251
|
Kell DB, Pretorius E. On the translocation of bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides between blood and peripheral locations in chronic, inflammatory diseases: the central roles of LPS and LPS-induced cell death. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1339-77. [PMID: 26345428 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently highlighted (and added to) the considerable evidence that blood can contain dormant bacteria. By definition, such bacteria may be resuscitated (and thus proliferate). This may occur under conditions that lead to or exacerbate chronic, inflammatory diseases that are normally considered to lack a microbial component. Bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, are well known as potent inflammatory agents, but should normally be cleared. Thus, their continuing production and replenishment from dormant bacterial reservoirs provides an easy explanation for the continuing, low-grade inflammation (and inflammatory cytokine production) that is characteristic of many such diseases. Although experimental conditions and determinants have varied considerably between investigators, we summarise the evidence that in a great many circumstances LPS can play a central role in all of these processes, including in particular cell death processes that permit translocation between the gut, blood and other tissues. Such localised cell death processes might also contribute strongly to the specific diseases of interest. The bacterial requirement for free iron explains the strong co-existence in these diseases of iron dysregulation, LPS production, and inflammation. Overall this analysis provides an integrative picture, with significant predictive power, that is able to link these processes via the centrality of a dormant blood microbiome that can resuscitate and shed cell wall components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher W. Seymour
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R. Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious clinical problem involving complex mechanisms which requires better understanding and insight. Animal models of sepsis have played a major role in providing insight into the complex pathophysiology of sepsis. There have been various animal models of sepsis with different paradigms. Endotoxin, bacterial infusion, cecal ligation and puncture, and colon ascendens stent peritonitis models are the commonly practiced methods at present. Each of these models has their own advantages and also confounding factors. We have discussed the underlying mechanisms regulating each of these models along with possible reasons why each model failed to translate into the clinic. In animal models, the timing of development of the hemodynamic phases and the varied cytokine patterns could not accurately resemble the progression of clinical sepsis. More often, the exuberant and transient pro-inflammatory cytokine response is only focused in most models. Immunosuppression and apoptosis in the later phase of sepsis have been found to cause more damage than the initial acute phase of sepsis. Likewise, better understanding of the existing models of sepsis could help us create a more relevant model which could provide solution to the currently failed clinical trials in sepsis.
Collapse
|
254
|
Fan HY, Qi D, Yu C, Zhao F, Liu T, Zhang ZK, Yang MY, Zhang LM, Chen DQ, Du Y. Paeonol protects endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury: potential mechanism of inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:39497-39510. [PMID: 27027358 PMCID: PMC5129948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In order to determine the therapeutic effect and mechanism of paeonol on acute kidney injury induced by endotoxin, an acute kidney injury model was established by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide in mice in vivo and on LPS-induced dendritic cells in vitro. Renal tissues were used for histologic examination. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were detected, inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. The relative proteins' expression of TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway was assessed by Western blot, the localization and expression of phospho-NF-κB p65 in kidney was monitored by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment of paeonol successfully cuts histopathological scores and dilutes the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine as index of renal injury severity. In addition, paeonol reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Paeonol also inhibits the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65, IκBα and IKKβ, and restrains NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity. Paeonol treatment also attenuates the effects of LPS on dendritic cells, with significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines release, then TLR4 expression and NF-κB signal pathway have been suppressed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that paeonol has protective effects on endotoxin-induced kidney injury. The mechanisms underlying such effects are associated with its successfully attenuate inflammatory and suppresses TLR4 and NF-κB signal pathway. Therefore, paeonol has great potential to be a novel and natural product agent for treating AKI or septic-AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Dong Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Yu-Huang-Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Kai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Lei-Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Da-Quan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Du
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Inflammatory Response in Preterm and Very Preterm Newborns with Sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6740827. [PMID: 27293317 PMCID: PMC4884838 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6740827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of the adaptive immune system is usually less intense in premature neonates than term neonates. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether immunological parameters vary between preterm (PT) neonates (≥32 weeks of gestational age) and very preterm (VPT) neonates (<32 weeks of gestational age). A cross-sectional study was designed to prospectively follow PT and VPT neonates at risk of developing sepsis. Plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were detected using flow cytometry. C-reactive protein (C-RP) and the complex SC5b-9 were detected in the plasma using commercial kits. A total of 83 patients were included. The laboratory results and clinical histories showed that 26 patients had sepsis; 14 were VPT, and 12 were PT. The levels of C-RP, SC5b-9 (innate immune response mediators), and IL-10 or IL-4 (anti-inflammatory cytokines) were elevated during sepsis in both groups. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 (proinflammatory cytokines) were differentially elevated only in PT neonates. The VPT neonates with sepsis presented increases in C-RP, SC5b-9, and anti-inflammatory cytokines but not in proinflammatory cytokines, whereas PT neonates showed increases in all studied mediators of inflammation.
Collapse
|
256
|
Lin Z, Liu X, Sun L, Li J, Hu Z, Xie H, Zu X, Deng X, Zhang W. Comparison of sepsis rats induced by caecal ligation puncture or Staphylococcus aureus using a LC-QTOF-MS metabolomics approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:86-93. [PMID: 27174089 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a whole-body inflammatory response to infection with high mortality and is treated in intensive care units (ICUs). In the present study, to identify metabolic biomarkers that can differentiate sepsis models induced by caecal ligation puncture (CLP) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), small molecular metabolites in the serum were measured by liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) and analysed using the multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) of partial least square-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) method. The results demonstrated that the body showed obvious metabolic disorders in the sepsis groups compared with the control group. A total of 8 potential biomarkers were identified in the CLP group, and 10 potential biomarkers were identified in the S. aureus group. These potential biomarkers primarily reflected an energy metabolism disorder, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and tissue damage, which occur during sepsis, and these markers might potentially be used to differentiate CLP from Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenglin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haisheng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Abstract
Antibiotics and fluids have been standard treatment for sepsis since World War II. Many molecular mediators of septic shock have since been identified. In models of sepsis, blocking these mediators improved organ injury and decreased mortality. Clinical trials, however, have failed. The absence of new therapies has been vexing to clinicians, clinical researchers, basic scientists, and the pharmaceutical industry. This article examines the evolution of sepsis therapy and theorizes about why so many well-reasoned therapies have not worked in human trials. We review new molecular targets for sepsis and examine trial designs that might lead to successful treatments for sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Seeley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 5th Floor ACC, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Gordon R Bernard
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Sims CR, Nguyen TC, Mayeux PR. Could Biomarkers Direct Therapy for the Septic Patient? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:228-39. [PMID: 26857961 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic inflammatory response to a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection that most commonly affects neonates and the elderly. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis have resulted in guidelines for care that have helped reduce the risk of dying from sepsis for both children and older adults. Still, over the past three decades, a large number of clinical trials have been undertaken to evaluate pharmacological agents for sepsis. Unfortunately, all of these trials have failed, with the use of some agents even shown to be harmful. One key issue in these trials was the heterogeneity of the patient population that participated. What has emerged is the need to target therapeutic interventions to the specific patient's underlying pathophysiological processes, rather than looking for a universal therapy that would be effective in a "typical" septic patient, who does not exist. This review supports the concept that identification of the right biomarkers that can direct therapy and provide timely feedback on its effectiveness will enable critical care physicians to decrease mortality of patients with sepsis and improve the quality of life of survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark R Sims
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
| | - Trung C Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
| | - Philip R Mayeux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Effect of ascorbate on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and release from platelets and endothelial cells in an in-vitro model of sepsis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016; 26:436-42. [PMID: 25730478 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The microcirculation during sepsis fails due to capillary plugging involving microthrombosis. We demonstrated that intravenous injection of ascorbate reduces this plugging, but the mechanism of this beneficial effect remains unclear. We hypothesize that ascorbate inhibits the release of the antifibrinolytic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) from endothelial cells and platelets during sepsis. Microvascular endothelial cells and platelets were isolated from mice. Cells were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), or thrombin (agents of sepsis), with/without ascorbate for 1-24 h. PAI-1 mRNA was determined by quantitative PCR. PAI-1 protein release into the culture medium was measured by ELISA. In platelets, PAI-1 release was measured after LPS, TNFα, or thrombin stimulation, with/without ascorbate. In endothelial cells, LPS and TNFα increased PAI-1 mRNA after 6-24 h, but no increase in PAI-1 release was observed; ascorbate did not affect these responses. In platelets, thrombin, but not LPS or TNFα, increased PAI-1 release; ascorbate inhibited this increase at low extracellular pH. In unstimulated endothelial cells and platelets, PAI-1 is released into the extracellular space. Thrombin increases this release from platelets; ascorbate inhibits it pH-dependently. The data suggest that ascorbate promotes fibrinolysis in the microvasculature under acidotic conditions in sepsis.
Collapse
|
260
|
Chu M, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhou B, Wu B, Yao J, Xu D. The role of speckle tracking echocardiography in assessment of lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction in mice. J Thorac Dis 2016; 7:2253-61. [PMID: 26793347 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction is a common and severe complication of septic shock. Conventional echocardiography often fails to reveal myocardial depression in severe sepsis due to hemodynamic changes; in contrast, decline of strain measurements by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) may indicate impaired cardiac function. This study investigates the role of STE in detecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction with mouse models. METHODS We evaluated cardiac function in 20 mice at baseline, 6 h (n=10) and 20 h (n=10) after LPS injection to monitor the development of heart failure induced by severe sepsis using 2-D and M-mode echocardiography. Ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were measured with standard M-mode tracings, whereas circumferential and radial strain was derived from STE. Serum biochemical and cardiac histopathological examinations were performed to determine sepsis-induced myocardial injury. RESULTS Left ventricular (LV) myocardial function was significantly reduced at 6 h after LPS treatment assessed by circumferential strain (-14.65%±3.00% to -8.48%±1.72%, P=0.006), whereas there were no significant differences between 6 and 20 h group. Conversely, EF and FS were significantly increased at 20 h when comparing to 6 h (P<0.05) accompanied with marked decreases in EF and FS 6 h following LPS administration. Consistent with strain echocardiographic results, we showed that LPS injection leaded to elevated serum level of cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT), CK-MB and rising leucocytes infiltration into myocardium within 20 h. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrate that, circumferential strain by STE is a specific and reliable value for evaluating LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yao Gao
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Yao
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Di Xu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
Gautam R, Deobagkar-Lele M, Majumdar S, Chandrasekar B, Victor E, Ahmed SM, Wadhwa N, Verma T, Kumar S, Sundaresan NR, Umapathy S, Nandi D. Molecular profiling of sepsis in mice using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:67-82. [PMID: 25808727 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life threatening condition resulting from a high burden of infection. It is a major health care problem and associated with inflammation, organ dysfunction and significant mortality. However, proper understanding and delineating the changes that occur during this complex condition remains a challenge. A comparative study involving intra-peritoneal injection of BALB/c mice with Salmonella Typhimurium (infection), lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic shock) or thioglycollate (sterile peritonitis) was performed. The changes in organs and sera were profiled using immunological assays and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopy. There is a rapid rise in inflammatory cytokines accompanied with lowering of temperature, respiratory rate and glucose amounts in mice injected with S. Typhimurium or lipopolysaccharide. FTIR identifies distinct changes in liver and sera: decrease in glycogen and protein/lipid ratio and increase in DNA and cholesteryl esters. These changes were distinct from the pattern observed in mice treated with thioglycollate and the differences in the data obtained between the three models are discussed. The combination of FTIR spectroscopy and other biomarkers will be valuable in monitoring molecular changes during sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Shamik Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Bhagawat Chandrasekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Emmanuel Victor
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Syed Moiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Nitin Wadhwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Bioengineering program, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Srividya Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Efron PA, Mohr AM, Moore FA, Moldawer LL. The future of murine sepsis and trauma research models. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:945-52. [PMID: 26034205 PMCID: PMC4661039 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0315-127r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent comparisons of the murine and human transcriptome in health and disease have called into question the appropriateness of the use of murine models for human sepsis and trauma research. More specifically, researchers have debated the suitability of mouse models of severe inflammation that is intended for eventual translation to human patients. This mini-review outlines this recent research, as well as specifically defines the arguments for and against murine models of sepsis and trauma research based on these transcriptional studies. In addition, we review newer advancements in murine models of infection and injury and define what we envision as an evolving but viable future for murine studies of sepsis and trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Imaging robust microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide administration in humans with PET. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12468-73. [PMID: 26385967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511003112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The core process in neuroinflammation is activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain. We measured the neuroinflammatory response produced by a systemic administration of the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also called endotoxin) in humans with the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [11C]PBR28, which binds to translocator protein, a molecular marker that is up-regulated by microglial activation. In addition, inflammatory cytokines in serum and sickness behavior profiles were measured before and after LPS administration to relate brain microglial activation with systemic inflammation and behavior. Eight healthy male subjects each had two 120-min [11C]PBR28 PET scans in 1 d, before and after an LPS challenge. LPS (1.0 ng/kg, i.v.) was administered 180 min before the second [11C]PBR28 scan. LPS administration significantly increased [11C]PBR28 binding 30-60%, demonstrating microglial activation throughout the brain. This increase was accompanied by an increase in blood levels of inflammatory cytokines, vital sign changes, and sickness symptoms, well-established consequences of LPS administration. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in humans that a systemic LPS challenge induces robust increases in microglial activation in the brain. This imaging paradigm to measure brain microglial activation with [11C]PBR28 PET provides an approach to test new medications in humans for their putative antiinflammatory effects.
Collapse
|
264
|
Skirecki T, Kawiak J, Machaj E, Pojda Z, Wasilewska D, Czubak J, Hoser G. Early severe impairment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow caused by CLP sepsis and endotoxemia in a humanized mice model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:142. [PMID: 26272069 PMCID: PMC4536694 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An effective immune response to severe bacterial infections requires a robust production of the innate immunity cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a process called emergency myelopoiesis. In sepsis, an altered immune response that leads to a failure of bacterial clearance is often observed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of sepsis on human HSPCs in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment of humanized mice subjected to acute endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis. Methods Humanized mice (hu-NSG) were generated by transplanting NOD.Cg-Prkdc/scidIL2rγ (NSG) mice with the human cord blood CD34+ cells. Eight weeks after the transplantation, hu-NSG mice were subjected to sepsis induced by endotoxemia—Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—or by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty-four hours later, HSPCs from BM were analyzed by flow cytometry and colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. CLP after inhibition of Notch signaling was also performed. The effects of LPS on the in vitro proliferation of CD34+ cells from human BM were tested by CellTrace Violet dye staining. Results The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 receptor was present among engrafted human HSPCs. Both CLP and endotoxemia decreased (by 43 % and 37 %) cellularity of the BM. In addition, in both models, accumulation of early CD34+ CD38− HSCs was observed, but the number of CD34+ CD38+ progenitors decreased. After CLP, there was a 1.5-fold increase of proliferating CD34+ CD38−Ki-67+ cells. Moreover, CFU assay revealed a depressed (by 75 % after LPS and by 50 % after CLP) production of human hematopoietic colonies from the BM of septic mice. In contrast, in vitro LPS stimulated differentiation of CD34+ CD38− HSCs but did not induce proliferation of these cells in contrast to the CD34+ CD38+ progenitors. CLP sepsis modulated the BM microenvironment by upregulation of Jagged-1 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, and the proliferation of HSCs was Notch-dependent. Conclusions CLP sepsis and endotoxemia induced a similar expansion and proliferation of early HSCs in the BM, while committed progenitors decreased. It is suggestive that the Notch pathway contributed to this effect. Targeting early hematopoiesis may be considered as a viable alternative in the existing arsenal of supportive therapies in sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skirecki
- Department of Flow Cytometry, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Czerniakowska 231, 00-416, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kawiak
- Department of Flow Cytometry, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Eugeniusz Machaj
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, W. Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, W. Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Danuta Wasilewska
- Department of Clinical Cytology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymocnka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Czubak
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Konarskiego 13, 05-400, Otwock, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymocnka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
Szabo PA, Anantha RV, Shaler CR, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. CD1d- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:401. [PMID: 26322041 PMCID: PMC4533011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated immune responses to infection, such as those encountered in sepsis, can be catastrophic. Sepsis is typically triggered by an overwhelming systemic response to an infectious agent(s) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality even under optimal critical care. Recent studies have implicated unconventional, innate-like T lymphocytes, including CD1d- and MR1-restricted T cells as effectors and/or regulators of inflammatory responses during sepsis. These cell types are typified by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, variant NKT (vNKT) cells, and mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. iNKT and vNKT cells are CD1d-restricted, lipid-reactive cells with remarkable immunoregulatory properties. MAIT cells participate in antimicrobial defense, and are restricted by major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1), which displays microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites. Importantly, NKT and MAIT cells are rapid and potent producers of immunomodulatory cytokines. Therefore, they may be considered attractive targets during the early hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis when immediate interventions are urgently needed, and also in later phases when adjuvant immunotherapies could potentially reverse the dangerous state of immunosuppression. We will highlight recent findings that point to the significance or the therapeutic potentials of NKT and MAIT cells in sepsis and will also discuss what lies ahead in research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Ram V Anantha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada ; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
A Systematic Review of Rhubarb (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Used for the Treatment of Experimental Sepsis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:131283. [PMID: 26339264 PMCID: PMC4538976 DOI: 10.1155/2015/131283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a global major health problem in great need for more effective therapy. For thousands of years, Rhubarb had been used for various diseases including severe infection. Pharmacological studies and trials reported that Rhubarb may be effective in treating sepsis, but the efficacy and the quality of evidence remain unclear since there is no systematic review on Rhubarb for sepsis. The present study is the first systematic review of Rhubarb used for the treatment of experimental sepsis in both English and Chinese literatures by identifying 27 studies from 7 databases. It showed that Rhubarb might be effective in reducing injuries in gastrointestinal tract, lung, and liver induced by sepsis, and its potential mechanisms might include reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, ameliorating microcirculatory disturbance, and maintaining immune balance. Yet the positive findings should be interpreted with caution due to poor methodological quality. In a word, Rhubarb might be a promising candidate that is worth further clinical and experimental trials for sepsis therapy.
Collapse
|
267
|
Friedrich O, Reid MB, Van den Berghe G, Vanhorebeek I, Hermans G, Rich MM, Larsson L. The Sick and the Weak: Neuropathies/Myopathies in the Critically Ill. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1025-109. [PMID: 26133937 PMCID: PMC4491544 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness polyneuropathies (CIP) and myopathies (CIM) are common complications of critical illness. Several weakness syndromes are summarized under the term intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW). We propose a classification of different ICUAW forms (CIM, CIP, sepsis-induced, steroid-denervation myopathy) and pathophysiological mechanisms from clinical and animal model data. Triggers include sepsis, mechanical ventilation, muscle unloading, steroid treatment, or denervation. Some ICUAW forms require stringent diagnostic features; CIM is marked by membrane hypoexcitability, severe atrophy, preferential myosin loss, ultrastructural alterations, and inadequate autophagy activation while myopathies in pure sepsis do not reproduce marked myosin loss. Reduced membrane excitability results from depolarization and ion channel dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to energy-dependent processes. Ubiquitin proteasome and calpain activation trigger muscle proteolysis and atrophy while protein synthesis is impaired. Myosin loss is more pronounced than actin loss in CIM. Protein quality control is altered by inadequate autophagy. Ca(2+) dysregulation is present through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. We highlight clinical hallmarks, trigger factors, and potential mechanisms from human studies and animal models that allow separation of risk factors that may trigger distinct mechanisms contributing to weakness. During critical illness, altered inflammatory (cytokines) and metabolic pathways deteriorate muscle function. ICUAW prevention/treatment is limited, e.g., tight glycemic control, delaying nutrition, and early mobilization. Future challenges include identification of primary/secondary events during the time course of critical illness, the interplay between membrane excitability, bioenergetic failure and differential proteolysis, and finding new therapeutic targets by help of tailored animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Reid
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Van den Berghe
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Vanhorebeek
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hermans
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Rich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Larsson
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Li Y, Li Q, Chen H, Wang T, Liu L, Wang G, Xie K, Yu Y. Hydrogen Gas Alleviates the Intestinal Injury Caused by Severe Sepsis in Mice by Increasing the Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1. Shock 2015; 44:90-8. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
269
|
Kiss F, Molnar L, Hajdu E, Deak A, Molnar A, Berhes M, Szabo J, Nemeth N, Fulesdi B. Skin microcirculatory changes reflect early the circulatory deterioration in a fulminant sepsis model in the pig. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:470-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150070000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
270
|
Expectations for methodology and translation of animal research: a survey of health care workers. BMC Med Ethics 2015; 16:29. [PMID: 25947255 PMCID: PMC4428252 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health care workers (HCW) often perform, promote, and advocate use of public funds for animal research (AR); therefore, an awareness of the empirical costs and benefits of animal research is an important issue for HCW. We aim to determine what health-care-workers consider should be acceptable standards of AR methodology and translation rate to humans. Methods After development and validation, an e-mail survey was sent to all pediatricians and pediatric intensive care unit nurses and respiratory-therapists (RTs) affiliated with a Canadian University. We presented questions about demographics, methodology of AR, and expectations from AR. Responses of pediatricians and nurses/RTs were compared using Chi-square, with P < .05 considered significant. Results Response rate was 44/114(39%) (pediatricians), and 69/120 (58%) (nurses/RTs). Asked about methodological quality, most respondents expect that: AR is done to high quality; costs and difficulty are not acceptable justifications for low quality; findings should be reproducible between laboratories and strains of the same species; and guidelines for AR funded with public money should be consistent with these expectations. Asked about benefits of AR, most thought that there are sometimes/often large benefits to humans from AR, and disagreed that “AR rarely produces benefit to humans.” Asked about expectations of translation to humans (of toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and treatment findings), most: expect translation >40% of the time; thought that misleading AR results should occur <21% of the time; and that if translation was to occur <20% of the time, they would be less supportive of AR. There were few differences between pediatricians and nurses/RTs. Conclusions HCW have high expectations for the methodological quality of, and the translation rate to humans of findings from AR. These expectations are higher than the empirical data show having been achieved. Unless these areas of AR significantly improve, HCW support of AR may be tenuous.
Collapse
|
271
|
Drechsler S, Weixelbaumer KM, Weidinger A, Raeven P, Khadem A, Redl H, van Griensven M, Bahrami S, Remick D, Kozlov A, Osuchowski MF. Why do they die? Comparison of selected aspects of organ injury and dysfunction in mice surviving and dying in acute abdominal sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015. [PMID: 26215812 PMCID: PMC4513036 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms of sepsis mortality remain undefined. While there is some evidence of organ damage, it is not clear whether this damage alone is sufficient to cause death. Therefore, we aimed to examine contribution of organ injury/dysfunction to early deaths in the mouse abdominal sepsis. Methods Female OF-1 mice underwent either medium-severity cecal ligation and puncture (CLP-Only) or non-lethal CLP-ODam (CLP with cisplatin/carbontetrachloride to induce survivable hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity). In the first experiment, blood was collected daily from survivors (SUR; CLP-Only and CLP-ODam groups) or until early death (DIED; CLP-Only). In the second experiment (CLP-Only), early outcome was prospectively predicted based on body temperature (BT) and pairs of mice predicted to survive (P-SUR) and die (P-DIE) were sacrificed post-CLP. The overall magnitude of organ injury/dysfunction was compared in retrospectively and prospectively stratified mice. Results At day 7 post-CLP, survival in CLP-Only was 48%, while CLP-ODam was non-lethal. In CLP-Only mice within 24 h of death, urea increased to 78 (versus 40 mg/dl in SUR), ALT to 166 (vs. 108 U/l), LDH to 739 (vs. 438 U/l) and glucose declined to 43 (vs. 62 mg/dl). In CLP-ODam, hypoglycemia was exacerbated (by 1.5-fold) and ALT and LDH were 20- and 8-fold higher versus DIED (CLP-Only) mice. In CLP-Only, predicted deaths (P-DIE) were preceded by a significant rise only in cystatin C (268 vs. 170 ng/ml in P-SUR) but not in creatinine and troponin I. Respiratory function of mitochondria in the liver and kidney of P-SUR and P-DIE CLP-Only mice was not impaired (vs. controls) and ATP level in organs remained similar among all groups. Histologic injury scores in the liver, kidney, heart and lung showed no major disparities among dying, surviving and control mice. Conclusions In CLP-Only mice, although the deregulation of parameters indicative of organ injury/dysfunction was greater in dying versus surviving mice, it never exceeded the changes in surviving CLP-ODam animals, and it was not followed by histopathological damage and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. This shows that interpretation of the contribution of the organ injury/dysfunction to early deaths in the CLP model is not straightforward and depends on the pathophysiological origin of the profiled disturbances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-015-0048-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Drechsler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Trauma Research Center of AUVA, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
272
|
The experimental model of nephrotic syndrome induced by Doxorubicin in rodents: an update. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:287-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
273
|
Abstract
Many preclinical studies in critical care medicine and related disciplines rely on hypothesis-driven research in mice. The underlying premise posits that mice sufficiently emulate numerous pathophysiologic alterations produced by trauma/sepsis and can serve as an experimental platform for answering clinically relevant questions. Recently, the lay press severely criticized the translational relevance of mouse models in critical care medicine. A series of provocative editorials were elicited by a highly publicized research report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS; February 2013), which identified an unrecognized gene expression profile mismatch between human and murine leukocytes following burn/trauma/endotoxemia. Based on their data, the authors concluded that mouse models of trauma/inflammation are unsuitable for studying corresponding human conditions. We believe this conclusion was not justified. In conjunction with resulting negative commentary in the popular press, it can seriously jeopardize future basic research in critical care medicine. We will address some limitations of that PNAS report to provide a framework for discussing its conclusions and attempt to present a balanced summary of strengths/weaknesses of use of mouse models. While many investigators agree that animal research is a central component for improved patient outcomes, it is important to acknowledge known limitations in clinical translation from mouse to man. The scientific community is responsible to discuss valid limitations without overinterpretation. Hopefully, a balanced view of the strengths/weaknesses of using animals for trauma/endotoxemia/critical care research will not result in hasty discount of the clear need for using animals to advance treatment of critically ill patients.
Collapse
|
274
|
Foley NM, Wang J, Redmond HP, Wang JH. Current knowledge and future directions of TLR and NOD signaling in sepsis. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 25722880 PMCID: PMC4340879 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-014-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sepsis is increasing over time, along with an increased risk of dying from the condition. Sepsis care costs billions annually in the United States. Death from sepsis is understood to be a complex process, driven by a lack of normal immune homeostatic functions and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to multi-organ failure. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, one of whose members was initially discovered in Drosophila, performs an important role in the recognition of microbial pathogens. These pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), upon sensing invading microorganisms, activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. NOD signaling is also involved in the recognition of bacteria and acts synergistically with the TLR family in initiating an efficient immune response for the eradication of invading microbial pathogens. TLRs and NOD1/NOD2 respond to different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Modulation of both TLR and NOD signaling is an area of research that has prompted much excitement and debate as a therapeutic strategy in the management of sepsis. Molecules targeting TLR and NOD signaling pathways exist but regrettably thus far none have proven efficacy from clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Foley
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 China
| | - H Paul Redmond
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jiang Huai Wang
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
The recognition of LpxC inhibitors as potential antibiotics could revolutionise the management of sepsis in veterinary patients if their unknown biological properties are widely evaluated in suitable animal models. Int J Vet Sci Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
276
|
Abstract
Sepsis can be defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome occurring in the presence of an infectious source. Over the past 25 years, numerous guidelines have been established to clarify definitions and improve the overall management of clinical sepsis. In light of these multiple paradigm shifts, this review attempts to summarize the innate immunologic alterations that manifest during sepsis, establish and compare mouse models of sepsis with the clinical course, and discuss the authors' views on additional elements that should be considered in modeling and predicting clinical sepsis from the standpoint of a basic research setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mile Stanojcic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Abstract
Sepsis, a common and potentially fatal systemic illness, is triggered by microbial infection and often leads to impaired function of the lungs, kidneys or other vital organs. Since the early 1980s, a large number of therapeutic agents for the treatment of sepsis have been evaluated in randomized controlled clinical trials. With few exceptions, the results from these trials have been disappointing, and no specific therapeutic agent is currently approved for the treatment of sepsis. To improve upon this dismal record, investigators will need to identify more suitable therapeutic targets, improve their approaches for selecting candidate compounds for clinical development and adopt better designs for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P Fink
- Departments of Surgery and Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 72-160 CHS, Los Angeles California 90095, USA
| | - H Shaw Warren
- Infectious Disease Units, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital East, 149 13th Street, Fifth Floor, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
278
|
Langley RJ, Tipper JL, Bruse S, Baron RM, Tsalik EL, Huntley J, Rogers AJ, Jaramillo RJ, O'Donnell D, Mega WM, Keaton M, Kensicki E, Gazourian L, Fredenburgh LE, Massaro AF, Otero RM, Fowler VG, Rivers EP, Woods CW, Kingsmore SF, Sopori ML, Perrella MA, Choi AMK, Harrod KS. Integrative "omic" analysis of experimental bacteremia identifies a metabolic signature that distinguishes human sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndromes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:445-55. [PMID: 25054455 PMCID: PMC4214130 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201404-0624oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, early diagnosis and the progression of the disease are difficult to make. The integration of metabolomic and transcriptomic data in a primate model of sepsis may provide a novel molecular signature of clinical sepsis. OBJECTIVES To develop a biomarker panel to characterize sepsis in primates and ascertain its relevance to early diagnosis and progression of human sepsis. METHODS Intravenous inoculation of Macaca fascicularis with Escherichia coli produced mild to severe sepsis, lung injury, and death. Plasma samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, and 5 days of E. coli challenge and at the time of killing. At necropsy, blood, lung, kidney, and spleen samples were collected. An integrative analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic datasets was performed to identify a panel of sepsis biomarkers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The extent of E. coli invasion, respiratory distress, lethargy, and mortality was dependent on the bacterial dose. Metabolomic and transcriptomic changes characterized severe infections and death, and indicated impaired mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and liver functions. Analysis of the pulmonary transcriptome and plasma metabolome suggested impaired fatty acid catabolism regulated by peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor signaling. A representative four-metabolite model effectively diagnosed sepsis in primates (area under the curve, 0.966) and in two human sepsis cohorts (area under the curve, 0.78 and 0.82). CONCLUSIONS A model of sepsis based on reciprocal metabolomic and transcriptomic data was developed in primates and validated in two human patient cohorts. It is anticipated that the identified parameters will facilitate early diagnosis and management of sepsis.
Collapse
|
279
|
Mittal R, Ford ML, Coopersmith CM. Getting older can be exhausting. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:465. [PMID: 25184737 PMCID: PMC4423769 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a disease that affects primarily the aged. Although mortality is higher in both older septic patients and aged septic mice, the mechanisms underlying decreased survival in older hosts are incompletely understood. New work by Inoue and colleagues demonstrates persistent inflammation and T-cell exhaustion in older septic patients and aged septic mice. The clinical significance of these findings is manifested not only in increased mortality but also in a marked difference in secondary infections in older patients as long as a month following ICU admission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA.
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA.
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
280
|
Intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein increases mortality in aged mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101828. [PMID: 25010671 PMCID: PMC4092051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice with conditional, intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO) exhibit a complete block in chylomicron assembly together with lipid malabsorption. Young (8–10 week) Mttp-IKO mice have improved survival when subjected to a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced sepsis. However, 80% of deaths in sepsis occur in patients over age 65. The purpose of this study was to determine whether age impacts outcome in Mttp-IKO mice subjected to sepsis. Methods Aged (20–24 months) Mttp-IKO mice and WT mice underwent intratracheal injection with P. aeruginosa. Mice were either sacrificed 24 hours post-operatively for mechanistic studies or followed seven days for survival. Results In contrast to young septic Mttp-IKO mice, aged septic Mttp-IKO mice had a significantly higher mortality than aged septic WT mice (80% vs. 39%, p = 0.005). Aged septic Mttp-IKO mice exhibited increased gut epithelial apoptosis, increased jejunal Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-XL ratios yet simultaneously demonstrated increased crypt proliferation and villus length. Aged septic Mttp-IKO mice also manifested increased pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels, suggesting increased neutrophil infiltration, as well as decreased systemic TNFα compared to aged septic WT mice. Conclusions Blocking intestinal chylomicron secretion alters mortality following sepsis in an age-dependent manner. Increases in gut apoptosis and pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and decreased systemic TNFα represent potential mechanisms for why intestine-specific Mttp deletion is beneficial in young septic mice but harmful in aged mice as each of these parameters are altered differently in young and aged septic WT and Mttp-IKO mice.
Collapse
|
281
|
Fink MP. HMGB1 as a drug target in staphylococcal pneumonia. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:131. [PMID: 25029244 PMCID: PMC4057072 DOI: 10.1186/cc13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box (HMGB)1 is a small DNA-binding protein. In the nucleus, HMGB1 plays a role in gene expression and DNA replication. When it is released or secreted into the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 functions as a pro-inflammatory cytokine-like mediator. Recently reported data support the view that treatment with a neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody ameliorated pulmonary damage in a murine model of pneumonia caused by a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may be an important drug target as scientists, clinical investigators and pharmaceutical companies seek to develop better agents for the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia. Unfortunately, however, encouraging results from murine models of human disease often fail to translate into positive findings in clinical trials. Thus, before moving from pre-clinical into clinical studies, it may be prudent to validate and extend the recent experimental findings by carrying out additional studies, using a large animal model of pneumonia.
Collapse
|
282
|
Holderied A, Anders HJ. Animal models of kidney inflammation in translational medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
283
|
Hurley JC. Towards clinical applications of anti-endotoxin antibodies; a re-appraisal of the disconnect. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2589-620. [PMID: 24351718 PMCID: PMC3873702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin is a potent mediator of a broad range of patho-physiological effects in humans. It is present in all Gram negative (GN) bacteria. It would be expected that anti-endotoxin therapies, whether antibody based or not, would have an important adjuvant therapeutic role along with antibiotics and other supportive therapies for GN infections. Indeed there is an extensive literature relating to both pre-clinical and clinical studies of anti-endotoxin antibodies. However, the extent of disconnect between the generally successful pre-clinical studies versus the failures of the numerous large clinical trials of antibody based and other anti-endotoxin therapies is under-appreciated and unexplained. Seeking a reconciliation of this disconnect is not an abstract academic question as clinical trials of interventions to reduce levels of endotoxemia levels are ongoing. The aim of this review is to examine new insights into the complex relationship between endotoxemia and sepsis in an attempt to bridge this disconnect. Several new factors to consider in this reappraisal include the frequency and types of GN bacteremia and the underlying mortality risk in the various study populations. For a range of reasons, endotoxemia can no longer be considered as a single entity. There are old clinical trials which warrant a re-appraisal in light of these recent advances in the understanding of the structure-function relationship of endotoxin. Fundamentally however, the disconnect not only remains, it has enlarged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Hurley
- Rural Health Academic Center, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
284
|
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Opal
- Infectious Disease Division; Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Pawtucket, RI USA
| |
Collapse
|