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Huang CY, Huang XP, Zhu JY, Chen ZG, Li XJ, Zhang XH, Huang S, He JB, Lian F, Zhao YN, Wu GB. miR-128-3p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by regulating PIK3R1 and is correlated with the prognosis of HCC patients. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2889-98. [PMID: 25962360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-128-3p was recently reported to be deregulated in several types of cancer. However, the biological function and potential mechanisms of miR-128-3p in HCC remain unknown. In the present study, we found that miR-128-3p was frequently downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis. Moreover, functional assays showed that overexpression of miR-128-3p markedly suppressed HCC cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell arrest and migration. Mechanistically, miR-128-3p was confirmed to regulate PIK3R1 (p85α) expression thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway activation using qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, correlation analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed an inverse correlation between miR-128-3p and p85α as well as a shorter disease-free survival (DFS) period after HCC resection in patients with low miR-128-3p expression. Hence, we conclude that miR-128-3p, which is frequently downregulated in HCC, inhibits HCC progression by regulating PIK3R1 and PI3K/AKT activation, and is a prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ping Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Nong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Bin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Thanapprapasr D, Previs RA, Hu W, Ivan C, Armaiz-Pena GN, Dorniak PL, Hansen JM, Rupaimoole R, Huang J, Dalton HJ, Ali-Fehmi R, Coleman RL, Sood AK. PTEN Expression as a Predictor of Response to Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibition in Uterine Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1466-1475. [PMID: 25833835 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is known to be frequently mutated in uterine cancer and also dephosphorylates FAK. Here, we examined the impact of PTEN alterations on the response to treatment with a FAK inhibitor (GSK2256098). In vitro and in vivo therapeutic experiments were carried out using PTEN-mutated and PTEN-wild-type models of uterine cancer alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Treatment with GSK2256098 resulted in greater inhibition of pFAK(Y397) in PTEN-mutated (Ishikawa) than in PTEN-wild-type (Hec1A) cells. Ishikawa cells were more sensitive to GSK2256098 than the treated Hec1A cells. Ishikawa cells were transfected with a wild-type PTEN construct and pFAK(Y397) expression was unchanged after treatment with GSK2256098. Decreased cell viability and enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy (paclitaxel and topotecan) in combination with GSK2256098 was observed in Ishikawa cells as compared with Hec1a cells. In the Ishikawa orthoptopic murine model, treatment with GSK2256098 resulted in lower tumor weights and fewer metastases than mice inoculated with Hec1A cells. Tumors treated with GSK2256098 had lower microvessel density (CD31), less cellular proliferation (Ki67), and higher apoptosis (TUNEL) rates in the Ishikawa model when compared with the Hec1a model. From a large cohort of evaluable patients, increased FAK and pFAK(Y397) expression levels were significantly related to poor overall survival. Moreover, PTEN levels were inversely related to pFAK(Y397) expression. These preclinical data demonstrate that PTEN-mutated uterine cancer responds better to FAK inhibition than does PTEN wild-type cancer. Therefore, PTEN could be a biomarker for predicting response to FAK-targeted therapy during clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guillermo N Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Piotr L Dorniak
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jean M Hansen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Bao X, Zheng W, Hata Sugi N, Agarwala KL, Xu Q, Wang Z, Tendyke K, Lee W, Parent L, Li W, Cheng H, Shen Y, Taylor N, Dezso Z, Du H, Kotake Y, Zhao N, Wang J, Postema M, Woodall-Jappe M, Takase Y, Uenaka T, Kingston DGI, Nomoto K. Small molecule schweinfurthins selectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation and mTOR/AKT signaling by interfering with trans-Golgi-network trafficking. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:589-601. [PMID: 25729885 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compound schweinfurthins are of considerable interest for novel therapy development because of their selective anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cells. We previously reported the isolation of highly active schweinfurthins E-H, and in the present study, mechanisms of the potent and selective anti-proliferation were investigated. We found that schweinfurthins preferentially inhibited the proliferation of PTEN deficient cancer cells by indirect inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. Mechanistically, schweinfurthins and their analogs arrested trans-Golgi-network trafficking, an intracellular vesicular trafficking system, resulting in the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the suppression of both lipid raft-mediated PI3K activation and mTOR/RheB complex formation, which collectively led to an effective inhibition of mTOR/AKT signaling. The trans-Golgi-network traffic arresting effect of schweinfurthins was associated with their in vitro binding activity to oxysterol-binding proteins that are known to regulate intracellular vesicular trafficking. Moreover, schweinfurthins were found to be highly toxic toward PTEN-deficient B cell lymphoma cells, and displayed 2 orders of magnitude lower activity toward normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and primary fibroblasts in vitro. These results revealed a previously unrecognized role of schweinfurthins in regulating trans-Golgi-network trafficking, and linked mechanistically this cellular effect with mTOR/AKT signaling and with cancer cell survival and growth. Our findings suggest the schweinfurthin class of compounds as a novel approach to modulate oncogenic mTOR/AKT signaling for cancer treatment.
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Compromised MAPK signaling in human diseases: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:867-82. [PMID: 25690731 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes are serine-threonine protein kinases that regulate various cellular activities including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or survival, inflammation, and innate immunity. The compromised MAPK signaling pathways contribute to the pathology of diverse human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways are activated by various types of cellular stress such as oxidative, genotoxic, and osmotic stress as well as by proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β. The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway plays a key role in cancer development through the stimulation of cell proliferation and metastasis. The p38 MAPK pathway contributes to neuroinflammation mediated by glial cells including microglia and astrocytes, and it has also been associated with anticancer drug resistance in colon and liver cancer. We here summarize recent research on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases, with a focus on cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.
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255
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PIKing the type and pattern of PI3K pathway mutations in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137:321-8. [PMID: 25701704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vast majority of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs) harbor mutations in the PI3K pathway. Here we sought to determine whether the type and pattern of mutations targeting different components of the PI3K pathway are distinct between microsatellite stable (MSS) and high-level microsatellite instable (MSI-H) EECs. METHODS Whole exome massively parallel sequencing-based mutation data from EECs of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to define the number, type and pattern of mutations affecting PI3K pathway-related genes, including AKT1, INPP4B, MTOR, PIK3CA, PIK3R1 and PTEN. EECs were classified as MSI-H (n=70) and MSS (n=109) based on seven MSI markers assessed by TCGA. Ultramutated cases were excluded. RESULTS Although the mutation rates and mutational signatures of MSS and MSI-H EECs were distinct, the prevalence of PI3K pathway mutations was similar between these two groups (all p>0.05), with the exception of PTEN mutations, which were more prevalent in MSI-H (61/70; 87%) than in MSS EECs (78/109; 72%; p=0.017). The PIK3CA hotspot mutations E542K, E545K, and H1047R were found to be significantly more prevalent in PIK3CA-mutant MSS (21/58, 36%) compared to PIK3CA-mutant MSI-H EECs (5/37, 13.5%; p=0.019). CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of mutations targeting PI3K pathway genes is similar between MSS and MSI-H EECs, PIK3CA hotspot mutations, which result in constitutive kinase activation, are significantly more prevalent in MSS than in MSI-H EECs. Our findings warrant further investigation of the role of different types of PIK3CA mutations and their predictive impact on distinct subtypes of EECs.
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Slomovitz BM, Jiang Y, Yates MS, Soliman PT, Johnston T, Nowakowski M, Levenback C, Zhang Q, Ring K, Munsell MF, Gershenson DM, Lu KH, Coleman RL. Phase II study of everolimus and letrozole in patients with recurrent endometrial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:930-6. [PMID: 25624430 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently dysregulated in endometrial cancer (EC). Hormonal manipulation leads to response in some patients with EC, but resistance derived from PI3K pathway activation has been documented. Targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may overcome endocrine resistance. We conducted a two-institution phase II trial of everolimus and letrozole in women with recurrent EC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were considered incurable, had measurable disease, and were treated with up to two prior cytotoxic regimens. Everolimus was administered orally at 10 mg daily and letrozole was administered orally at 2.5 mg daily. Each cycle consisted of 4 weeks of therapy. Patients were treated until progression, toxicity, or complete response (CR). The primary end point was the clinical benefit rate (CBR), which was defined as CR, partial response, or stable disease (≥ 16 weeks) by RECIST 1.0 criteria. Translational studies were performed to correlate biomarkers with response. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were enrolled (median age, 62 years; range, 24 to 82 years). Thirty-five patients were evaluable for response. The CBR was 40% (14 of 35 patients); the median number of cycles among responders was 15 (range, seven to 29 cycles). The confirmed objective response rate (RR) was 32% (11 of 35 patients; nine CRs and two partial responses; median, 15 cycles; range, eight to 29 cycles). Twenty percent of patients (seven of 35 patients) were taken off treatment after a prolonged CR and at the discretion of the treating clinician. None of the patients discontinued treatment as a result of toxicity. Serous histology was the best predictor of lack of response. Patients with endometrioid histology and CTNNB1 mutations responded well to everolimus and letrozole. CONCLUSION Everolimus plus letrozole results in a high CBR and RR in patients with recurrent EC. Further development of this combination in recurrent endometrioid EC is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Slomovitz
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Yunyun Jiang
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Melinda S Yates
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Pamela T Soliman
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Taren Johnston
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Maureen Nowakowski
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Charles Levenback
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Qian Zhang
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Kari Ring
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Mark F Munsell
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - David M Gershenson
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Karen H Lu
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Brian M. Slomovitz, Yunyun Jiang, Melinda S. Yates, Pamela T. Soliman, Taren Johnston, Charles Levenback, Qian Zhang, Kari Ring, Mark F. Munsell, David M. Gershenson, Karen H. Lu, and Robert L. Coleman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Slomovitz and Maureen Nowakowski, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ; and Brian M. Slomovitz, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
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mTOR Signaling in Endometrial Cancer: From a Molecular and Therapeutic Point of View. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-014-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Burke JE, Williams RL. Synergy in activating class I PI3Ks. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:88-100. [PMID: 25573003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that transduce a host of cellular signals and regulate a broad range of essential functions including growth, proliferation, and migration. As such, PI3Ks have pivotal roles in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, primary immune disorders, and inflammation. These enzymes are activated downstream of numerous activating stimuli including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras superfamily of small G proteins. A major challenge is to decipher how each PI3K isoform is able to successfully synergize these inputs into their intended signaling function. This article highlights recent progress in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways, as well as novel roles for PI3Ks in human diseases, specifically cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Drive, Victoria BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Roger L Williams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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259
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Thorpe LM, Yuzugullu H, Zhao JJ. PI3K in cancer: divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:7-24. [PMID: 25533673 PMCID: PMC4384662 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial coordinators of intracellular signalling in response to extracellular stimuli. Hyperactivation of PI3K signalling cascades is one of the most common events in human cancers. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the roles of specific PI3K isoforms in normal and oncogenic signalling, the different ways in which PI3K can be upregulated, and the current state and future potential of targeting this pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Thorpe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haluk Yuzugullu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence to J.J.Z. by
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Huang XP, Hou J, Shen XY, Huang CY, Zhang XH, Xie YA, Luo XL. MicroRNA-486-5p, which is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses tumor growth by targeting PIK3R1. FEBS J 2014; 282:579-94. [PMID: 25475121 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated microRNAs and their roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression have attracted much attention. In previous studies conducted in our laboratory, the Illumina Solexa massively parallel signature sequencing of miRNomes in nontumor and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues revealed that miR-486-5p was significantly downregulated in HCC, but its role in HCC development remains unknown. In this study, miR-486-5p levels in HCC tissues and matched control tissues, and in seven HCC cell lines (QGY-7701, QGY-7703, QGY-7404, SMMC-7721, Huh7, HepG2, and PCL/PRF/5) and human normal liver cells (HL-7702), were tested by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. We found that the level of miR-486-5p was significantly decreased in HCC tissue and in all seven HCC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-486-5p markedly suppressed HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and inhibited HCC growth in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-486-5p was confirmed to directly target PIK3R1 expression, thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway activation, by dual luciferase reporter assay and real-time quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In addition, PIK3R1 knockdown mimicked the effects of miR-486-5p overexpression by inhibiting HCC growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, correlation analysis, Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard models showed an inverse correlation between miR-486-5p and PIK3R1, as well as a shorter time to recurrence after HCC resection, in patients with lower miR-486-5p expression. Hence, we conclude that miR-486-5p, which is frequently downregulated in HCC, inhibits HCC progression by targeting PIK3R1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ping Huang
- Research department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Complementary genomic approaches highlight the PI3K/mTOR pathway as a common vulnerability in osteosarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5564-73. [PMID: 25512523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419260111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor, yet there have been no substantial advances in treatment or survival in three decades. We examined 59 tumor/normal pairs by whole-exome, whole-genome, and RNA-sequencing. Only the TP53 gene was mutated at significant frequency across all samples. The mean nonsilent somatic mutation rate was 1.2 mutations per megabase, and there was a median of 230 somatic rearrangements per tumor. Complex chains of rearrangements and localized hypermutation were detected in almost all cases. Given the intertumor heterogeneity, the extent of genomic instability, and the difficulty in acquiring a large sample size in a rare tumor, we used several methods to identify genomic events contributing to osteosarcoma survival. Pathway analysis, a heuristic analytic algorithm, a comparative oncology approach, and an shRNA screen converged on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) pathway as a central vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma cell lines are responsive to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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262
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Role of microRNAs in cancers of the female reproductive tract: insights from recent clinical and experimental discovery studies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 128:153-80. [PMID: 25294164 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that represent the top of the pyramid of many tumorigenesis cascade pathways as they have the ability to affect multiple, intricate, and still undiscovered downstream targets. Understanding how miRNA molecules serve as master regulators in these important networks involved in cancer initiation and progression open up significant innovative areas for therapy and diagnosis that have been sadly lacking for deadly female reproductive tract cancers. This review will highlight the recent advances in the field of miRNAs in epithelial ovarian cancer, endometrioid endometrial cancer and squamous-cell cervical carcinoma focusing on studies associated with actual clinical information in humans. Importantly, recent miRNA profiling studies have included well-characterized clinical specimens of female reproductive tract cancers, allowing for studies correlating miRNA expression with clinical outcomes. This review will summarize the current thoughts on the role of miRNA processing in unique miRNA species present in these cancers. In addition, this review will focus on current data regarding miRNA molecules as unique biomarkers associated with clinically significant outcomes such as overall survival and chemotherapy resistance. We will also discuss why specific miRNA molecules are not recapitulated across multiple studies of the same cancer type. Although the mechanistic contributions of miRNA molecules to these clinical phenomena have been confirmed using in vitro and pre-clinical mouse model systems, these studies are truly only the beginning of our understanding of the roles miRNAs play in cancers of the female reproductive tract. This review will also highlight useful areas for future research regarding miRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancers of the female reproductive tract.
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263
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Schroeder RD, Angelo LS, Kurzrock R. NF2/merlin in hereditary neurofibromatosis 2 versus cancer: biologic mechanisms and clinical associations. Oncotarget 2014; 5:67-77. [PMID: 24393766 PMCID: PMC3960189 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF2 cause the hereditary syndrome neurofibromatosis 2, which is characterized by the development of neoplasms of the nervous system, most notably bilateral vestibular schwannoma. Somatic NF2 mutations have also been reported in a variety of cancers, but interestingly these mutations do not cause the same tumors that are common in hereditary neurofibromatosis 2, even though the same gene is involved and there is overlap in the site of mutations. This review highlights cancers in which somatic NF2 mutations have been found, the cell signaling pathways involving NF2/merlin, current clinical trials treating neurofibromatosis 2 patients, and preclinical findings that promise to lead to new targeted therapies for both cancers harboring NF2 mutations and neurofibromatosis 2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dunbar Schroeder
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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264
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Ou O, Huppi K, Chakka S, Gehlhaus K, Dubois W, Patel J, Chen J, Mackiewicz M, Jones TL, Pitt JJ, Martin SE, Goldsmith P, Simmons JK, Mock BA, Caplen NJ. Loss-of-function RNAi screens in breast cancer cells identify AURKB, PLK1, PIK3R1, MAPK12, PRKD2, and PTK6 as sensitizing targets of rapamycin activity. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:336-47. [PMID: 25193464 PMCID: PMC4240001 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecularly targeted drugs as single agents has shown limited utility in many tumor types, largely due to the complex and redundant nature of oncogenic signaling networks. Targeting of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through inhibition of mTOR in combination with aromatase inhibitors has seen success in particular sub-types of breast cancer and there is a need to identify additional synergistic combinations to maximize the clinical potential of mTOR inhibitors. We have used loss-of-function RNAi screens of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to identify sensitizers of mTOR inhibition. RNAi screens conducted in combination with rapamycin in multiple breast cancer cell lines identified six genes, AURKB, PLK1, PIK3R1, MAPK12, PRKD2, and PTK6 that when silenced, each enhanced the sensitivity of multiple breast cancer lines to rapamycin. Using selective pharmacological agents we confirmed that inhibition of AURKB or PLK1 synergizes with rapamycin. Compound-associated gene expression data suggested histone deacetylation (HDAC) inhibition as a strategy for reducing the expression of several of the rapamycin-sensitizing genes, and we tested and validated this using the HDAC inhibitor entinostat in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicate new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of rapamycin including the use of combining its application with HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ou
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Konrad Huppi
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sirisha Chakka
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen Gehlhaus
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Mackiewicz
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamara L Jones
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason J Pitt
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Paul Goldsmith
- Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natasha J Caplen
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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265
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Kim J, Fox C, Peng S, Pusung M, Pectasides E, Matthee E, Hong YS, Do IG, Jang J, Thorner AR, Van Hummelen P, Rustgi AK, Wong KK, Zhou Z, Tang P, Kim KM, Lee J, Bass AJ. Preexisting oncogenic events impact trastuzumab sensitivity in ERBB2-amplified gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5145-58. [PMID: 25401468 DOI: 10.1172/jci75200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with gastric and esophageal (GE) adenocarcinoma tumors in which the oncogene ERBB2 has been amplified are routinely treated with a combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and the ERBB2-directed antibody trastuzumab; however, the addition of trastuzumab, even when tested in a selected biomarker-positive patient population, provides only modest survival gains. To investigate the potential reasons for the modest impact of ERBB2-directed therapies, we explored the hypothesis that secondary molecular features of ERBB2-amplified GE adenocarcinomas attenuate the impact of ERBB2 blockade. We analyzed genomic profiles of ERBB2-amplified GE adenocarcinomas and determined that the majority of ERBB2-amplified tumors harbor secondary oncogenic alterations that have the potential to be therapeutically targeted. These secondary events spanned genes involved in cell-cycle regulation as well as phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Using ERBB2-amplified cell lines, we demonstrated that secondary oncogenic events could confer resistance to ERBB2-directed therapies. Moreover, this resistance could be overcome by targeting the secondary oncogene in conjunction with ERBB2-directed therapy. EGFR is commonly coamplified with ERBB2, and in the setting of ERBB2 amplification, higher EGFR expression appears to mark tumors with greater sensitivity to dual EGFR/ERBB2 kinase inhibitors. These data suggest that combination inhibitor strategies, guided by secondary events in ERBB2-amplified GE adenocarcinomas, should be evaluated in clinical trials.
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266
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Oncogenic activity of the regulatory subunit p85β of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16826-9. [PMID: 25385636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420281111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the regulatory subunit p85β of PI3K induces oncogenic transformation of primary avian fibroblasts. The transformed cells proliferate at an increased rate compared with nontransformed controls and show elevated levels of PI3K signaling. The oncogenic activity of p85β requires an active PI3K-TOR signaling cascade and is mediated by the p110α and p110β isoforms of the PI3K catalytic subunit. The data suggest that p85β is a less effective inhibitor of the PI3K catalytic subunit than p85α and that this reduced level of p110 inhibition accounts for the oncogenic activity of p85β.
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Abstract
A growing number of mutations in PIK3R1, the gene that encodes for the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K, have been recently identified. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Cheung and colleagues describe two neomorphic PIK3R1 mutants prevalent in endometrial and colon cancer that induce transformation via activation of PI3K-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Costa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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268
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Cheung LWT, Yu S, Zhang D, Li J, Ng PKS, Panupinthu N, Mitra S, Ju Z, Yu Q, Liang H, Hawke DH, Lu Y, Broaddus RR, Mills GB. Naturally occurring neomorphic PIK3R1 mutations activate the MAPK pathway, dictating therapeutic response to MAPK pathway inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:479-94. [PMID: 25284480 PMCID: PMC4198486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PIK3R1 (p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K) is frequently mutated across cancer lineages. Herein, we demonstrate that the most common recurrent PIK3R1 mutation PIK3R1(R348∗) and a nearby mutation PIK3R1(L370fs), in contrast to wild-type and mutations in other regions of PIK3R1, confers an unexpected sensitivity to MEK and JNK inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with the response to inhibitors, PIK3R1(R348∗) and PIK3R1(L370fs) unexpectedly increase JNK and ERK phosphorylation. Surprisingly, p85α R348(∗) and L370fs localize to the nucleus where the mutants provide a scaffold for multiple JNK pathway components facilitating nuclear JNK pathway activation. Our findings uncover an unexpected neomorphic role for PIK3R1(R348∗) and neighboring truncation mutations in cellular signaling, providing a rationale for therapeutic targeting of these mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia W T Cheung
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shuangxing Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick K S Ng
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Shreya Mitra
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qinghua Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David H Hawke
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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269
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Powell MA, Sill MW, Goodfellow PJ, Benbrook DM, Lankes HA, Leslie KK, Jeske Y, Mannel RS, Spillman MA, Lee PS, Hoffman JS, McMeekin DS, Pollock PM. A phase II trial of brivanib in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:38-43. [PMID: 25019571 PMCID: PMC4278402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brivanib, an oral, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) was investigated as a single agent in a phase II trial to assess the activity and tolerability in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer (EMC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had persistent or recurrent EMC after receiving one to two prior cytotoxic regimens, measurable disease, and performance status of ≤2. Treatment consisted of brivanib 800 mg orally every day until disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) at six months and objective tumor response. Expression of multiple angiogenic proteins and FGFR2 mutation status was assessed. RESULTS Forty-five patients were enrolled. Forty-three patients were eligible and evaluable. Median age was 64 years. Twenty-four patients (55.8%) received prior radiation. Median number of cycles was two (range 1-24). No GI perforations but one rectal fistula were seen. Nine patients had grade 3 hypertension, with one experiencing grade 4 confusion. Eight patients (18.6%; 90% CI 9.6%-31.7%) had responses (one CR and seven PRs), and 13 patients (30.2%; 90% CI 18.9%-43.9%) were PFS at six months. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.3 and 10.7 months, respectively. When modeled jointly, VEGF and angiopoietin-2 expression may diametrically predict PFS. Estrogen receptor-α (ER) expression was positively correlated with OS. CONCLUSION Brivanib is reasonably well tolerated and worthy of further investigation based on PFS at six months in recurrent or persistent EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Powell
- OB/GYN, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael W Sill
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Paul J Goodfellow
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Doris M Benbrook
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
| | - Heather A Lankes
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Kimberly K Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Yvette Jeske
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert S Mannel
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
| | | | - Paula S Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - James S Hoffman
- The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT 06050, USA.
| | - D Scott McMeekin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
| | - Pamela M Pollock
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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270
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Tung PY, Varlakhanova NV, Knoepfler PS. Identification of DPPA4 and DPPA2 as a novel family of pluripotency-related oncogenes. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2330-42. [PMID: 23963736 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify novel pluripotency-related oncogenes, an expression screen for oncogenic foci-inducing genes within a retroviral human embryonic stem cell cDNA library was conducted. From this screen, we identified not only known oncogenes but also intriguingly the key pluripotency factor, DPPA4 (developmental pluripotency-associated four) that encodes a DNA binding SAP domain-containing protein. DPPA4 has not been previously identified as an oncogene but is highly expressed in embryonal carcinomas, pluripotent germ cell tumors, and other cancers. DPPA4 is also mutated in some cancers. In direct transformation assays, we validated that DPPA4 is an oncogene in both mouse 3T3 cells and immortalized human dermal fibroblasts. Overexpression of DPPA4 generates oncogenic foci (sarcoma cells) and causes anchorage-independent growth. The in vitro transformed cells also give rise to tumors in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, functional analyses indicate that both the DNA-binding SAP domain and the histone-binding C-terminal domain are critical for the oncogenic transformation activity of DPPA4. Downregulation of DPPA4 in E14 mouse embryonic stem cells and P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells causes decreased cell proliferation in each case. In addition, DPPA4 overexpression induces cell proliferation through genes related to regulation of G1/S transition. Interestingly, we observed similar findings for family member DPPA2. Thus, we have identified a new family of pluripotency-related oncogenes consisting of DPPA2 and DPPA4. Our findings have important implications for stem cell biology and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Tung
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA; University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA; Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA
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271
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Mutually exclusive recurrent somatic mutations in MAP2K1 and BRAF support a central role for ERK activation in LCH pathogenesis. Blood 2014; 124:3007-15. [PMID: 25202140 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-577825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by lesions composed of pathological CD207(+) dendritic cells with an inflammatory infiltrate. BRAFV600E remains the only recurrent mutation reported in LCH. In order to evaluate the spectrum of somatic mutations in LCH, whole exome sequencing was performed on matched LCH and normal tissue samples obtained from 41 patients. Lesions from other histiocytic disorders, juvenile xanthogranuloma, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai-Dorfman disease were also evaluated. All of the lesions from histiocytic disorders were characterized by an extremely low overall rate of somatic mutations. Notably, 33% (7/21) of LCH cases with wild-type BRAF and none (0/20) with BRAFV600E harbored somatic mutations in MAP2K1 (6 in-frame deletions and 1 missense mutation) that induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in vitro. Single cases of somatic mutations of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway genes ARAF and ERBB3 were also detected. The ability of MAPK pathway inhibitors to suppress MAPK kinase and ERK phosphorylation in cell culture and primary tumor models was dependent on the specific LCH mutation. The findings of this study support a model in which ERK activation is a universal end point in LCH arising from pathological activation of upstream signaling proteins.
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272
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Martini M, De Santis MC, Braccini L, Gulluni F, Hirsch E. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cancer: an updated review. Ann Med 2014; 46:372-83. [PMID: 24897931 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.912836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite development of novel agents targeting oncogenic pathways, matching targeted therapies to the genetic status of individual tumors is proving to be a daunting task for clinicians. To improve the clinical efficacy and to reduce the toxic side effects of treatments, a deep characterization of genetic alterations in different tumors is required. The mutational profile often evidences a gain of function or hyperactivity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) in tumors. These enzymes are activated downstream tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) and/or G proteins coupled receptors (GPCRs) and, via AKT, are able to induce mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) stimulation. Here, we elucidate the impact of class I (p110α, β, γ, and δ) catalytic subunit mutations on AKT-mediated cellular processes that control crucial mechanisms in tumor development. Moreover, the interrelation of PI3K signaling with mTOR, ERK, and RAS pathways will be discussed, exploiting the potential benefits of PI3K signaling inhibitors in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martini
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin , Italy
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273
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Dong P, Konno Y, Watari H, Hosaka M, Noguchi M, Sakuragi N. The impact of microRNA-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness in endometrial cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:231. [PMID: 25141911 PMCID: PMC4145234 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, a common mechanism in all subtypes of endometrial cancers (endometrioid and non-endometrioid tumors), has important roles in contributing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) features. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that concurrently affect multiple target genes, and regulate a wide range of genes involved in modulating EMT and CSC properties. Here we overview the recent advances revealing the impact of miRNAs on EMT and CSC phenotypes in tumors including endometrial cancer via regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. MiRNAs are crucial mediators of EMT and CSC through targeting PTEN-PI3K-AKT-mTOR axis. In endometrial cancer cells, miRNAs can activate or attenuate EMT and CSC by targeting PTEN and other EMT-associated genes, such as Twist1, ZEB1 and BMI-1. More detailed studies of miRNAs will deepen our understanding of the molecular basis underlying PI3K/AKT-induced endometrial cancer initiation and progression. Targeting key signaling components of PI3K/AKT pathway by restoring or inhibiting miRNA function holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach to suppress EMT and CSC in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Dong
- Department of Women's Health Educational System, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Sapporo 0608638, Japan.
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274
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Abstract
Progesterone plays an essential role in the maintenance of the endometrium; it prepares the endometrium for pregnancy, promotes decidualization, and inhibits estrogen-dependent proliferation. Progesterone function is often dysregulated in endometrial disease states. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is often overactive in endometrial pathologies and promotes the survival and proliferation of the diseased cells. Understanding how AKT influences progesterone action is critical in improving hormone-based therapies in endometrial pathologies. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating the crosstalk between the AKT pathway and progesterone receptor function in endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene I Lee
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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275
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Murali R, Soslow RA, Weigelt B. Classification of endometrial carcinoma: more than two types. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:e268-78. [PMID: 24872110 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in Europe and North America. Traditional classification of endometrial carcinoma is based either on clinical and endocrine features (eg, types I and II) or on histopathological characteristics (eg, endometrioid, serous, or clear-cell adenocarcinoma). Subtypes defined by the different classification systems correlate to some extent, but there is substantial heterogeneity in biological, pathological, and molecular features within tumour types from both classification systems. In this Review we provide an overview of traditional and newer genomic classifications of endometrial cancer. We discuss how a classification system that incorporates genomic and histopathological features to define biologically and clinically relevant subsets of the disease would be useful. Such integrated classification might facilitate development of treatments tailored to specific disease subgroups and could potentially enable delivery of precision medicine to patients with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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276
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Werner HMJ, Salvesen HB. Current Status of Molecular Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2014; 16:403. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-014-0403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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277
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Uncovering the PI3Ksome: phosphoinositide 3-kinases and counteracting PTEN form a signaling complex with intrinsic regulatory properties. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3356-8. [PMID: 25047838 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00920-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of the phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3, or PIP3] by class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) is a major signaling mechanism whose deregulation contributes to serious diseases, including cancer. New findings suggest that tyrosine kinase receptor engagement results in the assembly of hetero-oligomeric PI3K complexes in which PI3Kα first activates PI3Kβ, and PI3K catalytic activity then promotes recruitment and activation of the PIP3-removing tumor suppressor PTEN. Thus, PIP3 production is fine-tuned through formation of an intrinsically regulated "PI3Ksome."
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278
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Cell activation-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha/beta dimerization regulates PTEN activity. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3359-73. [PMID: 24958106 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00167-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) pathway is one of the central routes that enhances cell survival, division, and migration, and it is frequently deregulated in cancer. PI3K catalyzes formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] after cell activation; PTEN subsequently reduces these lipids to basal levels. Activation of the ubiquitous p110α isoform precedes that of p110β at several points during the cell cycle. We studied the potential connections between p110α and p110β activation, and we show that cell stimulation promotes p110α and p110β association, demonstrating oligomerization of PI3K catalytic subunits within cells. Cell stimulation also promoted PTEN incorporation into this complex, which was necessary for PTEN activation. Our results show that PI3Ks dimerize in vivo and that PI3K and PTEN activities modulate each other in a complex that controls cell PI(3,4,5)P3 levels.
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279
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Cottu P, Bièche I, Assayag F, El Botty R, Chateau-Joubert S, Thuleau A, Bagarre T, Albaud B, Rapinat A, Gentien D, de la Grange P, Sibut V, Vacher S, Hatem R, Servely JL, Fontaine JJ, Decaudin D, Pierga JY, Roman-Roman S, Marangoni E. Acquired resistance to endocrine treatments is associated with tumor-specific molecular changes in patient-derived luminal breast cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4314-25. [PMID: 24947930 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with luminal breast cancer (LBC) often become endocrine resistant over time. We investigated the molecular changes associated with acquired hormonoresistances in patient-derived xenografts of LBC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two LBC xenografts (HBCx22 and HBCx34) were treated with different endocrine treatments (ET) to obtain xenografts with acquired resistances to tamoxifen (TamR) and ovariectomy (OvaR). PI3K pathway activation was analyzed by Western blot analysis and IHC and responses to ET combined to everolimus were investigated in vivo. Gene expression analyses were performed by RT-PCR and Affymetrix arrays. RESULTS HBCx22 TamR xenograft was cross-resistant to several hormonotherapies, whereas HBCx22 OvaR and HBCx34 TamR exhibited a treatment-specific resistance profile. PI3K pathway was similarly activated in parental and resistant xenografts but the addition of everolimus did not restore the response to tamoxifen in TamR xenografts. In contrast, the combination of fulvestrant and everolimus induced tumor regression in vivo in HBCx34 TamR, where we found a cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and PI3K pathways. Expression of several ER-controlled genes and ER coregulators was significantly changed in both TamR and OvaR tumors, indicating impaired ER transcriptional activity. Expression changes associated with hormonoresistance were both tumor and treatment specific and were enriched for genes involved in cell growth, cell death, and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS PDX models of LBC with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies show a great diversity of resistance phenotype, associated with specific deregulations of ER-mediated gene transcription. These models offer a tool for developing anticancer therapies and to investigate the dynamics of resistance emerging during pharmacologic interventions. Clin Cancer Res; 20(16); 4314-25. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cottu
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Franck Assayag
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Rania El Botty
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Aurélie Thuleau
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Thomas Bagarre
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Benoit Albaud
- Affymetrix Platform, Translational Research Department
| | | | - David Gentien
- Affymetrix Platform, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Vonick Sibut
- Bioinformatics Unit, Inserm U900 Mines ParisTech
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Servely
- INRA, Phase Department; Pathology Department, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Didier Decaudin
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
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280
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A pan-cancer proteomic perspective on The Cancer Genome Atlas. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3887. [PMID: 24871328 PMCID: PMC4109726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein levels and function are poorly predicted by genomic and transcriptomic analysis of patient tumours. Therefore, direct study of the functional proteome has the potential to provide a wealth of information that complements and extends genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) projects. Here we use reverse-phase protein arrays to analyse 3,467 patient samples from 11 TCGA 'Pan-Cancer' diseases, using 181 high-quality antibodies that target 128 total proteins and 53 post-translationally modified proteins. The resultant proteomic data are integrated with genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the same samples to identify commonalities, differences, emergent pathways and network biology within and across tumour lineages. In addition, tissue-specific signals are reduced computationally to enhance biomarker and target discovery spanning multiple tumour lineages. This integrative analysis, with an emphasis on pathways and potentially actionable proteins, provides a framework for determining the prognostic, predictive and therapeutic relevance of the functional proteome.
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281
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Binder PS, Mutch DG. Update on Prognostic Markers for Endometrial Cancer. WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 10:277-88. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the USA and the second most common worldwide after cervical cancer. While common symptomatology of endometrial cancer leads to early diagnosis and favorable 5-year survival in most cases, there is a subset of cancers that have a poorer prognosis. The clinical and pathologic prognostic factors for endometrial cancer are well known and instrumental in determining the need for adjuvant therapy. Recently, research has been focused on the identification of molecular changes leading to different histologic subtypes to improve classification of endometrial cancer. The identification of novel mutations and molecular profiles should enhance our ability to personalize adjuvant treatment with genome-guided targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha S Binder
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David G Mutch
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
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282
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Dienstmann R, Rodon J, Serra V, Tabernero J. Picking the point of inhibition: a comparative review of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1021-31. [PMID: 24748656 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The frequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer, and its crucial role in cell growth and survival, has made it a much desired target for pharmacologic intervention. Following the regulatory approval of the rapamycin analogs everolimus and temsirolimus, recent years have seen an explosion in the number of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitors under clinical investigation. These include: ATP-competitive, dual inhibitors of class I PI3K and mTORC1/2; "pan-PI3K" inhibitors, which inhibit all four isoforms of class I PI3K (α, β, δ, γ); isoform-specific inhibitors of the various PI3K isoforms; allosteric and catalytic inhibitors of AKT; and ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR only (and thus mTORC1 and mTORC2). With so many agents in development, clinicians are currently faced with a wide array of clinical trials investigating a multitude of inhibitors with different mechanisms of action, being used both as single agents and in combination with other therapies. Here, we provide a review of the literature, with the aim of differentiating the genomic contexts in which these various types of inhibitors may potentially have superior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department; and Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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283
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Abstract
The central role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in tumour cell biology has prompted a sizeable effort to target PI3K and/or downstream kinases such as AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in cancer. However, emerging clinical data show limited single-agent activity of inhibitors targeting PI3K, AKT or mTOR at tolerated doses. One exception is the response to PI3Kδ inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, where a combination of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic activities drive efficacy. Here, we review key challenges and opportunities for the clinical development of inhibitors targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Through a greater focus on patient selection, increased understanding of immune modulation and strategic application of rational combinations, it should be possible to realize the potential of this promising class of targeted anticancer agents.
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284
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Chiu YH, Lee JY, Cantley LC. BRD7, a tumor suppressor, interacts with p85α and regulates PI3K activity. Mol Cell 2014; 54:193-202. [PMID: 24657164 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is important for regulating cell growth, survival, and motility. We report here the identification of bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7) as a p85α-interacting protein that negatively regulates PI3K signaling. BRD7 binds to the inter-SH2 (iSH2) domain of p85 through an evolutionarily conserved region located at the C terminus of BRD7. Via this interaction, BRD7 facilitates nuclear translocation of p85α. The BRD7-dependent depletion of p85 from the cytosol impairs formation of p85/p110 complexes in the cytosol, leading to a decrease in p110 proteins and in PI3K pathway signaling. In contrast, silencing of endogenous BRD7 expression by RNAi increases the steady-state level of p110 proteins and enhances Akt phosphorylation after stimulation. These data suggest that BRD7 and p110 compete for the interaction to p85. The unbound p110 protein is unstable, leading to the attenuation of PI3K activity, which suggests how BRD7 could function as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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285
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Hopkins BD, Hodakoski C, Barrows D, Mense SM, Parsons RE. PTEN function: the long and the short of it. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:183-90. [PMID: 24656806 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a phosphatase that is frequently altered in cancer. PTEN has phosphatase-dependent and -independent roles, and genetic alterations in PTEN lead to deregulation of protein synthesis, the cell cycle, migration, growth, DNA repair, and survival signaling. PTEN localization, stability, conformation, and phosphatase activity are controlled by an array of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. Thus, PTEN-interacting and -modifying proteins have profound effects on the tumor suppressive functions of PTEN. Moreover, recent studies identified mechanisms by which PTEN can exit cells, via either exosomal export or secretion, and act on neighboring cells. This review focuses on modes of PTEN protein regulation and ways in which perturbations in this regulation may lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hopkins
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cindy Hodakoski
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Douglas Barrows
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah M Mense
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ramon E Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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286
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Bourgon R, Lu S, Yan Y, Lackner MR, Wang W, Weigman V, Wang D, Guan Y, Ryner L, Koeppen H, Patel R, Hampton GM, Amler LC, Wang Y. High-throughput detection of clinically relevant mutations in archived tumor samples by multiplexed PCR and next-generation sequencing. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2080-91. [PMID: 24573554 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tailoring cancer treatment to tumor molecular characteristics promises to make personalized medicine a reality. However, reliable genetic profiling of archived clinical specimens has been hindered by limited sensitivity and high false-positive rates. Here, we describe a novel methodology, MMP-seq, which enables sensitive and specific high-throughput, high-content genetic profiling in archived clinical samples. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first validated the technical performance of MMP-seq in 66 cancer cell lines and a Latin square cross-dilution of known somatic mutations. We next characterized the performance of MMP-seq in 17 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples using matched fresh-frozen tissue from the same tumors as benchmarks. To demonstrate the potential clinical utility of our methodology, we profiled FFPE tumor samples from 73 patients with endometrial cancer. RESULTS We demonstrated that MMP-seq enabled rapid and simultaneous profiling of a panel of 88 cancer genes in 48 samples, and detected variants at frequencies as low as 0.4%. We identified DNA degradation and deamination as the main error sources and developed practical and robust strategies for mitigating these issues, and dramatically reduced the false-positive rate. Applying MMP-seq to a cohort of endometrial tumor samples identified extensive, potentially actionable alterations in the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and RAS pathways, including novel PIK3R1 hotspot mutations that may disrupt negative regulation of PIK3CA. CONCLUSIONS MMP-seq provides a robust solution for comprehensive, reliable, and high-throughput genetic profiling of clinical tumor samples, paving the way for the incorporation of genomic-based testing into clinical investigation and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bourgon
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Oncology Biomarker Development, Bioinformatics, Structural Biology, and Pathology, Genentech, Inc.; Fluidigm Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Expression Analysis, Durham, North Carolina
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287
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Wiegand KC, Hennessy BT, Leung S, Wang Y, Ju Z, McGahren M, Kalloger SE, Finlayson S, Stemke-Hale K, Lu Y, Zhang F, Anglesio MS, Gilks B, Mills GB, Huntsman DG, Carey MS. A functional proteogenomic analysis of endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas using reverse phase protein array and mutation analysis: protein expression is histotype-specific and loss of ARID1A/BAF250a is associated with AKT phosphorylation. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:120. [PMID: 24559118 PMCID: PMC3941949 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is now recognized as a number of distinct diseases primarily defined by histological subtype. Both clear cell ovarian carcinomas (CCC) and ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (EC) may arise from endometriosis and frequently harbor mutations in the ARID1A tumor suppressor gene. We studied the influence of histological subtype on protein expression with reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and assessed proteomic changes associated with ARID1A mutation/BAF250a expression in EC and CCC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BAF250a expression was performed on 127 chemotherapy-naive ovarian carcinomas (33 CCC, 29 EC, and 65 high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSC)). Whole tumor lysates were prepared from frozen banked tumor samples and profiled by RPPA using 116 antibodies. ARID1A mutations were identified by exome sequencing, and PIK3CA mutations were characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. SAM (Significance Analysis of Microarrays) was performed to determine differential protein expression by histological subtype and ARID1A mutation status. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the impact of ARID1A mutation status/BAF250a expression on AKT phosphorylation (pAKT). PIK3CA mutation type and PTEN expression were included in the model. BAF250a knockdown was performed in 3 clear cell lines using siRNA to ARID1A. RESULTS Marked differences in protein expression were observed that are driven by histotype. Compared to HGSC, SAM identified over 50 proteins that are differentially expressed in CCC and EC. These included PI3K/AKT pathway proteins, those regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, transcription, and other signaling pathways including steroid hormone signaling. Multivariate models showed that tumors with loss of BAF250a expression showed significantly higher levels of AKT-Thr308 and AKT-Ser473 phosphorylation (p < 0.05). In 31 CCC cases, pAKT was similarly significantly increased in tumors with BAF250a loss on IHC. Knockdown of BAF250a by siRNA in three CCC cell lines wild type for ARID1A showed no increase in either pAKT-Thr308 or pAKT-S473 suggesting that pAKT in tumor tissues is indirectly regulated by BAF250a expression. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic assessment of CCC and EC demonstrates remarkable differences in protein expression that are dependent on histotype, thereby further characterizing these cancers. AKT phosphorylation is associated with ARID1A/BAF250a deficient tumors, however in ovarian cancers the mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark S Carey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, British Columbia, Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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288
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Goltsov A, Langdon SP, Goltsov G, Harrison DJ, Bown J. Customizing the therapeutic response of signaling networks to promote antitumor responses by drug combinations. Front Oncol 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24551596 PMCID: PMC3914444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, de novo and acquired, pervades cellular signaling networks (SNs) from one signaling motif to another as a result of cancer progression and/or drug intervention. This resistance is one of the key determinants of efficacy in targeted anti-cancer drug therapy. Although poorly understood, drug resistance is already being addressed in combination therapy by selecting drug targets where SN sensitivity increases due to combination components or as a result of de novo or acquired mutations. Additionally, successive drug combinations have shown low resistance potential. To promote a rational, systematic development of combination therapies, it is necessary to establish the underlying mechanisms that drive the advantages of combination therapies, and design methods to determine drug targets for combination regimens. Based on a joint systems analysis of cellular SN response and its sensitivity to drug action and oncogenic mutations, we describe an in silico method to analyze the targets of drug combinations. Our method explores mechanisms of sensitizing the SN through a combination of two drugs targeting vertical signaling pathways. We propose a paradigm of SN response customization by one drug to both maximize the effect of another drug in combination and promote a robust therapeutic response against oncogenic mutations. The method was applied to customize the response of the ErbB/PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway by combination of drugs targeting HER2 receptors and proteins in the down-stream pathway. The results of a computational experiment showed that the modification of the SN response from hyperbolic to smooth sigmoid response by manipulation of two drugs in combination leads to greater robustness in therapeutic response against oncogenic mutations determining cancer heterogeneity. The application of this method in drug combination co-development suggests a combined evaluation of inhibition effects together with the capability of drug combinations to suppress resistance mechanisms before they become clinically manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Goltsov
- Centre for Research in Informatics and Systems Pathology (CRISP), University of Abertay Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | | | - James Bown
- Centre for Research in Informatics and Systems Pathology (CRISP), University of Abertay Dundee , Dundee , UK
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289
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Liu S, Knapp S, Ahmed AA. The structural basis of PI3K cancer mutations: from mechanism to therapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:641-6. [PMID: 24459181 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While genetic alteration in the p85α-p110α (PI3K) complex represents one of the most frequent driver mutations in cancer, the wild-type complex is also required for driving cancer progression through mutations in related pathways. Understanding the mechanistic basis of the function of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is essential for designing optimal therapeutic targeting strategies. Recent structural data of the p85α/p110α complex unraveled key insights into the molecular mechanisms of the activation of the complex and provided plausible explanations for the well-established biochemical data on p85/p110 dimer regulation. A wealth of biochemical and biologic information supported by recent genetic findings provides a strong basis for additional p110-independent function of p85α in the regulation of cell survival. In this article, we review the structural, biochemical, and biologic mechanisms through which p85α regulates the cancer cell life cycle with an emphasis on the recently discovered genetic alterations in cancer. As cancer progression is dependent on multiple biologic processes, targeting key drivers such as the PI3K may be required for efficacious therapy of heterogeneous tumors typically present in patients with late-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaeoclogy, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, SGC, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, China
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290
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Janku F, Hong DS, Fu S, Piha-Paul SA, Naing A, Falchook GS, Tsimberidou AM, Stepanek VM, Moulder SL, Lee JJ, Luthra R, Zinner RG, Broaddus RR, Wheler JJ, Kurzrock R. Assessing PIK3CA and PTEN in early-phase trials with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. Cell Rep 2014; 6:377-87. [PMID: 24440717 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a wealth of preclinical studies, it is unclear whether PIK3CA or phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene aberrations are actionable in the clinical setting. Of 1,656 patients with advanced, refractory cancers tested for PIK3CA or PTEN abnormalities, PIK3CA mutations were found in 9% (146/1,589), and PTEN loss and/or mutation was found in 13% (149/1,157). In multicovariable analysis, treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor was the only independent factor predicting response to therapy in individuals harboring a PIK3CA or PTEN aberration. The rate of stable disease ≥6 months/partial response reached 45% in a subgroup of individuals with H1047R PIK3CA mutations. Aberrations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are common and potentially actionable in patients with diverse advanced cancers. This work provides further important clinical validation for continued and accelerated use of biomarker-driven trials incorporating rational drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarina A Piha-Paul
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gerald S Falchook
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Apostolia M Tsimberidou
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vanda M Stepanek
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ralph G Zinner
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer J Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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291
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Molecular alterations of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:709736. [PMID: 24526917 PMCID: PMC3913524 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays a central role in cell growth and proliferation. It has also been suggested that its deregulation is associated with cancer. Genetic alterations, involving components of this pathway, are often encountered in endometrial cancers. Understanding and identifying the rate-limiting steps of this pathway would be crucial for the development of novel therapies against endometrial cancer. This paper reviews alterations in the PI3K/Akt pathway, which could possibly contribute to the development of endometrial cancer. In addition, potential therapeutic targets of this pathway with emphasis on the mTOR inhibitors are also presented.
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292
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Dillon LM, Miller TW. Therapeutic targeting of cancers with loss of PTEN function. Curr Drug Targets 2014; 15:65-79. [PMID: 24387334 PMCID: PMC4310752 DOI: 10.2174/1389450114666140106100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently disrupted tumor suppressors in cancer. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway to repress tumor cell growth and survival. In the nucleus, PTEN promotes chromosome stability and DNA repair. Consequently, loss of PTEN function increases genomic instability. PTEN deficiency is caused by inherited germline mutations, somatic mutations, epigenetic and transcriptional silencing, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Given the high frequency of PTEN deficiency across cancer subtypes, therapeutic approaches that exploit PTEN loss-of-function could provide effective treatment strategies. Herein, we discuss therapeutic strategies aimed at cancers with loss of PTEN function, and the challenges involved in treating patients afflicted with such cancers. We review preclinical and clinical findings, and highlight novel strategies under development to target PTENdeficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd W Miller
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Dr. HB-7936, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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McConechy MK, Ding J, Senz J, Yang W, Melnyk N, Tone AA, Prentice LM, Wiegand K, McAlpine JN, Shah SP, Lee CH, Goodfellow PJ, Gilks CB, Huntsman DG. Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas have distinct CTNNB1 and PTEN mutation profiles. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:128-34. [PMID: 23765252 PMCID: PMC3915240 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian endometrioid carcinomas and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas share many histological and molecular alterations. These similarities are likely due to a common endometrial epithelial precursor cell of origin, with most ovarian endometrioid carcinomas arising from endometriosis. To directly compare the mutation profiles of two morphologically similar tumor types, endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (n=307) and ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (n=33), we performed select exon capture sequencing on a panel of genes: ARID1A, PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, CTNNB1, PPP2R1A, TP53. We found that PTEN mutations are more frequent in low-grade endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (67%) compared with low-grade ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (17%) (P<0.0001). By contrast, CTNNB1 mutations are significantly different in low-grade ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (53%) compared with low-grade endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (28%) (P<0.0057). This difference in CTNNB1 mutation frequency may be reflective of the distinct microenvironments; the epithelial cells lining an endometriotic cyst within the ovary are exposed to a highly oxidative environment that promotes tumorigenesis. Understanding the distinct mutation patterns found in the PI3K and Wnt pathways of ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas may provide future opportunities for stratifying patients for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. McConechy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiarui Ding
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janine Senz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Winnie Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nataliya Melnyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alicia A. Tone
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Leah M. Prentice
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kimberly Wiegand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica N. McAlpine
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sohrab P. Shah
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul J. Goodfellow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - C. Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding Authors: 1. David G. Huntsman, MD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 3427-600 West 10th Ave Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5E 4E6. Phone: 604-877-6000 Fax: 604-877-6089 , 2. C. Blake Gilks, MD, FRCPC, Anatomical Pathology, JP1400, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E3. Phone: 604-875-4901 Fax: 604-877-3888
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Centre for Translational & Applied Genomics, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding Authors: 1. David G. Huntsman, MD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 3427-600 West 10th Ave Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5E 4E6. Phone: 604-877-6000 Fax: 604-877-6089 , 2. C. Blake Gilks, MD, FRCPC, Anatomical Pathology, JP1400, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E3. Phone: 604-875-4901 Fax: 604-877-3888
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Libby EF, Azrad M, Novak L, Vazquez AI, Wilson TR, Demark-Wahnefried W. Obesity is associated with higher 4E-BP1 expression in endometrial cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014:1-7. [PMID: 24639918 PMCID: PMC3955094 DOI: 10.2147/cbf.s53530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is associated with risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer (EC), and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway may play an instrumental role. We sought to explore the associations between cellular proliferation, Akt, and 4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) (a downstream target of mTORC1), in obese and nonobese women with and without EC. METHODS Archival tissue-specimens from endometrial biopsies were grouped into two broad categories based on the observed disease behavior and similarities in tissue staining patterns: benign/hyperplasia (without cytologic atypia) (n=18) versus atypia (complex hyperplasia with cytologic atypia)/carcinoma (n=25). The characteristics of the study population, including height and weight to determine body mass index (BMI: kg/m2), were abstracted from medical records. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the phosphorylated (p)Akt, p4E-BP1, and antigen Ki67. RESULTS Cytoplasmic and nuclear pAkt were significantly associated with cytoplasmic p4E-BP1 (ρ=+0.48, ρ=+0.50) (P<0.05) and nuclear p4E-BP1 (ρ=+0.40, ρ=+0.44) (P<0.05); cytoplasmic and nuclear p4E-BP1 were significantly associated with Ki67 (ρ=+0.46, ρ=+0.59) (P<0.05). Compared with the benign/hyperplasia group, the women with atypia/carcinoma had significantly higher cytoplasmic and nuclear p4E-BP1 and Ki67. This staining pattern was similar in obese women; however, in nonobese women, neither cytoplasmic nor nuclear p4E-BP1staining differed between benign/hyperplasia versus atypia/carcinoma. CONCLUSION The activation of 4E-BP1 was higher in the obese women with EC. Adiposity may be a key factor to consider in future studies investigating the role of 4E-BP1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Falk Libby
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lea Novak
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tamara R Wilson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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296
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Identification of mutations in distinct regions of p85 alpha in urothelial cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84411. [PMID: 24367658 PMCID: PMC3867501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancers commonly show genetic aberrations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. Here we have screened for mutations in PIK3R1, which encodes p85α, one of the regulatory subunits of PI3K. Two hundred and sixty-four bladder tumours and 41 bladder tumour cell lines were screened and 18 mutations were detected. Thirteen mutations were in C-terminal domains and are predicted to interfere with the interaction between p85α and p110α. Five mutations were in the BH domain of PIK3R1. This region has been implicated in p110α-independent roles of p85α, such as binding to and altering the activities of PTEN, Rab4 and Rab5. Expression of these mutant BH-p85α forms in mouse embryonic fibroblasts with p85α knockout indicated that all forms, except the truncation mutants, could bind and stabilize p110α but did not increase AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that BH mutations function independently of p110α. In a panel of 44 bladder tumour cell lines, 80% had reduced PIK3R1 mRNA expression relative to normal urothelial cells. This, along with mutation of PIK3R1, may alter BH domain functioning. Our findings suggest that mutant forms of p85α may play an oncogenic role in bladder cancer, not only via loss of ability to regulate p110α but also via altered function of the BH domain.
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297
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Harismendy O, Schwab RB, Alakus H, Yost SE, Matsui H, Hasteh F, Wallace AM, Park HL, Madlensky L, Parker B, Carpenter PM, Jepsen K, Anton-Culver H, Frazer KA. Evaluation of ultra-deep targeted sequencing for personalized breast cancer care. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R115. [PMID: 24326041 PMCID: PMC3978701 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing number of targeted therapies, together with a deeper understanding of cancer genetics and drug response, have prompted major healthcare centers to implement personalized treatment approaches relying on high-throughput tumor DNA sequencing. However, the optimal way to implement this transformative methodology is not yet clear. Current assays may miss important clinical information such as the mutation allelic fraction, the presence of sub-clones or chromosomal rearrangements, or the distinction between inherited variants and somatic mutations. Here, we present the evaluation of ultra-deep targeted sequencing (UDT-Seq) to generate and interpret the molecular profile of 38 breast cancer patients from two academic medical centers. METHODS We sequenced 47 genes in matched germline and tumor DNA samples from 38 breast cancer patients. The selected genes, or the pathways they belong to, can be targeted by drugs or are important in familial cancer risk or drug metabolism. RESULTS Relying on the added value of sequencing matched tumor and germline DNA and using a dedicated analysis, UDT-Seq has a high sensitivity to identify mutations in tumors with low malignant cell content. Applying UDT-Seq to matched tumor and germline specimens from the 38 patients resulted in a proposal for at least one targeted therapy for 22 patients, the identification of tumor sub-clones in 3 patients, the suggestion of potential adverse drug effects in 3 patients and a recommendation for genetic counseling for 2 patients. CONCLUSION Overall our study highlights the additional benefits of a sequencing strategy, which includes germline DNA and is optimized for heterogeneous tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Harismendy
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard B Schwab
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Shawn E Yost
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Hiroko Matsui
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Farnaz Hasteh
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Hannah L Park
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Madlensky
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 252 Irvine Hall, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Barbara Parker
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip M Carpenter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 252 Irvine Hall, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Frangenheimstraße 4, 50931, Köln Germany
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Cheng H, Liu P, Zhang F, Xu E, Symonds L, Ohlson CE, Bronson RT, Maira SM, Di Tomaso E, Li J, Myers AP, Cantley LC, Mills GB, Zhao JJ. A genetic mouse model of invasive endometrial cancer driven by concurrent loss of Pten and Lkb1 Is highly responsive to mTOR inhibition. Cancer Res 2013; 74:15-23. [PMID: 24322983 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Signals from the tumor suppressors PTEN and LKB1 converge on mTOR to negatively regulate its function in cancer cells. Notably, both of these suppressors are attenuated in a significant fraction of human endometrial tumors. In this study, we generated a genetic mouse model of endometrial cancer driven by concomitant loss of these suppressors to gain pathophysiological insight into this disease. Dual loss of Pten and Lkb1 in the endometrial epithelium led to rapid development of advanced endometrioid endometrial tumors with 100% penetrance and short host survival. The tumors displayed dysregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Lkb1/Ampk signaling with hyperactivation of mTOR signaling. Treatment with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, extended the time before tumor onset and prolonged overall survival. The PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 used as a single agent reduced the growth rate of primary tumor implants in Pten/Lkb1-deficient mice, and the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 was unexpectedly as effective as BEZ235 in triggering tumor regression. In parallel, we also found that ectopic expression of LKB1 in PTEN/LKB1-deficient human endometrial cancer cells increased their sensitivity to PI3K inhibition. Together, our results demonstrated that Pten/Lkb1-deficient endometrial tumors rely strongly on deregulated mTOR signaling, and they provided evidence that LKB1 status may modulate the response of PTEN-deficient tumors to PI3K or mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Cheng
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Cancer Biology; Division of Women's Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Systems Biology; Rodent Histopathology Core, DF/HCC, Harvard Medical School; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massacheusetts; Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Polivka J, Janku F. Molecular targets for cancer therapy in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:164-75. [PMID: 24333502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in various cellular signaling pathways are instrumental in regulating cellular metabolism, tumor development, growth, proliferation, metastasis and cytoskeletal reorganization. The fundamental cellular signaling cascade involved in these processes, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), closely related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, is a crucial and intensively explored intracellular signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. Various activating mutations in oncogenes together with the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are found in diverse malignancies across almost all members of the pathway. Substantial progress in uncovering PI3K/AKT/mTOR alterations and their roles in tumorigenesis has enabled the development of novel targeted molecules with potential for developing efficacious anticancer treatment. Two approved anticancer drugs, everolimus and temsirolimus, exemplify targeted inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR in the clinic and many others are in preclinical development as well as being tested in early clinical trials for many different types of cancer. This review focuses on targeted PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling from the perspective of novel molecular targets for cancer therapy found in key pathway members and their corresponding experimental therapeutic agents. Various aberrant prognostic and predictive biomarkers are also discussed and examples are given. Novel approaches to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition together with a better understanding of prognostic and predictive markers have the potential to significantly improve the future care of cancer patients in the current era of personalized cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Polivka
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Plzen, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Levine DM, Ek WE, Zhang R, Liu X, Onstad L, Sather C, Lao-Sirieix P, Gammon MD, Corley DA, Shaheen NJ, Bird NC, Hardie LJ, Murray LJ, Reid BJ, Chow WH, Risch HA, Nyrén O, Ye W, Liu G, Romero Y, Bernstein L, Wu AH, Casson AG, Chanock SJ, Harrington P, Caldas I, Debiram-Beecham I, Caldas C, Hayward NK, Pharoah PD, Fitzgerald RC, Macgregor S, Whiteman DC, Vaughan TL. A genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1487-93. [PMID: 24121790 PMCID: PMC3840115 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a cancer with rising incidence and poor survival. Most such cancers arise in a specialized intestinal metaplastic epithelium, which is diagnostic of Barrett's esophagus. In a genome-wide association study, we compared esophageal adenocarcinoma cases (n = 2,390) and individuals with precancerous Barrett's esophagus (n = 3,175) with 10,120 controls in 2 phases. For the combined case group, we identified three new associations. The first is at 19p13 (rs10419226: P = 3.6 × 10(-10)) in CRTC1 (encoding CREB-regulated transcription coactivator), whose aberrant activation has been associated with oncogenic activity. A second is at 9q22 (rs11789015: P = 1.0 × 10(-9)) in BARX1, which encodes a transcription factor important in esophageal specification. A third is at 3p14 (rs2687201: P = 5.5 × 10(-9)) near the transcription factor FOXP1, which regulates esophageal development. We also refine a previously reported association with Barrett's esophagus near the putative tumor suppressor gene FOXF1 at 16q24 and extend our findings to now include esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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