251
|
Kapper S, Beck G, Riedel S, Prem K, Haak M, van der Woude FJ, Yard BA. Modulation of chemokine production and expression of adhesion molecules in renal tubular epithelial and endothelial cells by catecholamines. Transplantation 2002; 74:253-60. [PMID: 12151739 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200207270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to investigate whether catecholamines influence the production of chemokines and adhesion molecules in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and endothelial cells. METHODS PTECs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with various concentrations of dopamine (DA), adrenaline (AD), or noradrenaline (NA), and the production of interleukin (IL)-8, ENA-78, and Gro-alpha was assessed by ELISA. The influence of catecholamine pretreatment on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated production of these chemokines and the expression of adhesion molecules was also tested. RESULTS In PTECs, DA inhibited the production of all three chemokines in a dose-dependent fashion. Although inhibition in ENA-78 and Gro-alpha production was also found in HUVECs, IL-8 production was up-regulated in these cells. Increased IL-8 secretion was predominantly observed at the apical site of the cells. In AD or NA stimulated cells, the production of Gro-alpha was increased in PTECs and decreased in HUVECs. Down-regulation in IL-8 production was also observed after AD but not after NA stimulation of both cell types. Interestingly, TNF-alpha-mediated up-regulation in intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and E-selectin was delayed in DA-pretreated HUVECs but not in PTECs. The influence of DA, but not AD or NA, on chemokine production was completely prevented by the addition of N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that catecholamines differentially influence chemokine production and indicates that DA may have anti-inflammatory properties because it delays the expression of adhesion molecules and inhibits the production of chemokines in PTECs and endothelial cells under basal and inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kapper
- Departments of Nephrology and Anaesthesiology, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
252
|
Abstract
Organisms on our planet have evolved in an oxidizing environment that is intrinsically inimical to life, and cells have been forced to devise means of protecting themselves. One of the defenses used most widely in nature is the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). This enzyme performs the seemingly lackluster function of catabolizing heme to generate bilirubin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. Remarkably, however, the activity of this enzyme results in profound changes in cells' abilities to protect themselves against oxidative injury. HO-1 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antiproliferative effects, and it is now known to have salutary effects in diseases as diverse as atherosclerosis and sepsis. The mechanism by which HO-1 confers its protective effect is as yet poorly understood, but this area of invetsigation is active and rapidly evolving. This review highlights current information on the function of HO-1 and its relevance to specific pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Morse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
253
|
Wunder C, Brock RW, McCarter SD, Bihari A, Harris K, Eichelbrönner O, Potter RF. Inhibition of haem oxygenase activity increases leukocyte accumulation in the liver following limb ischaemia-reperfusion in mice. J Physiol 2002; 540:1013-21. [PMID: 11986386 PMCID: PMC2290293 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.015446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of haem oxygenase (HO) in the hepatic accumulation of leukocytes in mice during the initiation of remote organ injury following normotensive limb ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) was investigated. Remote organ injury was initiated by 1 h bilateral hindlimb ischaemia followed by either 1 or 1.5 h reperfusion (I-R) in male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly assigned to either sham (no I-R, n = 4), I-R (n = 4 for both time points), I-R plus chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP, n = 4) to inhibit HO or I-R plus haemin (n = 4) to increase HO. Leukocyte accumulation and leukocyte-endothelial interaction were directly measured using fluorescence intravital microscopy. Leukocytes were labelled via an injection of rhodamine 6G. In sinusoids the total number and the number of stationary leukocytes were assessed. In postsinusoidal venules the number of adherent and rolling leukocytes and the velocities of both red blood cells and leukocytes were measured. The total number of leukocytes increased in sinusoids of I-R mice reaching a plateau within 1 h compared with sham animals, while the number of stationary leukocytes progressively increased over the entire study period. Stationary leukocytes in sinusoids increased after 1 and 1.5 h of I-R following CrMP, while they were significantly reduced following haemin treatment compared to animals treated with I-R only. In postsinusoidal venules a progressive increase in adherent leukocytes also occurred. As observed in sinusoids, CrMP significantly increased, while haemin significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion. The number of rolling leukocytes increased after CrMP in both I-R groups (1 and 1.5 h). The velocities of rolling leukocytes declined following 1.5 h of I-R compared with sham. Haemin treatment of 1.5 h I-R animals restored the velocities back to sham levels. The calculated wall shear rates in postsinusoidal venules were significantly lower in all I-R groups in comparison to sham animals. Combination of 1.5 h I-R with CrMP resulted in the lowest shear rates of all I-R groups. The number of stationary leukocytes within sinusoids and adherent leukocytes in postsinusoidal venules were correlated to the corresponding alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In conclusion, endogenous HO reduces leukocyte-endothelial interactions within the liver. Thus, endogenous HO activity provides an important mechanism controlling the hepatic inflammatory response during the initiation of remote organ injury following normotensive limb ischaemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wunder
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
254
|
|
255
|
Katori M, Anselmo DM, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. A novel strategy against ischemia and reperfusion injury: cytoprotection with heme oxygenase system. Transpl Immunol 2002; 9:227-33. [PMID: 12180835 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much interest has recently been focused on the physiological/pathological role of the heme oxygenase (HO) system, the rate-limiting step in the conversion of heme, in inflammatory events. The HO system may be instrumental in mediating a number of cytoprotective effects, because of its end products, biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous free iron (Fe2+). As each of the byproducts acts dependently and/or co-operatively with each other, their in vivo effects are complex. In general, the HO system is thought to exert three major functions in ischemia/reperfusion injury: (1) anti-oxidant effects; (2) maintenance of microcirculation; and (3) modulatory effects upon the cell cycle. The anti-oxidant functions depend on heme degradation, oxygen consumption and the production of biliverdin/ferritin via iron accumulation. On the other hand, the production of CO, which has vasodilatory and anti-platelet aggregative properties, can maintain tissue microcirculation. Strikingly, CO may also be instrumental in anti-apoptotic and cell arrest mechanisms. The HO system prevents early injury in the re-perfused organ, and inhibits the function of immune reactive cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. The role of the HO system as a novel strategy to mitigate an antigen-independent ischemia/reperfusion injury has been documented in a number of transplantation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Katori
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
256
|
Yamaguchi T, Shioji I, Sugimoto A, Yamaoka M. Psychological stress increases bilirubin metabolites in human urine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:517-20. [PMID: 12054631 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some authors have suggested that psychological stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some studies have supported that bilirubin exerts anti-oxidative effects in vivo. However, it is not known whether ROS induced by psychological stress provoke bilirubin oxidation in vivo. We investigated if the concentration of bilirubin oxidative metabolite (BOM), a bilirubin oxidative metabolite, increased in urine from subjects exposed to psychological stress. Sixty healthy male volunteers working in a pharmaceutical company were divided into a Group I which did not attend a conference, a Group II which attended a conference but did not deliver a speech, and a Group III which attended a conference and delivered speeches in the presence of the company executives. Subjective stress was scored (self-rating score) after subjects in Group III delivered their speeches at the conference. Urine was collected on the next day. The BOM concentrations, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were normalized to the urinary concentration of creatinine. The concentration of BOM in Group III was significantly higher compared to that in Groups I and II (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, in Group III, the concentration of BOM correlated with the self-rating stress score (r=0.53, p<0.01). These findings suggest that emotional stimuli are associated with an increase in the oxidative metabolites of bilirubin in human urine, and that BOMs could be useful markers of psychological stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
257
|
Colpaert EE, Timmermans JP, Lefebvre RA. Immunohistochemical localization of the antioxidant enzymes biliverdin reductase and heme oxygenase-2 in human and pig gastric fundus. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:630-7. [PMID: 11909697 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic antioxidant capacities of the bile pigments biliverdin and bilirubin are increasingly recognized since both heme degradation products can exert beneficial cytoprotective effects due to their scavenging of oxygen free radicals and interaction with antioxidant vitamins. Several studies have been published on the localization of the carbon monoxide producing enzyme heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), which concomitantly generates biliverdin; histochemical data on the distribution of biliverdin reductase (BVR), converting biliverdin to bilirubin, are still very scarce in large mammals including humans. The present study revealed by means of immunohistochemistry the presence of BVR and HO-2 in mucosal epithelial cells and in the endothelium of intramural vessels of both human and porcine gastric fundus. In addition, co-labeling with the specific neural marker protein-gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) demonstrated that both BVR and HO-2 were present in all intrinsic nerve cell bodies of both submucous and myenteric plexuses, while double labeling with c-Kit antibody confirmed their presence in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Our results substantiate the hypothesis that BVR, through the production of the potent antioxidant bilirubin, might be an essential component of normal physiologic gastrointestinal defense in man and pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin E Colpaert
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
258
|
Abstract
Observations of the effects of carbon monoxide (CO) on mammalian systems have been known for thousands of years. To be sure, CO is deadly under certain conditions and concentrations, but perhaps as the data presented here will make clear, it also possesses other diverse functional and immunomodulatory properties. This review, together with the other reviews in this issue, will detail that over the past three decades, fundamental functional role(s) for this gas molecule are beginning to emerge. This review outlines that at low concentrations, exogenously administered CO is a molecule involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response in a variety of disease models. CO has been shown to modulate such cellular functions as cytokine production, cell proliferation and apoptosis, protecting the lungs and hearts of rodents from such stressors as endotoxin, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac xenograft rejection, and asthma. Although the mechanism by which this simple diatomic gas provides this protection remains obscure, the conclusions are the same: CO at low concentrations, concentrations that are well below those that would otherwise create toxic effects, is proving beneficial in models of acute injury. CO, akin to nitric oxide, is proving to be an extraordinary signaling molecule generated by the cell that is vital in the regulation of cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo E Otterbein
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Ozawa N, Goda N, Makino N, Yamaguchi T, Yoshimura Y, Suematsu M. Leydig cell-derived heme oxygenase-1 regulates apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells in response to stress. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 11854317 DOI: 10.1172/jci0213190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced downregulation of spermatogenesis remains poorly understood. This study examined the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a carbon monoxide-generating inducible enzyme, in modulation of spermatogenesis. Rats were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)), a stressor causing oligozoospermia, and HO-1-induction was monitored by following HO isozyme expression. CdCl(2)-treated testes increased HO-1 activity and suppressed microsomal cytochromes P450, which are required for steroidogenesis. CdCl(2)-elicited HO-1 occurred mostly in Leydig cells and coincided with CO generation, as judged by bilirubin-IXalpha immunoreactivity. Under these circumstances, germ cells in peripheral regions of seminiferous tubules exhibited apoptosis; laser flow cytometry revealed that these apoptotic cells involve diploid and tetraploid germ cells, suggesting involvement of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in CdCl(2)-elicited apoptosis. Pretreatment with zinc protoporphyrin-IX, an HO inhibitor, but not copper protoporphyrin-IX, which does not block the enzyme, attenuated the CdCl(2)-induced apoptosis. Such antiapoptotic effects of zinc protoporphyrin-IX were repressed by supplementation of dichloromethane, a CO donor. Upon CdCl(2)-treatment, both Sertoli cells and the germ cells upregulated Fas ligand; this event was also suppressed by zinc protoporphyrin-IX and restored by dichloromethane. Thus, Leydig cells appear to use HO-1-derived CO to trigger apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells and thereby modulate spermatogenesis under conditions of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
260
|
Abstract
Cardiac transplantation is the most successful therapy for refractory heart failure, but clinical transplantation is still confronted with the problems of acute rejection and acute pump failure. The limiting factor in achieving prolonged survival remains cardiac allograft vasculopathy. In recent years it has become apparent that from brain death onward, the cardiac endothelium plays a key role in these acute and chronic events. Brain death is associated with an inflammatory response that primes the endothelium for cumulative injury during the subsequent stages of ischemic cold storage, reperfusion and allorecognition. As a structural and functional interface, the endothelium is the site at which inflammatory cells move from the bloodstream through the vessel wall into the parenchyma. The endothelium interacts with the complement system, the coagulation and inflammatory cascades, circulating leukocytes, the immune system, the smooth muscle in the vessel wall, and the surrounding matrix and cardiomyocytes. A better understanding of its many roles may lead to expansion of our therapeutic possibilities and better outcomes overall. This article reviews the possible roles of the endothelium in relation to cardiac transplantation, and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities that are available to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serban C Stoica
- The Cardiothoracic Transplant Unit Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
261
|
Kushida T, Quan S, Yang L, Ikehara S, Kappas A, Abraham NG. A significant role for the heme oxygenase-1 gene in endothelial cell cycle progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:68-75. [PMID: 11829463 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the conversion of heme to biliverdin with the release of iron and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is inducible by inflammatory conditions, which cause oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Overexpression of human HO-1 in endothelial cells may have the potential to provide protection against a variety of agents that cause oxidative stress. We investigated the physiological significance of human HO-1 overexpression, using a retroviral vector, on cell cycle progression in the presence and absence of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). The addition of PDTC (25 and 50 microM) to human microvessel endothelial cells over 24 h resulted in significant (P < 0.05) abnormalities in DNA distribution and cell cycle progression compared to cells overexpressing the HO-1 gene. The addition of PDTC resulted in a significantly decreased G(1) phase and an increased G(2)/M phase in the control cells, but not in cells transduced with the human HO-1 gene (P < 0.05). Further, PDTC had a potent effect on DNA distribution abnormalities in exponentially grown cells compared to subconfluent cells. Upregulation of HO activity in endothelial cells, as a result of overexpressing human HO-1, prevented PDTC-mediated abnormalities in DNA distribution. Inhibition of HO activity by tin-mesoporphyrin (SnMP) (30 microM) resulted in enhancement of PDTC-mediated abnormalities in cell cycle progression. Bilirubin or iron did not mediate DNA distribution. We conclude that an increase in endothelial cell HO-1 activity with subsequent generation of carbon monoxide, elicited by gene transfer, reversed the PDTC-mediated abnormalities in cell cycle progression and is thus a potential therapeutic means for attenuating the effects of oxidative stress-causing agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kushida
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
262
|
Ozawa N, Goda N, Makino N, Yamaguchi T, Yoshimura Y, Suematsu M. Leydig cell-derived heme oxygenase-1 regulates apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells in response to stress. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:457-67. [PMID: 11854317 PMCID: PMC150871 DOI: 10.1172/jci13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced downregulation of spermatogenesis remains poorly understood. This study examined the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a carbon monoxide-generating inducible enzyme, in modulation of spermatogenesis. Rats were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)), a stressor causing oligozoospermia, and HO-1-induction was monitored by following HO isozyme expression. CdCl(2)-treated testes increased HO-1 activity and suppressed microsomal cytochromes P450, which are required for steroidogenesis. CdCl(2)-elicited HO-1 occurred mostly in Leydig cells and coincided with CO generation, as judged by bilirubin-IXalpha immunoreactivity. Under these circumstances, germ cells in peripheral regions of seminiferous tubules exhibited apoptosis; laser flow cytometry revealed that these apoptotic cells involve diploid and tetraploid germ cells, suggesting involvement of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in CdCl(2)-elicited apoptosis. Pretreatment with zinc protoporphyrin-IX, an HO inhibitor, but not copper protoporphyrin-IX, which does not block the enzyme, attenuated the CdCl(2)-induced apoptosis. Such antiapoptotic effects of zinc protoporphyrin-IX were repressed by supplementation of dichloromethane, a CO donor. Upon CdCl(2)-treatment, both Sertoli cells and the germ cells upregulated Fas ligand; this event was also suppressed by zinc protoporphyrin-IX and restored by dichloromethane. Thus, Leydig cells appear to use HO-1-derived CO to trigger apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells and thereby modulate spermatogenesis under conditions of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
263
|
Lu R, Peng J, Xiao L, Deng HW, Li YJ. Heme oxygenase-1 pathway is involved in delayed protection induced by heat stress against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2002; 82:133-40. [PMID: 11853899 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heat stress protein (HSP32), has a beneficial effect on the ischemic myocardium. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether HO-1 is involved in delayed cardioprotection provided by heat stress in vivo. Sprague--Dawley rats were pretreated with whole body hyperthermia (rectal 42 degrees C) for 15 min followed by ischemia-reperfusion 24 h later. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by a 3-h reperfusion. Myocardial injury degree was evaluated by measurement of infarct size and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. The expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein in myocardial tissues were measured. Pretreatment with hyperthemia significantly reduced infarct size and CK release during reperfusion, which was completely blocked by pretreatment with ZnPP-9, an inhibitor of HO and methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. Heat stress also significantly increased the expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein, and the effect was not affected by pretreatment with methylene blue. The present results suggest that the HO-1 pathway is involved in the mediation of delayed cardioprotection by heat stress in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiang-Ya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
264
|
Inguaggiato P, Gonzalez-Michaca L, Croatt AJ, Haggard JJ, Alam J, Nath KA. Cellular overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 up-regulates p21 and confers resistance to apoptosis. Kidney Int 2001; 60:2181-91. [PMID: 11737592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protects against diverse insults in the kidney and other tissues. We examined the effect of overexpression of HO-1 on cell growth, expression of p21, and susceptibility to apoptosis. METHODS LLC-PK1 cells were genetically engineered to exhibit stable overexpression of HO-1. The effects of such overexpression on cell growth, the cell cycle, and the cell cycle-inhibitory protein, p21, were assessed; additionally, the susceptibility of these HO-1 overexpressing cells to apoptosis induced by three different stimuli (TNF-alpha/cycloheximide, staurosporine, or serum deprivation) was evaluated by such methods as the quantitation of caspase-3 activity, phase contrast microscopy, and the TUNEL method. RESULTS HO-1 overexpressing LLC-PK1 cells demonstrated cellular hypertrophy, decreased hyperplastic growth, and growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. HO-1 overexpressing cells were markedly resistant to apoptosis induced by TNFalpha/cycloheximide or staurosporine as assessed by the caspase-3 activity assay. Such overexpression also conferred resistance to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation as evaluated by the TUNEL method; in these studies, inhibition of HO attenuated the resistance to apoptosis. Expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21CIP1, WAF1, SDI1, as judged by Northern and Western analyses, was significantly increased in HO-1 overexpressing cells, and decreased as HO activity was inhibited. Moreover, this reduction in expression of p21 attendant upon the inhibition of HO activity in HO-1 overexpressing cells paralleled the loss of resistance of these cells to apoptosis when HO activity is inhibited. The pharmacologic inducer of HO-1, hemin, increased expression of p21 in wild-type cells and decreased apoptosis provoked by TNF-alpha/cycloheximide. CONCLUSION Cellular overexpression of HO-1 up-regulates p21, diminishes proliferative cell growth, and confers marked resistance to apoptosis. We speculate that such up-regulation of p21 contributes to the altered pattern of cell growth and resistance to apoptosis. Our studies uncover the capacity of HO-1 to markedly influence the cell cycle in renal epithelial cells. In light of the profound importance of the cell cycle as a determinant of cell fate, we speculate that the inductive effect of HO-1 on p21 and the attendant inhibitory effect on the cell cycle provide a hitherto unsuspected mechanism underlying the cytoprotective actions of HO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Inguaggiato
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Tamion F, Richard V, Bonmarchand G, Leroy J, Lebreton JP, Thuillez C. Induction of heme-oxygenase-1 prevents the systemic responses to hemorrhagic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1933-8. [PMID: 11734449 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidant-mediated reperfusion injury of the gut is a major contributor of the systemic inflammatory response in hemorrhagic shock. Recent studies have suggested that heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) represents an endogenous protective mechanism against oxidant stress. We assessed whether HO-1 induction modulates the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in hemorrhagic shock. In rats submitted to hemorrhagic shock, pretreatment with hemoglobin (Hb) increased HO-1 mRNA expression in macrophages. This increased expression was associated with a decreased expression of TNF-alpha mRNA, as well as decreased plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha. These effects of Hb were reduced by the HO-1 inhibitor tin-protoporphyrin (Sn-PP 20 micromol/kg), while Sn-PP had no effect in the absence of Hb. In parallel, Hb pretreatment reduced pulmonary edema, vascular injury, and increased mesenteric blood flow, and these effects were reduced by Sn-PP. Thus, induction of HO-1 is protective in hemorrhagic shock, possibly through its antioxidant properties. Interventions that induce HO-1 may be beneficial in the treatment of shock states, leading to a reduced systemic inflammatory response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fluid Therapy/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/physiology
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/therapeutic use
- Hemodynamics
- Inflammation
- Intestines/blood supply
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reperfusion Injury/complications
- Resuscitation/methods
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/enzymology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/immunology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy
- Splanchnic Circulation/physiology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/enzymology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/immunology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Tamion
- INSERM E9920, IFRMP and Service de Réanimation Médicale, Rouen University Hospital, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
266
|
Wagener FA, Eggert A, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, Verhofstad A, Abraham NG, Adema G, van Kooyk Y, de Witte T, Figdor CG. Heme is a potent inducer of inflammation in mice and is counteracted by heme oxygenase. Blood 2001; 98:1802-11. [PMID: 11535514 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathologic conditions, such as hemorrhage, hemolysis and cell injury, are characterized by the release of large amounts of heme. Recently, it was demonstrated that heme oxygenase (HO), the heme-degrading enzyme, and heme are able to modulate adhesion molecule expression in vitro. In the present study, the effects of heme and HO on inflammation in mice were analyzed by monitoring the biodistribution of radiolabeled liposomes and leukocytes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry. Small liposomes accumulate in inflamed tissues by diffusion because of locally enhanced vascular permeability, whereas leukocytes actively migrate into inflammatory areas through specific adhesive interactions with the endothelium and chemotaxis. Exposure to heme resulted in a dramatic increase in liposome accumulation in the pancreas, but also intestines, liver, and spleen exhibited significantly increased vascular permeability. Similarly, intravenously administered heme caused an enhanced influx of radiolabeled leukocytes into these organs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed differential up-regulation of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, P-selectin, and fibronectin in liver and pancreas in heme-treated animals. Heme-induced adhesive properties were accompanied by a massive influx of granulocytes into these inflamed tissues, suggesting an important contribution to the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. Moreover, inhibition of HO activity exacerbated heme-induced granulocyte infiltration. Here it is demonstrated for the first time that heme induces increased vascular permeability, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment in vivo, whereas HO antagonizes heme-induced inflammation possibly through the down-modulation of adhesion molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Wagener
- Department of Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
267
|
Fernandez AZ, López F, Tablante A, Romano E, Hurt-Camejo E, Camejo G, Apitz-Castro R. Intravascular hemolysis increases atherogenicity of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits in spite of heme oxygenase-1 gene and protein induction. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158:103-11. [PMID: 11500180 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Free radical mediated oxidation of apoB lipoproteins in the arterial intima appears to contribute to atherogenicity of the entrapped particles. A plausible pathogenic mechanism for oxidation is the one induced by heme leaking from erythrocytes that is then carried into the arterial wall by its high affinity for lipoproteins. In the intima, in the presence of H(2)O(2) secreted by macrophages, heme can be a potent oxidant. To study the role of heme as a promoter of oxidative stress damage in vivo we used a model of intravascular hemolysis (IVH) caused by phenylhydrazine in rabbits with and without diet-induced moderate hypercholesterolemia (MHC). Evaluation of the antioxidant status of plasma indicated that at the end of the treatment period this was compromised by the MHC-IVH. After 10 weeks the animals with combined MHC-IVH showed more of the aorta surface covered by lesions (27%+/-8, mean (SD) than the animals with only MHC (11%+/-7), in spite of having similar plasma levels of VLDL+LDL lipoproteins. The animals with only IVH, as well as the controls, showed minimal lesions (<1%). Heme oxygenase (HO-1) expression in aorta and other tissues was markedly increased in the group with MHC-IVH and it was correlated with the extent of IVH. The data suggest that the oxidative stress associated with IVH potentiates the atherogenicity of moderate hypercholesterolemia and that in spite of a strong induction of HO-1 this is not sufficient to counteract the atherogenicity of the combined condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Z Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
268
|
Wang WP, Guo X, Koo MW, Wong BC, Lam SK, Ye YN, Cho CH. Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G586-94. [PMID: 11447040 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies showed that the inducible form of heme oxygenase (HO-1) was induced and played a protective role in the process of inflammation. The present study investigated the possible role of HO-1 in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. We measured HO-1 activity in TNBS-induced colitis in rats and analyzed the severity of colitis along with altered HO activity by assessing lesion area and myeloperoxidase activity. HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions were determined at different time points after TNBS induction. Free radical production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which participate in oxidative injury, were also assayed. HO activity and HO-1 gene expression increased markedly after TNBS induction. Administration with tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a HO inhibitor, potentiated the colonic damage along with a reduction in HO-1 activity. Furthermore, the reduction of HO-1 expression by SnMP also enhanced reactive oxygen species and iNOS expression, both of which were dramatically increased after the TNBS enema. L-Arginine pretreatment further aggravated the injurious action of SnMP. Our results indicate that HO-1 plays a protective role in the colonic damage induced by the TNBS enema, and the preventive effects probably result from decreased free radical production and inhibition of iNOS expression in colonic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
269
|
|
270
|
Fujita T, Toda K, Karimova A, Yan SF, Naka Y, Yet SF, Pinsky DJ. Paradoxical rescue from ischemic lung injury by inhaled carbon monoxide driven by derepression of fibrinolysis. Nat Med 2001; 7:598-604. [PMID: 11329062 DOI: 10.1038/87929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) can arrest cellular respiration, but paradoxically, it is synthesized endogenously by heme oxygenase type 1 (Ho-1) in response to ischemic stress. Ho-1-deficient (Hmox1-/-) mice exhibited lethal ischemic lung injury, but were rescued from death by inhaled CO. CO drove ischemic protection by activating soluble guanylate cyclase and thereby suppressed hypoxic induction of the gene encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in mononuclear phagocytes, which reduced accrual of microvascular fibrin. CO-mediated ischemic protection observed in wild-type mice was lost in mice null for the gene encoding PAI-1 (Serpine1). These data establish a fundamental link between CO and prevention of ischemic injury based on the ability of CO to derepress the fibrinolytic axis. These data also point to a potential therapeutic use for inhaled CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fujita
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
271
|
Kyokane T, Norimizu S, Taniai H, Yamaguchi T, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Naito M, Nimura Y, Ishimura Y, Suematsu M. Carbon monoxide from heme catabolism protects against hepatobiliary dysfunction in endotoxin-treated rat liver. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1227-40. [PMID: 11266386 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver is a major organ for heme detoxification under disease conditions, but its self-protective mechanisms against the toxicity are unknown. This study aimed to examine roles of carbon monoxide (CO), the gaseous product of heme oxygenase (HO), in ameliorating hepatobiliary dysfunction during catabolism of heme molecules in endotoxemic livers. METHODS Vascular resistance and biliary flux of bilirubin-IXalpha, an index of HO-derived CO generation, were monitored in perfused livers of endotoxemic rats. Livers were perfused with HbO(2), which captures nitric oxide (NO) and CO, or metHb, a reagent trapping NO but not CO. RESULTS In endotoxin-pretreated livers where inducible NO synthase and HO-1 overproduced NO and CO, HbO(2) caused marked vasoconstriction and cholestasis. These changes were not reproduced by the NO synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine alone, but by coadministration of zinc protoporphyrin-IX, an HO inhibitor. CO supplementation attenuated the events caused by aminoguanidine plus zinc protoporphyrin-IX, suggesting that simultaneous elimination of these vasorelaxing gases accounts for a mechanism for HbO(2)-induced changes. This concept was supported by observation that metHb did not cause any cholestasis; the reagent captures NO but triggers CO overproduction through rapid degradation of the heme by HO-1. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest protective roles of CO against hepatobiliary dysfunction caused by heme overloading under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kyokane
- First Department of Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
272
|
Nath KA, Grande JP, Haggard JJ, Croatt AJ, Katusic ZS, Solovey A, Hebbel RP. Oxidative stress and induction of heme oxygenase-1 in the kidney in sickle cell disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:893-903. [PMID: 11238038 PMCID: PMC1850341 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nephropathy is a recognized complication of sickle cell disease. Using a transgenic sickle mouse, we examined whether oxidative stress occurs in the sickle kidney, the origins and functional significance of such oxidant stress, and the expression of the oxidant-inducible, potentially protective gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); we also examined the expression of HO-1 in the kidney and in circulating endothelial cells in sickle patients. We demonstrate that this transgenic sickle mouse exhibits renal enlargement, medullary congestion, and a reduced plasma creatinine concentration. Oxidative stress is present in the kidney as indicated by increased amounts of lipid peroxidation; heme content is markedly increased in the kidney. Exacerbation of oxidative stress by inhibiting glutathione synthesis with buthionine-sulfoximine dramatically increased red blood cell sickling in the sickle kidney: in buthionine-sulfoximine-treated sickle mice, red blood cell sickling extended from the medulla into the cortical capillaries and glomeruli. HO activity is increased in the sickle mouse kidney, and is due to induction of HO-1. In the human sickle kidney, HO-1 is induced in renal tubules, interstitial cells, and in the vasculature. Expression of HO-1 is increased in circulating endothelial cells in patients with sickle cell disease. These results provide the novel demonstration that oxidative stress occurs in the sickle kidney, and that acute exacerbation of oxidative stress in the sickle mouse precipitates acute vaso-occlusive disease. Additionally, the oxidant-inducible, heme-degrading enzyme, HO-1, is induced regionally in the murine and human sickle kidney, and systemically, in circulating endothelial cells in sickle patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Nath
- Nephrology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, 200 First St. SW, 542 Guggenheim Bldg., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
273
|
Rücker M, Schäfer T, Roesken F, Spitzer WJ, Bauer M, Menger MD. Local heat-shock priming-induced improvement in microvascular perfusion in osteomyocutaneous flaps is mediated by heat-shock protein 32. Br J Surg 2001; 88:450-7. [PMID: 11260115 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress conditioning is thought to improve microvascular free flap survival but the mechanisms of protection are not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether local induction of heat-shock protein (HSP) 32 improves microvascular perfusion in transferred osteomyocutaneous flaps. METHODS The hindlimb harvest region of osteomyocutaneous flaps in Wistar rats was subjected to stress conditioning by local heating (30 min, 42.5 degrees C) 24 h before microvascular flap transfer. In a second group of animals, after heat-shock priming, the action of HSP-32 was inhibited by tin protoporphyrin IX. Animals with unconditioned flaps served as controls. After transfer, the microcirculation of the muscle, cutaneous, subcutaneous and periosteal tissue of the flap was analysed quantitatively for 6 h using intravital fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed that HSP-32 was detectable only after priming and not in unconditioned flaps. Priming did not alter functional capillary density or capillary red blood cell velocity compared with that in unconditioned flaps. However, heat-shock priming induced significant capillary dilatation (P < 0.05) and thus a substantial increase in capillary blood flow volume (P < 0.05) in all tissues of the transferred flaps. Inhibition of HSP-32 by tin protoporphyrin IX completely abolished the priming-induced improvement in capillary perfusion, as indicated by the lack of increased capillary diameters and volumetric blood flow. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that stress conditioning by local heat-shock priming improves nutritive perfusion in osteomyocutaneous flaps by capillary dilatation, probably mediated through the vasoactive action of HSP-32.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rücker
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, University Clinic, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
274
|
Abstract
This minireview provides insight into feedback regulation of heme-dependent metabolism as a defensive cellular response against stress. Interactions among heme-, iron-, porphyrin-, and CO/NO-dependent metabolic pathways during the stress-induced response are emphasized in the context of feedback regulation. The hypothetical model of the latter interactions is presented as tightly controlled feedback cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Schwartsburd
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow Region, Puschino.
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Nath KA, Vercellotti GM, Grande JP, Miyoshi H, Paya CV, Manivel JC, Haggard JJ, Croatt AJ, Payne WD, Alam J. Heme protein-induced chronic renal inflammation: suppressive effect of induced heme oxygenase-1. Kidney Int 2001; 59:106-17. [PMID: 11135063 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme; its inducible isozyme, HO-1, protects against acute heme protein-induced nephrotoxicity and other forms of acute tissue injury. This study examines the induction of HO-1 in the kidney chronically inflamed by heme proteins and the functional significance of such an induction of HO-1. METHODS Studies were undertaken in a patient with chronic tubulointerstitial disease in the setting of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), in a rat model of chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by repetitive exposure to heme proteins, and in genetically engineered mice deficient in HO-1 (HO-1 -/-) in which hemoglobin was repetitively administered. RESULTS The kidney in PNH evinces robust induction of HO-1 in renal tubules in the setting of chronic inflammation. The heme protein-enriched urine from this patient, but not urine from a healthy control subject, induced expression of HO-1 in renal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1 cells). A similar induction of HO-1 and related findings are recapitulated in a rat model of chronic inflammation induced by repetitive exposure to heme proteins. Additionally, in the rat, the administration of heme proteins induces monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). The functional significance of HO-1 so induced was uncovered in the HO-1 knockout mouse: Repeated administration of hemoglobin to HO-1 +/+ and HO-1 -/- mice led to intense interstitial cellular inflammation in HO-1 -/- mice accompanied by striking up-regulation of MCP-1 and activation of one of its stimulators, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). These findings were not observed in similarly treated HO-1 +/+ mice or in vehicle-treated HO-1 -/- and HO-1 +/+ mice. CONCLUSION We conclude that up-regulation of HO-1 occurs in the kidney in humans and rats repetitively exposed to heme proteins. Such up-regulation represents an anti-inflammatory response since the genetic deficiency of HO-1 markedly increases activation of NF-kappaB, MCP-1 expression, and tubulointerstitial cellular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Nath
- Nephrology Research Unit, Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
276
|
Abstract
A double antibody capture ELISA for the HO-1 protein has been developed to separately quantitate HO-1 protein. The use of 2.5% NP40 detergent greatly assists in freeing HO-1 protein from membranes and/or other cellular entities and increased the amount of HO-1 protein found in rat liver whole homogenates as well as the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Use of the detergent NP40 did not substantially change HO-1 protein standard curves. The ELISA assay for HO-1 has been shown to be reproducible over (i) a 4-day trial period as well as (ii) almost 1 year of general laboratory use. Excellent specificity for the HO-1 isoform is shown by the failure of either the human HO-2 protein or HO-2 peptide (at concentrations as high as 1000 ng/ml) to generate any signal above background. At least a 300-fold greater signal comes from HO-1 protein as compared to the HO-2 protein. The EC(50) is about 200 ng/ml for HO-1, and the minimum detectable level of the HO-1 protein is about 1 ng/ml. The ELISA assay for the HO-1 protein requires a total of 6 h to complete. Of the total cellular HO-1 protein, 20, 19, 9 and 3% appeared in the nuclear, microsomal, mitochondrial and high speed supernatant fractions, respectively. As expected, the highest concentration of HO-1 protein per total protein in a subcellular fraction was found in the microsomes. For many research projects utilizing this ELISA assay for HO-1 protein concentration, use of the whole homogenate will be an excellent choice, rather than use of the postmitochondrial or microsomal fractions. Much higher HO-1 protein levels were found in tissues of rats rather than mice. This may be because the capture antibody and secondary antibody were both raised against the rat and not the mouse forms of the HO-1 protein. In rats the HO-1 concentrations were 1067, 364, 194, 31, 28 19, 5 and 2 ng/g tissue in whole homogenates from testes, brain, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, small intestines and urinary bladder, respectively. The ELISA assay for HO-1 described here will be useful for HO-1 research studies in tissues and cell cultures of rats and mice. This ELISA for HO-1 may also work with human tissues and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K T Kitchin
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
277
|
Berger SP, Hünger M, Yard BA, Schnuelle P, Van Der Woude FJ. Dopamine induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 by human endothelial cells in vitro. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2314-9. [PMID: 11115065 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a retrospective study of the kidney transplantations performed at our institution, we found that the administration of dopamine (DA) to the organ donors resulted in a significant improvement of long-term organ survival of the retrieved kidneys. To study the mechanisms underlying the organ protection associated with the administration of DA prior to transplantation, we questioned whether DA induces the antioxidative enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in cultured endothelial cells. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in culture were incubated with varying concentrations of DA for different time periods. Cells were subsequently assessed for the expression of HO-1 by Western blot and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The presence of DA resulted in a dose- and time-dependent up-regulation of HO-1 both on RNA and protein level, whereas HO-1 was barely detectable under basal conditions. RT-PCR indicated the increased presence of HO-1 messenger RNA after 2 hours of incubation with DA, which peaked after 24 hours. The induction of HO-1 antigen was detectable after eight hours, as visualized by Western blot analysis. The addition of the antioxidant agents ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-cysteine both lead to dose-dependent inhibition of DA-mediated HO-1 induction. DA-mediated up-regulation of HO-1 was not influenced by the addition of either the D2-receptor antagonist haloperidol or the D1-receptor antagonist SCH 23390. CONCLUSION We conclude that DA induces the expression of the protective enzyme HO-1 in cultured endothelial cells by an oxidative mechanism. These findings may explain the beneficial effect of DA administration to kidney donors and indicate the potential role of DA in organ preconditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Berger
- Departments of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Vth Medical Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
278
|
Vachharajani TJ, Work J, Issekutz AC, Granger DN. Heme oxygenase modulates selectin expression in different regional vascular beds. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H1613-7. [PMID: 10775141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.5.h1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the degradation of heme to biliverdin, iron, and CO. The inducible isoform (HO-1) has been implicated as a modulator of the inflammatory response. HO-1 activity can be induced by hemin and inhibited with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP). Using these reagents, we assessed the possibility that HO-1 modulates the inflammatory response by altering the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS)-induced expression of P- and E-selectin expression was quantified in different vascular beds of the rat using the dual radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique. Pretreatment with hemin attenuated, whereas ZnPP treatment exacerbated, the increased selectin expression normally elicited by LPS. Biliverdin, at an equimolar dosage, was as effective as hemin in attenuating LPS-induced selectin expression in the lung, kidneys, liver, and intestines. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of HO-1 may be related to an inhibitory action of P- and E-selectin expression in the vasculature. Biliverdin (or its metabolite, bilirubin), rather than CO, may account for this action of HO-1 on endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Vachharajani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Medicine, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
280
|
Suematsu M, Makino N, Ishimura Y. Recent advances in the vascular pathophysiology of heme oxygenase–carbon monoxide system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(99)00027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|