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Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald J, Cai L, Chen Q, Marincowitz S, Barnes I, Bensch K, Braun U, Camporesi E, Damm U, de Beer Z, Dissanayake A, Edwards J, Giraldo A, Hernández-Restrepo M, Hyde K, Jayawardena R, Lombard L, Luangsa-ard J, McTaggart A, Rossman A, Sandoval-Denis M, Shen M, Shivas R, Tan Y, van der Linde E, Wingfield M, Wood A, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Crous P. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud Mycol 2017; 86:99-216. [PMID: 28663602 PMCID: PMC5486355 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) is introduced as a new series of publications in order to provide a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. This first paper focuses on 21 genera of phytopathogenic fungi: Bipolaris, Boeremia, Calonectria, Ceratocystis, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Coniella, Curvularia, Monilinia, Neofabraea, Neofusicoccum, Pilidium, Pleiochaeta, Plenodomus, Protostegia, Pseudopyricularia, Puccinia, Saccharata, Thyrostroma, Venturia and Wilsonomyces. For each genus, a morphological description and information about its pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms are provided. In addition, this information is linked to primary and secondary DNA barcodes of the presently accepted species, and relevant literature. Moreover, several novelties are introduced, i.e. new genera, species and combinations, and neo-, lecto- and epitypes designated to provide a stable taxonomy. This first paper includes one new genus, 26 new species, ten new combinations, and four typifications of older names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Marin-Felix
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - I. Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K. Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E. Camporesi
- A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy
- A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy
- Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnacavallo (RA), Italy
| | - U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Z.W. de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Dissanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - J. Edwards
- AgriBio Centre for AgriBiosciences, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 5 Ring Road, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - A. Giraldo
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. Hernández-Restrepo
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K.D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - R.S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - L. Lombard
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Luangsa-ard
- Microbe Interaction and Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity and Biotechnological Resource Research Unit (BBR), BIOTEC, NSTDA 113 Thailand Science Park Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - A.R. McTaggart
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A.Y. Rossman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - M. Shen
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - R.G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y.P. Tan
- Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E.J. van der Linde
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Biosystematics Division – Mycology, P. Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A.R. Wood
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, P. Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - J.Q. Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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252
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Gomba A, Chidamba L, Korsten L. Effect of postharvest practices including degreening on citrus carpoplane microbial biomes. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1057-1070. [PMID: 28052466 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of commercial citrus packhouse processing steps on the fruit surface microbiome of Clementines and Palmer navel oranges. METHODS AND RESULTS Viable bacteria, yeast and fungi counts, and the pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA and ITS were used to evaluate the community structure and population dynamics of phylloepiphytic bacteria and fungi associated with commercial postharvest processing. Drenching significantly reduced microbial counts in all cases except for yeasts on navels, while the extent of degreening effects varied between the citrus varieties. Pyrosequencing analysis showed a total of 4409 bacteria and 5792 fungi nonchimeric unique sequences with an average of 1102 bacteria and 1448 fungi reads per sample. Dominant phyla on the citrus carpoplane were Proteobacteria (53·5%), Actinobacteria (19·9%), Bacteroidetes (5·6%) and Deinococcus-Thermus (5·4%) for bacteria and Ascomycota (80·5%) and Basidiomycota (9·8%) for fungi. Beginning with freshly harvested fruit fungal diversity declined significantly after drenching, but had little effect on bacteria and populations recovered during degreening treatments, including those for Penicillium sp. CONCLUSION Packhouse processing greatly influences microbial communities on the citrus carpoplane. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A broad orange biome was described with pyrosequencing and gave insight into the likely survival and persistence of pathogens, especially as they may affect the quality and safety of the packed product. A close examination of the microbiota of fruit and the impact of intervention strategies on the ecological balance may provide a more durable approach to reduce losses and spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomba
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - L Chidamba
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - L Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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253
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Torres DE, Rojas-Martínez RI, Zavaleta-Mejía E, Guevara-Fefer P, Márquez-Guzmán GJ, Pérez-Martínez C. Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170782. [PMID: 28141830 PMCID: PMC5283677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia horiana Hennings, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, is a worldwide quarantine organism and one of the most important fungal pathogens of Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars, which are used for cut flowers and as potted plants in commercial production regions of the world. It was previously reported to be controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. uredinicola and Aphanocladium album, due to their antagonistic and hyperparasitic effects. We report novel antagonist species on Puccinia horiana. Fungi isolated from rust pustules in a commercial greenhouse from Villa Guerrero, México, were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based upon molecular analysis and morphological characters. The antagonism of C. cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides on chrysanthemum white rust was studied using light and electron microscopy in vitro at the host/parasite interface. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides grew towards the white rust teliospores and colonized the sporogenous cells, but no direct penetration of teliospores was observed; however, the structure and cytoplasm of teliospores were altered. The two Cladosporium spp. were able to grow on media containing laminarin, but not when chitin was used as the sole carbon source; these results suggest that they are able to produce glucanases. Results from the study indicate that both Cladosporium species had potential as biological control agents of chrysanthemum white rust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Zavaleta-Mejía
- Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México
| | - Patricia Guevara-Fefer
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - G. Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México
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254
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Microbiological Contamination at Workplaces in a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Station Processing Plant Biomass. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14010099. [PMID: 28117709 PMCID: PMC5295349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbial contamination at a plant biomass processing thermal power station (CHP). We found 2.42 × 103 CFU/m3 of bacteria and 1.37 × 104 CFU/m3 of fungi in the air; 2.30 × 107 CFU/g of bacteria and 4.46 × 105 CFU/g of fungi in the biomass; and 1.61 × 102 CFU/cm2 bacteria and 2.39 × 101 CFU/cm2 fungi in filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Using culture methods, we found 8 genera of mesophilic bacteria and 7 of fungi in the air; 10 genera each of bacteria and fungi in the biomass; and 2 and 5, respectively, on the FFRs. Metagenomic analysis (Illumina MiSeq) revealed the presence of 46 bacterial and 5 fungal genera on the FFRs, including potential pathogens Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Prevotella sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.). The ability of microorganisms to create a biofilm on the FFRs was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also identified secondary metabolites in the biomass and FFRs, including fumigaclavines, quinocitrinines, sterigmatocistin, and 3-nitropropionic acid, which may be toxic to humans. Due to the presence of potential pathogens and mycotoxins, the level of microbiological contamination at workplaces in CHPs should be monitored.
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255
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Bovio E, Gnavi G, Prigione V, Spina F, Denaro R, Yakimov M, Calogero R, Crisafi F, Varese GC. The culturable mycobiota of a Mediterranean marine site after an oil spill: isolation, identification and potential application in bioremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:310-318. [PMID: 27788446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of marine environment could be the response to oil spills threats. In the present study the fungal community from a Mediterranean marine site chronically interested by oil spills was investigated. Sixty-seven taxa were isolated from water sample and 17 from sediments; for many of the identified species is the first report in seawater and sediments, respectively. The growth of 25% of the fungal isolates was stimulated by crude oil as sole carbon source. Four strains were selected to screen hydrocarbons degradation using the 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) colorimetric assay. A. terreus MUT 271, T. harzianum MUT 290 and P. citreonigrum MUT 267 displayed a high decolorization percentage (DP≥68%). A. terreus displayed also the highest decreases of hydrocarbons compounds (up to 40%) quantified by gas-chromatography analysis. These results suggest that the selected fungi could represent potential bioremediation agents with strong crude oil degradative capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bovio
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gnavi
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Prigione
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Spina
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Renata Denaro
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR Sp.ta S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Michail Yakimov
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR Sp.ta S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosario Calogero
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR Sp.ta S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Crisafi
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR Sp.ta S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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256
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Wheeler ML, Limon JJ, Underhill DM. Immunity to Commensal Fungi: Detente and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:359-385. [PMID: 28068483 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, and a healthy immune system is essential to maintain adequate protection from fungal infections. When this protection breaks down, superficial and invasive fungal infections cause diseases that range from irritating to life-threatening. Millions of people worldwide develop invasive infections during their lives, and mortality for these infections often exceeds 50%. Nevertheless, we are normally colonized with many of the same disease-causing fungi (e.g., on the skin or in the gut). Recent research is dramatically expanding our understanding of the mechanisms by which our immune systems interact with these organisms in health and disease. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about where and how the immune system interacts with common fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Wheeler
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - Jose J Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , , .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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257
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Izuno A, Kanzaki M, Artchawakom T, Wachrinrat C, Isagi Y. Vertical Structure of Phyllosphere Fungal Communities in a Tropical Forest in Thailand Uncovered by High-Throughput Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166669. [PMID: 27861539 PMCID: PMC5115777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllosphere fungi harbor a tremendous species diversity and play important ecological roles. However, little is known about their distribution patterns within forest ecosystems. We examined how species diversity and community composition of phyllosphere fungi change along a vertical structure in a tropical forest in Thailand. Fungal communities in 144 leaf samples from 19 vertical layers (1.28-34.4 m above ground) of 73 plant individuals (27 species) were investigated by metabarcoding analysis using Ion Torrent sequencing. In total, 1,524 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected among 890,710 reads obtained from the 144 leaf samples. Taxonomically diverse fungi belonging to as many as 24 orders of Ascomycota and 21 orders of Basidiomycota were detected, most of which inhabited limited parts of the lowest layers closest to the forest floor. Species diversity of phyllosphere fungi was the highest in the lowest layers closest to the forest floor, decreased with increasing height, and lowest in the canopy; 742 and 55 fungal OTUs were detected at the lowest and highest layer, respectively. On the layers close to the forest floor, phyllosphere fungal communities were mainly composed of low frequency OTUs and largely differentiated among plant individuals. Conversely, in the canopy, fungal communities consisted of similar OTUs across plant individuals, and as many as 86.1%-92.7% of the OTUs found in the canopy (≥22 m above ground) were also distributed in the lower layers. Overall, our study showed the variability of phyllosphere fungal communities along the vertical gradient of plant vegetation and environmental conditions, suggesting the significance of biotic and abiotic variation for the species diversity of phyllosphere fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Izuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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258
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Contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Taeniolella, with a focus on lichenicolous taxa. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1416-1447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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259
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Swett CL, Bourret T, Gubler WD. Characterizing the Brown Spot Pathosystem in Late-Harvest Table Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in the California Central Valley. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2204-2210. [PMID: 30682913 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-15-1343-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown spot, caused by Cladosporium spp., is becoming a problematic postharvest disease of late season table grape (Vitis vinifera) in the California central valley, and management is hindered by knowledge gaps in disease etiology and epidemiology. Brown spot is herein described as a pre- and postharvest dry rot typified by an external brown to black spot or black mycelium which encases the placenta. Isolates in the Cladosporium herbarum and C. cladosporioides species complexes were recovered from 85 and 5% of brown-spot affected berries, respectively. Five isolates in the C. herbarum species complex, representing three phylogenetically distinct species (C. limoniforme, C. ramotenellum, and C. tenellum), and one C. cladosporioides isolate all caused brown spot symptoms under cold-storage conditions, with and without mechanical wounding. Isolate virulence was similar (P > 0.05) based on disease incidence and severity on intact berries but severity varied on wounded berries (P < 0.001). Surface disinfestation reduced severity of cluster rot development following 2 weeks in cold storage (P = 0.027) but incidence was not affected (P = 0.17). This work provides foundational information on brown spot pathosystem etiology and biology in late-harvest table grape, which can be used to improve management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Swett
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park 201742
| | - Tyler Bourret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95006
| | - W Douglas Gubler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95006
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260
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Gomoiu I, Chatzitheodoridis E, Vadrucci S, Walther I, Cojoc R. Fungal Spores Viability on the International Space Station. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2016; 46:403-418. [PMID: 27106019 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-016-9502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the security of a spaceflight experiment from two points of view: spreading of dried fungal spores placed on the different wafers and their viability during short and long term missions on the International Space Station (ISS). Microscopic characteristics of spores from dried spores samples were investigated, as well as the morphology of the colonies obtained from spores that survived during mission. The selected fungal species were: Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Ulocladium chartarum, and Basipetospora halophila. They have been chosen mainly based on their involvement in the biodeterioration of different substrate in the ISS as well as their presence as possible contaminants of the ISS. From biological point of view, three of the selected species are black fungi, with high melanin content and therefore highly resistant to space radiation. The visual inspection and analysis of the images taken before and after the short and the long term experiments have shown that all biocontainers were returned to Earth without damages. Microscope images of the lids of the culture plates revealed that the spores of all species were actually not detached from the surface of the wafers and did not contaminate the lids. From the adhesion point of view all types of wafers can be used in space experiments, with a special comment on the viability in the particular case of iron wafers when used for spores that belong to B. halophila (halophilic strain). This is encouraging in performing experiments with fungi without risking contamination. The spore viability was lower in the experiment for long time to ISS conditions than that of the short experiment. From the observations, it is suggested that the environment of the enclosed biocontainer, as well as the species'specific behaviour have an important effect, reducing the viability in time. Even the spores were not detached from the surface of the wafers, it was observed that spores used in the long term experiment lost the outer layer of their coat without affecting the viability since they were still protected by the middle and the inner layer of the coating. This research highlights a new protocol to perform spaceflight experiments inside the ISS with fungal spores in microgravity conditions, under the additional effect of possible cosmic radiation. According to this protocol the results are expressed in terms of viability, microscopic and morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gomoiu
- Institute of Biology, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - E Chatzitheodoridis
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou str., Gr-15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - S Vadrucci
- Space Biology Group, ETH Zurich, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Walther
- Space Biology Group, ETH Zurich, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Cojoc
- Institute of Biology, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
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261
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Chaibub AA, de Carvalho JCB, de Sousa Silva C, Collevatti RG, Gonçalves FJ, de Carvalho Barros Côrtes MV, de Filippi MCC, de Faria FP, Lopes DCB, de Araújo LG. Defence responses in rice plants in prior and simultaneous applications of Cladosporium sp. during leaf blast suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21554-21564. [PMID: 27515526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method to control rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is to include biological agent in the disease management strategy. The objective of this study was to assess the leaf blast-suppressing effects of rice phylloplane fungi. One Cladosporium sp. phylloplane fungus was shown to possess biocontrolling traits based on its morphological characteristics and an analysis of its 18S ribosomal DNA. Experiments aimed at determining the optimal time to apply the bioagent and the mechanisms involved in its rice blast-suppressing activities were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions. We used foliar spraying to apply the Cladosporium sp. 48 h prior to applying the pathogen, and we found that this increased the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, in vitro tests performed using isolate C24 showed that it possessed the ability to secrete endoxylanases and endoglucanases. When Cladosporium sp. was applied either prior to or simultaneous with the pathogen, we observed a significant increase in defence enzyme activity, and rice blast was suppressed by 84.0 and 78.6 %, respectively. However, some enzymes showed higher activity at 24 h while others did so at 48 h after the challenge inoculation. Cladosporium sp. is a biological agent that is capable of suppressing rice leaf blast by activating biochemical defence mechanisms in rice plants. It is highly adapted to natural field conditions and should be included in further studies aimed at developing strategies to support ecologically sustainable disease management and reduce environmental pollution by the judicious use of fungicidal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Abdallah Chaibub
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos de Sousa Silva
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Rosane Garcia Collevatti
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Gonçalves
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius de Carvalho Barros Côrtes
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Corsi de Filippi
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabrícia Paula de Faria
- Fungi Biotechnology Laboratory, Rodovia Goiânia / Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Leila Garcês de Araújo
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
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Abarenkov K, Adams RI, Laszlo I, Agan A, Ambrosio E, Antonelli A, Bahram M, Bengtsson-Palme J, Bok G, Cangren P, Coimbra V, Coleine C, Gustafsson C, He J, Hofmann T, Kristiansson E, Larsson E, Larsson T, Liu Y, Martinsson S, Meyer W, Panova M, Pombubpa N, Ritter C, Ryberg M, Svantesson S, Scharn R, Svensson O, Töpel M, Unterseher M, Visagie C, Wurzbacher C, Taylor AF, Kõljalg U, Schriml L, Nilsson RH. Annotating public fungal ITS sequences from the built environment according to the MIxS-Built Environment standard – a report from a May 23-24, 2016 workshop (Gothenburg, Sweden). MycoKeys 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.16.10000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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264
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Biocidal properties study of silver nanoparticles used for application in green housing. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-016-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Ramularia is a species-rich genus that harbours plant pathogens responsible for yield losses to many important crops, including barley, sugar beet and strawberry. Species of Ramularia are hyphomycetes with hyaline conidiophores and conidia with distinct, thickened, darkened, refractive conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, and Mycosphaerella sexual morphs. Because of its simple morphology and general lack of DNA data in public databases, several allied genera are frequently confused with Ramularia. In order to improve the delimitation of Ramularia from allied genera and the circumscription of species within the genus Ramularia, a polyphasic approach based on multilocus DNA sequences, morphological and cultural data were used in this study. A total of 420 isolates belonging to Ramularia and allied genera were targeted for the amplification and sequencing of six partial genes. Although Ramularia and Ramulariopsis proved to be monophyletic, Cercosporella and Pseudocercosporella were polyphyletic. Phacellium isolates clustered within the Ramularia clade and the genus is thus tentatively reduced to synonymy under Ramularia. Cercosporella and Pseudocercosporella isolates that were not congeneric with the ex-type strains of the type species of those genera were assigned to existing genera or to the newly introduced genera Teratoramularia and Xenoramularia, respectively. Teratoramularia is a genus with ramularia-like morphology belonging to the Teratosphaeriaceae, and Xenoramularia was introduced to accommodate hyphomycetous species closely related to Zymoseptoria. The genera Apseudocercosporella, Epicoleosporium, Filiella, Fusidiella, Neopseudocercosporella, and Mycosphaerelloides were also newly introduced to accommodate species non-congeneric with their purported types. A total of nine new combinations and 24 new species were introduced in this study.
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Key Words
- Acrodontium fagicola Videira & Crous
- Acrodontium luzulae Videira & Crous
- Acrodontium pigmentosum Videira & Crous
- Apseudocercosporella Videira & Crous
- Apseudocercosporella trigonotidis Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Barcoding
- Cercosporella catenulata Videira & Crous
- Cercosporella gossypii Speg.
- Cercosporoid
- Crocysporium rubellum Bonord.
- Cylindrosporium heraclei Oudem.
- Epicoleosporium Videira & Crous
- Epicoleosporium ramularioides Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Filiella Videira & Crous
- Filiella pastinacae (P. Karst.) Videira & Crous
- Fusoidiella Videira & Crous
- Fusoidiella depressa (Berk. & Broome) Videira & Crous
- Fusoma inaequale Preuss
- Multilocus phylogeny
- Mycosphaerella
- Mycosphaerelloides Videira & Crous
- Mycosphaerelloides madeirae (Crous & Denman) Videira & Crous
- Neopseudocercosporella Videira & Crous
- Neopseudocercosporella brassicae (Chevall.) Videira & Crous
- Neopseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everh.) Videira & Crous
- Ovularia tovarae Sawada
- Plant pathogen
- Ramularia acroptili Bremer
- Ramularia alangiicola Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Ramularia aplospora Speg.
- Ramularia armoraciae Fuckel
- Ramularia beticola Fautrey & Lambotte
- Ramularia cerastiicola (Crous) Videira & Crous
- Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton & J.M. Waller
- Ramularia euonymicola Videira, H.D. Shin, U. Braun & Crous
- Ramularia gaultheriae Videira & Crous
- Ramularia geranii Fuckel
- Ramularia geraniicola Videira & Crous
- Ramularia kriegeriana Bres
- Ramularia lamii Fuckel var. lamii
- Ramularia malicola Videira & Crous
- Ramularia neodeusta Videira & Crous
- Ramularia osterici Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Ramularia pusilla Unger
- Ramularia rumicicola Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Ramularia stellariicola (M.J. Park et al.) Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Ramularia trigonotidis Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Ramularia vallisumbrosae Cavara
- Ramularia variabilis Fuckel
- Ramularia veronicicola Videira & Crous
- Ramularia weberiana Videira & Crous
- Ramulariopsis pseudoglycines Videira, Crous & Braun
- Sphaerulina chaenomelis (Y. Suto) Videira, U. Braun, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Sphaerulina koreana (Crous et al.) Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Teratoramularia Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Teratoramularia infinita Videira & Crous
- Teratoramularia kirschneriana Videira & Crous
- Teratoramularia persicariae Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Teratoramularia rumicicola Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Xenoramularia Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
- Xenoramularia arxii Videira & Crous
- Xenoramularia neerlandica Videira & Crous
- Xenoramularia polygonicola Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous
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Affiliation(s)
- S.I.R. Videira
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H.D. Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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266
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Duarte APM, Ferro M, Rodrigues A, Bacci M, Nagamoto NS, Forti LC, Pagnocca FC. Prevalence of the genus Cladosporium on the integument of leaf-cutting ants characterized by 454 pyrosequencing. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:1235-43. [PMID: 27307255 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of attine ants with their mutualistic fungus and other microorganisms has been studied during the last two centuries. However, previous studies about the diversity of fungi in the ants' microenvironment are based mostly on culture-dependent approaches, lacking a broad characterization of the fungal ant-associated community. Here, we analysed the fungal diversity found on the integument of Atta capiguara and Atta laevigata alate ants using 454 pyrosequencing. We obtained 35,453 ITS reads grouped into 99 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data analysis revealed that A. capiguara drones had the highest diversity of MOTUs. Besides the occurrence of several uncultured fungi, the mycobiota analysis revealed that the most abundant taxa were the Cladosporium-complex, Cryptococcus laurentii and Epicoccum sp. Taxa in the genus Cladosporium were predominant in all samples, comprising 67.9 % of all reads. The remarkable presence of the genus Cladosporium on the integument of leaf-cutting ants alates from distinct ant species suggests that this fungus is favored in this microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Duarte
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13.506-900, Brazil.
| | - M Ferro
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13.506-900, Brazil
| | - A Rodrigues
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13.506-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - M Bacci
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13.506-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - N S Nagamoto
- Department of Plant Protection, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L C Forti
- Department of Plant Protection, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F C Pagnocca
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13.506-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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267
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Sandoval-Denis M, Gené J, Sutton D, Wiederhold N, Cano-Lira J, Guarro J. New species of Cladosporium associated with human and animal infections. PERSOONIA 2016; 36:281-98. [PMID: 27616793 PMCID: PMC4988372 DOI: 10.3767/003158516x691951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cladosporium is mainly known as a ubiquitous environmental saprobic fungus or plant endophyte, and to date, just a few species have been documented as etiologic agents in vertebrate hosts, including humans. In the present study, 10 new species of the genus were isolated from human and animal clinical specimens from the USA. They are proposed and characterized on the basis of their morphology and a molecular phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences from three loci (the ITS region of the rDNA, and partial fragments of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha and actin genes). Six of those species belong to the C. cladosporioides species complex, i.e., C. alboflavescens, C. angulosum, C. anthropophilum, C. crousii, C. flavovirens and C. xantochromaticum, three new species belong to the C. herbarum species complex, i.e., C. floccosum, C. subcinereum and C. tuberosum; and one to the C. sphaerospermum species complex, namely, C. succulentum. Differential morphological features of the new taxa are provided together with molecular barcodes to distinguish them from the currently accepted species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandoval-Denis
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J. Gené
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - D.A. Sutton
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - N.P. Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - J.F. Cano-Lira
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J. Guarro
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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268
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Micheluz A, Sulyok M, Manente S, Krska R, Varese G, Ravagnan G. Fungal secondary metabolite analysis applied to Cultural Heritage: the case of a contaminated library in Venice. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolite production of several fungal strains of Aspergillus creber, Aspergillus jensenii, Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus protuberus, Aspergillus vitricola, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri, Eurotium halophilicum, Penicillium brevicompactum and Penicillium chrysogenum were characterised by liquid chromatography tamdem mass spectometry. All fungi were isolated from both air and book covers as well as from settled dust from a contaminated library in Venice (Italy). For A. creber and A. jensenii, we identified sterigmatocystin, methoxysterigmatocystin, versicolorin A and related precursors/side metabolites from the biosynthetic pathways. Deoxybrevianamid E, neoechinulin A, pseurotin A and D, and rugulusovin were principally detected from the strains of E. halophilicum, an emerging fungal species implicated in book contaminations in specific indoor niches. The analysis of settled dust showed a wide range of toxic or bioactive fungal metabolites. Forty-five different metabolites were identified in different concentrations; in particular, high amounts of asperglaucide, alamethicin, andrastin A, terrecyclic acid and neoechinulin A were detected. Also one bacterial metabolite, chloramphenicole was detected. This study increases the knowledge about metabolite production of several fungal species, as well as on the indoor presence of fungi that are not detected by aerobiological sampling. These results emphasise how routine dusting operations are necessary and essential in order to prevent further microbiological developments in library environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Micheluz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistic, Ca’ Foscari University, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - M. Sulyok
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. Manente
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G.C. Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - G. Ravagnan
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
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269
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Insight into different environmental niches adaptation and allergenicity from the Cladosporium sphaerospermum genome, a common human allergy-eliciting Dothideomycetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27008. [PMID: 27243961 PMCID: PMC4886633 DOI: 10.1038/srep27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium sphaerospermum, a dematiaceous saprophytic fungus commonly found in diverse environments, has been reported to cause allergy and other occasional diseases in humans. However, its basic biology and genetic information are largely unexplored. A clinical isolate C. sphaerospermum genome, UM 843, was re-sequenced and combined with previously generated sequences to form a model 26.89 Mb genome containing 9,652 predicted genes. Functional annotation on predicted genes suggests the ability of this fungus to degrade carbohydrate and protein complexes. Several putative peptidases responsible for lung tissue hydrolysis were identified. These genes shared high similarity with the Aspergillus peptidases. The UM 843 genome encodes a wide array of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of melanin, siderophores, cladosins and survival in high salinity environment. In addition, a total of 28 genes were predicted to be associated with allergy. Orthologous gene analysis together with 22 other Dothideomycetes showed genes uniquely present in UM 843 that encode four class 1 hydrophobins which may be allergens specific to Cladosporium. The mRNA of these hydrophobins were detected by RT-PCR. The genomic analysis of UM 843 contributes to the understanding of the biology and allergenicity of this widely-prevalent species.
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270
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Razafinarivo J, Jany JL, Crous PW, Looten R, Gaydou V, Barbier G, Mounier J, Vasseur V. Cladosporium lebrasiae, a new fungal species isolated from milk bread rolls in France. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1017-1029. [PMID: 27521633 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Dothideomycetes) is composed of a large number of species, which can roughly be divided into three main species complexes: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum. The aim of this study was to characterize strains isolated from contaminated milk bread rolls by phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Using multilocus data from the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (rDNA), partial translation elongation factor 1-α, actin, and beta-tubulin gene sequences along with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and morphological observations, three isolates were identified as a new species in the C. sphaerospermum species complex. This novel species, described here as Cladosporium lebrasiae, is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from other species in this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Razafinarivo
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Pedro W Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachelle Looten
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Vincent Gaydou
- MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, FRE CNRS 3481 MEDyC, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jerôme Mounier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Vasseur
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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271
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Wyatt TT, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal spores for dispersion in space and time. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 85:43-91. [PMID: 23942148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spores are an integral part of the life cycle of the gross majority of fungi. Their morphology and the mode of formation are both highly variable among the fungi, as is their resistance to stressors. The main aim for spores is to be dispersed, both in space, by various mechanisms or in time, by an extended period of dormancy. Some fungal ascospores belong to the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Stabilization is a process in which biomolecules and complexes thereof are protected by different types of molecules against heat, drought, or other molecules. This review discusses the most important compounds that are known to protect fungal spores and also addresses the biophysics of cell protection. It further covers the phenomena of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, and early germination. Germination is the transition from a dormant cell toward a vegetative cell and includes a number of specific changes. Finally, the applied aspects of spore biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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272
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Colony-PCR Is a Rapid Method for DNA Amplification of Hyphomycetes. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2020012. [PMID: 29376929 PMCID: PMC5753074 DOI: 10.3390/jof2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pure cultures identified with both classical morphological methods and through barcoding sequences are a basic requirement for reliable reference sequences in public databases. Improved techniques for an accelerated DNA barcode reference library construction will result in considerably improved sequence databases covering a wider taxonomic range. Fast, cheap, and reliable methods for obtaining DNA sequences from fungal isolates are, therefore, a valuable tool for the scientific community. Direct colony PCR was already successfully established for yeasts, but has not been evaluated for a wide range of anamorphic soil fungi up to now, and a direct amplification protocol for hyphomycetes without tissue pre-treatment has not been published so far. Here, we present a colony PCR technique directly from fungal hyphae without previous DNA extraction or other prior manipulation. Seven hundred eighty-eight fungal strains from 48 genera were tested with a success rate of 86%. PCR success varied considerably: DNA of fungi belonging to the genera Cladosporium, Geomyces, Fusarium, and Mortierella could be amplified with high success. DNA of soil-borne yeasts was always successfully amplified. Absidia, Mucor, Trichoderma, and Penicillium isolates had noticeably lower PCR success.
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273
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Unković N, Grbić ML, Stupar M, Savković Ž, Jelikić A, Stanojević D, Vukojević J. Fungal-Induced Deterioration of Mural Paintings: In Situ and Mock-Model Microscopy Analyses. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:410-421. [PMID: 26915298 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal deterioration of frescoes was studied in situ on a selected Serbian church, and on a laboratory model, utilizing standard and newly implemented microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray confirmed the limestone components of the plaster. Pigments used were identified as carbon black, green earth, iron oxide, ocher, and an ocher/cinnabar mixture. In situ microscopy, applied via a portable microscope ShuttlePix P-400R, proved very useful for detection of invisible micro-impairments and hidden, symptomless, microbial growth. SEM and optical microscopy established that observed deterioration symptoms, predominantly discoloration and pulverization of painted layers, were due to bacterial filaments and fungal hyphal penetration, and formation of a wide range of fungal structures (i.e., melanized hyphae, chlamydospores, microcolonial clusters, Cladosporium-like conidia, and Chaetomium perithecia and ascospores). The all year-round monitoring of spontaneous and induced fungal colonization of a "mock painting" in controlled laboratory conditions confirmed the decisive role of humidity level (70.18±6.91% RH) in efficient colonization of painted surfaces, as well as demonstrated increased bioreceptivity of painted surfaces to fungal colonization when plant-based adhesives (ilinocopie, murdent), compared with organic adhesives of animal origin (bone glue, egg white), are used for pigment sizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Unković
- 1Department of Algology, Mycology and Lichenology,Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Takovska 43,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Milica Ljaljević Grbić
- 1Department of Algology, Mycology and Lichenology,Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Takovska 43,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Miloš Stupar
- 1Department of Algology, Mycology and Lichenology,Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Takovska 43,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Željko Savković
- 1Department of Algology, Mycology and Lichenology,Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Takovska 43,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Aleksa Jelikić
- 2Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in Serbia,Radoslava Grujića 11,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Dragan Stanojević
- 2Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in Serbia,Radoslava Grujića 11,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Jelena Vukojević
- 1Department of Algology, Mycology and Lichenology,Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Takovska 43,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
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274
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Baxi SN, Portnoy JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Phipatanakul W. Exposure and Health Effects of Fungi on Humans. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:396-404. [PMID: 26947460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous microorganisms that are present in outdoor and indoor environments. Previous research has found relationships between environmental fungal exposures and human health effects. We reviewed recent articles focused on fungal exposure and dampness as risk factors for respiratory disease development, symptoms, and hypersensitivity. In particular, we reviewed the evidence suggesting that early exposure to dampness or fungi is associated with the development of asthma and increased asthma morbidity. Although outdoor exposure to high concentrations of spores can cause health effects such as asthma attacks in association with thunderstorms, most people appear to be relatively unaffected unless they are sensitized to specific genera. Indoor exposure and dampness, however, appears to be associated with an increased risk of developing asthma in young children and asthma morbidity in individuals who have asthma. These are important issues because they provide a rationale for interventions that might be considered for homes and buildings in which there is increased fungal exposure. In addition to rhinitis and asthma, fungus exposure is associated with a number of other illnesses including allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses, allergic fungal sinusitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Additional research is necessary to establish causality and evaluate interventions for fungal- and dampness-related health effects.
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275
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Chen M, Zeng J, De Hoog GS, Stielow B, Gerrits Van Den Ende A, Liao W, Lackner M. The ‘species complex’ issue in clinically relevant fungi: A case study in Scedosporium apiospermum. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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276
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Imhoff JF. Natural Products from Marine Fungi--Still an Underrepresented Resource. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:19. [PMID: 26784209 PMCID: PMC4728516 DOI: 10.3390/md14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi represent a huge potential for new natural products and an increased number of new metabolites have become known over the past years, while much of the hidden potential still needs to be uncovered. Representative examples of biodiversity studies of marine fungi and of natural products from a diverse selection of marine fungi from the author's lab are highlighting important aspects of this research. If one considers the huge phylogenetic diversity of marine fungi and their almost ubiquitous distribution, and realizes that most of the published work on secondary metabolites of marine fungi has focused on just a few genera, strictly speaking Penicillium, Aspergillus and maybe also Fusarium and Cladosporium, the diversity of marine fungi is not adequately represented in investigations on their secondary metabolites and the less studied species deserve special attention. In addition to results on recently discovered new secondary metabolites of Penicillium species, the diversity of fungi in selected marine habitats is highlighted and examples of groups of secondary metabolites produced by representatives of a variety of different genera and their bioactivities are presented. Special focus is given to the production of groups of derivatives of metabolites by the fungi and to significant differences in biological activities due to small structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Imhoff
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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277
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Sixteen New Records of Ascomycetes from Crop Field Soil in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.4489/kjm.2016.44.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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278
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Levetin E, Horner WE, Scott JA. Taxonomy of Allergenic Fungi. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2015; 4:375-385.e1. [PMID: 26725152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Kingdom Fungi contains diverse eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, mushrooms, bracket fungi, plant rusts, smuts, and puffballs. Fungi have a complex metabolism that differs from animals and plants. They secrete enzymes into their surroundings and absorb the breakdown products of enzyme action. Some of these enzymes are well-known allergens. The phylogenetic relationships among fungi were unclear until recently because classification was based on the sexual state morphology. Fungi lacking an obvious sexual stage were assigned to the artificial, now-obsolete category, "Deuteromycetes" or "Fungi Imperfecti." During the last 20 years, DNA sequencing has resolved 8 fungal phyla, 3 of which contain most genera associated with important aeroallergens: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Advances in fungal classification have required name changes for some familiar taxa. Because of regulatory constraints, many fungal allergen extracts retain obsolete names. A major benefit from this reorganization is that specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in individuals sensitized to fungi appear to closely match fungal phylogenetic relationships. This close relationship between molecular fungal systematics and IgE sensitization provides an opportunity to systematically look at cross-reactivity and permits representatives from each taxon to serve as a proxy for IgE to the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Levetin
- Faculty of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla.
| | | | - James A Scott
- Division of Occupational & Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Segers FJJ, Meijer M, Houbraken J, Samson RA, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Xerotolerant Cladosporium sphaerospermum Are Predominant on Indoor Surfaces Compared to Other Cladosporium Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145415. [PMID: 26690349 PMCID: PMC4687004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor fungi are a major cause of cosmetic and structural damage of buildings worldwide and prolonged exposure of these fungi poses a health risk. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium species are the most predominant fungi in indoor environments. Cladosporium species predominate under ambient conditions. A total of 123 Cladosporium isolates originating from indoor air and indoor surfaces of archives, industrial factories, laboratories, and other buildings from four continents were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and a part of the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF) and actin gene (ACT). Species from the Cladosporium sphaerospermum species complex were most predominant representing 44.7% of all isolates, while the Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium herbarum species complexes represented 33.3% and 22.0%, respectively. The contribution of the C. sphaerospermum species complex was 23.1% and 58.2% in the indoor air and isolates from indoor surfaces, respectively. Isolates from this species complex showed growth at lower water activity (≥ 0.82) when compared to species from the C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum species complexes (≥ 0.85). Together, these data indicate that xerotolerance provide the C. sphaerospermum species complex advantage in colonizing indoor surfaces. As a consequence, C. sphaerospermum are proposed to be the most predominant fungus at these locations under ambient conditions. Findings are discussed in relation to the specificity of allergy test, as the current species of Cladosporium used to develop these tests are not the predominant indoor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. J. Segers
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Meijer
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Samson
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han A. B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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280
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Rossman AY, Crous PW, Hyde KD, Hawksworth DL, Aptroot A, Bezerra JL, Bhat JD, Boehm E, Braun U, Boonmee S, Camporesi E, Chomnunti P, Dai DQ, D’souza MJ, Dissanayake A, Gareth Jones E, Groenewald JZ, Hernández-Restrepo M, Hongsanan S, Jaklitsch WM, Jayawardena R, Jing LW, Kirk PM, Lawrey JD, Mapook A, McKenzie EH, Monkai J, Phillips AJ, Phookamsak R, Raja HA, Seifert KA, Senanayake I, Slippers B, Suetrong S, Taylor JE, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Wikee S, Woudenberg JH, Wu HX, Yan J, Yang T, Zhang Y. Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes. IMA Fungus 2015; 6:507-23. [PMID: 26734553 PMCID: PMC4681266 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes by the Working Group on Dothideomycetes established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenospora over Farlowiella; Alternaria over Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeria over Fusicoccum; Camarosporula over Anthracostroma; Capnodium over Polychaeton; Cladosporium over Davidiella; Corynespora over Corynesporasca; Curvularia over Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoë over Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsis over Kentingia; Exosporiella over Anomalemma; Exserohilum over Setosphaeria; Gemmamyces over Megaloseptoria; Kellermania over Planistromella; Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis; Lecanosticta over Eruptio; Paranectriella over Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria; Phyllosticta over Guignardia; Podonectria over Tetracrium; Polythrincium over Cymadothea; Prosthemium over Pleomassaria; Ramularia over Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsis over Eudarluca; Sphaeropsis over Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphylium over Pleospora; Teratosphaeria over Kirramyces and Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploa over Tetraplosphaeria; Venturia over Fusicladium and Pollaccia; and Zeloasperisporium over Neomicrothyrium. Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana (Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea (Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. fugax (Wallr.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. nobleae (McKenzie & D. Matthews) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. triseptata (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium cryptogamum (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. cylindricum (G.Y. Sun et al.) Crous & Batzer, S. emperorae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. inaequale (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. musae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. qianense (G.Y. Sun & Y.Q. Ma) Crous & Batzer, S. tardecrescens (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. wisconsinense (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, Teratosphaeria epicoccoides (Cooke & Massee) Rossman & W.C. Allen, Venturia catenospora (Butin) Rossman & Crous, V. convolvularum (Ondrej) Rossman & Crous, V. oleaginea (Castagne) Rossman & Crous, and V. phillyreae (Nicolas & Aggéry) Rossman & Crous, combs. nov. Three replacement names are also proposed: Pyrenophora grahamii Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium sunii Crous & Batzer, and Venturia barriae Rossman & Crous noms. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Rossman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - David L. Hawksworth
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - André Aptroot
- ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Bezerra
- Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Rua Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Jayarama D. Bhat
- No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha-403108, India; formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India
| | - Eric Boehm
- 42 Longacre Dr., Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Uwe Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Saranyaphat Boonmee
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Erio Camporesi
- A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy; A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy; Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnacavallo (RA), Italy
| | - Putarak Chomnunti
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Melvina J. D’souza
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Asha Dissanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - E.B. Gareth Jones
- College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Margarita Hernández-Restrepo
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Sinang Hongsanan
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Walter M. Jaklitsch
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstraße 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Ruvishika Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- 42 Longacre Dr., Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Li Wen Jing
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Paul M. Kirk
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - James D. Lawrey
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA
| | - Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Eric H.C. McKenzie
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jutamart Monkai
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Alan J.L. Phillips
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 457 Sullivan Science Building, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Keith A. Seifert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Indunil Senanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Satinee Suetrong
- Fungal Biodiversity Laboratory (BFBD), BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Joanne E. Taylor
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Kasun M. Thambugala
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, PR China
| | - Qing Tian
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- 42 Longacre Dr., Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Nalin N. Wijayawardene
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowanee Wikee
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Joyce H.C. Woudenberg
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hai-Xia Wu
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Cultivation & Utilization State Forestry Administration
- The Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Jiye Yan
- 42 Longacre Dr., Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 61, Beijing 100083, PR China
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281
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Sadyś M, Kennedy R, Skjøth CA. An analysis of local wind and air mass directions and their impact on Cladosporium distribution using HYSPLIT and circular statistics. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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282
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Malacrinò A, Schena L, Campolo O, Laudani F, Palmeri V. Molecular analysis of the fungal microbiome associated with the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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283
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Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Dijksterhuis J, de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M, Crous PW. Common but different: The expanding realm of Cladosporium. Stud Mycol 2015; 82:23-74. [PMID: 26955200 PMCID: PMC4774271 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Dothideomycetes), which represents one of the largest genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes, has been intensively investigated during the past decade. In the process, three major species complexes (C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum and C. sphaerospermum) were resolved based on morphology and DNA phylogeny, and a monographic revision of the genus (s. lat.) published reflecting the current taxonomic status quo. In the present study a further 19 new species are described based on phylogenetic characters (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) and morphological differences. For a selection of the species with ornamented conidia, scanning electron microscopic photos were prepared to illustrate the different types of surface ornamentation. Surprisingly, during this study Cladosporium ramotenellum was found to be a quite common saprobic species, being widely distributed and occurring on various substrates. Therefore, an emended species description is provided. Furthermore, the host range and distribution data for several previously described species are also expanded.
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Key Words
- C. aggregatocicatricatum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. angustiherbarum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. angustiterminale Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. austroafricanum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. austrohemisphaericum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. ipereniae Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. limoniforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. longicatenatum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. longissimum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. montecillanum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. parapenidielloides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. penidielloides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. pseudochalastosporoides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. puyae Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. rhusicola Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. ruguloflabelliforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. rugulovarians Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. versiforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- Cladosporiaceae
- Cladosporium aciculare Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- Emendation
- Phylogeny
- Taxonomic novelties
- Taxonomy
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bensch
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Z Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M de Jesús Yáñez-Morales
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carr, Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio. de Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico 56230, Mexico
| | - P W Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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284
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Impact of Domestication on the Endophytic Fungal Diversity Associated With Wild Zingiberaceae at Mount Halimun Salak National Park. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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285
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Strausbaugh CA, Neher O, Rearick E, Eujayl IA. Influence of Harvest Timing, Fungicides, and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus on Sugar Beet Storage. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:1296-1309. [PMID: 30690991 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-14-0998-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Root rots in sugar beet storage can lead to multimillion dollar losses because of reduced sucrose recovery. Thus, studies were conducted to establish additional fungicide treatments for sugar beet storage and a greater understanding of the fungi involved in the sugar beet storage rot complex in Idaho. A water control treatment and three fungicides (Mertect [product at 0.065 ml/kg of roots; 42.3% thiabendazole {vol/vol}], Propulse [product at 0.049 ml/kg of roots; 17.4% fluopyram and 17.4% prothioconazole {vol/vol}], and Stadium [product at 0.13 ml/kg of roots; 12.51% azoxystrobin, 12.51% fludioxonil, and 9.76% difenoconozole {vol/vol}]) were investigated for the ability to control fungal rots of sugar beet roots held up to 148 days in storage during the 2012 and 2013 storage seasons. At the end of September into October, roots were harvested weekly for 5 weeks from each of two sugar beet fields in Idaho, treated with the appropriate fungicide, and placed on top of a commercial indoor sugar beet storage pile until early February. Differences (P < 0.0001 to 0.0150) among fungicide treatments were evident. Propulse- and Stadium-treated roots had 84 to 100% less fungal growth versus the control roots, whereas fungal growth on Mertect-treated roots was not different from the control roots in 7 of 12 comparisons for roots harvested each of the first 3 weeks in both years of this study. The Propulse- and Stadium-treated roots also reduced (P < 0.0001 to 0.0146; based on weeks 1, 3, and 4 in 2012 and weeks 1, 3, 4, and 5 in 2013) sucrose loss by 14 to 46% versus the control roots, whereas roots treated with Mertect did not change sucrose loss compared with the control roots in 7 of 10 evaluations. The predominant fungi isolated from symptomatic roots were an Athelia-like sp., Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium spp., and Phoma betae. If Propulse and Stadium are labeled for use on sugar beet in storage, these fungicides should be considered for root rot control in commercial sugar beet storage and on roots held for vernalization for seed production of this biennial plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Strausbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) NWISRL, Kimberly, ID 83341
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286
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Schurig U, Karo JO, Sicker U, Spindler-Raffel E, Häckel L, Spreitzer I, Bekeredjian-Ding I. [Current concept for the microbiological safety of cell-based medicinal products]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:1225-32. [PMID: 26369764 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring microbiological safety in advanced-therapy medicinal products is still a big challenge for manufacturers. There are fundamental problems, especially in cell-based medicinal products, regarding sterility of source materials, short shelf-life of final products, and the selection of suitable microbiological methods. Different from classical medicinal products, there is the need to evaluate a large number of possible risks and to calculate the risk-benefit balance. Depending on the source material, the presence of micro-organisms with specific growth requirements has to be considered. They cannot be detected by conventional testing methods, but may replicate after the application of the preparation in the recipient. Mycoplasmas are the primary representatives of these contaminants and specific testing procedures are required. Additionally, depending on the source and processing of the biological material, specific testing methods for mycobacteria and other contaminants should be included. Alternative microbiological methods (e.g. NAT, flow cytometry) should be applied in order to reduce the time to detection and to provide reliable results before application of a preparation, but should be also assessed for their possible use for the detection of conventionally undetectable micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utta Schurig
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland.
| | - Jan-Oliver Karo
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - U Sicker
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - E Spindler-Raffel
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - L Häckel
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - I Spreitzer
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - I Bekeredjian-Ding
- Fachgebiet Bakteriologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
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287
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Nam MH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim HG. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum Cause Blossom Blight in Strawberry in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:354-9. [PMID: 26539056 PMCID: PMC4630446 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Blossom blight in strawberry was first observed in a green house in Nonsan, Damyang, and Geochang areas of Korea, between early January to April of 2012. Disease symptoms started as a grey fungus formed on the stigma, which led to the blossom blight and eventually to black rot and necrosis of the entire flower. We isolated the fungi purely from the infected pistils and maintained them on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants. To test Koch's postulates, we inoculated the fungi and found that all of the isolates caused disease symptoms in the flower of strawberry cultivars (Seolhyang, Maehyang, and Kumhyang). The isolates on PDA had a velvet-like appearance, and their color ranged between olivaceous-brown and smoky-grey to olive and almost black. The intercalary conidia of the isolates were elliptical to limoniform, with sizes ranging from 5.0~10.5 × 2.5~3.0 µm to 4.0~7.5 × 2.0~3.0 µm, respectively. The secondary ramoconidia of these isolates were 0- or 1-septate, with sizes ranging betweem 10.0~15.0 × 2.5~3.7 µm and 8.7~11.2 × 2.5~3.2 µm, respectively. A combined sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions, partial actin (ACT), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) genes revealed that the strawberry isolates belonged to two groups of authentic strains, Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum. Based on these results, we identified the pathogens causing blossom blight in strawberries in Korea as being C. cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Hyeon Nam
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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288
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Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Yonezawa H, Sato G, Toriyabe A, Kudo H, Hashimoto A, Matsumura M, Harada Y, Kurihara Y, Shirouzu T, Hosoya T. Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Stud Mycol 2015; 82:75-136. [PMID: 26955201 PMCID: PMC4774272 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We here taxonomically revise the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Sequences of SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) are newly obtained from 106 Massarineae taxa that are phylogenetically analysed along with published sequences of 131 taxa in this suborder retrieved from GenBank. We recognise 12 families and five unknown lineages in the Massarineae. Among the nine families previously known, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported with bootstrap support values above 96 %, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, are proposed. The Parabambusicolaceae is erected to accommodate Aquastroma and Parabambusicola genera nova, as well as two unnamed Monodictys species. The Parabambusicolaceae is characterised by depressed globose to hemispherical ascomata with or without surrounding stromatic tissue, and multi-septate, clavate to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The Sulcatisporaceae is established for Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora genera nova and Neobambusicola. The Sulcatisporaceae is characterised by subglobose ascomata with a short ostiolar neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, broadly fusiform ascospores, and ellipsoid to subglobose conidia with or without striate ornamentation. The genus Periconia and its relatives are segregated from the Massarinaceae and placed in a resurrected family, the Periconiaceae. We have summarised the morphological and ecological features, and clarified the accepted members of each family. Ten new genera, 22 new species, and seven new combinations are described and illustrated. The complete ITS sequences of nrDNA are also provided for all new taxa for use as barcode markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - K. Hirayama
- Apple Experiment Station, Aomori Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 24 Fukutami, Botandaira, Kuroishi, Aomori 036-0332, Japan
| | - H. Yonezawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - G. Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - A. Toriyabe
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - H. Kudo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - A. Hashimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3 chome, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - M. Matsumura
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Y. Harada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Y. Kurihara
- OPBIO Factory, 5-8 Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - T. Shirouzu
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - T. Hosoya
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
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289
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Lorenzini M, Zapparoli G. Occurrence and infection of Cladosporium, Fusarium, Epicoccum and Aureobasidium in withered rotten grapes during post-harvest dehydration. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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290
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Klaedtke S, Jacques MA, Raggi L, Préveaux A, Bonneau S, Negri V, Chable V, Barret M. Terroir is a key driver of seed-associated microbial assemblages. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1792-804. [PMID: 26171841 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seeds have evolved in association with diverse microbial assemblages that may influence plant growth and health. However, little is known about the composition of seed-associated microbial assemblages and the ecological processes shaping their structures. In this work, we monitored the relative influence of the host genotypes and terroir on the structure of the seed microbiota through metabarcoding analysis of different microbial assemblages associated to five different bean cultivars harvested in two distinct farms. Overall, few bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were conserved across all seed samples. The lack of shared OTUs between samples is explained by a significant effect of the farm site on the structure of microbial assemblage, which explained 12.2% and 39.7% of variance in bacterial and fungal diversity across samples. This site-specific effect is reflected by the significant enrichment of 70 OTUs in Brittany and 88 OTUs in Luxembourg that lead to differences in co-occurrence patterns. In contrast, variance in microbial assemblage structure was not explained by host genotype. Altogether, these results suggest that seed-associated microbial assemblage is determined by niche-based processes and that the terroir is a key driver of these selective forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, SFR4207 QUASAV, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Lorenzo Raggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anne Préveaux
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, SFR4207 QUASAV, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Bonneau
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, SFR4207 QUASAV, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Valeria Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Véronique Chable
- UR980, INRA SAD, 65 Rue de St. Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Barret
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, SFR4207 QUASAV, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
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291
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Cladosporium Species Recovered from Clinical Samples in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2990-3000. [PMID: 26179305 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01482-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium species are ubiquitous, saprobic, dematiaceous fungi, only infrequently associated with human and animal opportunistic infections. We have studied a large set of Cladosporium isolates recovered from clinical samples in the United States to ascertain the predominant species there in light of recent taxonomic changes in this genus and to determine whether some could possibly be rare potential pathogens. A total of 92 isolates were identified using phenotypic and molecular methods, which included sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and a fragment of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as fragments of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) and actin (Act) genes. The most frequent species was Cladosporium halotolerans (14.8%), followed by C. tenuissimum (10.2%), C. subuliforme (5.7%), and C. pseudocladosporioides (4.5%). However, 39.8% of the isolates did not correspond to any known species and were deemed to comprise at least 17 new lineages for Cladosporium. The most frequent anatomic site of isolation was the respiratory tract (54.5%), followed by superficial (28.4%) and deep tissues and fluids (14.7%). Species of the two recently described cladosporiumlike genera Toxicocladosporium and Penidiella are reported for the first time from clinical samples. In vitro susceptibility testing of 92 isolates against nine antifungal drugs showed a variety of results but high activity overall for the azoles, echinocandins, and terbinafine.
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292
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Abdelfattah A, Li Destri Nicosia MG, Cacciola SO, Droby S, Schena L. Metabarcoding Analysis of Fungal Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Carposphere of Olive (Olea europaea). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131069. [PMID: 26132745 PMCID: PMC4489200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal diversity associated with leaves, flowers and fruits of olive (Olea europaea) was investigated in different phenological stages (May, June, October and December) using an implemented metabarcoding approach. It consisted of the 454 pyrosequencing of the fungal ITS2 region and the subsequent phylogenetic analysis of relevant genera along with validated reference sequences. Most sequences were identified up to the species level or were associated with a restricted number of related taxa enabling supported speculations regarding their biological role. Analyses revealed a rich fungal community with 195 different OTUs. Ascomycota was the dominating phyla representing 93.6% of the total number of detected sequences followed by unidentified fungi (3.6%) and Basidiomycota (2.8%). A higher level of diversity was revealed for leaves compared to flowers and fruits. Among plant pathogens the genus Colletotrichum represented by three species (C. godetiae syn. C. clavatum, C. acutatum s.s and C. karstii) was the most abundant on ripe fruits but it was also detected in other organs. Pseudocercospora cladosporioides was detected with a high frequency in all leaf samples and to a less extent in ripe fruits. A much lower relative frequency was revealed for Spilocaea oleagina and for other putative pathogens including Fusarium spp., Neofusicoccum spp., and Alternaria spp. Among non-pathogen taxa, Aureobasidium pullulans, the species complex of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Devriesia spp. were the most represented. This study highlights the existence of a complex fungal consortium including both phytopathogenic and potentially antagonistic microorganisms that can have a significant impact on olive productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Li Destri Nicosia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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293
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The rise of Ramularia from the Mycosphaerella labyrinth. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:823-43. [PMID: 26321731 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we aimed to resolve the Ramularia endophylla species-complex by applying a polyphasic approach involving morphology and multi-gene phylogeny. Eleven partial genes were targeted for amplification and sequencing for a total of 81 isolates representing R. endophylla s. lat. and 32 isolates representing 11 Ramularia species that were previously linked to a Mycosphaerella sexual morph in literature. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, as well as a parsimony analysis, was performed on a combined five-locus dataset and the resulting trees showed significant support for three species within the complex, including the previously described R. endophylla and R. vizellae, and one novel species, Ramularia unterseheri. A parsimony analysis was also separately performed with mating-type gene sequences (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) and the resulting tree topologies were in accordance with that of the multigene analysis. A bibliographic review of the proposed links between Ramularia spp. and their purported Mycosphaerella sexual morphs is also presented, confirming six connections in Ramularia. In spite of more than 10 000 species having been described in Mycosphaerella, the majority is shown to belong to other genera, suggesting that the taxa identified as Mycosphaerella in much of the plant pathology literature needs to be revisited.
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294
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Braun U, Crous PW, Nakashima C. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 3. Species on monocots (Poaceae, true grasses). IMA Fungus 2015; 6:25-97. [PMID: 26203414 PMCID: PMC4500088 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The third part of a series of monographic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota) continues with a treatment of taxa on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), covering asexual and holomorph species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs on true grasses (Poaceae), which were excluded from the second part. The species concerned are keyed out, alphabetically listed, described, illustrated and supplemented by references to previously published descriptions, illustrations, and exsiccatae. A key to the recognised genera and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters was published in the first part of this series. Several species are lecto- or neotypified. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora barretoana comb. nov., C. cymbopogonicola nom. nov., Cladosporium elymi comb. nov., Passalora agrostidicola sp. nov., P. brachyelytri comb. nov., and P. dichanthii-annulati comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Chiharu Nakashima
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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295
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Gutiérrez MH, Galand PE, Moffat C, Pantoja S. Melting glacier impacts community structure of Bacteria, Archaea and Fungi in a Chilean Patagonia fjord. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3882-97. [PMID: 25856307 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Jorge Montt glacier, located in the Patagonian Ice Fields, has undergone an unprecedented retreat during the past century. To study the impact of the meltwater discharge on the microbial community of the downstream fjord, we targeted Bacteria, Archaea and Fungi communities during austral autumn and winter. Our results showed a singular microbial community present in cold and low salinity surface waters during autumn, when a thicker meltwater layer was observed. Meltwater bacterial sequences were related to Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteriodetes previously identified in freshwater and cold ecosystems, suggesting the occurrence of microorganisms adapted to live in the extreme conditions of meltwater. For Fungi, representative sequences related to terrestrial and airborne fungal taxa indicated transport of allochthonous Fungi by the meltwater discharge. In contrast, bottom fjord waters from autumn and winter showed representative Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) related to sequences of marine microorganisms, which is consistent with current models of fjord circulation. We conclude that meltwater can significantly modify the structure of microbial communities and support the development of a major fraction of microorganisms in surface waters of Patagonian fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H Gutiérrez
- Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,COPAS Sur-Austral Program, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pierre E Galand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Carlos Moffat
- Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,COPAS Sur-Austral Program, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Pantoja
- Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,COPAS Sur-Austral Program, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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296
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Cruywagen EM, Crous PW, Roux J, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ. Fungi associated with black mould on baobab trees in southern Africa. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:85-95. [PMID: 25935334 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There have been numerous reports in the scientific and popular literature suggesting that African baobab (Adansonia digitata) trees are dying, with symptoms including a black mould on their bark. The aim of this study was to determine the identity of the fungi causing this black mould and to consider whether they might be affecting the health of trees. The fungi were identified by sequencing directly from mycelium on the infected tissue as well as from cultures on agar. Sequence data for the ITS region of the rDNA resulted in the identification of four fungi including Aureobasidium pullulans, Toxicocladosporium irritans and a new species of Rachicladosporium described here as Rachicladosporium africanum. A single isolate of an unknown Cladosporium sp. was also found. These fungi, referred to here as black mould, are not true sooty mould fungi and they were shown to penetrate below the bark of infected tissue, causing a distinct host reaction. Although infections can lead to dieback of small twigs on severely infected branches, the mould was not found to kill trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie M Cruywagen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
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297
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298
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Varela A, Martins C, Núñez O, Martins I, Houbraken JAMP, Martins TM, Leitão MC, McLellan I, Vetter W, Galceran MT, Samson RA, Hursthouse A, Silva Pereira C. Understanding fungal functional biodiversity during the mitigation of environmentally dispersed pentachlorophenol in cork oak forest soils. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2922-34. [PMID: 25753337 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is globally dispersed and contamination of soil with this biocide adversely affects its functional biodiversity, particularly of fungi - key colonizers. Their functional role as a community is poorly understood, although a few pathways have been already elucidated in pure cultures. This constitutes here our main challenge - elucidate how fungi influence the pollutant mitigation processes in forest soils. Circumstantial evidence exists that cork oak forests in N. W. Tunisia - economically critical managed forests are likely to be contaminated with PCP, but the scientific evidence has previously been lacking. Our data illustrate significant forest contamination through the detection of undefined active sources of PCP. By solving the taxonomic diversity and the PCP-derived metabolomes of both the cultivable fungi and the fungal community, we demonstrate here that most strains (predominantly penicillia) participate in the pollutant biotic degradation. They form an array of degradation intermediates and by-products, including several hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol derivatives, either chlorinated or not. The degradation pathway of the fungal community includes uncharacterized derivatives, e.g. tetrachloroguaiacol isomers. Our study highlights fungi key role in the mineralization and short lifetime of PCP in forest soils and provide novel tools to monitor its degradation in other fungi dominated food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Serra Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jos A M P Houbraken
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago M Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Cristina Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Iain McLellan
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Samson
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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299
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Extracellular Laccase from a Newly Isolated Psychrotolerant Strain of Cladosporium tenuissimum (NFCCI 2608). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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300
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Skóra J, Gutarowska B, Pielech-Przybylska K, Stępień Ł, Pietrzak K, Piotrowska M, Pietrowski P. Assessment of microbiological contamination in the work environments of museums, archives and libraries. AEROBIOLOGIA 2015; 31:389-401. [PMID: 26346115 PMCID: PMC4556743 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-015-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Museums, archives and libraries have large working environments. The goal of this study was to determine microbial contamination in these work places and estimate the influence of microclimatic parameters and total dust content on microbial contamination. In addition, research included evaluation of ergosterol concentration and fungal bioaerosol particle size distribution. Numbers of micro-organisms in the air and on the surfaces in museums were higher (2.1 × 102-7.0 × 103 cfu/m3 and 1.4 × 102-1.7 × 104 cfu/100 cm2, respectively) than in archives and libraries (3.2 × 102-7.2 × 102 cfu/m3 and 8.4 × 102-8.8 × 102 cfu/100 cm2, respectively). The numbers of micro-organisms detected in the tested museums, archives and libraries did not exceed occupational exposure limits proposed by Polish Committee for the Highest Permissible Concentrations and Intensities of Noxious Agents at the Workplace. The concentrations of respirable and suspended dust in museum storerooms were 2-4 times higher than the WHO-recommended limits. We found a correlation between microclimatic conditions and numbers of micro-organisms in the air in the tested working environments. In addition, a correlation was also found between ergosterol concentration and the number of fungi in the air. Fungi were the dominant micro-organisms in the working environments tested. Particles within the dominant fractions of culturable fungal aerosols sampled from museum storerooms had aerodynamic diameters between 1.1 and 2.1 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Skóra
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska St, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pietrzak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietrowski
- Department of Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, 48 Wierzbowa St, 90-133 Lodz, Poland
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