberculosis infection within households is variable and dependent on index patient, contact and environmental factors within the household, and the surrounding community. Our findings suggest a threshold effect in the risk of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 605, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Carlos Acuña-Villaorduña
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 605, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Geisa Fregona
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Laura F White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Jamil Hadad
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Solange Vinhas
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Avery I McIntosh
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Gaeddert
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 605, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Padmini Salgame
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School- Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Moises Palaci
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - David Alland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School- Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jerrold J Ellner
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 605, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil
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260
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Efficacy of oral BCG vaccination in protecting free-ranging cattle from natural infection by Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:181-189. [PMID: 28888636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be a valuable control strategy, particularly in countries faced with intractable ongoing infection from a disease reservoir in wildlife. A field vaccination trial was undertaken in New Zealand. The trial included 1286 effectively free-ranging cattle stocked at low densities in a remote 7600ha area, with 55% of them vaccinated using Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Danish strain 1311). Vaccine was administered orally in all but 34 cases (where it was injected). After inclusion, cattle were exposed to natural sources of M. bovis infection in cattle and wildlife, most notably the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Cattle were slaughtered at 3-5 years of age and were inspected for tuberculous lesions, with mycobacteriological culture of key tissues from almost all animals. The prevalence of M. bovis infection was 4.8% among oral BCG vaccinates, significantly lower than the 11.9% in non-vaccinates. Vaccination appeared to both reduce the incidence of detectable infection, and to slow disease progression. Based on apparent annual incidence, the protective efficacy of oral BCG vaccine was 67.4% for preventing infection, and was higher in cattle slaughtered soon after vaccination. Skin-test reactivity to tuberculin was high in vaccinates re-tested 70days after vaccination but not in non-vaccinates, although reactor animals had minimal response in gamma-interferon blood tests. In re- tests conducted more than 12 months after vaccination, skin-test reactivity among vaccinates was much lower. These results indicate that oral BCG vaccination could be an effective tool for greatly reducing detectable infection in cattle.
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261
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Chacon-Cruz E, Arellano-Estrada JL, Lopatynsky-Reyes E, Alvelais-Palacios J, Becka C. Children with lymphadenitis associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination do not experience more infections when compared with BCG-vaccinated children without lymphadenitis: a three years paired-cohort in Mexico. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:103-107. [PMID: 29201375 PMCID: PMC5697593 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617741585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination against tuberculosis with live-attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is widely used even though its effectiveness is controversial. BCG-lymphadenitis (BCG-LA) is its most common complication. Some studies have proposed that BCG-LA can be associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PIs). This study's aim is to see whether patients who developed BCG-LA (named as 'LA') developed more infections than BCG-vaccinated children without BCG-LA (named as 'NON-LA'). METHODS From January 2009 to April 2014, 31 LA children were seen at the outpatient clinic of the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico. Among them, 22 (70.97%), 5 (16.13%) and 4 (12.9%) had axillary, supraclavicular, or both BCG-LA, respectively. No treatment was given and complications were not seen. Per LA subject, a NON-LA not >1 month of age difference and same gender was paired and followed for 3 years to look for ambulatory infections (AINFs), acute otitis media (AOM) and hospitalizations. Surveillance per patient was performed by phone monthly, and they were seen at the clinic every 4 months. All patients were HIV-negative and had no family history of PI. Statistical analyses used were relative risk (RR) with confidence intervals (CI), t test for independent variables and z test. RESULTS In total 62 subjects were enrolled: 31 LA paired with 31 NON-LA. Between them, there were no differences in age, day care attendance and breastfeeding. There were no differences in the total number of AINF per patient (LA: 18.61 avg. ± 5.03 SD versus NON-LA: 18.19 avg. ± 4.17 SD, RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.33-0.66), AOM total episodes (LA: 30 versus NON-LA: 26, RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.31-0.68) and hospitalizations (LA: 5 versus NON-LA: 4, RR = 1, 95% CI = 0.25-0.74). CONCLUSIONS This cohort strongly suggests that BCG-LA in healthy children is not associated with more episodes of AINF and hospitalizations, when paired and compared with children BCG-vaccinated without BCG-LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Chacon-Cruz
- Hospital General de Tijuana – Pediatrics, Paseo Centario S/N Zona del Rio, Tijuana, Baja-California 22010, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Lopatynsky-Reyes
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja-California Campus ECISALUD – School of Medicine, Tijuana, Baja-California, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alvelais-Palacios
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja-California Campus ECISALUD – School of Medicine, Tijuana, Baja-California, Mexico
| | - Chandra Becka
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Ringgold Standard Institution – Internal Medicine, Brownsville, Texas, USA
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262
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Myllymäki H, Niskanen M, Oksanen KE, Sherwood E, Ahava M, Parikka M, Rämet M. Identification of novel antigen candidates for a tuberculosis vaccine in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181942. [PMID: 28742838 PMCID: PMC5526617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge and the development of a better vaccine takes center stage in fighting the disease. For this purpose, animal models that are capable of replicating the course of the disease and are suitable for the early-stage screening of vaccine candidates are needed. A Mycobacterium marinum infection in adult zebrafish resembles human TB. Here, we present a pre-clinical screen for a DNA-based tuberculosis vaccine in the adult zebrafish using an M. marinum infection model. We tested 15 antigens representing different types of mycobacterial proteins, including the Resuscitation Promoting factors (Rpf), PE/PPE protein family members, other membrane proteins and metabolic enzymes. The antigens were expressed as GFP fusion proteins, facilitating the validation of their expression in vivo. The efficiency of the antigens was tested against a low-dose intraperitoneal M. marinum infection (≈ 40 colony forming units), which mimics a primary M. tuberculosis infection. While none of the antigens was able to completely prevent a mycobacterial infection, four of them, namely RpfE, PE5_1, PE31 and cdh, led to significantly reduced bacterial burdens at four weeks post infection. Immunization with RpfE also improved the survival of the fish against a high-dose intraperitoneal injection with M. marinum (≈ 10.000 colony forming units), resembling the disseminated form of the disease. This study shows that the M. marinum infection model in adult zebrafish is suitable for the pre-clinical screening of tuberculosis vaccines and presents RpfE as a potential antigen candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirja Niskanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaisa Ester Oksanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eleanor Sherwood
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahava
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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263
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Hicks-Nelson A, Beamer G, Gurel K, Cooper R, Nephew BC. Transgenerational Social Stress Alters Immune-Behavior Associations and the Response to Vaccination. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E89. [PMID: 28753980 PMCID: PMC5532602 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to the multi-hit theory of schizophrenia, social behavior pathologies are mediated by multiple factors across generations, likely acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Exposure to social adversity, especially during early life, has been proposed to induce depression symptoms through immune mediated mechanisms. Basal immune factors are altered in a variety of neurobehavioral models. In the current study, we assessed two aspects of a transgenerational chronic social stress (CSS) rat model and its effects on the immune system. First, we asked whether exposure of F0 dams and their F1 litters to CSS changes basal levels of IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and social behavior in CSS F1 female juvenile rats. Second, we asked whether the F2 generation could generate normal immunological responses following vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). We report several changes in the associations between social behaviors and cytokines in the F1 juvenile offspring of the CSS model. It is suggested that changes in the immune-behavior relationships in F1 juveniles indicate the early stages of immune mediated disruption of social behavior that becomes more apparent in F1 dams and the F2 generation. We also report preliminary evidence of elevated IL-6 and impaired interferon-gamma responses in BCG-vaccinated F2 females. In conclusion, transgenerational social stress alters both immune-behavior associations and responses to vaccination. It is hypothesized that the effects of social stress may accumulate over generations through changes in the immune system, establishing the immune system as an effective preventative or treatment target for social behavior pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Hicks-Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Kursat Gurel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Benjamin C Nephew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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264
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Chisholm RH, Tanaka MM. The emergence of latent infection in the early evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0499. [PMID: 27194699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has an unusual natural history in that the vast majority of its human hosts enter a latent state that is both non-infectious and devoid of any symptoms of disease. From the pathogen perspective, it seems counterproductive to relinquish reproductive opportunities to achieve a détente with the host immune response. However, a small fraction of latent infections reactivate to the disease state. Thus, latency has been argued to provide a safe harbour for future infections which optimizes the persistence of M. tuberculosis in human populations. Yet, if a pathogen begins interactions with humans as an active disease without latency, how could it begin to evolve latency properties without incurring an immediate reproductive disadvantage? We address this question with a mathematical model. Results suggest that the emergence of tuberculosis latency may have been enabled by a mechanism akin to cryptic genetic variation in that detrimental latency properties were hidden from natural selection until their expression became evolutionarily favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Chisholm
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Mark M Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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265
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Pilot studies of a human BCG challenge model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:108-112. [PMID: 28610781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great effort to develop an effective vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) there is currently no reliable and safe human challenge model that can be used for in vivo evaluation of new TB vaccine candidates and/or elucidation of the mechanisms of TB protective immunity. In this study, five volunteers were challenged with BCG intradermally (ID). Swab specimens were collected at multiple time points from the vaccination site pre- and post-vaccination to quantitate mycobacterial shedding as a surrogate of in vivo mycobacterial immunity. We compared the performance of the TaqMan qPCR assay against colony-forming unit cultures on 7H10 agar plates, and time to positivity (TTP) of mycobacterial growth indicator tubes (MGIT) in order to evaluate the reproducibility and sensitivity in measuring BCG burden in swab specimens. BCG was detected in swab specimens from all five volunteers by at least one method, and no single method was superior in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. A comparison of all three methods showed significant correlations by Spearman's rank test between 7H10 agar plating and qPCR (R = 0.601, P = 0.00072), MGIT culture TTP and 7H10 agar plating (R = 0.412, P = 0.029) as well as MGIT culture TTP and qPCR (R = -0.708, P = 0.00003). However, the three methods were somewhat different with regard to early versus late detection of BCG shedding post-challenge. This ID BCG challenge model has unique potential to further explore correlations between reactogenicity and immune mechanisms involved in protection against mycobacterial infections, and could therefore become a reliable tool in the evaluation process of new TB vaccination strategies.
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266
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Adinarayanan S, Culp RK, Subramani R, Abbas KM, Radhakrishna S, Swaminathan S. Role of bacille Calmette-Guérin in preventing tuberculous infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21:420-424. [PMID: 28284257 PMCID: PMC5451115 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Rural community in South India. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in preventing tuberculous infection in children. DESIGN A prevalence survey was undertaken in 1999-2001 in a representative rural population in Tiruvallur District in South India using cluster sampling. Tuberculin testing was performed among all children aged <15 years, and all adults aged 15 years were questioned about chest symptoms and underwent radiography, followed by sputum examinations, if indicated. RESULTS In children living in households with a tuberculosis case, the proportion with evidence of tuberculous infection was 35.5% of 200 in the absence of a BCG scar and 27.0% of 100 in its presence, a reduction of 24% (P = 0.14). In very young children (age <5 years), the corresponding proportions were 29.1% of 55 and 11.9% of 42, a reduction of 59%; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION There is a possible role for BCG in preventing tuberculous infection in very young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adinarayanan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - R K Culp
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - R Subramani
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K M Abbas
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - S Radhakrishna
- Institute for Research in Medical Statistics, Madras Chapter, Chennai, India
| | - S Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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267
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Thøstesen LM, Stensballe LG, Pihl GT, Kjærgaard J, Birk NM, Nissen TN, Jensen AKG, Aaby P, Olesen AW, Jeppesen DL, Benn CS, Kofoed PE. Neonatal BCG vaccination has no effect on recurrent wheeze in the first year of life: A randomized clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1616-1621.e3. [PMID: 28347733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent wheeze (RW) is frequent in childhood. Studies have suggested that BCG vaccination can have nonspecific effects, reducing general nontuberculosis morbidity, including respiratory tract infections and atopic diseases. The mechanisms behind these nonspecific effects of BCG are not fully understood, but a shift from a TH2 to a TH1 response has been suggested as a possible explanation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that BCG at birth would reduce the cumulative incidence of RW during the first year of life. METHODS The Danish Calmette Study is a multicenter randomized trial conducted from 2012-2015 at 3 Danish hospitals. The 4262 newborns of 4184 included mothers were randomized 1:1 to BCG (SSI strain 1331) or to a no-intervention control group within 7 days of birth; siblings were randomized together as one randomization unit. Exclusion criteria were gestational age of less than 32 weeks, birth weight of less than 1000 g, known immunodeficiency, or no Danish-speaking parent. Information was collected through telephone interviews and clinical examinations at 3 and 13 months of age; data collectors were blind to randomization group. RW was defined in several ways, with the main definition being physician-diagnosed and medically treated RW up to 13 months of age. RESULTS By 13 months, 211 (10.0%) of 2100 children in the BCG group and 195 (9.4%) of 2071 children in the control group had received a diagnosis of RW from a medical doctor and received antiasthma treatment (relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.89-1.28). Supplementary analyses were made, including an analysis of baseline risk factors for development of RW. CONCLUSION Neonatal BCG had no effect on the development of RW before 13 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Marianne Thøstesen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, and the Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.
| | - Lone Graff Stensballe
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Centret, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Thybo Pihl
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, and the Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kjærgaard
- Research Unit for Women's and Childrens' Health, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Centret, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Marie Birk
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Aksel Karl Georg Jensen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, and the Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Wind Olesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, and OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Poul-Erik Kofoed
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, and the Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
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268
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Kim BJ, Gong JR, Kim GN, Kim BR, Lee SY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis with a pMyong2 vector expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Gag can induce enhanced virus-specific immune responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44776. [PMID: 28300196 PMCID: PMC5353558 DOI: 10.1038/srep44776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a novel Mycobacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector system using pMyong2, which can provide an enhanced expression of heterologous genes in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (rSmeg). To investigate the usefulness of rSmeg using pMyong2 in vaccine application, we vaccinated M. smegmatis with pMyong2 system expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) Gag p24 antigen (rSmeg-pMyong2-p24) into mice and examined its cellular and humoral immune responses against HIV gag protein. We found that rSmeg-pMyong2-p24 expressed higher levels of Gag protein in bacteria, macrophage cell line (J774A.1) and mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) compared to rSmeg strains using two other vector systems, pAL5000 derived vector (rSmeg-pAL-p24) and the integrative plasmid, pMV306 (rSmeg-pMV306-p24). Inoculation of mice with rSmeg-pMyong2-p24 elicited more effective immunity compared to the other two rSmeg strains, as evidenced by higher levels of HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte proliferation, interferon gamma ELISPOT cell induction, and antibody production. Furthermore, rSmeg-pMyong2-p24 showed a higher level of cytotoxic T cell response against target cells expressing Gag p24 proteins. Our data suggest that Mycobacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector system with pMyong2 may provide an advantage in vaccine application of rSmeg over other vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ryeol Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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269
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Oliwa JN, Marais BJ. Vaccines to prevent pneumonia in children - a developing country perspective. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 22:23-30. [PMID: 26364006 PMCID: PMC6995362 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia accounted for 15% of the 6.3 million deaths among children younger than five years in 2013, a total of approximately 935,000 deaths worldwide. Routine vaccination against common childhood illnesses has been identified as one of the most cost-effective strategies to prevent death from pneumonia. Vaccine-preventable or potentially preventable diseases commonly linked with respiratory tract infections include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza type-b (Hib), pertussis, influenza, measles, and tuberculosis. Although here have been great strides in the development and administration of effective vaccines, the countries that carry the largest disease burdens still struggle to vaccinate their children and newer conjugated vaccines remain out of reach for many. The Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) has identified priority areas for innovation in research in all aspects of immunisation development and delivery to ensure equitable access to vaccines for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie N Oliwa
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Department of Public Health Research, Health Services Unit, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ben J Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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270
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Nathavitharana RR, Bond P, Dramowski A, Kotze K, Lederer P, Oxley I, Peters JA, Rossouw C, van der Westhuizen HM, Willems B, Ting TX, von Delft A, von Delft D, Duarte R, Nardell E, Zumla A. Agents of change: The role of healthcare workers in the prevention of nosocomial and occupational tuberculosis. Presse Med 2017; 46:e53-e62. [PMID: 28256382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a central role in global tuberculosis (TB) elimination efforts but their contributions are undermined by occupational TB. HCWs have higher rates of latent and active TB than the general population due to persistent occupational TB exposure, particularly in settings where there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed TB in healthcare facilities and TB infection control (TB-IC) programmes are absent or poorly implemented. Occupational health programmes in high TB burden settings are often weak or non-existent and thus data that record the extent of the increased risk of occupational TB globally are scarce. HCWs represent a limited resource in high TB burden settings and occupational TB can lead to workforce attrition. Stigma plays a role in delayed diagnosis, poor treatment outcomes and impaired well-being in HCWs who develop TB. Ensuring the prioritization and implementation of TB-IC interventions and occupational health programmes, which include robust monitoring and evaluation, is critical to reduce nosocomial TB transmission to patients and HCWs. The provision of preventive therapy for HCWs with latent TB infection (LTBI) can also prevent progression to active TB. Unlike other patient groups, HCWs are in a unique position to serve as agents of change to raise awareness, advocate for necessary resource allocation and implement TB-IC interventions, with appropriate support from dedicated TB-IC officers at the facility and national TB programme level. Students and community health workers (CHWs) must be engaged and involved in these efforts. Nosocomial TB transmission is an urgent public health problem and adopting rights-based approaches can be helpful. However, these efforts cannot succeed without increased political will, supportive legal frameworks and financial investments to support HCWs in efforts to decrease TB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvandhi R Nathavitharana
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - Angela Dramowski
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Koot Kotze
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; East London Hospital Complex, East London, South Africa
| | - Philip Lederer
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, , Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ingrid Oxley
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Dietetics Division, , Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Jurgens A Peters
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Research Department, London, UK
| | | | | | - Bart Willems
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; Stellenbosch University, Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiong Xun Ting
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Center, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Arne von Delft
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | | | - Raquel Duarte
- Institute of Public Health, Porto University, EpiUnit, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Edward Nardell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Global Health and Social Medicine, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- TB Proof, Cape Town, South Africa; University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, UK
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271
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MyD88 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:187-193. [PMID: 28220253 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 adaptor protein mediates numerous biologically important signal transduction pathways in innate immunity. MyD88 signaling fosters bacterial containment and is necessary to raise an adequate innate and acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The phagosome is a crucial cellular location not only for Mtb replication, but it is also where components of the Myddosome and inflammasome are recruited. Besides its function as a TLR-adaptor protein, MyD88 may help stabilizing cytosolic receptors that are recruited to the phagosome. MyD88 plays a critical role not only in the generation of an inflammatory response, but also in inducing regulatory signals to prevent excessive inflammation and cellular damage in the lung.
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272
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Rosser A, Stover C, Pareek M, Mukamolova GV. Resuscitation-promoting factors are important determinants of the pathophysiology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:621-630. [PMID: 28338360 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1283485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation promoting factors (Rpf) are peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing enzymes that are pivotal in the resuscitation of quiescent actinobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. From the published data, it is clear that Rpf are required for the resuscitation of non-replicating bacilli and pathogenesis in murine infection model of tuberculosis, although their direct influence on human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is ill-defined. In this review, we describe the progress in the understanding of the roles that Rpf play in human tuberculosis pathogenesis and importance of bacilli dependent upon Rpf for growth for the outcome of human tuberculosis. We outline how this research is opening up important opportunities for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human disease, progress in which is essential to attain the ultimate goal of tuberculosis eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosser
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK.,b Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine , University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Cordula Stover
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Manish Pareek
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK.,b Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine , University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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273
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Rao M, Cadieux N, Fitzpatrick M, Reed S, Arsenian S, Valentini D, Parida S, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins involved in cell wall lipid biosynthesis improve BCG vaccine efficacy in a murine TB model. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:274-282. [PMID: 28161464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advances in tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development are urgently required to enhance global disease management. We evaluated the potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)-derived protein antigens Rv0447c, Rv2957 and Rv2958c to boost BCG vaccine efficacy in the presence or absence of glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE) adjuvant. METHODS Mice received the BCG vaccine, followed by Rv0447c, Rv2957 and Rv2958c protein boosting with or without GLA-SE adjuvant 3 and 6 weeks later. Immune responses were examined at given time points. 9 weeks post vaccination, mice were aerosol-challenged with M. tb, and sacrificed at 6 and 12 weeks to assess bacterial burden. RESULTS Vaccination of mice with BCG and M. tb proteins in the presence of GLA-SE adjuvant triggered strong IFN-γ and IL-2 production by splenocytes; more TNF-α was produced without GLA-SE addition. Antibody responses to all three antigens did not differ, with or without GLA-SE adjuvant. Protein boosting without GLA-SE adjuvant resulted in vaccinated animals having better control of pulmonary M. tb load at 6 and 12 weeks post aerosol infection, while animals receiving the protein boost with GLA-SE adjuvant exhibited more bacteria in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides evidence for developing Rv2958c, Rv2957 and Rv0447c in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Steven Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, USA
| | - Sergei Arsenian
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shreemanta Parida
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and the NIHR Biomedical Research centre at UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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274
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Valentini D, Rao M, Rane L, Rahman S, Axelsson-Robertson R, Heuchel R, Löhr M, Hoft D, Brighenti S, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Peptide microarray-based characterization of antibody responses to host proteins after bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:140-154. [PMID: 28161459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the world's most widely distributed vaccine, used against tuberculosis (TB), in cancer immunotherapy, and in autoimmune diseases due to its immunomodulatory properties. To date, the effect of BCG vaccination on antibody responses to host proteins has not been reported. High-content peptide microarrays (HCPM) offer a unique opportunity to gauge specific humoral immune responses. METHODS The sera of BCG-vaccinated healthy adults were tested on a human HCPM platform (4953 randomly selected epitopes of human proteins) to detect specific immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) responses. Samples were obtained at 56, 112, and 252 days after vaccination. Immunohistology was performed on lymph node tissue from patients with TB lymphadenitis. Results were analysed with a combination of existing and novel statistical methods. RESULTS IgG recognition of host peptides exhibited a peak at day 56 post BCG vaccination in all study subjects tested, which diminished over time. Primarily, IgG responses exhibited increased reactivity to ion transporters (sodium, calcium channels), cytokine receptors (interleukin 2 receptor β (IL2Rβ), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)), other cell surface receptors (inositol, somatostatin, angiopoeitin), ribonucleoprotein, and enzymes (tyrosine kinases, phospholipase) on day 56. There was decreased IgG reactivity to transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TGFβR1) and, in agreement with the peptide microarray findings, immunohistochemical analysis of TB-infected lymph node samples revealed an overexpression of TGFβR in granulomatous lesions. Moreover, the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) showed increased reactivity on days 112 and 252, but not on day 56 post-vaccination. IgG to interleukin 4 receptor (IL4R) showed increased reactivity at 112 days post-vaccination, while IgG to IL2Rβ and FGFR1 showed decreased reactivity on days 112 and 252 as compared to day 56 post BCG vaccination. CONCLUSIONS BCG vaccination modifies the host's immune landscape after 56 days, but this imprint changes over time. This may influence the establishment of immunological memory in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lalit Rane
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sayma Rahman
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Axelsson-Robertson
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hoft
- Division of Immunobiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University Medical Centre, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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275
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Loxton AG, Knaul JK, Grode L, Gutschmidt A, Meller C, Eisele B, Johnstone H, van der Spuy G, Maertzdorf J, Kaufmann SHE, Hesseling AC, Walzl G, Cotton MF. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine VPM1002 in HIV-Unexposed Newborn Infants in South Africa. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00439-16. [PMID: 27974398 PMCID: PMC5299117 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00439-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global threat to which infants are especially vulnerable. Effective vaccines are required to protect infants from this devastating disease. VPM1002, a novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine previously shown to be safe and immunogenic in adults, was evaluated for safety in its intended target population, namely, newborn infants in a region with high prevalence of tuberculosis. A total of 48 newborns were vaccinated intradermally with VPM1002 (n = 36) or BCG Danish strain (n = 12) in a phase II open-labeled, randomized trial with a 6-month follow-up period. Clinical and laboratory measures of safety were evaluated during this time. In addition, vaccine-induced immune responses to mycobacteria were analyzed in whole-blood stimulation and proliferation assays. The safety parameters and immunogenicity were comparable in the two groups. Both vaccines induced interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses; however, VPM1002 vaccination led to an increase of CD8+ IL-17+ T cells at the week 16 and month 6 time points. The incidence of abscess formation was lower for VPM1002 than for BCG. We conclude that VPM1002 is a safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic vaccine in newborn infants, confirming results from previous trials in adults. These results strongly support further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of this vaccination in larger studies. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01479972.).
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Andrea Gutschmidt
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Bernd Eisele
- Vakzine Projekt Management, GmbH, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Gian van der Spuy
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Fam-Cru, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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276
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Abstract
New and effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are urgently needed to control pulmonary TB, and in particular to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These drug-resistant strains can range from those resistant to first-line drugs to those that are almost impossible to treat. To develop new and effective vaccines for HIV and malaria has been difficult and it is proving to be just as challenging for TB. TB is a complicated disease with a spectrum from apparently controlled latent infection to active clinical disease and so different types of preventive or post-exposure vaccine may be needed. Identifying the most promising vaccine candidates to move into clinical trials is difficult, as we lack biomarker signatures that can predict protective efficacy. There is a risk that the failure of the MVA-85A vaccine to show efficacy when given to previously BCG-vaccinated South African infants will impact on the resources available for the development and trials of other candidate TB vaccines. Continued support for the development of new TB vaccines should remain a priority as an effective vaccine would bring huge public health benefits.
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277
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Triccas JA, Counoupas C. Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8:18. [PMID: 28702297 PMCID: PMC5471729 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-016-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) is an underappreciated problem and accounts for 10 % of all TB deaths worldwide. Children are highly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and interrupting TB spread would require the development of effective strategies to control TB transmission in pediatric populations. The current vaccine for TB, M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can afford some level of protection against TB meningitis and severe forms of disseminated TB in children; however, its efficacy against pulmonary TB is variable and the vaccine does not afford life-long protective immunity. For these reasons there is considerable interest in the development of new vaccines to control TB in children. Multiple vaccine strategies are being assessed and include recombinant forms of the existing BCG vaccine, protein or viral candidates designed to boost BCG-induced immunity, or live attenuated forms of M. tuberculosis. A number of these candidates have entered clinical trials; however, no vaccine has shown improved protective efficacy compared to BCG in humans. The current challenge is to identify the most suitable candidates to progress from early to late stage clinical trials, in order to deliver a vaccine that can control and hopefully eliminate the global threat of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Level 5, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School and the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Level 5, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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278
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Wang Y, Vlasova A, Velasquez DE, Saif LJ, Kandasamy S, Kochba E, Levin Y, Jiang B. Skin Vaccination against Rotavirus Using Microneedles: Proof of Concept in Gnotobiotic Piglets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166038. [PMID: 27824918 PMCID: PMC5100943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated oral rotavirus (RV) vaccines have lower efficacy in low income countries, and additionally are associated with a rare but severe adverse event, intussusception. We have been pursuing the development of an inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) using the human rotavirus strain CDC-9 (G1P[8]) through parenteral immunization and previously demonstrated dose sparing and enhanced immunogenicity of intradermal (ID) unadjuvanted IRV using a coated microneedle patch in comparison with intramuscular (IM) administration in mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response and protection against RV infection and diarrhea conferred by the administration of the ID unadjuvanted IRV using the microneedle device MicronJet600® in neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets challenged with virulent Wa G1P[8] human RV. Three doses of 5 μg IRV when administered intradermally and 5 μg IRV formulated with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] when administered intramuscularly induced comparable rotavirus-specific antibody titers of IgA, IgG, IgG avidity index and neutralizing activity in sera of neonatal piglets. Both IRV vaccination regimens protected against RV antigen shedding in stools, and reduced the cumulative diarrhea scores in the piglets. This study demonstrated that the ID and IM administrations of IRV are immunogenic and protective against RV-induced diarrhea in neonatal piglets. Our findings highlight the potential value of an adjuvant sparing effect of the IRV ID delivery route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Velasquez
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., Nes Ziona, Israel
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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279
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Dai G, Rady HF, Huang W, Shellito JE, Mason C, Ramsay AJ. Gene-based neonatal immune priming potentiates a mucosal adenoviral vaccine encoding mycobacterial Ag85B. Vaccine 2016; 34:6267-6275. [PMID: 27823900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major public health hazard worldwide, with neonates and young infants potentially more susceptible to infection than adults. BCG, the only vaccine currently available, provides some protection against tuberculous meningitis in children but variable efficacy in adults, and is not safe to use in immune compromised individuals. A safe and effective vaccine that could be given early in life, and that could also potentiate subsequent booster immunization, would represent a significant advance. To test this proposition, we have generated gene-based vaccine vectors expressing Ag85B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and designed experiments to test their immunogenicity and protective efficacy particularly when given in heterologous prime-boost combination, with the initial DNA vaccine component given soon after birth. Intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines elicited Th1-based immune responses against Ag85B in neonatal mice but did not protect them from subsequent aerosol challenge with virulent Mtb H37Rv. Recombinant adenovirus vectors encoding Ag85B, given via the intranasal route at six weeks of age, generated moderate immune responses and were poorly protective. However, neonatal DNA priming following by mucosal boosting with recombinant adenovirus generated strong immune responses, as evidenced by strong Ag85B-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, both in the lung-associated lymph nodes and the spleen, by the quality of these responding cells (assessed by their capacity to secrete multiple antimicrobial factors), and by improved protection, as indicated by reduced bacterial burden in the lungs following pulmonary TB challenge. These results suggest that neonatal immunization with gene-based vaccines may create a favorable immunological environment that potentiates the pulmonary mucosal boosting effects of a subsequent heterologous vector vaccine encoding the same antigen. Our data indicate that immunization early in life with mycobacterial antigens in an appropriate vaccine setting can prime for protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hamada F Rady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Weitao Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Judd E Shellito
- Internal Medicine, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Carol Mason
- Internal Medicine, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alistair J Ramsay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Internal Medicine, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, LSUHSC-New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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280
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Kaufmann SHE, Weiner J, von Reyn CF. Novel approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 56:263-267. [PMID: 27816661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the deadliest infectious disease. The widely used bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers only limited protection against TB. New vaccine candidates for TB include subunit vaccines and inactivated whole-cell vaccines, as well as live mycobacterial vaccines. Current developments in TB vaccines are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - January Weiner
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Fordham von Reyn
- Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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281
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although primarily a pulmonary pathogen, M. tuberculosis can cause disease in almost any part of the body. Infection with M. tuberculosis can evolve from containment in the host, in which the bacteria are isolated within granulomas (latent TB infection), to a contagious state, in which the patient will show symptoms that can include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Only active pulmonary TB is contagious. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. Although several new TB diagnostics have been developed, including rapid molecular tests, there is a need for simpler point-of-care tests. Treatment usually requires a prolonged course of multiple antimicrobials, stimulating efforts to develop shorter drug regimens. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used worldwide, mainly to prevent life-threatening TB in infants and young children, it has been ineffective in controlling the global TB epidemic. Thus, efforts are underway to develop newer vaccines with improved efficacy. New tools as well as improved programme implementation and financing are necessary to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.
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282
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Sharpe S, White A, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Gleeson F, McIntyre A, Basaraba R, Clark S, Hall G, Rayner E, Williams A, Marsh PD, Dennis M. Alternative BCG delivery strategies improve protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in non-human primates: Protection associated with mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4 effector memory T-cell populations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:174-190. [PMID: 27865390 PMCID: PMC5120991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal (ID) BCG injection provides incomplete protection against TB in humans and experimental models. Alternative BCG vaccination strategies may improve protection in model species, including rhesus macaques. This study compares the immunogenicity and efficacy of BCG administered by ID and intravenous (IV) injection, or as an intratracheal mucosal boost (ID + IT), against aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman strain. Disease pathology was significantly reduced, and survival improved, by each BCG vaccination strategy, relative to unvaccinated animals. However, IV induced protection surpassed that achieved by all other routes, providing an opportunity to explore protective immunological mechanisms using antigen-specific IFN-γ ELISpot and polychromatic flow cytometry assays. IFN-γ spot forming units and multifunctional CD4 T-cell frequencies increased significantly following each vaccination regimen and were greatest following IV immunisation. Vaccine-induced multifunctional CD4 T-cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α were associated with reduced disease pathology following subsequent M.tb challenge; however, high frequencies of this population following M.tb infection correlated with increased pathology. Cytokine producing T-cells primarily occupied the CD4 transitional effector memory phenotype, implicating this population as central to the mycobacterial response, potentially contributing to the stringent control observed in IV vaccinated animals. This study demonstrates the protective efficacy of IV BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques, offering a valuable tool for the interrogation of immunological mechanisms and potential correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharpe
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - A White
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - C Sarfas
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - L Sibley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - F Gleeson
- Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - A McIntyre
- Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Basaraba
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S Clark
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - G Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - E Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - A Williams
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - P D Marsh
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - M Dennis
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
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283
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Gupta N, Agrawal B, Kumar R. Controlling inflammation: a superior way to control TB. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1157-61. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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284
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Novel lipopeptides of ESAT-6 induce strong protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Routes of immunization and TLR agonists critically impact vaccine's efficacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:5677-5688. [PMID: 27693020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterial cause of tuberculosis, is a leading infectious agent worldwide. The development of a new vaccine against Mtb is essential to control global spread of tuberculosis, since the current vaccine BCG is not very effective and antibiotic resistance is a serious, burgeoning problem. ESAT-6 is a secreted protein of Mtb, which is absent in BCG but has been implicated in inducing protective immunity against Mtb. Peptide based subunit vaccines are attractive due to their safety and high specificity in eliciting immune responses, but small synthetic peptides are usually not very immunogenic. We have designed a novel subunit vaccine for Mtb by using simple lipid (palmitic acid) modified derivatives of peptides from ESAT-6 protein corresponding to dominant human T cell epitopes and examined their ability to stimulate protective immunity against Mtb by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization in mice. We also investigated how individual TLR agonists as adjuvants (PolyI:C, MPL and GDQ) contribute to enhancing the induced immune responses and resulting protective efficacy of our vaccine. We observed that single C-terminal palmitoyl-lysine modified lipopeptides derived from ESAT-6 induce significant cellular immune responses on their own upon mucosal and subcutaneous immunizations. Intriguingly, a combination of immunogenic lipopeptides of ESAT-6 antigen exhibited local (pulmonary) and systemic immune responses along with efficient protective efficacy when administered intranasally or subcutaneously. Surprisingly, combination of ESAT-6 derived lipopeptides with a TLR-4 agonist (MPL) enhanced protection, whereas TLR-3 (Poly I:C) and TLR-7/8 agonists (gardiquimod, GDQ) led to reduced protection associated with specific local and systemic immune modulation. Our studies demonstrate the potential of ESAT-6 derived lipopeptides as a promising vaccine candidate against Mtb, and emphasize that selection of adjuvant is critical for the success of vaccines. These findings demonstrate the promise of synthetic lipopeptides as the basis of a subunit vaccine for TB.
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285
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Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation Rescues Impaired Antibody Response in Needle-free Intradermal DNA Vaccination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33564. [PMID: 27658623 PMCID: PMC5034244 DOI: 10.1038/srep33564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of plasmid DNA to the skin can target distinct subsets of dermal dendritic cells to confer a superior immune response. The needle-free immunization technology offers a reliable, safe and efficient means to administer intradermal (ID) injections. We report here that the ID injection of DNA vectors using an NF device (NF-ID) elicits a superior cell-mediated immune response, at much lesser DNA dosage, comparable in magnitude to the traditional intramuscular immunization. However, the humoral response is significantly impaired, possibly at the stage of B cell isotype switching. We found that the NF-ID administration deposits the DNA primarily on the epidermis resulting in a rapid loss of the DNA as well as the synthesized antigen due to the faster regeneration rate of the skin layers. Therefore, despite the immune-rich nature of the skin, the NF-ID immunization of DNA vectors may be limited by the impaired humoral response. Additional booster injections are required to augment the antibody response. As an alternative and a viable solution, we rescued the IgG response by coadministration of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, among other adjuvants examined. Our work has important implication for the optimization of the emerging needle-free technology for ID immunization.
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286
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Gao S, Zeng L, Zhang X, Wu Y, Cui J, Song Z, Sun X, Wang H, Yin Y, Xu W. Attenuated Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine candidate SPY1 promotes dendritic cell activation and drives a Th1/Th17 response. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:47-55. [PMID: 27609353 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the causative agent of pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media and sepsis. Vaccination is an effective strategy to combat S. pneumoniae invasion. We previously reported that SPY1, a novel attenuated vaccine candidate against S. pneumoniae, induces a protective immune response against pneumococcal infection in mice. However, underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully illustrated. To explore the mechanism of innate and adaptive immunities induced by SPY1. In this study, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) of mice were infected with SPY1 and its parental wild-type strain D39, SPY1-infected DCs were co-cultured with homologous CD4+T cells or adoptive transfer to C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that SPY1 promoted DCs maturation with increased levels of surface molecules such as CD40, CD86, and MHC II, and upregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IL-23. By contrast, D39 did not efficiently induce DCs activation and maturation. SPY1 could also activate MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in DC, but D39 unlikely affected this pathways. SPY1 treated DCs also induced Th1 and Th17 responses in vitro and in vivo. Our results supported the potential of SPY1 as a novel attenuated pneumococcus vaccine, because SPY1-activated DCs exhibit fully matured phenotype, initiated an adaptive immune response, and orchestrated Th1 and Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Lingbin Zeng
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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287
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Jacobs AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, McShane H, Wilkinson RJ. Antibodies and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:102-113. [PMID: 27865379 PMCID: PMC5120988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem internationally, causing 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths worldwide in 2014. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is the only licensed vaccine against TB, but its protective effect does not extend to controlling the development of infectious pulmonary disease in adults. The development of a more effective vaccine against TB is therefore a pressing need for global health. Although it is established that cell-mediated immunity is necessary for the control of latent infection, the presupposition that such immunity is sufficient for vaccine-induced protection has recently been challenged. A greater understanding of protective immunity against TB is required to guide future vaccine strategies against TB. In contrast to cell-mediated immunity, the human antibody response against M.tb is conventionally thought to exert little immune control over the course of infection. Humoral responses are prominent during active TB disease, and have even been postulated to contribute to immunopathology. However, there is evidence to suggest that specific antibodies may limit the dissemination of M.tb, and potentially also play a role in prevention of infection via mucosal immunity. Further, antibodies are now understood to confer protection against a range of intracellular pathogens by modulating immunity via Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis. In this review, we will explore the evidence that antibody-mediated immunity could be reconsidered in the search for new vaccine strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | | | - Gavin R Screaton
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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288
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Cafaro A, Piccaro G, Altavilla G, Gigantino V, Matarese G, Olivieri E, Ferrantelli F, Ensoli B, Palma C. HIV-1 Tat protein vaccination in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is safe, immunogenic and reduces bacterial lung pathology. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:442. [PMID: 27549342 PMCID: PMC4994248 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic HIV-1 Tat protein vaccine is in advanced clinical development. Tuberculosis, the main AIDS co-infection, is highly endemic in areas where AIDS prevention through vaccination is needed. However, safety and immunogenicity of Tat vaccination in the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is still unknown and it prevents the possibility to administer the vaccine to Mtb-infected individuals. We addressed the interplay and effects of Tat vaccination on Mtb infection in immunocompetent mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated or not with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the current tuberculosis vaccine, and after 5 weeks were infected with Mtb by intravenous route. The Tat protein was injected intradermally at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after Mtb challenge. Eight weeks after Mtb infection, all mice were sacrificed, and both the degree of pathology and immune responses to Mtb and Tat were evaluated. As additional control, some mice were either vaccinated or not with BCG, were not challenged with Mtb, but received the Tat protein. Statistical significances were evaluated by one-way or two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons post-test. Results In the lungs of Mtb-infected mice, Tat-vaccine did not favour Mtb replication and indeed reduced both area of cellular infiltration and protein levels of Interferon-γ, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-4 and Interleukin-1β, pathological events triggered by Mtb-infection. Moreover, the protection against Mtb infection conferred by BCG remained good after Tat protein treatment. In spleen cells of Mtb-infected mice, Tat vaccination enhanced Mtb-specific Interferon-γ and Interleukin-17 responses, which may have a protective role. Of note, Mtb infection reduced, but did not suppress, the development of anti-Tat antibodies, required for Tat vaccine efficacy and the titer of anti-Tat IgG was potentiated by BCG vaccination in Mtb-free mice. In general, Tat treatment was well tolerated in both Mtb-infected and Mtb-free mice. Conclusions Tat protein vaccine, administered in Mtb-infected mice with a protocol resembling that used in the clinical trials, was safe, immunogenic, limited the lung Mtb-associated immunopathology and did not abrogate the protective efficacy of BCG. These data provide preliminary evidence for a safe use of Tat vaccine in people vaccinated with BCG and/or suffering from tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccaro
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Patologia Fondazione G. Pascale IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Olivieri
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy
| | - Carla Palma
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 299 00161, Italy.
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289
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Genomic Changes Associated with the Loss of Nocardia brasiliensis Virulence in Mice after 200 In Vitro Passages. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2595-606. [PMID: 27354446 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00329-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia species, particularly Nocardia brasiliensis, are etiologic agents of mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection. Until now, little has been known about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in nocardial infection. Traditionally, subculture in rich media has been a simple way to induce attenuation. In this work, we report the changes in virulence toward mice and in genomic constitution of N. brasiliensis produced after 200 continuous subcultures in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium (P-200 strain). The ability of the N. brasiliensis P-200 strain to produce experimental infection was tested using BALB/c mice. P-200 was also used to immunize mice to determine whether it could induce resistance against a challenge with a nonsubcultured isolate (P-0). Comparative proteomic analysis between N. brasiliensis P-0 and P-200 was performed by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, and the genome sequence was obtained through Roche 454 sequence analysis. Virulence in BALB/c mice was completely lost, and BALB/c mice immunized with P-200 bacterial cells were resistant to mycetoma production by the nonsubcultured strain. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that P-200 lost a total of 262,913 bp distributed in 19 deleted regions, involving a total of 213 open reading frames (ORFs). The deleted genes included those encoding bacterial virulence factors, e.g., catalase, nitrate reductase enzymes, and a group of mammalian cell entry (MCE) family proteins, which may explain the loss of virulence of the isolate. Thus, completely attenuated N. brasiliensis was obtained after 200 passages in BHI medium, and putative Nocardia virulence genes were identified for the first time.
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290
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Nguipdop-Djomo P, Heldal E, Rodrigues LC, Abubakar I, Mangtani P. BCG vaccination: a long-lasting protection against tuberculosis?--Authors' reply. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:408-9. [PMID: 27036342 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Einar Heldal
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laura Cunha Rodrigues
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Punam Mangtani
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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291
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Helminth-Tuberculosis Co-infection: An Immunologic Perspective. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:597-607. [PMID: 27501916 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths (worms). Similarly, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) occurs in over a third of the world's population, often with a great degree of geographical overlap with helminth infection. Interestingly, the responses induced by the extracellular helminths and those induced by the intracellular Mtb are often mutually antagonistic and, as a consequence, can result in impaired (or cross-regulated) host responses to either of the infecting pathogens. In this review, we outline the nature of the immune responses induced by infections with helminths and tuberculosis (TB) and then provide data from both experimental models and human studies that illustrate how the immune response engendered by helminth parasites modulates Mtb-specific responses in helminth-TB coinfection.
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292
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Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Penn-Nicholson A, Chen C, Gao X, Tait DR, Hatherill M. Epidemiologic studies and novel clinical research approaches that impact TB vaccine development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99 Suppl 1:S21-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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293
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Uppada DR, Selvam S, Jesuraj N, Lau EL, Doherty TM, Grewal HMS, Vaz M, Lindtjørn B. Incidence of tuberculosis among school-going adolescents in South India. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:641. [PMID: 27461229 PMCID: PMC4962501 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) incidence data in vaccine target populations, particularly adolescents, are important for designing and powering vaccine clinical trials. Little is known about the incidence of tuberculosis among adolescents in India. The objective of current study is to estimate the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) disease among adolescents attending school in South India using two different surveillance methods (active and passive) and to compare the incidence between the two groups. METHODS The study was a prospective cohort study with a 2-year follow-up period. The study was conducted in Palamaner, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, South India from February 2007 to July 2010. A random sampling procedure was used to select a subset of schools to enable approximately 8000 subjects to be available for randomization in the study. A stratified randomization procedure was used to assign the selected schools to either active or passive surveillance. Participants who met the criteria for being exposed to TB were referred to the diagnostic ward for pulmonary tuberculosis confirmation. A total number of 3441 males and 3202 females between the ages 11 and less than 18 years were enrolled into the study. RESULTS Of the 3102 participants in the active surveillance group, four subjects were diagnosed with definite tuberculosis, four subjects with probable tuberculosis, and 71 subjects had non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from their sputum. Of the 3541 participants in the passive surveillance group, four subjects were diagnosed with definite tuberculosis, two subjects with probable tuberculosis, and 48 subjects had non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria isolated from their sputum. The incidence of definite + probable TB was 147.60 / 100,000 person years in the active surveillance group and 87 / 100,000 person years in the passive surveillance group. CONCLUSION The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents in our study is lower than similar studies conducted in South Africa and Eastern Uganda - countries with a higher incidence of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than India. The study data will inform sample design for vaccine efficacy trials among adolescents in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Rao Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh 533001 India
- Physiology and Head of Health and Humanities, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Nelson Jesuraj
- Formerly at St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Harleen M. S. Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, Infection, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mario Vaz
- St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Physiology and Head of Health and Humanities, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Silva JP, Gonçalves C, Costa C, Sousa J, Silva-Gomes R, Castro AG, Pedrosa J, Appelberg R, Gama FM. Delivery of LLKKK18 loaded into self-assembling hyaluronic acid nanogel for tuberculosis treatment. J Control Release 2016; 235:112-124. [PMID: 27261333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, recently joined HIV/AIDS on the top rank of deadliest infectious diseases. Low patient compliance due to the expensive, long-lasting and multi-drug standard therapies often results in treatment failure and emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. In this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) arise as promising candidates for TB treatment. Here we describe the ability of the exogenous AMP LLKKK18 to efficiently kill mycobacteria. The peptide's potential was boosted by loading into self-assembling Hyaluronic Acid (HA) nanogels. These provide increased stability, reduced cytotoxicity and degradability, while potentiating peptide targeting to main sites of infection. The nanogels were effectively internalized by macrophages and the peptide presence and co-localization with mycobacteria within host cells was confirmed. This resulted in a significant reduction of the mycobacterial load in macrophages infected in vitro with the opportunistic M. avium or the pathogenic M. tuberculosis, an effect accompanied by lowered pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α). Remarkably, intra-tracheal administration of peptide-loaded nanogels significantly reduced infection levels in mice infected with M. avium or M. tuberculosis, after just 5 or 10 every other day administrations. Considering the reported low probability of resistance acquisition, these findings suggest a great potential of LLKKK18-loaded nanogels for TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Carine Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - César Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita Silva-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António G Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - F Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
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295
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Deletion of nuoG from the Vaccine Candidate Mycobacterium bovis BCG ΔureC::hly Improves Protection against Tuberculosis. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00679-16. [PMID: 27222470 PMCID: PMC4895111 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), provides insufficient protection against pulmonary TB. Previously, we generated a listeriolysin-expressing recombinant BCG strain, which to date has successfully completed phase I and phase IIa clinical trials. In an attempt to further improve efficacy, we deleted the antiapoptotic virulence gene nuoG, encoding NADH dehydrogenase 1 subunit G, from BCG ΔureC::hly In vitro, deletion of nuoG unexpectedly led to strongly increased recruitment of the autophagosome marker LC3 to the engulfed vaccine, suggesting that nuoG also affects xenophagic pathways. In mice, BCG ΔureC::hly ΔnuoG vaccination was safer than BCG and improved protection over that of parental BCG ΔureC::hly, significantly reducing TB load in murine lungs, ameliorating pulmonary pathology, and enhancing immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of draining lymph nodes after vaccination with either BCG ΔureC::hly or BCG ΔureC::hly ΔnuoG demonstrated earlier and stronger induction of immune responses than that with BCG SSI and suggested upregulation of inflammasome activation and interferon-induced GTPases. In summary, BCG ΔureC::hly ΔnuoG is a promising next-generation TB vaccine candidate with excellent efficacy and safety. IMPORTANCE Autophagy and apoptosis are fundamental processes allowing cells to degrade their components or kill themselves, respectively. The immune system has adopted these mechanisms to eliminate intracellular pathogens. Residing in host cells, the causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has evolved strategies to set cellular programs of autophagy and apoptosis "on hold." The mycobacterial gene nuoG was found to prevent host cell apoptosis. We have deleted nuoG in the live vaccine candidate BCG ΔureC::hly, which is in phase II clinical development, to leave cellular apoptosis "on go" upon immunization. In preclinical models, this strategy boosted immunity and improved protection from M. tuberculosis infection. Unexpectedly, we obtained compelling evidence that mycobacterial nuoG facilitates inhibition of autophagic pathways, suggesting a new role for this gene in the host-pathogen interplay in tuberculosis.
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296
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Silva JP, Appelberg R, Gama FM. Antimicrobial peptides as novel anti-tuberculosis therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:924-940. [PMID: 27235189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has recently joined HIV/AIDS as the world's deadliest infectious disease, affecting around 9.6 million people worldwide in 2014. Of those, about 1.2 million died from the disease. Resistance acquisition to existing antibiotics, with the subsequent emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant mycobacteria strains, together with an increasing economic burden, has urged the development of new anti-TB drugs. In this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small, cationic and amphipathic peptides that make part of the innate immune system, now arise as promising candidates for TB treatment. In this review, we analyze the potential of AMPs for this application. We address the mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages over conventional antibiotics and how problems associated with its use may be overcome to boost their therapeutic potential. Additionally, we address the challenges of translational development from benchside to bedside, evaluate the current development pipeline and analyze the expected global impact from a socio-economic standpoint. The quest for more efficient and more compliant anti-TB drugs, associated with the great therapeutic potential of emerging AMPs and the rising peptide market, provide an optimal environment for the emergence of AMPs as promising therapies. Still, their pharmacological properties need to be enhanced and manufacturing-associated issues need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
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297
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Myllymäki H, Bäuerlein CA, Rämet M. The Zebrafish Breathes New Life into the Study of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:196. [PMID: 27242801 PMCID: PMC4871865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health emergency. Up to one-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the pathogen continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Currently, the means for preventing, diagnosing, and treating TB are unsatisfactory. One of the main reasons for the poor progress in TB research has been a lack of good animal models to study the latency, dormancy, and reactivation of the disease. Although sophisticated in vitro and in silico methods suitable for TB research are constantly being developed, they cannot reproduce the complete vertebrate immune system and its interplay with pathogens and vaccines. However, the zebrafish has recently emerged as a useful alternative to more traditional models, such as mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates, for studying the complex pathophysiology of a mycobacterial infection. The model is based on the similarity between Mycobacterium marinum – a natural fish pathogen – and M. tuberculosis. In both zebrafish larvae and adult fish, an infection with M. marinum leads to the formation of macrophage aggregates and granulomas, which resemble the M. tuberculosis infections in humans. In this review, we will summarize the current status of the zebrafish model in TB research and highlight the advantages of using zebrafish to dissect mycobacterial virulence strategies as well as the host immune responses elicited against them. In addition, we will discuss the possibilities of using the adult zebrafish model for studying latency, dormancy, and reactivation in a mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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298
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Bellini I, Nastasi A, Boccalini S. Clinical and economic impact of a specific BCG vaccination program implemented in Prato, central Italy, involving foreign newborns on hospitalizations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2383-90. [PMID: 27184892 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1182274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Tuscany (Central Italy), the average annual notification rate of tuberculosis (TB) in the years 2007-2012 was 7.5-9.8 per 100,000 people, with the Local Health Unit of Prato (LHU4) showing the highest rate compared to the other regional area. Therefore, in order to reduce the burden of TB, foreign newborns in the LHU4 are being given the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine since 2000. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of BCG vaccination in Prato, in terms of TB-related hospitalizations and costs. The regional archive containing all TB-related discharges and costs in the period 2007-2014 was consulted. Data regarding foreigners living in the LHU4 who have been vaccinated since 2000 were compared with those living in the other Tuscan LHUs and never vaccinated. These populations were then disaggregated by a threshold age of 15 y. After calculating the standardized hospitalization rates, the expected number of hospitalizations for TB among unvaccinated adults (in both populations) was found to be similar in the LHU4 and the other LHUs (165 vs. 156). However, expected number of hospitalizations among children in the other Tuscan LHUs (67) was double that of the LHU4 (34). If the same vaccine had been administrated everywhere, each year 29 hospitalizations could have been avoided and EUR 343,525 saved. Overall, BCG vaccinations cost EUR 14,879 in the LHU4, but 69 hospitalizations were avoided and EUR 107,435 saved. The introduction of the BCG immunization program in the LHU4 of Prato has led to significant reductions in the clinical and economic impact of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bellini
- a Specialization Medical School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Antonino Nastasi
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Sara Boccalini
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Omar SV, Peters RPH, Ismail NA, Jonkman K, Dreyer AW, Said HM, Gwala T, Ismail N, Fourie PB. Field evaluation of a novel preservation medium to transport sputum specimens for molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a rural African setting. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:776-82. [PMID: 27098085 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the performance of an innovative method of transporting sputum to centralised facilities for molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: using a swab to inoculate sputum in a transport medium, PrimeStore(®) Molecular Transport Medium (PS-MTM). METHODS Two sputum specimens were obtained from suspected patients with tuberculosis (TB) at rural healthcare facilities in South Africa. A swab was taken from each specimen and placed into PS-MTM, prior to it being processed by either liquid culture or Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert). RESULTS A total of 141 patients (including 47 with laboratory-confirmed TB) were included in this analysis. M. tuberculosis was detected at 29% by culture and 29% by Xpert, whereas 31% tested positive by IS6110 real-time PCR of PS-MTM from the culture and 36% from the Xpert-paired specimen. Concordance between the method under evaluation with culture was 82% (McNemar, P = 0.55) and 84% (McNemar, P = 0.05) for Xpert. Stratified by culture result, the detection rate by IS6110 real-time PCR of PS-MTM was similar to Xpert for patients with positive culture (P = 0.32), but significantly higher if culture was negative (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that swab collection of sputum into PS-MTM for transport is a promising method for diagnosis of TB in rural healthcare settings, thereby potentially improving the options available for molecular diagnosis of TB in countries incapable of applying decentralised high-tech molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed V Omar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Remco P H Peters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nazir A Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andries W Dreyer
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Halima M Said
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thabisile Gwala
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nabila Ismail
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P Bernard Fourie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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300
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García-Basteiro AL, Ruhwald M, Lange C. Design of tuberculosis vaccine trials under financial constraints. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:799-801. [PMID: 27078056 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1178067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L García-Basteiro
- a Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM) , Maputo , Mozambique.,b ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB) , Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- d Human immunology, Dept. of infectious disease immunology , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Christoph Lange
- e Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases , Research Center Borstel , Borstel , Germany.,f German Center for Infection Research , Clinical Tuberculosis Center , Borstel , Germany.,g International Health/Infectious Diseases , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany.,h Department of Medicine , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,i Department of Internal Medicine , University of Namibia School of Medicine , Windhoek , Namibia
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