251
|
Hlushchenko I, Koskinen M, Hotulainen P. Dendritic spine actin dynamics in neuronal maturation and synaptic plasticity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:435-41. [PMID: 26849484 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the postsynaptic terminals of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system exist on small bulbous structures on dendrites known as dendritic spines. The actin cytoskeleton is a structural element underlying the proper development and morphology of dendritic spines. Synaptic activity patterns rapidly change actin dynamics, leading to morphological changes in dendritic spines. In this mini-review, we will discuss recent findings on neuronal maturation and synaptic plasticity-induced changes in the dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton. We propose that actin dynamics in dendritic spines decrease through actin filament crosslinking during neuronal maturation. In long-term potentiation, we evaluate the model of fast breakdown of actin filaments through severing and rebuilding through polymerization and later stabilization through crosslinking. We will discuss the role of Ca(2+) in long-term depression, and suggest that actin filaments are dissolved through actin filament severing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Hlushchenko
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Koskinen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Izdebska M, Grzanka D, Gagat M, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Grzanka A. Downregulation of importin-9 protects MCF-7 cells against apoptosis induced by the combination of garlic-derived alliin and paclitaxel. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3084-93. [PMID: 26934847 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on the biological mechanism of breast cancer have identified a number of potential therapeutic molecular targets. In this context, one type of potential candidates appears to be agents that target the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells or regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of altered actin transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus by the downregulation of importin-9 (IPO9) in breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells exposed to an apoptosis-inducing combination of garlic-derived S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) and paclitaxel (PTX). The expression of IPO9 was downregulated by the transfection of non-aggressive breast cancer MCF-7 cells with siRNA against IPO9. The altered expression of IPO9 and cofilin-1 (CFL1) was examined using western blotting. Moreover, the effect of the downregulation of IPO9 on cell death induced by the combination of PTX and alliin was also investigated. The alterations of IPO9 and CFL1 levels were also related with F-actin organizational changes and F-actin fluorescence intensity in the nuclear/perinuclear area of the cells. The results presented here indicate that alliin and PTX act synergistically to promote and potentiate apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, using RNA interference technique, we showed that downregulation of IPO9 expression was correlated with a significant reduction in the apoptotic cell population as well as with a decrease in F-actin content in whole cells, and in the cortical and nuclear/perinuclear areas of the cells. Simultaneously, the downregulation of IPO9 was also accompanied by the increased post-translational expression of CFL1. Furthermore, the data obtained in the present study allow us to conclude that CFL1 itself does not translocate actin into the cell nucleus but this transport requires the functional expression of IPO9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Izdebska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Yu Z, Tantakitti F, Yu T, Palmer LC, Schatz GC, Stupp SI. Simultaneous covalent and noncovalent hybrid polymerizations. Science 2016; 351:497-502. [PMID: 26823427 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Covalent and supramolecular polymers are two distinct forms of soft matter, composed of long chains of covalently and noncovalently linked structural units, respectively. We report a hybrid system formed by simultaneous covalent and supramolecular polymerizations of monomers. The process yields cylindrical fibers of uniform diameter that contain covalent and supramolecular compartments, a morphology not observed when the two polymers are formed independently. The covalent polymer has a rigid aromatic imine backbone with helicoidal conformation, and its alkylated peptide side chains are structurally identical to the monomer molecules of supramolecular polymers. In the hybrid system, covalent chains grow to higher average molar mass relative to chains formed via the same polymerization in the absence of a supramolecular compartment. The supramolecular compartments can be reversibly removed and re-formed to reconstitute the hybrid structure, suggesting soft materials with novel delivery or repair functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Faifan Tantakitti
- Department of Materials and Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Materials and Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Yang XD, Zhao SF, Zhang Q, Li W, Wang YX, Hong XW, Hu QG. Gelsolin rs1078305 and rs10818524 polymorphisms were associated with risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese Han population. Biomarkers 2016; 21:267-71. [PMID: 26848502 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gelsolin (GSN) is one of the most abundant actin-binding proteins, and is involved in cancer development and progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS A hospital-based case-control study including 201 patients with OSCC and 199 healthy controls was conducted. Seventeen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GSN were investigated by Sequenom Mass ARRAY and iPLEX-MALDI-TOF technology. RESULTS Through comparison of the 17 SNPs on GSN gene between the two groups, SNP rs1078305 and rs10818524 were verified to be significantly associated with an increased risk of OSCC. For GSN rs1078305, the TT genotype was associated with increased risk for OSCC (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.11-3.32, p = 0.028). CT/TT variants were also associated with increased risk for OSCC compared to the CC genotype (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.25-3.84, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION The rs1078305 and rs10818524 SNPs of GSN were associated with increased risk for OSCC development in a Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Yang
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Su-Feng Zhao
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Wei Li
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Hong
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Qin-Gang Hu
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Shi Y, Zhang L, Pu H, Mao L, Hu X, Jiang X, Xu N, Stetler RA, Zhang F, Liu X, Leak RK, Keep RF, Ji X, Chen J. Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10523. [PMID: 26813496 PMCID: PMC4737895 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and long-term consequences of early blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption after cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury are poorly understood. Here we discover that I/R induces subtle BBB leakage within 30–60 min, likely independent of gelatinase B/MMP-9 activities. The early BBB disruption is caused by the activation of ROCK/MLC signalling, persistent actin polymerization and the disassembly of junctional proteins within microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the EC alterations facilitate subsequent infiltration of peripheral immune cells, including MMP-9-producing neutrophils/macrophages, resulting in late-onset, irreversible BBB damage. Inactivation of actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) causes sustained actin polymerization in ECs, whereas EC-targeted overexpression of constitutively active mutant ADF reduces actin polymerization and junctional protein disassembly, attenuates both early- and late-onset BBB impairment, and improves long-term histological and neurological outcomes. Thus, we identify a previously unexplored role for early BBB disruption in stroke outcomes, whereby BBB rupture may be a cause rather than a consequence of parenchymal cell injury. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released from infiltrating immune cells are a major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following stroke. Here, the authors identify an early, MMP-independent BBB breakdown mechanism caused by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements in endothelial cells, which could be inhibited by ADF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejie Shi
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Tang C, Deng L, Chang D, Chen S, Wang X, Kang Z. TaADF3, an Actin-Depolymerizing Factor, Negatively Modulates Wheat Resistance Against Puccinia striiformis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1214. [PMID: 26834758 PMCID: PMC4716666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. TaADF3 is a three-copy gene located on chromosomes 5AL, 5BL, and 5DL. A particle bombardment assay in onion epidermal cells revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of TaADF3. The expression of TaADF3 was inducible by abscisic acid (ABA), as well as various abiotic stresses (drought and cold) and virulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) but was down regulated in response to avirulent Pst. Virus-induced silencing of TaADF3 copies enhanced wheat resistance to avirulent Pst, with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR). Upon treatment with virulent Pst, TaADF3-knockdown plants exhibited reduced susceptibility, which was accompanied by increased ROS production and HR. Interestingly, the silencing of TaADF3 resulted in hindered pathogen penetration and haustoria formation for both avirulent and virulent Pst. Moreover, the array and distribution of actin filaments was transformed in TaADF3-knockdown epidermal cells, which possibly facilitated attenuating the fungus penetration. Thus, our findings suggest that TaADF3 positively regulates wheat tolerance to abiotic stresses and negatively regulates wheat resistance to Pst in an ROS-dependent manner, possibly underlying the mechanism of impeding fungal penetration dependent on the actin architecture dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Mukherjee K, Ishii K, Pillalamarri V, Kammin T, Atkin JF, Hickey SE, Xi QJ, Zepeda CJ, Gusella JF, Talkowski ME, Morton CC, Maas RL, Liao EC. Actin capping protein CAPZB regulates cell morphology, differentiation, and neural crest migration in craniofacial morphogenesis†. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1255-70. [PMID: 26758871 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CAPZB is an actin-capping protein that caps the growing end of F-actin and modulates the cytoskeleton and tethers actin filaments to the Z-line of the sarcomere in muscles. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subject with micrognathia, cleft palate and hypotonia that harbored a de novo, balanced chromosomal translocation that disrupts the CAPZB gene. The function of capzb was analyzed in the zebrafish model. capzb(-/-) mutants exhibit both craniofacial and muscle defects that recapitulate the phenotypes observed in the human subject. Loss of capzb affects cell morphology, differentiation and neural crest migration. Differentiation of both myogenic stem cells and neural crest cells requires capzb. During palate morphogenesis, defective cranial neural crest cell migration in capzb(-/-) mutants results in loss of the median cell population, creating a cleft phenotype. capzb is also required for trunk neural crest migration, as evident from melanophores disorganization in capzb(-/-) mutants. In addition, capzb over-expression results in embryonic lethality. Therefore, proper capzb dosage is important during embryogenesis, and regulates both cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kusumika Mukherjee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kana Ishii
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tammy Kammin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
| | - Joan F Atkin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Qiongchao J Xi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - James F Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Department of Pathology and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard L Maas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Krieg E, Bastings MMC, Besenius P, Rybtchinski B. Supramolecular Polymers in Aqueous Media. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2414-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pol Besenius
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Jaramillo-Juárez F, Macías-Pérez JR, Martínez-Saldaña MC, Avelar-González FJ, Loera-Muro VM, Hernández-Cuéllar EE, Jaramillo F, Reynaga HMG, Guerrero-Barrera AL. F-Actin Distribution Changes Provoked by Acetaminophen in the Proximal Tubule in Kidney of Adult Male Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/mr.2016.43005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
260
|
Tetlow DJ, Winder SJ, Aïssa C. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a kabiramide C fragment modified with a WH2 consensus actin-binding motif as a potential disruptor of the actin cytoskeleton. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:807-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite its low affinity for actin monomers, a fragment of kabiramide C disrupts actin filamentsin vitroand in cells.
Collapse
|
261
|
Emerging Roles of Filopodia and Dendritic Spines in Motoneuron Plasticity during Development and Disease. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:3423267. [PMID: 26843990 PMCID: PMC4710938 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3423267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons develop extensive dendritic trees for receiving excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to perform a variety of complex motor tasks. At birth, the somatodendritic domains of mouse hypoglossal and lumbar motoneurons have dense filopodia and spines. Consistent with Vaughn's synaptotropic hypothesis, we propose a developmental unified-hybrid model implicating filopodia in motoneuron spinogenesis/synaptogenesis and dendritic growth and branching critical for circuit formation and synaptic plasticity at embryonic/prenatal/neonatal period. Filopodia density decreases and spine density initially increases until postnatal day 15 (P15) and then decreases by P30. Spine distribution shifts towards the distal dendrites, and spines become shorter (stubby), coinciding with decreases in frequency and increases in amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents with maturation. In transgenic mice, either overexpressing the mutated human Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (hSOD1G93A) gene or deficient in GABAergic/glycinergic synaptic transmission (gephyrin, GAD-67, or VGAT gene knockout), hypoglossal motoneurons develop excitatory glutamatergic synaptic hyperactivity. Functional synaptic hyperactivity is associated with increased dendritic growth, branching, and increased spine and filopodia density, involving actin-based cytoskeletal and structural remodelling. Energy-dependent ionic pumps that maintain intracellular sodium/calcium homeostasis are chronically challenged by activity and selectively overwhelmed by hyperactivity which eventually causes sustained membrane depolarization leading to excitotoxicity, activating microglia to phagocytose degenerating neurons under neuropathological conditions.
Collapse
|
262
|
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM; see Table 1 for a list of abbreviations) is a heterogeneous biomaterial comprised of cells and extracellular matrix. By surrounding tubes of endothelial cells, VSM forms a regulated network, the vasculature, through which oxygenated blood supplies specialized organs, permitting the development of large multicellular organisms. VSM cells, the engine of the vasculature, house a set of regulated nanomotors that permit rapid stress-development, sustained stress-maintenance and vessel constriction. Viscoelastic materials within, surrounding and attached to VSM cells, comprised largely of polymeric proteins with complex mechanical characteristics, assist the engine with countering loads imposed by the heart pump, and with control of relengthening after constriction. The complexity of this smart material can be reduced by classical mechanical studies combined with circuit modeling using spring and dashpot elements. Evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of VSM requires a more complete understanding of the mechanics and regulation of its biochemical parts, and ultimately, an understanding of how these parts work together to form the machinery of the vascular tree. Current molecular studies provide detailed mechanical data about single polymeric molecules, revealing viscoelasticity and plasticity at the protein domain level, the unique biological slip-catch bond, and a regulated two-step actomyosin power stroke. At the tissue level, new insight into acutely dynamic stress-strain behavior reveals smooth muscle to exhibit adaptive plasticity. At its core, physiology aims to describe the complex interactions of molecular systems, clarifying structure-function relationships and regulation of biological machines. The intent of this review is to provide a comprehensive presentation of one biomachine, VSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Ratz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Zhao X, Yang G, Toyooka T, Ibuki Y. New mechanism of γ-H2AX generation: Surfactant-induced actin disruption causes deoxyribonuclease I translocation to the nucleus and forms DNA double-strand breaks. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 794:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
264
|
Borinskaya S, Velle KB, Campellone KG, Talman A, Alvarez D, Agaisse H, Wu YI, Loew LM, Mayer BJ. Integration of linear and dendritic actin nucleation in Nck-induced actin comets. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:247-59. [PMID: 26609071 PMCID: PMC4713129 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Nck adaptor protein in balancing linear versus branched actin nucleation in comet tails is evaluated. Nck recruits both linear and branched nucleation-promoting factors, both of which are necessary for the formation of actin comets. The findings highlight a novel role for Nck in pathogen-like actin motility. The Nck adaptor protein recruits cytosolic effectors such as N-WASP that induce localized actin polymerization. Experimental aggregation of Nck SH3 domains at the membrane induces actin comet tails—dynamic, elongated filamentous actin structures similar to those that drive the movement of microbial pathogens such as vaccinia virus. Here we show that experimental manipulation of the balance between unbranched/branched nucleation altered the morphology and dynamics of Nck-induced actin comets. Inhibition of linear, formin-based nucleation with the small-molecule inhibitor SMIFH2 or overexpression of the formin FH1 domain resulted in formation of predominantly circular-shaped actin structures with low mobility (actin blobs). These results indicate that formin-based linear actin polymerization is critical for the formation and maintenance of Nck-dependent actin comet tails. Consistent with this, aggregation of an exclusively branched nucleation-promoting factor (the VCA domain of N-WASP), with density and turnover similar to those of N-WASP in Nck comets, did not reconstitute dynamic, elongated actin comets. Furthermore, enhancement of branched Arp2/3-mediated nucleation by N-WASP overexpression caused loss of the typical actin comet tail shape induced by Nck aggregation. Thus the ratio of linear to dendritic nucleation activity may serve to distinguish the properties of actin structures induced by various viral and bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Borinskaya
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Katrina B Velle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Arthur Talman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Diego Alvarez
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University of San Martin, 1650 San Martin, Argentina
| | - Hervé Agaisse
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Yi I Wu
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Leslie M Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Bruce J Mayer
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
Gao M, Winter R. Kinetic Insights into the Elongation Reaction of Actin Filaments as a Function of Temperature, Pressure, and Macromolecular Crowding. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3681-6. [PMID: 26420566 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Actin polymerization is an essential process in eukaryotic cells that provides a driving force for motility and mechanical resistance for cell shape. By using preformed gelsolin-actin nuclei and applying stopped-flow methodology, we quantitatively studied the elongation kinetics of actin filaments as a function of temperature and pressure in the presence of synthetic and protein crowding agents. We show that the association of actin monomers to the pointed end of double-stranded helical actin filaments (F-actin) proceeds via a transition state that requires an activation energy of 56 kJ mol(-1) for conformational and hydration rearrangements, but exhibits a negligible activation volume, pointing to a compact transition state that is devoid of packing defects. Macromolecular crowding causes acceleration of the F-actin elongation rate and counteracts the deteriorating effect of pressure. The results shed new light on the combined effect of these parameters on the polymerization process of actin, and help us understand the temperature and pressure sensitivity of actin polymerization under extreme conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
Clavier S, Illien F, Sagan S, Bolbach G, Sachon E. Proteomic comparison of the EWS-FLI1 expressing cells EF with NIH-3T3 and actin remodeling effect of (R/W) 9 cell-penetrating peptide. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2015; 10:1-8. [PMID: 29900093 PMCID: PMC5988571 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of tumoral EF versus non-tumoral 3T3 fibroblasts (SILAC). Characterization of EWS-FLI1 fusion protein impact on protein expression levels. Down-regulation of actin binding proteins responsible for passive dissemination. Investigation of (R/W)9 cell-penetrating peptide actin remodeling activity. First proteomics study using a cell-penetrating peptide (R/W)9.
EWS-FLI1 expression in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts has a profound impact on the phenotype, resulting in the cytoskeleton and adhesive capacity disorganization (EF cells). Besides this, (R/W)9, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), has an intrinsic actin remodeling activity in EF cells. To evaluate the impact of the oncogenic protein EWS-FLI1 on proteins expression levels, a quantitative comparison of tumoral EF and non-tumoral 3T3 proteomes was performed. Then to see if we could link the EWS-FLI1 oncogenic transformation to the phenotype reversion induced by (R/W)9, (R/W)9 influence on EF cells proteome was assessed. To our knowledge no such CPPomic study has been performed before. Biological significance Up to now very few global quantitative proteomic studies have been published to help understand the oncogenic transformation induced by EWS-FLI1 fusion protein and leading to Ewing sarcoma development and dissemination. The comparison we did in this study between a model tumoral cell line EF and its non-tumoral counterpart (3T3) allowed us to highlight several features either common to most tumor types or specific to Ewing sarcoma. Particularly, lack of actin cytoskeleton organization could very likely be explained by the down-regulation of many important actin binding proteins. These results are in accordance with the hypothesis of a passive/stochastic mode of dissemination conferring Ewing sarcoma tumoral cell a high metastatic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Clavier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Sachon
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Kuznetsova IM, Povarova OI, Uversky VN, Turoverov KK. Native globular actin has a thermodynamically unstable quasi-stationary structure with elements of intrinsic disorder. FEBS J 2015; 283:438-45. [PMID: 26460158 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The native form of globular actin, G-actin, is formed in vivo as a result of complex post-translational folding processes that require ATP energy expenditure and are assisted by the 70 kDa heat shock protein, prefoldin and chaperonin containing TCP-1. G-actin is stabilized by the binding of one ATP molecule and one Ca(2+) ion (or Mg(2+) in vivo). Chemical denaturants, heating or Ca(2+) removal transform native actin (N) into 'inactivated actin' (I), a compact oligomer comprising 14-16 subunits. Viscogenic and crowding agents slow this process but do not stop it. The lack of calcium in the solution accelerates the spontaneous N → I transition. Thus, native G-actin has a kinetically stable (as a result of the high free energy barrier between the N and I states) but thermodynamically unstable structure, which, in the absence of Ca(2+) or other bivalent metal ions, spontaneously converts to the thermodynamically stable I state. It was noted that native actin has much in common with intrinsically disordered proteins: it has functionally important disordered regions; it is constantly in complex with one of its numerous partners; and it plays key roles in many cellular processes, in a manner similar to disordered hub proteins. By analyzing actin folding in vivo and unfolding in vitro, we advanced the hypothesis that proteins in a native state may have a thermodynamically unstable quasi-stationary structure. The kinetically stable native state of these proteins appears forcibly under the influence of intracellular folding machinery. The denaturation of such proteins is always irreversible because the inactivated state, for which the structure is determined by the amino acid sequence of a protein, comprises the thermodynamically stable state under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Zhao Y, Shapiro SS, Eto M. F-actin clustering and cell dysmotility induced by the pathological W148R missense mutation of filamin B at the actin-binding domain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C89-98. [PMID: 26491051 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00274.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Filamin B (FLNB) is a dimeric actin-binding protein that orchestrates the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Congenital mutations of FLNB at the actin-binding domain (ABD) are known to cause abnormalities of skeletal development, such as atelosteogenesis types I and III and Larsen's syndrome, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using fluorescence microscopy, we characterized the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in cells expressing each of six pathological FLNB mutants that have been linked to skeletal abnormalities. The subfractionation assay showed a greater accumulation of the FLNB ABD mutants W148R and E227K than the wild-type protein to the cytoskeleton. Ectopic expression of FLNB-W148R and, to a lesser extent, FLNB-E227K induced prominent F-actin accumulations and the consequent rearrangement of focal adhesions, myosin II, and septin filaments and results in a delayed directional migration of the cells. The W148R protein-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement was partially attenuated by the inhibition of myosin II, p21-activated protein kinase, or Rho-associated protein kinase. The expression of a single-head ABD fragment with the mutations partially mimicked the rearrangement induced by the dimer. The F-actin clustering through the interaction with the mutant FLNB ABD may limit the cytoskeletal reorganization, preventing normal skeletal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandor S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masumi Eto
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Salucci S, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Gobbi P. Three-dimensional apoptotic nuclear behavior analyzed by means of Field Emission in Lens Scanning Electron Microscope. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2539. [PMID: 26428889 PMCID: PMC4598601 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential biological function required during embryogenesis, tissue home-ostasis, organ development and immune system regulation. It is an active cell death pathway involved in a variety of pathological conditions. During this process cytoskeletal proteins appear damaged and undergo an enzymatic disassembling, leading to formation of apoptotic features. This study was designed to examine the three-dimensional chromatin behavior and cytoskeleton involvement, in particular actin re-modeling. HL-60 cells, exposed to hyperthermia, a known apoptotic trigger, were examined by means of a Field Emission in Lens Scanning Electron Microscope (FEISEM). Ultrastructural observations revealed in treated cells the presence of apoptotic patterns after hyperthermia trigger. In particular, three-dimensional apoptotic chromatin rearrangements appeared involving the translocation of filamentous actin from cytoplasm to the nucleus. FEISEM immunogold techniques showed actin labeling and its precise three-dimensional localization in the diffuse chromatin, well separated from the condensed one. The actin presence in dispersed chromatin inside the apoptotic nucleus can be considered an important feature, indispensable to permit the apoptotic machinery evolution.
Collapse
|
270
|
Kita M, Kigoshi H. Marine natural products that interfere with multiple cytoskeletal protein interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:534-42. [PMID: 25512265 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00129j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Various marine natural products that target cytoskeletal proteins have been discovered. A few of these compounds have recently been shown to induce or inhibit protein-protein interactions. Lobophorolide, an actin filament-disrupting macrolide, binds to actin with a unique 2 : 2 stoichiometry in which two lobophorolide molecules cooperate to stabilize an actin dimer. Adociasulfates, merotriterpenoid derivatives, inhibit microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity of a motor protein kinesin by blocking both the binding of microtubules and the processive motion of kinesin along microtubules. The antitumor macrolide aplyronine A synergistically binds to tubulin in association with actin, and prevents spindle formation and mitosis. In this highlight, we address recent chemical biology studies on these mechanistically-attractive marine natural products. These findings may be useful for the design and development of new pharmacological tools and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kita
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
271
|
Müssar KJ, Kandasamy MK, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. Arabidopsis plants deficient in constitutive class profilins reveal independent and quantitative genetic effects. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:177. [PMID: 26160044 PMCID: PMC4702419 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The actin cytoskeleton is involved in an array of integral structural and developmental processes throughout the cell. One of actin's best-studied binding partners is the small ubiquitously expressed protein, profilin. Arabidopsis thaliana is known to encode a family of five profilin sequence variants: three vegetative (also constitutive) profilins that are predominantly expressed in all vegetative tissues and ovules, and two reproductive profilins that are specifically expressed in pollen. This paper analyzes the roles of the three vegetative profilin members, PRF1, PRF2, and PRF3, in plant cell and organ development. RESULTS Using a collection of knockout or severe knockdown T-DNA single mutants, we found that defects in each of the three variants gave rise to specific developmental deficiencies. Plants lacking PRF1 or PRF2 had defects in rosette leaf morphology and inflorescence stature, while those lacking PRF3 led to plants with slightly elongated petioles. To further examine these effects, double mutants and double and triple gene-silenced RNAi epialleles were created. These plants displayed significantly compounded developmental defects, as well as distinct lateral root growth morphological phenotypes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that having at least one vegetative profilin gene is essential to viability. Evidence is presented that combinations of independent function, quantitative genetic effects, and functional redundancy have preserved the three vegetative profilin genes in the Arabidopsis lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer J Müssar
- Genetics Department, Davison Life Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Muthugapatti K Kandasamy
- Genetics Department, Davison Life Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Elizabeth C McKinney
- Genetics Department, Davison Life Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Richard B Meagher
- Genetics Department, Davison Life Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
Aβ selectively impairs mGluR7 modulation of NMDA signaling in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: implication in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13614-28. [PMID: 25297090 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1204-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons is one of the early pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is thought to be responsible for the cholinergic and cognitive deficits in AD. The functions of this group of neurons are highly influenced by glutamatergic inputs from neocortex. We found that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) decreased NMDAR-mediated currents and NR1 surface expression in rodent BF neurons via a mechanism involving cofilin-regulated actin dynamics. In BF cholinergic neurons, β-amyloid (Aβ) selectively impaired mGluR7 regulation of NMDARs by increasing p21-activated kinase activity and decreasing cofilin-mediated actin depolymerization through a p75(NTR)-dependent mechanism. Cell viability assays showed that activation of mGluR7 protected BF neurons from NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, which was selectively impaired by Aβ in BF cholinergic neurons. It provides a potential basis for the Aβ-induced disruption of calcium homeostasis that might contribute to the selective degeneration of BF cholinergic neurons in the early stage of AD.
Collapse
|
273
|
Alonso A, Greenlee M, Matts J, Kline J, Davis KJ, Miller RK. Emerging roles of sumoylation in the regulation of actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:305-39. [PMID: 26033929 PMCID: PMC5049490 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a powerful regulatory system that controls many of the critical processes in the cell, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, and DNA replication. Recently, new functions for SUMO have begun to emerge. SUMO is covalently attached to components of each of the four major cytoskeletal networks, including microtubule-associated proteins, septins, and intermediate filaments, in addition to nuclear actin and actin-regulatory proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms by which this signal transduction system controls the cytoskeleton is still in its infancy. One story that is beginning to unfold is that SUMO may regulate the microtubule motor protein dynein by modification of its adaptor Lis1. In other instances, cytoskeletal elements can both bind to SUMO non-covalently and also be conjugated by it. The molecular mechanisms for many of these new functions are not yet clear, but are under active investigation. One emerging model links the function of MAP sumoylation to protein degradation through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases, also known as STUbL enzymes. Other possible functions for cytoskeletal sumoylation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jessica Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Kayla J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Rita K. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Sikulu MT, Monkman J, Dave KA, Hastie ML, Dale PE, Kitching RL, Killeen GF, Kay BH, Gorman JJ, Hugo LE. Proteomic changes occurring in the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi during aging. J Proteomics 2015; 126:234-44. [PMID: 26100052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The age of mosquitoes is a crucial determinant of their ability to transmit pathogens and their resistance to insecticides. We investigated changes to the abundance of proteins found in heads and thoraces of the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi as they aged. Protein expression changes were assessed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and the identity of differentially expressed proteins was determined by using either matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry or capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a linear ion-trap (LTQ)-Orbitrap XL hybrid mass spectrometer. Protein biomarkers were validated by semi quantitative Western blot analysis. Nineteen and nine age dependent protein spots were identified for A. stephensi and A. gambiae, respectively. Among the proteins down-regulated with age were homologs of ADF/Cofilin, cytochome c1, heat shock protein-70 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5a). Proteins up-regulated with age included probable methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel and fructose bisphosphate aldolase. Semi quantitative Western blot analysis confirmed expression patterns observed by 2-D DIGE for eIF5a and ADF/Cofilin. Further work is recommended to determine whether these biomarkers are robust to infection, blood feeding and insecticide resistance. Robust biomarkers could then be incorporated into rapid diagnostic assays for ecological and epidemiological studies. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we have identified several proteins with characteristic changes in abundance in both A. gambiae and A. stephensi during their aging process. These changes may highlight underlying mechanisms beneath the relationship between mosquito age and factors affecting Plasmodium transmission and mosquito control. The similarity of changes in protein abundance between these species and the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti, has revealed conserved patterns of aging-specific protein regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggy T Sikulu
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James Monkman
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Keyur A Dave
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Marcus L Hastie
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Patricia E Dale
- Environmental Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roger L Kitching
- Environmental Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian H Kay
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jeffery J Gorman
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
High-Throughput Sequencing Identifies Novel and Conserved Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) microRNAs in Response to Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129002. [PMID: 26076360 PMCID: PMC4468104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Seedlings of Cucumis sativus L. (cv. 'Zhongnong 16') were artificially inoculated with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) at the three-true-leaf stage. Leaf and flower samples were collected at different time points post-inoculation (10, 30 and 50 d), and processed by high throughput sequencing analysis to identify candidate miRNA sequences. Bioinformatic analysis using screening criteria, and secondary structure prediction, indicated that 8 novel and 23 known miRNAs (including 15 miRNAs described for the first time in vivo) were produced by cucumber plants in response to CGMMV infection. Moreover, gene expression profiles (p-value <0.01) validated the expression of 3 of the novel miRNAs and 3 of the putative candidate miRNAs and identified a further 82 conserved miRNAs in CGMMV-infected cucumbers. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the predicted target genes of these 88 miRNAs, which were screened using the psRNATarget and miRanda algorithms, were involved in three functional categories: 2265 in molecular function, 1362 as cellular components and 276 in biological process. The subsequent Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the predicted target genes were frequently involved in metabolic processes (166 pathways) and genetic information processes (40 pathways) and to a lesser degree the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (12 pathways). These results could provide useful clues to help elucidate host-pathogen interactions in CGMMV and cucumber, as well as for the screening of resistance genes.
Collapse
|
276
|
Bejarano I, Godoy-Cancho B, Franco L, Martínez-Cañas MA, Tormo MA. Quercus Suber L. Cork Extracts Induce Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukaemia HL-60 Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1180-7. [PMID: 26052936 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quercus suber L. cork contains a diversity of phenolic compounds, mostly low molecular weight phenols. A rising number of reports support with convergent findings that polyphenols evoke pro-apoptotic events in cancerous cells. However, the literature related to the anti-cancer bioactivity of Q. suber L. cork extractives (QSE) is still limited. Herein, we aim to describe the antitumor potential displayed by cork extractives obtained by different extraction methods in the human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. In order to quantify the effects of QSE on cancer cells viability, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle were evaluated. The results indicated that the QSE present a time-dependent and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in the human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. Such a noxious effect leads these leukaemia cells to their death through apoptotic processes by altering the mitochondrial outer membrane potential, activating caspase-3 and externalizing phosphatidylserine. However, cells cycle progression was not affected by the treatments. This study contributes to open a new way to use this natural resource by exploiting its anti-cancer properties. Moreover, it opens new possibilities of application of cork by-products, being more efficient in the sector of cork-based agriculture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bejarano
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Belén Godoy-Cancho
- Institute of Cork, Wood and Charcoal. Centre for Scientific Research and Technology in Extremadura (CICYTEX), Government of Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel A Martínez-Cañas
- Institute of Cork, Wood and Charcoal. Centre for Scientific Research and Technology in Extremadura (CICYTEX), Government of Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
| | - María A Tormo
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Nishimura M, Fujii T, Hiyoshi H, Makino F, Inoue H, Motooka D, Kodama T, Ohkubo T, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura S, Namba K, Iida T. A repeat unit of Vibrio diarrheal T3S effector subverts cytoskeletal actin homeostasis via binding to interstrand region of actin filaments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10870. [PMID: 26039684 PMCID: PMC4650670 DOI: 10.1038/srep10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterial type III secretion effector, VopV, from the enteric pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been identified as a key factor in pathogenicity due to its interaction with cytoskeletal actin. One of the repeat units in the long repetitive region of VopV, named VopVrep1, functions as an actin-binding module. Despite its importance in pathogenesis, the manner in which the effector binds to actin and the subsequent effects on actin dynamics remain unclear. Here, we report the molecular basis of the VopVrep1/actin interaction. VopVrep1 exists as an unstructured protein in solution but potently and specifically binds filamentous actin (F-actin) and not globular actin (G-actin). The F-actin/VopVrep1 complex was directly visualized at 9.6-Å resolution using electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) and helical image reconstitution. The density map revealed the binding site of VopVrep1 at the interface between two actin strands, which is close to the binding site of the bicyclic heptapeptide toxin phalloidin. Consistent with this observation, VopVrep1 alone prevented the depolymerization of F-actin. Overall, VopVrep1 demonstrated unique characteristics in comparison to known actin-binding proteins, but was relatively similar to phalloidin. The phalloidin-like behavior, targeting the interstrand region of actin filaments to stabilize the filament structure, likely contributes to the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nishimura
- 1] Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Makino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- 1] Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshio Kodama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
278
|
Cao X, Xia H, Li N, Xiong K, Wang Z, Wu S. A mechanical refractory period of chondrocytes after dynamic hydrostatic pressure. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:212-8. [PMID: 25531199 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.1001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanical stimulation, a crucial factor for maintaining the cartilaginous phenotype and promoting the chondrogenesis, has been widely used in autologous chondrocyte transplantation. This study was designed to investigate a novel concept of mechanical refractory period of chondrocytes after dynamic hydrostatic pressure (dHP). MATERIALS AND METHODS dHP protocols (0.1 Hz, 2 MPa) were applied. The variation in type II collagen (Col II) expression induced by each dHP unit was measured. The dynamic remodeling of F-actin during the mechanical protocols was observed morphologically and mechanically by laser confocal microscopy and optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC), respectively. About 20 ng/ml VEGF was used to stabilize the F-actin and restrain the mechanical refractory period. RESULTS Compared with the remarkable increase of Col II (16-fold) induced by the initial dHP unit, the chondrocytes entered a mechanical refractory period and the second unit hardly elevated Col II expression (only 2.9-fold). This refractory period recovered partially within 2 h. The uniform, parallel, and coarse fibers of F-actin before dHP became thin, sparse, and disordered, and the cell stiffness decreased concomitantly. The variations in both the morphology and the mechanical property of F-actin were highly synchronous to the mechanical refractory period and recovered in a time-dependent manner. VEGF postponed the appearance of this refractory period and maintained the high expression of Col II by VEGF/p38/MAPKAPK-2/LIMK/cofilin pathway. CONCLUSION A mechanical refractory period of chondrocytes has been discovered and defined in this study. The F-actin depolymerization is the putative mechanism, and this refractory period can be postponed by VEGF-induced F-actin stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Unconventional actins and actin-binding proteins in human protozoan parasites. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:435-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
280
|
Duffney LJ, Zhong P, Wei J, Matas E, Cheng J, Qin L, Ma K, Dietz DM, Kajiwara Y, Buxbaum JD, Yan Z. Autism-like Deficits in Shank3-Deficient Mice Are Rescued by Targeting Actin Regulators. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1400-1413. [PMID: 26027926 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the Shank3 gene, which encodes a scaffolding protein at glutamatergic synapses, is a highly prevalent and penetrant risk factor for autism. Using combined behavioral, electrophysiological, biochemical, imaging, and molecular approaches, we find that Shank3-deficient mice exhibit autism-like social deficits and repetitive behaviors, as well as the significantly diminished NMDA receptor (NMDAR) synaptic function and synaptic distribution in prefrontal cortex. Concomitantly, Shank3-deficient mice have a marked loss of cortical actin filaments, which is associated with the reduced Rac1/PAK activity and increased activity of cofilin, the major actin depolymerizing factor. The social deficits and NMDAR hypofunction are rescued by inhibiting cofilin or activating Rac1 in Shank3-deficient mice and are induced by inhibiting PAK or Rac1 in wild-type mice. These results indicate that the aberrant regulation of synaptic actin filaments and loss of synaptic NMDARs contribute to the manifestation of autism-like phenotypes. Thus, targeting actin regulators provides a strategy for autism treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara J Duffney
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Emmanuel Matas
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Luye Qin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Kaijie Ma
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Yuji Kajiwara
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| |
Collapse
|
281
|
Hanč P, Fujii T, Iborra S, Yamada Y, Huotari J, Schulz O, Ahrens S, Kjær S, Way M, Sancho D, Namba K, Reis e Sousa C. Structure of the Complex of F-Actin and DNGR-1, a C-Type Lectin Receptor Involved in Dendritic Cell Cross-Presentation of Dead Cell-Associated Antigens. Immunity 2015; 42:839-849. [PMID: 25979418 PMCID: PMC5066845 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNGR-1 is a C-type lectin receptor that binds F-actin exposed by dying cells and facilitates cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens by dendritic cells. Here we present the structure of DNGR-1 bound to F-actin at 7.7 Å resolution. Unusually for F-actin binding proteins, the DNGR-1 ligand binding domain contacts three actin subunits helically arranged in the actin filament, bridging over two protofilaments, as well as two neighboring actin subunits along one protofilament. Mutation of residues predicted to mediate ligand binding led to loss of DNGR-1-dependent cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens, formally demonstrating that the latter depends on F-actin recognition. Notably, DNGR-1 has relatively modest affinity for F-actin but multivalent interactions allow a marked increase in binding strength. Our findings shed light on modes of actin binding by cellular proteins and reveal how extracellular detection of cytoskeletal components by dedicated receptors allows immune monitoring of loss of cellular integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hanč
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yurika Yamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jatta Huotari
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Oliver Schulz
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Susan Ahrens
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cell Motility Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
282
|
Kondakova IV, Iunusova NV, Spirina LV, Kolomiets LA, Villert AB. [Association of intracellular proteinase activities with the content of locomotor proteins in tissues of primary tumors and metastasis in ovarian cancer]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 40:735-42. [PMID: 25895370 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to active movement in extracellular matrix wherein significant role plays remodeling of the cytoskeleton by actin-binding proteins may influence on the metastatic potential of tumor cells. We studied the expression of actin-binding proteins and β-catenin in connection with proteasome and calpain functioning in the tissues of primary tumors and metastases of ovarian cancer. The chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity and calpain activity were shown to be significantly higher in ovarian cancer than in normal tissues. Furthermore, the activity of the proteasome and calpain were significantly higher in the peritoneal metastases in comparison with primary tumors. Correlation analysis showed in the primary tumor tissue the presence of a positive relationship between the activity of calpain and chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity (r = 0.82; p = 0.0005), whereas in metastases this connection was not revealed. Contents of p45 Ser β-catenin and the actin-severing protein gelzolin were decreased in metastases relative to primary tumors. Level of cofilin, functionally similar to gelzolin protein, was significantly higher in metastases compared to primary ovarian tumor tissue. In ovarian cancer significant reduction in the number of the monomer binder protein thymosin-β4 was observed in primary tumors and metastases as compared to normal tissues, but significant differences between the primary tumor and metastases were not observed. In the tissues of primary tumors negative correlations were observed between the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome and the amount of p45 Ser β-catenin and protein Arp3, a member of the Arp2/3 complex. In metastasis negative correlation were revealed between the activity of calpain and content Arp3, cofilin, thymosin. The data obtained suggest the existence of different mechanisms of proteolytic regulation of locomotor proteins in primary tumors and metastases in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
283
|
Wang Y, Wang Q, Arora PD, Rajshankar D, McCulloch CA. Cell adhesion proteins: roles in periodontal physiology and discovery by proteomics. Periodontol 2000 2015; 63:48-58. [PMID: 23931053 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules expressed by periodontal connective tissue cells are involved in cell migration, matrix remodeling and inflammatory responses to infection. Currently, the processes by which the biologic activity of these molecules are appropriately regulated in time and space to preserve tissue homeostasis, and to control inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration, are not defined. As cell adhesions are heterogeneous, dynamic, contain a complex group of interacting molecules and are strongly influenced by the type of substrate to which they adhere, we focus on how cell adhesions in periodontal connective tissues contribute to information generation and processing that regulate periodontal structure and function. We also consider how proteomic methods can be applied to discover novel cell-adhesion proteins that could potentially contribute to the form and function of periodontal tissues.
Collapse
|
284
|
Miao Y, Yang J, Xu Z, Jing L, Zhao S, Li X. RNA sequencing identifies upregulated kyphoscoliosis peptidase and phosphatidic acid signaling pathways in muscle hypertrophy generated by transgenic expression of myostatin propeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7976-94. [PMID: 25860951 PMCID: PMC4425062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, plays a crucial negative role in muscle growth. MSTN mutations or inhibitions can dramatically increase muscle mass in most mammal species. Previously, we generated a transgenic mouse model of muscle hypertrophy via the transgenic expression of the MSTN N-terminal propeptide cDNA under the control of the skeletal muscle-specific MLC1 promoter. Here, we compare the mRNA profiles between transgenic mice and wild-type littermate controls with a high-throughput RNA sequencing method. The results show that 132 genes were significantly differentially expressed between transgenic mice and wild-type control mice; 97 of these genes were up-regulated, and 35 genes were down-regulated in the skeletal muscle. Several genes that had not been reported to be involved in muscle hypertrophy were identified, including up-regulated myosin binding protein H (mybph), and zinc metallopeptidase STE24 (Zmpste24). In addition, kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky), which plays a vital role in muscle growth, was also up-regulated in the transgenic mice. Interestingly, a pathway analysis based on grouping the differentially expressed genes uncovered that cardiomyopathy-related pathways and phosphatidic acid (PA) pathways (Dgki, Dgkz, Plcd4) were up-regulated. Increased PA signaling may increase mTOR signaling, resulting in skeletal muscle growth. The findings of the RNA sequencing analysis help to understand the molecular mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy caused by MSTN inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Zhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lu Jing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Kim HC, Jo YJ, Kim NH, Namgoong S. Small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) reveals the roles of the formin family of proteins in spindle assembly and asymmetric division in mouse oocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123438. [PMID: 25837661 PMCID: PMC4383420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic actin reorganization is the main driving force for spindle migration and asymmetric cell division in mammalian oocytes. It has been reported that various actin nucleators including Formin-2 are involved in the polarization of the spindle and in asymmetric cell division. In mammals, the formin family is comprised of 15 proteins. However, their individual roles in spindle migration and/or asymmetric division have not been elucidated yet. In this study, we employed a newly developed inhibitor for formin family proteins, small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2), to assess the functions of the formin family in mouse oocyte maturation. Treatment with SMIFH2 during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes inhibited maturation by decreasing cytoplasmic and cortical actin levels. In addition, treatment with SMIFH2, especially at higher concentrations (500 μM), impaired the proper formation of meiotic spindles, indicating that formins play a role in meiotic spindle formation. Knockdown of the mDia2 formins caused a similar decrease in oocyte maturation and abnormal spindle morphology, mimicking the phenotype of SMIFH2-treated cells. Collectively, these results suggested that besides Formin-2, the other proteins of the formin, including mDia family play a role in asymmetric division and meiotic spindle formation in mammalian oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Cheol Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-Ju, ChungBuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-Ju, ChungBuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-Ju, ChungBuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SN); (NHK)
| | - Suk Namgoong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-Ju, ChungBuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SN); (NHK)
| |
Collapse
|
286
|
F-actin binding protein, anillin, regulates integrity of intercellular junctions in human epithelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3185-3200. [PMID: 25809162 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) are key morphological features of differentiated epithelial cells that regulate the integrity and permeability of tissue barriers. Structure and remodeling of epithelial junctions depends on their association with the underlying actomyosin cytoskeleton. Anillin is a unique scaffolding protein interacting with different cytoskeletal components, including actin filaments and myosin motors. Its role in the regulation of mammalian epithelial junctions remains unexplored. Downregulation of anillin expression in human prostate, colonic, and lung epithelial cells triggered AJ and TJ disassembly without altering the expression of junctional proteins. This junctional disassembly was accompanied by dramatic disorganization of the perijunctional actomyosin belt; while the general architecture of the actin cytoskeleton, and activation status of non-muscle myosin II, remained unchanged. Furthermore, loss of anillin disrupted the adducin-spectrin membrane skeleton at the areas of cell-cell contact, selectively decreased γ-adducin expression, and induced cytoplasmic aggregation of αII-spectrin. Anillin knockdown activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and JNK inhibition restored AJ and TJ integrity and cytoskeletal organization in anillin-depleted cells. These findings suggest a novel role for anillin in regulating intercellular adhesion in model human epithelia by mechanisms involving the suppression of JNK activity and controlling the assembly of the perijunctional cytoskeleton.
Collapse
|
287
|
Deng R, Hao J, Han W, Ni Y, Huang X, Hu Q. Gelsolin regulates proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in human oral carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2129-2134. [PMID: 26137026 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin (GSN) is one of the most abundant actin-binding proteins, and is involved in several pathological processes, including Alzheimer's disease, cardiac injury and cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of GSN on the growth and motility of oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cells. The overexpression vector pcDNA3.1-GSN was transfected into Tca8113 cells and the stable GSN overexpression cell line was identified based on G418 antibiotic selection. The effect of GSN overexpression on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of Tca8113 cells was examined using a cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell assays. The results revealed that GSN overexpression significantly promoted the cell proliferation and apoptosis of Tca8113 cells. In addition, Transwell assays demonstrated that the migration and invasion abilities of Tca8113 cells were enhanced by GSN overexpression. Therefore, the upregulation of GSN promotes cell growth and motility, indicating that it may perform a vital function in the progression of human oral cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Hao
- Central Laboratory of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
288
|
Gupta SC, Yadav R, Pavuluri R, Morley BJ, Stairs DJ, Dravid SM. Essential role of GluD1 in dendritic spine development and GluN2B to GluN2A NMDAR subunit switch in the cortex and hippocampus reveals ability of GluN2B inhibition in correcting hyperconnectivity. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:274-84. [PMID: 25721396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate delta-1 (GluD1) receptor is highly expressed in the forebrain. We have previously shown that loss of GluD1 leads to social and cognitive deficits in mice, however, its role in synaptic development and neurotransmission remains poorly understood. Here we report that GluD1 is enriched in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and GluD1 knockout mice exhibit a higher dendritic spine number, greater excitatory neurotransmission as well as higher number of synapses in mPFC. In addition abnormalities in the LIMK1-cofilin signaling, which regulates spine dynamics, and a lower ratio of GluN2A/GluN2B expression was observed in the mPFC in GluD1 knockout mice. Analysis of the GluD1 knockout CA1 hippocampus similarly indicated the presence of higher spine number and synapses and altered LIMK1-cofilin signaling. We found that systemic administration of an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor partial agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) at a high-dose, but not at a low-dose, and a GluN2B-selective inhibitor Ro-25-6981 partially normalized the abnormalities in LIMK1-cofilin signaling and reduced excess spine number in mPFC and hippocampus. The molecular effects of high-dose DCS and GluN2B inhibitor correlated with their ability to reduce the higher stereotyped behavior and depression-like behavior in GluD1 knockout mice. Together these findings demonstrate a critical requirement for GluD1 in normal spine development in the cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, these results identify inhibition of GluN2B-containing receptors as a mechanism for reducing excess dendritic spines and stereotyped behavior which may have therapeutic value in certain neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Roopali Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Barbara J Morley
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Dustin J Stairs
- Department of Psychology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
289
|
Kohno T, Ninomiya T, Kikuchi S, Konno T, Kojima T. Staurosporine induces formation of two types of extra-long cell protrusions: actin-based filaments and microtubule-based shafts. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:815-24. [PMID: 25680752 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staurosporine (STS) has been known as a classic protein kinase C inhibitor and is a broad-spectrum inhibitor targeting over 250 protein kinases. In this study, we observed that STS treatment induced drastic morphologic changes, such as elongation of a very large number of nonbranched, actin-based long cell protrusions that reached up to 30 µm in an hour without caspase activation or PARP cleavage in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. These cell protrusions were elongated not only from the free cell edge but also from the cell-cell junctions. The elongation of STS-dependent protrusions was required for ATP hydrolysis and was dependent on myosin-X and fascin but independent of Cdc42 and VASP. Interestingly, in the presence of an actin polymerization inhibitor, namely, cytochalasin D, latrunculin A, or jasplakinolide, STS treatment induced excess tubulin polymerization, which resulted in the formation of many extra-long microtubule (MT)-based protrusions toward the outside of the cell. The unique MT-based protrusions were thick and linear compared with the STS-induced filaments or stationary filopodia. These protrusions, which were composed of microtubules, have been scarcely observed in cultured non-neuronal cells. Taken together, our findings revealed that STS-sensitive kinases are essential for the maintenance of normal cell morphology, and a common unidentified molecular mechanism is involved in the formation of the following two different types of protrusions: actin-based filaments and MT-based shafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine (T.Koh., T.Kon., T.Koj.), and Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (T.N., S.K.)
| | - Takafumi Ninomiya
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine (T.Koh., T.Kon., T.Koj.), and Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (T.N., S.K.)
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine (T.Koh., T.Kon., T.Koj.), and Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (T.N., S.K.)
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine (T.Koh., T.Kon., T.Koj.), and Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (T.N., S.K.)
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine (T.Koh., T.Kon., T.Koj.), and Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (T.N., S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Yamazaki S, Yamamoto K, Tokunaga M, Sakata-Sogawa K, Harata M. Nuclear actin activates human transcription factor genes including the OCT4 gene. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:242-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.972332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RNA microarray analyses revealed that nuclear actin activated many human transcription factor genes including OCT4, which is required for gene reprogramming. Oct4 is known to be activated by nuclear actin in Xenopus oocytes. Our findings imply that this process of OCT4 activation is conserved in vertebrates and among cell types and could be used for gene reprogramming of human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makio Tokunaga
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakata-Sogawa
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Nowak JM, Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A, Izdebska M, Gagat M, Grzanka A. Gelsolin is a potential cellular target for cotinine to regulate the migration and apoptosis of A549 and T24 cancer cells. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
292
|
Abstract
Neurons begin their life as simple spheres, but can ultimately assume an elaborate morphology with numerous, highly arborized dendrites, and long axons. This is achieved via an astounding developmental progression which is dependent upon regulated assembly and dynamics of the cellular cytoskeleton. As neurites emerge out of the soma, neurons break their spherical symmetry and begin to acquire the morphological features that define their structure and function. Neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to achieve changes in cell shape, velocity, and direction as they migrate, extend neurites, and polarize. Of particular importance, the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules directs the migration and morphogenesis of neurons. This review focuses on the regulation of intrinsic properties of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and how specific cytoskeletal structures and dynamics are associated with the earliest phase of neuronal morphogenesis—neuritogenesis.
Collapse
|
293
|
Abstract
Advances in microscopy techniques applied to living cells have dramatically transformed our view of the actin cytoskeleton as a framework for cellular processes. Conventional fluorescence imaging and static analyses are useful for quantifying cellular architecture and the network of filaments that support vesicle trafficking, organelle movement, and response to biotic stress. However, new imaging techniques have revealed remarkably dynamic features of individual actin filaments and the mechanisms that underpin their construction and turnover. In this review, we briefly summarize knowledge about actin and actin-binding proteins in plant systems. We focus on the quantitative properties of the turnover of individual actin filaments, highlight actin-binding proteins that participate in actin dynamics, and summarize the current genetic evidence that has been used to dissect specific aspects of the stochastic dynamics model. Finally, we describe some signaling pathways in which recent data implicate changes in actin filament dynamics and the associated cytoplasmic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
294
|
Brennan RS, Galvez F, Whitehead A. Reciprocal osmotic challenges reveal mechanisms of divergence in phenotypic plasticity in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1212-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The killifish Fundulus heteroclitus is an estuarine species with broad physiological plasticity enabling acclimation to diverse stressors. Previous work suggests freshwater populations expanded their physiology to accommodate low salinity environments, however, it is unknown if this compromises their tolerance to high salinity. We employed a comparative approach to investigate the mechanisms of a derived freshwater phenotype and the fate of an ancestral euryhaline phenotype after invasion of a freshwater environment. We compared physiological and transcriptomic responses to high and low salinity stress in fresh and brackish water populations and found an enhanced plasticity to low salinity in the freshwater population coupled with a reduced ability to acclimate to high salinity. Transcriptomic data identified genes with a conserved common response, a conserved salinity dependent response, and responses associated with population divergence. Conserved common acclimation responses revealed stress responses and alterations in cell-cycle regulation as important mechanisms in the general osmotic response. Salinity-specific responses included the regulation of genes involved in ion transport, intracellular calcium, energetic processes, and cellular remodeling. Genes diverged between populations were primarily those showing salinity-specific expression and included those regulating polyamine homeostasis and cell cycle. Additionally, when populations were matched with their native salinity, expression patterns were consistent with the concept of “transcriptomic resilience,” suggesting local adaptation. These findings provide insight into the fate of a plastic phenotype after a shift in environmental salinity and help to reveal mechanisms allowing for euryhalinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reid S. Brennan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Fernando Galvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, California, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
295
|
Kita M, Kigoshi H. Target Identification and Mode of Action Studies of an Antitumor Compound Aplyronine A by Using Photoaffinity Derivatives. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hideo Kigoshi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| |
Collapse
|
296
|
Madineni A, Alhadidi Q, Shah ZA. Cofilin Inhibition Restores Neuronal Cell Death in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Model of Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:867-878. [PMID: 25526862 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a condition associated with decreased blood supply to the brain, eventually leading to death of neurons. It is associated with a diverse cascade of responses involving both degenerative and regenerative mechanisms. At the cellular level, the changes are initiated prominently in the neuronal cytoskeleton. Cofilin, a cytoskeletal actin severing protein, is known to be involved in the early stages of apoptotic cell death. Evidence supports its intervention in the progression of disease states like Alzheimer's and ischemic kidney disease. In the present study, we have hypothesized the possible involvement of cofilin in ischemia. Using PC12 cells and mouse primary cultures of cortical neurons, we investigated the potential role of cofilin in ischemia in two different in vitro ischemic models: chemical induced oxidative stress and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The expression profile studies demonstrated a decrease in phosphocofilin levels in all models of ischemia, implying stress-induced cofilin activation. Furthermore, calcineurin and slingshot 1L (SSH) phosphatases were found to be the signaling mediators of the cofilin activation. In primary cultures of cortical neurons, cofilin was found to be significantly activated after 1 h of OGD. To delineate the role of activated cofilin in ischemia, we knocked down cofilin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique and tested the impact of cofilin silencing on neuronal viability. Cofilin siRNA-treated neurons showed a significant reduction of cofilin levels in all treatment groups (control, OGD, and OGD/R). Additionally, cofilin siRNA-reduced cofilin mitochondrial translocation and caspase 3 cleavage, with a concomitant increase in neuronal viability. These results strongly support the active role of cofilin in ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. We believe that targeting this protein mediator has a potential for therapeutic intervention in ischemic brain injury and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Madineni
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Qasim Alhadidi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Ministry of Health, Diyala Health Directorate, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
297
|
Nucleotide regulation of the structure and dynamics of G-actin. Biophys J 2014; 106:1710-20. [PMID: 24739170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin, a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found in all eukaryotic cells, facilitates cell motility and membrane remodeling via a directional polymerization cycle referred to as treadmilling. The nucleotide bound at the core of each actin subunit regulates this process. Although the biochemical kinetics of treadmilling has been well characterized, the atomistic details of how the nucleotide affects polymerization remain to be definitively determined. There is increasing evidence that the nucleotide regulation (and other characteristics) of actin cannot be fully described from the minimum energy structure, but rather depends on a dynamic equilibrium between conformations. In this work we explore the conformational mobility of the actin monomer (G-actin) in a coarse-grained subspace using umbrella sampling to bias all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations along the variables of interest. The results reveal that ADP-bound actin subunits are more conformationally mobile than ATP-bound subunits. We used a multiscale analysis method involving coarse-grained and atomistic representations of these simulations to characterize how the nucleotide affects the low-energy states of these systems. The interface between subdomains SD2-SD4, which is important for polymerization, is stabilized in an actin filament-like (F-actin) conformation in ATP-bound G-actin. Additionally, the nucleotide modulates the conformation of the SD1-SD3 interface, a region involved in the binding of several actin-binding proteins.
Collapse
|
298
|
Kim MY, Kim JH, Lee JU, Lee LK, Yang SM, Park BS, Jeon HJ, Lee WD, Noh JW, Kwak TY, Jang SH, Lee TH, Kim JY, Kim TW, Kim B, Kim J. Cofilin Phosphorylation Decreased by Serum-free Starvation with Low Glucose in the L6 Myoblasts. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1543-5. [PMID: 25364107 PMCID: PMC4210392 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Many studies have been using cell culture models of muscle cells with exogenous cytokines or glucocorticoids to mimic atrophy in in vivo and in vitro tests. However, the changes in the phosphorylation of atrophy-related cofilin are still poorly understood in starved skeletal muscle cells. In this study, we first examined whether or not phosphorylation of cofilin is altered in L6 myoblasts after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of serum-free starvation with low glucose. [Methods] We used Western blotting to exam protein expression and phosphorylation in atrophied L6 myoblasts. [Results] L6 cell sizes and numbers were diminished as a result of serum-free starvation in a time-dependent manner. Serum-free starvation for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours significantly decreased the phosphorylation of cofilin, respectively. [Conclusion] These results suggest that starvation-induced atrophy may be in part related to changes in the phosphorylation of cofilin in L6 myoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea ; Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Uk Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lim-Kyu Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Sun Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Joo Jeon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Deok Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Noh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Yong Kwak
- Department of Taekwondo Instructor Education, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jang
- Department of Judo, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Lee
- Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Whan Kim
- Department of Sports Science and Engineering, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Functional Genomics, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Welfare, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
299
|
Structural basis of thymosin-β4/profilin exchange leading to actin filament polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4596-605. [PMID: 25313062 PMCID: PMC4217450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412271111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) and profilin are the two major sequestering proteins that maintain the pool of monomeric actin (G-actin) within cells of higher eukaryotes. Tβ4 prevents G-actin from joining a filament, whereas profilin:actin only supports barbed-end elongation. Here, we report two Tβ4:actin structures. The first structure shows that Tβ4 has two helices that bind at the barbed and pointed faces of G-actin, preventing the incorporation of the bound G-actin into a filament. The second structure displays a more open nucleotide binding cleft on G-actin, which is typical of profilin:actin structures, with a concomitant disruption of the Tβ4 C-terminal helix interaction. These structures, combined with biochemical assays and molecular dynamics simulations, show that the exchange of bound actin between Tβ4 and profilin involves both steric and allosteric components. The sensitivity of profilin to the conformational state of actin indicates a similar allosteric mechanism for the dissociation of profilin during filament elongation.
Collapse
|
300
|
Mulinari S, Häcker U. Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors during development: Force is nothing without control. Small GTPases 2014; 1:28-43. [PMID: 21686118 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.1.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms is associated with extensive rearrangements of tissues and cell sheets. The driving force for these rearrangements is generated mostly by the actin cytoskeleton. In order to permit the reproducible development of a specific body plan, dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton must be precisely coordinated in space and time. GTP-exchange factors that activate small GTPases of the Rho family play an important role in this process. Here we review the role of this class of cytoskeletal regulators during important developmental processes such as epithelial morphogenesis, cytokinesis, cell migration, cell polarity, neuronal growth cone extension and phagocytosis in different model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shai Mulinari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy; Lund University; Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|