301
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Mehrzad R, Rajab M, Spodick DH. The three integrated phases of left atrial macrophysiology and their interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15146-60. [PMID: 25167138 PMCID: PMC4200839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the left atrium is growing, although there are many aspects that are still poorly understood. The left atrium size as an imaging biomarker has been consistently shown to be a powerful predictor of outcomes and of different cardiovascular disorders, such as, but not limited to, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation and stroke. Left atrial function has been conventionally divided into three integrated phases: reservoir, conduit and booster-pump. The highly dynamic left atrium and its response to the stretch and secretion of atrial neuropeptides leaves the left atrium far from being a simple transport chamber. The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the left atrial physiology and its relation to disorders within the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Mehrzad
- Department of Medicine, Steward Carney Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, 2100 Dorchester Avenue, Boston, MA 02124, USA.
| | - Mohammad Rajab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - David H Spodick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St. Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 02124, USA.
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302
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Volpe M. Natriuretic peptides and cardio-renal disease. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:630-9. [PMID: 25213572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide (NP) system is an important endocrine, autocrine and paracrine system, consisting of a family of peptides which provide cardiac, renal and vascular effects that, through their beneficial physiological actions, play a key role in maintaining overall cardiovascular health. Traditionally, the pathophysiological origins of cardio-renal disease have been viewed as the domain of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), with inappropriate activation of both systems leading to deleterious changes in cardio-renal function and structure. Therapies designed to suppress the RAAS and the SNS have been routinely employed to address the consequences of cardio-renal disease. However, it is now becoming increasingly apparent that enhancing the beneficial physiological effects of the NP system may represent an attractive alternative therapeutic approach to counter the pathophysiological effects of disease. In particular, innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the physiological benefits afforded by NPs while simultaneously suppressing the RAAS are generating increasing interest as potential treatment options for the management of cardio-renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
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303
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Ichiki T, Schirger JA, Huntley BK, Brozovich FV, Maleszewski JJ, Sandberg SM, Sangaralingham SJ, Park SJ, Burnett JC. Cardiac fibrosis in end-stage human heart failure and the cardiac natriuretic peptide guanylyl cyclase system: regulation and therapeutic implications. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:199-205. [PMID: 25117468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support has been used in the treatment of end-stage heart failure (HF), however use of anti-fibrotic co-therapies may improve prognosis. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) possess anti-fibrotic properties through their receptors, GC-A/GC-B/NPR-C. We sought to evaluate cardiac fibrosis and the endogenous NP system in end-stage HF with and without LVAD therapy and to assess the anti-fibrotic actions of the dual GC-A/-B activator CD-NP in vitro. Collagen (Col) protein content was assessed by Picrosirius Red staining and NPs, NP receptors, and Col I mRNA expression were determined by qPCR in LV tissue from patients in end-stage HF (n=13), after LVAD support (n=5) and in normal subjects (n=6). Col I mRNA and protein levels in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) pretreated with CD-NP were compared to those of BNP or CNP pretreatment. The LV in end-stage HF was characterized by higher Col I mRNA expression and Col protein deposition compared to normal which was sustained after LVAD support. ANP and BNP mRNA expressions were higher while CNP was lower in end-stage HF LV. GC-A expression did not change while GC-B and NPR-C increased compared to normal LV. The changes in NP system expression were not reversed after LVAD support. In vitro, CD-NP reduced Col I production stimulated by TGF-beta 1 greater than BNP or CNP in CFs. We conclude that the failing LV is characterized by increased fibrosis and reduced CNP gene expression. LVAD support did not reverse Col deposition nor restore CNP production, suggesting a therapeutic opportunity for CD-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ichiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - John A Schirger
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brenda K Huntley
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Maleszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Soon J Park
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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304
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De Vito P. Atrial natriuretic peptide: an old hormone or a new cytokine? Peptides 2014; 58:108-16. [PMID: 24973596 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) a cardiovascular hormone mainly secreted by heart atria in response to stretching forces induces potent diuretic, natriuretic and vasorelaxant effects and plays a major role in the homeostasis of blood pressure as well as of water and salt balance. The hormone can also act as autocrine/paracrine factor and modulate several immune functions as well as cytoprotective effects. ANP contributes to innate immunity being able to: (i) stimulate the host defense against extracellular microbes by phagocytosis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) release; (ii) inhibit the synthesis and release of proinflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1, MCP-1, nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); (iii) inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and E-selectin. ANP can also affect the adaptive immunity being able to: (i) reduce the number of CD4(+) CD8(+) lymphocytes as well as to increase the CD4(-) CD8(-) cells; (ii) stimulate the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) cells toward the Th2 and/or Th17 phenotype. The hormone shows protective effects during: (i) ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial injury; (ii) atherosclerosis and hypertension by the induction of antiproliferative effects; (iii) oxidative stress counteracting the dangerous effects of ROS; (iv) growth of tumors cells by the induction of apoptosis or necrosis. Since not much is known about of the role of ANP locally produced and released by non-cardiac cells, this review outlines the contribution of ANP in different aspect of innate as well as adaptive immunity also with respect to the excessive cell growth in physiological and/or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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305
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Moltzau LR, Aronsen JM, Meier S, Skogestad J, Ørstavik Ø, Lothe GB, Sjaastad I, Skomedal T, Osnes JB, Levy FO, Qvigstad E. Different Compartmentation of Responses to Brain Natriuretic Peptide and C-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Failing Rat Ventricle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:681-90. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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306
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Turning on cGMP-dependent pathways to treat cardiac dysfunctions: boom, bust, and beyond. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:404-13. [PMID: 24948380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
cGMP inhibits hypertrophy, decreases fibrosis, and protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Gene-targeting studies have not defined a clear role for its major downstream effector, cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), in cardiac hypertrophy, but do implicate cGMP-cGKI signaling in fibrosis and I/R injury. No direct cGKI activators have advanced to clinical trials, whereas cardiac trials of agents that modulate cGMP via particulate or soluble guanylyl cyclases (GCs) and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) are ongoing. Here we review concerns arising from preclinical and clinical studies that question whether targeting the cGMP pathway remains an encouraging concept for management of heart dysfunction. So far, trial results for GC modulators are inconclusive, and sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, although cardioprotective in mouse models, has not shown positive clinical results. Preclinical cardioprotection observed for sildenafil may result from inhibition of PDE5 in non-cardiomyocytes or off-target effects, possibly on PDE1C. On the basis of such mechanistic considerations, re-evaluation of the cellular localization of drug target(s) and intervention protocols for cGMP-elevating agents may be needed.
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307
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Demerath T, Staffel J, Schreiber A, Valletta D, Schweda F. Natriuretic peptides buffer renin-dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1489-98. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00668.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and cardiac natriuretic peptides [atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)] are opposing control mechanisms for arterial blood pressure. Accordingly, an inverse relationship between plasma renin concentration (PRC) and ANP exists in most circumstances. However, PRC and ANP levels are both elevated in renovascular hypertension. Because ANP can directly suppress renin release, we used ANP knockout (ANP−/−) mice to investigate whether high ANP levels attenuate the increase in PRC in response to renal hypoperfusion, thus buffering renovascular hypertension. ANP−/− mice were hypertensive and had reduced PRC compared with that in wild-type ANP+/+ mice under control conditions. Unilateral renal artery stenosis (2-kidney, 1-clip) for 1 wk induced similar increases in blood pressure and PRC in both genotypes. Unexpectedly, plasma BNP concentrations in ANP−/− mice significantly increased in response to two-kidney, one-clip treatment, potentially compensating for the lack of ANP. In fact, in mice lacking guanylyl cyclase A (GC-A−/− mice), which is the common receptor for both ANP and BNP, renovascular hypertension was markedly augmented compared with that in wild-type GC-A+/+ mice. However, the higher blood pressure in GC-A−/− mice was not caused by disinhibition of the renin system because PRC and renal renin synthesis were significantly lower in GC-A−/− mice than in GC-A+/+ mice. Thus, natriuretic peptides buffer renal vascular hypertension via renin-independent effects, such as vasorelaxation. The latter possibility is supported by experiments in isolated perfused mouse kidneys, in which physiological concentrations of ANP and BNP elicited renal vasodilatation and attenuated renal vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Demerath
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janina Staffel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schreiber
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Valletta
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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308
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Guo S, Barringer F, Zois NE, Goetze JP, Ashina M. Natriuretic peptides and cerebral hemodynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 192-193:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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309
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Buys ES, Potter LR, Pasquale LR, Ksander BR. Regulation of intraocular pressure by soluble and membrane guanylate cyclases and their role in glaucoma. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:38. [PMID: 24904270 PMCID: PMC4032937 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by visual field defects that ultimately lead to irreversible blindness (Alward, 2000; Anderson et al., 2006). By the year 2020, an estimated 80 million people will have glaucoma, 11 million of which will be bilaterally blind. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only risk factor amenable to treatment. How IOP is regulated and can be modulated remains a topic of active investigation. Available therapies, mostly geared toward lowering IOP, offer incomplete protection, and POAG often goes undetected until irreparable damage has been done, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches, drug targets, and biomarkers (Heijl et al., 2002; Quigley, 2011). In this review, the role of soluble (nitric oxide (NO)-activated) and membrane-bound, natriuretic peptide (NP)-activated guanylate cyclases that generate the secondary signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the regulation of IOP and in the pathophysiology of POAG will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Buys
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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310
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Atrial natriuretic peptide gene variants and circulating levels: implications in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:1-13. [PMID: 24611929 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), discovered 30 years ago in rat cardiac atria, has been extensively investigated with regard to physiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular disease therapeutics and molecular genetic aspects. Besides its diuretic, natriuretic and vasorelaxant effects, novel properties of this hormone have been described. Thus anti-hypertrophic, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions suggest that ANP contributes not only to haemodynamic homoeostasis and adjustments, but has also a role in cardiovascular remodelling. Circulating ANP levels represent a valuable biomarker in cardiovascular diseases. ANP structure is highly conserved among species, indicating a key role in cardiovascular health. Thus an abnormal ANP structure may contribute to an increased risk of disease due to altered functions at either the vascular or cardiac level. Among others, the 2238T>C exon 3 variant has been associated with endothelial cell damage and dysfunction and with an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events, a frameshift mutation within exon 3 has been related to increased risk of atrial fibrillation, and ANP gene variants have been linked to increased risk of hypertension in different ethnic groups. On the other hand, the rs5068 variant, falling within the 3' UTR and associated with higher circulating ANP levels, has been shown to have a beneficial cardioprotective and metabolic effect. Dissecting out the disease mechanisms dependent on specific ANP molecular variants may reveal information useful in the clinical setting for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, insights from molecular genetic analysis of ANP may well integrate advancing knowledge on the role of ANP as a significant biomarker in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases.
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311
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Vasonatrin peptide stimulates both of the natriuretic peptide receptors, NPRA and NPRB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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312
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Azevedo MF, Faucz FR, Bimpaki E, Horvath A, Levy I, de Alexandre RB, Ahmad F, Manganiello V, Stratakis CA. Clinical and molecular genetics of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Endocr Rev 2014; 35:195-233. [PMID: 24311737 PMCID: PMC3963262 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa F Azevedo
- Section on Endocrinology Genetics (M.F.A., F.R.F., E.B., A.H., I.L., R.B.d.A., C.A.S.), Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Section of Endocrinology (M.F.A.), University Hospital of Brasilia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70840-901, Brazil; Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (F.R.F., R.B.d.A.), Graduate Program in Health Science, Medical School, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Branch (F.A., V.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program (C.A.S.), NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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313
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Bifurcation of axons from cranial sensory neurons is disabled in the absence of Npr2-induced cGMP signaling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:737-47. [PMID: 24431432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4183-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal branching is a prerequisite for the establishment of complex neuronal circuits and their capacity for parallel information processing. Previously, we have identified a cGMP signaling pathway composed of the ligand C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its receptor, the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), and the cGMP-dependent kinase Iα (cGKIα) that regulates axon bifurcation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in the spinal cord. Now we asked whether this cascade also controls axon bifurcation elsewhere in the nervous system. An Npr2-lacZ reporter mouse line was generated to clarify the pattern of the CNP receptor expression. It was found that during the period of axonal outgrowth, Npr2 and cGKIα were strongly labeled in neurons of all cranial sensory ganglia (gV, gVII, gVIII, gIX, and gX). In addition, strong complementary expression of CNP was detected in the hindbrain at the entry zones of sensory afferents. To analyze axon branching in individual Npr2-positive neurons, we generated a mouse mutant expressing a tamoxifen-inducible variant of Cre recombinase expressed under control of the Npr2-promoter (Npr2-CreER(T2)). After crossing this strain with conditional reporter mouse lines, we revealed that the complete absence of Npr2 activity indeed prohibited the bifurcation of cranial sensory axons in their entrance region. Consequently, axons only turned in either an ascending or descending direction, while collateral formation and growth of the peripheral arm was not affected. These findings indicate that in neurons of the cranial sensory ganglia, as in DRG neurons, cGMP signals are necessary for the execution of an axonal bifurcation program.
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314
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Wiese S, Hove JD, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11:177-86. [PMID: 24217347 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is known to cause alterations in the systemic haemodynamic system. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy designates a cardiac dysfunction that includes impaired cardiac contractility with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as well as electromechanical abnormalities in the absence of other known causes of cardiac disease. This condition is primarily revealed by inducing physical or pharmacological stress, but echocardiography is excellent at revealing diastolic dysfunction and might also be used to detect systolic dysfunction at rest. Furthermore, measurement of circulating levels of cardiac biomarkers could improve the diagnostic assessm+ent. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy contributes to various complications in cirrhosis, especially as an important factor in the development of hepatic nephropathy. Additionally, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy seems to be associated with the development of heart failure in relation to invasive procedures such as shunt insertion and liver transplantation. Current pharmacological treatment is nonspecific and directed towards left ventricular failure, and liver transplantation is currently the only proven treatment with specific effect on cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Wiese
- Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens D Hove
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastroenterology Unit, Medical Division, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
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315
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Moltzau LR, Meier S, Aronsen JM, Afzal F, Sjaastad I, Skomedal T, Osnes JB, Levy FO, Qvigstad E. Differential regulation of C-type natriuretic peptide-induced cGMP and functional responses by PDE2 and PDE3 in failing myocardium. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 387:407-17. [PMID: 24424715 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-induced negative inotropic (NIR) and positive lusitropic response (LR) in failing rat heart. We wanted to study whether, and if so, how phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulate CNP-induced cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) elevation and functional responses. Inotropic and lusitropic responses were measured in left ventricular muscle strips and cyclic nucleotide levels, PDE activity and phospholamban (PLB) and troponin I (TnI) phosphorylation were measured in ventricular cardiomyocytes from Wistar rats with heart failure 6 weeks after myocardial infarction. CNP-mediated increase in global cGMP was mainly regulated by PDE2, as reflected by a marked amplification of the cGMP increase during PDE2 inhibition and by a high PDE2 activity in cardiomyocytes. PDE3 inhibition, on the other hand, caused no significant cGMP increase by CNP. The functional consequences did not correspond to the changes of cGMP. PDE3 inhibition increased the potency of the CNP-induced NIR and LR, while PDE2 inhibition desensitized the CNP-induced NIR, but not LR. A role for PDE2 on the maximal LR and PDE5 on the maximal NIR to CNP was revealed in the presence of PDE3 inhibition. CNP increased PLB phosphorylation about 25- to 30-fold and tended to increase TnI phosphorylation about twofold. As a whole, CNP-induced functional responses were only modestly regulated by PDEs compared to the cAMP-mediated functional responses to β1-adrenoceptor stimulation, which are highly regulated by PDEs. There is a mismatch between the CNP-induced cGMP increase and functional responses. Global cGMP levels are mainly regulated by PDE2 after CNP stimulation, whereas the functional responses are modestly regulated by both PDE2 and PDE3, indicating cGMP compartmentation by PDEs affecting CNP-induced responses in failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Román Moltzau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, P.O. Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
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316
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McKie PM, Cataliotti A, Ichiki T, Sangaralingham SJ, Chen HH, Burnett JC. M-atrial natriuretic peptide and nitroglycerin in a canine model of experimental acute hypertensive heart failure: differential actions of 2 cGMP activating therapeutics. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000206. [PMID: 24385449 PMCID: PMC3959692 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Systemic hypertension is a common characteristic in acute heart failure (HF). This increasingly recognized phenotype is commonly associated with renal dysfunction and there is an unmet need for renal enhancing therapies. In a canine model of HF and acute vasoconstrictive hypertension we characterized and compared the cardiorenal actions of M‐atrial natriuretic peptide (M‐ANP), a novel particulate guanylyl cyclase (pGC) activator, and nitroglycerin, a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activator. Methods and Results HF was induced by rapid RV pacing (180 beats per minute) for 10 days. On day 11, hypertension was induced by continuous angiotensin II infusion. We characterized the cardiorenal and humoral actions prior to, during, and following intravenous M‐ANP (n=7), nitroglycerin (n=7), and vehicle (n=7) infusion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by M‐ANP (139±4 to 118±3 mm Hg, P<0.05) and nitroglycerin (137±3 to 116±4 mm Hg, P<0.05); similar findings were recorded for pulmonary wedge pressure (PCWP) with M‐ANP (12±2 to 6±2 mm Hg, P<0.05) and nitroglycerin (12±1 to 6±1 mm Hg, P<0.05). M‐ANP enhanced renal function with significant increases (P<0.05) in glomerular filtration rate (38±4 to 53±5 mL/min), renal blood flow (132±18 to 236±23 mL/min), and natriuresis (11±4 to 689±37 mEq/min) and also inhibited aldosterone activation (32±3 to 23±2 ng/dL, P<0.05), whereas nitroglycerin had no significant (P>0.05) effects on these renal parameters or aldosterone activation. Conclusions Our results advance the differential cardiorenal actions of pGC (M‐ANP) and sGC (nitroglycerin) mediated cGMP activation. These distinct renal and aldosterone modulating actions make M‐ANP an attractive therapeutic for HF with concomitant hypertension, where renal protection is a key therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M McKie
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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317
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Casartelli A, Dacome L, Tessari M, Pascali J, Bortolotti F, Trevisan MT, Bosco O, Cristofori P, Tagliaro F. Cocaine-associated increase of atrial natriuretic peptides: an early predictor of cardiac complications in cocaine users? HEART ASIA 2014; 6:100-7. [PMID: 27326180 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2013-010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine is known to produce life-threatening cardiovascular complications, and the investigation of the causes of death may be challenging in forensic medicine. The increasing knowledge of the cardiac function biomarkers and the increasing sensitivity of assays provide new tools in monitoring the cardiac life-threatening pathological conditions and in the sudden death investigation in chronic abusers. In this work, cardiac dysfunction was assessed in an animal model by measuring troponin I and natriuretic peptides as biomarkers, and considering other standard endpoints used in preclinical toxicology studies. METHODS Lister Hooded rats were treated with cocaine in chronic self-administration studies. Troponin I (cTnI) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were evaluated at different time points and heart weight and histopathology were assessed at the end of the treatment period. Furthermore, cocaine and its main metabolites were measured in the rat fur to assess rats' cocaine exposure. All the procedures and endpoints considered were designed to allow an easy and complete translation from the laboratory animals to human beings, and the same approach was also adopted with a group of 10 healthy cocaine abuse volunteers with no cardiac pathologies. RESULTS Cardiac troponin I values were unaffected, and ANP showed an increasing trend with time in all cocaine-treated animals considered. Similarly, in the healthy volunteers, no changes were observed in troponin serum levels, whereas the N-terminal brain natriuretic pro-peptide (NT proBNP) showed variations comparable with the changes observed in rats. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, natriuretic peptides could represent an early indicator of heart dysfunction liability in chronic cocaine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Casartelli
- Toxicology and Pathology Department, Aptuit Medicine Research centre, Verona, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lisa Dacome
- Toxicology and Pathology Department , Aptuit Medicine Research centre , Verona , Italy
| | - Michela Tessari
- Toxicology and Pathology Department , Aptuit Medicine Research centre , Verona , Italy
| | - Jennifer Pascali
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Franco Tagliaro
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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318
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Natriuretic peptide receptors and heart failure: to B or not to B blocked? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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319
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Bach T, Bergholtz S, Riise J, Qvigstad E, Skomedal T, Osnes JB, Levy FO. Identification of small molecule NPR-B antagonists by high throughput screening — potential use in heart failure. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:5-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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320
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De Vito P, Incerpi S, Affabris E, Percario Z, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Pedersen JZ, Luly P. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on reactive oxygen species-induced by hydrogen peroxide in THP-1 monocytes: role in cell growth, migration and cytokine release. Peptides 2013; 50:100-8. [PMID: 24120989 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a cardiovascular hormone, elicits different biological actions in the immune system. The aim of the present study was to investigate in THP-1 monocytes the ANP effect on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), cell proliferation and migration. A significant increase of H2O2-dependent ROS production was induced by physiological concentration of ANP (10(-10)M). The ANP action was partially affected by cell pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen activated-protein kinases (MAPK) as well as by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and totally suppressed by diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The hormone effect was mimicked by cANF and an ANP/NPR-C signaling pathway was studied using pertussis toxin (PTX). A significant increase of H2O2-induced cell migration was observed after ANP (10(-10)M) treatment, conversely a decrease of THP-1 proliferation, due to cell death, was found. Both ANP actions were partially prevented by DPI. Moreover, H2O2-induced release of IL-9, TNF-α, MIP-1α and MIP-1β was not counteracted by DPI, whereas no effect was observed in any experimental condition for both IL-6 and IL-1β. Our results support the view that ANP can play a key role during the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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321
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TNF-α regulates natriuretic peptides and aquaporins in human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:159349. [PMID: 24369440 PMCID: PMC3863520 DOI: 10.1155/2013/159349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative-fluid retention is a severe complication frequently reported in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. The complex network of molecules involved in such a severe surgery-induced condition remains poorly understood. Inflammation has been proposed among the various causes of fluid retention. Since TNF-α is one of the main proinflammatory cytokine initially released after major surgery, it is reasonable to assume its involvement in fluid overload. Here, we showed that TNF-α selectively regulates key molecules involved in fluids balance, such as natriuretic peptides (NPs) and aquaporins, in human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. In particular, we found that TNF-α induced a decrease of arial natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptide receptor-1, aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5 and an increase of brain natriuretic peptide with a different involvement of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway activation. Moreover, the observed changes in NPs expression, demonstrate inflammation as an additional cause of brain natriuretic peptide elevation, adding an important piece of information in the novel area of study regarding NPs and inflammation. Finally, we suggest that inflammation is one of the mechanisms of Aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5 expression regulation. Therefore, in this exploratory study, we speculate that TNF-α might be involved in postoperative-fluid retention related to major surgery.
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322
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Vilotti S, Marchenkova A, Ntamati N, Nistri A. B-type natriuretic peptide-induced delayed modulation of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors of mouse trigeminal sensory neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81138. [PMID: 24312267 PMCID: PMC3842315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Important pain transducers of noxious stimuli are small- and medium-diameter sensory neurons that express transient receptor vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X3 receptors whose activity is upregulated by endogenous neuropeptides in acute and chronic pain models. Little is known about the role of endogenous modulators in restraining the expression and function of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors. In dorsal root ganglia, evidence supports the involvement of the natriuretic peptide system in the modulation of nociceptive transmission especially via the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) that activates the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) to downregulate sensory neuron excitability. Since the role of BNP in trigeminal ganglia (TG) is unclear, we investigated the expression of BNP in mouse TG in situ or in primary cultures and its effect on P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors of patch-clamped cultured neurons. Against scant expression of BNP, almost all neurons expressed NPR-A at membrane level. While BNP rapidly increased cGMP production and Akt kinase phosphorylation, there was no early change in passive neuronal properties or responses to capsaicin, α,β-meATP or GABA. Nonetheless, 24 h application of BNP depressed TRPV1 mediated currents (an effect blocked by the NPR-A antagonist anantin) without changing responses to α,β-meATP or GABA. Anantin alone decreased basal cGMP production and enhanced control α,β-meATP-evoked responses, implying constitutive regulation of P2X3 receptors by ambient BNP. These data suggest a slow modulatory action by BNP on TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors outlining the role of this peptide as a negative regulator of trigeminal sensory neuron excitability to nociceptive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vilotti
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Marchenkova
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Niels Ntamati
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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323
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De Hert S. Physiology of hemodynamic homeostasis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26:409-19. [PMID: 23351228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis of hemodynamics refers to the regulation of the blood circulation to meet the demands of the different organ and tissue systems. This homeostasis involves an intimate interaction between peripheral metabolic needs, vascular adaptations to meet these needs and cardiac adaptation to provide the driving force to circulate the blood. The three variables that reflect the homeostasis of cardiovascular regulation are mean systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output and total systemic vascular resistance in the circulation. Regulation of the blood circulation depends on a static component, based on the physical properties of the different vessels and the characteristics of the fluid going through these vessels. Superimposed on this static regulation, is the dynamic regulation which is based on local control systems and the controls systems that adjust hemodynamic status to meet the needs of the body as a whole. This global circulation throughout the body is regulated by hormonal and neural control systems. All these systems closely interact to maintain blood pressure between the normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Hert
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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324
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Recent advances on natriuretic peptide system: New promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart failure. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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325
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Cox JL. Mechanical closure of the left atrial appendage: is it time to be more aggressive? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146:1018-1027.e2. [PMID: 23993272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L Cox
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Mo.
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326
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Sex differences in the beneficial cardiac effects of chronic treatment with atrial natriuretic Peptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71992. [PMID: 23951276 PMCID: PMC3741274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate both the effects of chronic treatment with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac nitric oxide (NO) system, oxidative stress, hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and sex-related differences in the response to the treatment. Methods 10 week-old male and female SHR were infused with ANP (100 ng/hr/rat) or saline (NaCl 0.9%) for 14 days (subcutaneous osmotic pumps). SBP was recorded and nitrites and nitrates excretion (NOx) were determined. After treatment, NO synthase (NOS) activity, eNOS expression, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione concentration were determined in left ventricle, as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Morphological studies in left ventricle were performed in slices stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Sirius red to identify collagen as a fibrosis indicator; immunohistochemistry was employed for identification of transforming growth factor beta; and apoptosis was evaluated by Tunel assay. Results Female SHR showed lower SBP, higher NO-system activity and less oxidative stress, fibrosis and hypertrophy in left ventricle, as well as higher cardiac NOS activity, eNOS protein content and NOx excretion than male SHR. Although ANP treatment lowered blood pressure and increased NOS activity and eNOS expression in both sexes, cardiac NOS response to ANP was more marked in females. In left ventricle, ANP reduced TBARS and increased glutathione concentration and activity of CAT and SOD enzymes in both sexes, as well as GPx activity in males. ANP decreased fibrosis and apoptosis in hearts from male and female SHR but females showed less end-organ damage in heart. Chronic ANP treatment would ameliorate hypertension and end-organ damage in heart by reducing oxidative stress, increasing NO-system activity, and diminishing fibrosis and hypertrophy.
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327
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Chechi K, Carpentier AC, Richard D. Understanding the brown adipocyte as a contributor to energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:408-20. [PMID: 23711353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes are specialized cells capable of undergoing thermogenesis, a phenomenon regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, due to the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The recent demonstrations of their presence in adult humans, and the discovery that brown adipocytes can be derived from distinct precursors and express specific genes depending on their anatomic location, have sparked intense interest in enhancing the current understanding of their biology and relevance to human energy homeostasis. We provide an overview of the latest advances related to the developmental origins of brown adipocytes, discuss their regulation and function in both rodents and humans, and offer a critical perspective on the relevance of brown adipocyte-mediated thermogenesis in human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
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328
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Merz WM, Kübler K, Fimmers R, Willruth A, Stoffel-Wagner B, Gembruch U. Cardiorenal syndrome is present in human fetuses with severe, isolated urinary tract malformations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63664. [PMID: 23717461 PMCID: PMC3661568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the association between renal and cardiovascular parameters in fetuses with isolated severe urinary tract malformations. METHODS 39 fetuses at a mean gestational age of 23.6 weeks with nephropathies or urinary tract malformations and markedly impaired or absent renal function were prospectively examined. Fetal echocardiography was performed, and thicknesses of the interventricular septum, and left and right ventricular wall were measured. Blood flow velocity waveforms of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus were obtained by color Doppler ultrasound. Concentrations of circulating n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (nt-proBNP), cystatin C, ß2-microglobulin, and hemoglobin were determined from fetal blood samples. RESULTS Malformations included 21 cases of obstructive uropathy, 10 fetuses with bilateral nephropathy, and 8 cases of bilateral renal agenesis. Marked biventricular myocardial hypertrophy was present in all cases. The ratio between measured and gestational age-adjusted normal values was 2.01 (interventricular septum), 1.85, and 1.78 (right and left ventricular wall, respectively). Compared to controls, levels of circulating nt-proBNP were significantly increased (median (IQR) 5035 ng/L (5936 ng/L) vs. 1874 ng/L (1092 ng/L); p<0.001). Cystatin C and ß2-microglobulin concentrations were elevated as follows (mean ± SD) 1.85±0.391 mg/L and 8.44±2.423 mg/L, respectively (normal range 1.66±0.202 mg/L and 4.25±0.734 mg/L, respectively). No correlation was detected between cardiovascular parameters and urinary tract morphology and function. Despite increased levels of nt-proBNP cardiovascular function was preserved, with normal fetal Doppler indices in 90.2% of cases. CONCLUSION Urinary tract malformations resulting in severe renal impairment are associated with biventricular myocardial hypertrophy and elevated concentrations of circulating nt-proBNP during fetal life. Cardiovascular findings do not correlate with kidney function or morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraut M Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
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329
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Abdelalim EM, Bellier JP, Tooyama I. Expression of NPR-B in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Peptides 2013; 43:56-61. [PMID: 23454171 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an abundant neuropeptide in the central nervous system, which exerts its physiological effects through natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B). Recently, the CNP/NPR-B system has been recognized as an important regulator for the development of sensory axons. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains neurons transmitting several kinds of spinal sensory stimuli to the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized NPR-B receptor expression in the rat DRG, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Immunostaining revealed that NPR-B was expressed in neuronal cell bodies and processes of the DRG, with NPR-B immunoreactivity mainly prominent in small and medium-sized DRG neurons. Double-immunolabeling showed that NPR-B was expressed in calcitonin gene-related peptide- and isolectin B4-positive neurons. Furthermore, NPR-B expression was co-localized with calcitonin gene-related peptide in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Together, our data suggest that the natriuretic peptides may perform several biological actions on sensory neurons via their binding to NPR-B in the DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Abdelalim
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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330
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Pfister R, Michels G. Lack of activation of the antihypertensive cardiac hormones ANP and BNP in human hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:900-1. [PMID: 23290544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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331
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Schwiebs A, Walther T. Chimeric natriuretic peptide ACNP stimulates both natriuretic peptide receptors, the NPRA and NPRB. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23186809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the receptor profile of the newly designed natriuretic peptide (NP) ACNP consisting of the N- and C-terminus of human ANP and the ring structure of CNP, its potency/efficacy in stimulating cGMP generation in primary cells, and its stability towards peptidase activity. ACNP stimulated both human natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs), NPRA and NPRB, as potent as their native ligands in receptor transfected cells. Consequently, ACNP was more efficient in generating cGMP compared to ANP, BNP, and CNP, in primary cells expressing both NPRs. All NPs have been similarly degraded by neprilysin, except the neprilysin-resistant BNP. However, ACNP was fastest degraded in serum, while CNP was most stable. Congruently, CNP but not ACNP reduced blood pressure most significantly after acute peptide infusion in normotensive mice. Our data identify ACNP as the first compound being able to stimulate both natriuretic receptors with similar potency and efficacy as their respective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhu
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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332
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Hiltunen M, Kerola T, Kettunen R, Hartikainen S, Sulkava R, Vuolteenaho O, Nieminen T. The prognostic capacity of B-type natriuretic peptide on cognitive disorder varies by age. Ann Med 2013; 45:74-8. [PMID: 22680229 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2012.663929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is known that blood levels of natriuretic peptides associate with cognitive disorder among the middle-aged. We aimed to test whether this association is valid in an older population aged 75 years or older. METHODS A total of 601 older subjects aged 75 or older participated in the study. A subgroup of 137 with a diagnosed cognitive disorder were tested for natriuretic peptides (ANP, NT-proANP, and BNP), and compared with age-matched controls (n = 464). The control group was followed-up for 5 years, and the association of the baseline BNP with the occurrence of cognitive impairment was studied. RESULTS In the youngest age tertile (75-78 y), BNP was significantly associated with a diagnosed cognitive disorder when other factors with a known effect on natriuretic peptides were taken into account. In the oldest tertile (83-96 y), higher BNP values suggested the absence of cognitive dysfunction. ANP and NT-proANP did not associate with the presence of cognitive impairment. Among the control group, BNP predicted a cognitive disorder at follow-up, but only in the youngest tertile. CONCLUSIONS The previously found link between a high BNP concentration and cognitive disorder in older people is only valid among those aged less than 79 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Hiltunen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Ahmadi MS, Amirhassani S, Poorolajal J. The effect of adenotonsillectomy on pediatric nocturnal enuresis: a prospective cohort study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2013; 25:37-40. [PMID: 24303417 PMCID: PMC3846241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep disorder caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy has been implicated as a cause of primary and secondary nocturnal enuresis in children. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on enuresis in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted in Hamadan City in Western Iran, from April 2010 to December 2011. Ninety-seven children aged 3 to 12 years with adenotonsillar hypertrophy who were admitted to Besat Hospital for adenotonsillectomy were evaluated. The primary outcome was the number of incidents of bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) post-operation compared with pre-operation. Patients were followed-up for 3 months. Data were collected using a questionnaire regarding number of bedwetting incidents, type of enuresis (primary or secondary), and family history of enuresis, as well as results of urine analysis. RESULTS Of 420 children admitted for adenotonsillectomy, 97 had a positive history of preoperative enuresis, including 42 girls and 55 boys, with mean age of 48 months. The parents of 84 (86.6%) children agreed to participate in the study. Three months after adenotonsillectomy, enuresis had resolved completely in 51 (60.7%) children and had shown relative improvement in 22 (26.2%) children. Enuresis had not improved in the remaining 11 (13.1%) children (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that adenotonsillectomy can improve enuresis in the majority of children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, further evidence based on large multi-center randomized clinical trials is required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saeed Ahmadi
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck surgery, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave. Hamadan, Iran. Tel:+98 811 2640049; E-mail:
| | - Shahriar Amirhassani
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Research Center for Health Sciences , Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Wunder F, Woermann A, Geerts A, Milde M. Pharmacological characterization of receptor guanylyl cyclase reporter cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23178524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Receptor guanylyl cyclases are implicated in a growing number of pathophysiologies and, therefore, represent an important target class for drug development. We report here the generation and pharmacological characterization of three particulate guanylyl cyclase (pGC) reporter cell lines. Plasmid constructs encoding the natriuretic peptide receptors GC-A and GC-B, and the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor GC-C, were stably transfected in a parental reporter cell line expressing a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channel, acting as the biosensor for intracellular cGMP. In our reporter cell lines pGC activity can be monitored in living cells in real-time . By using different natural as well as synthetic receptor ligands of the natriuretic and guanylin peptide families, we show that our reporter assay monitors pGC activity with very high sensitivity. In contrast to previous findings, we could detect significant stimulation of GC-A and GC-B by each of the natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP and CNP. In addition, the clearance receptor ligand Cys-ANF(4-18) and the ANP receptor antagonist Arg-ANF(6-18) were characterized as partial GC-A agonists. The results imply that our novel pGC reporter cell lines are well suited for the characterization of receptor pharmacology and may be used for natural ligand characterization of guanylyl cyclase orphan receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunder
- Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Bayer HealthCare AG, Pharma Research Center, Aprather Weg 18a, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany.
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Edelson JD, Makhlina M, Silvester KR, Vengurlekar SS, Chen X, Zhang J, Koziol-White CJ, Cooper PR, Hallam TJ, Hay DWP, Panettieri RA. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of PL-3994, a novel cyclic peptide (Hept-cyclo(Cys-His-Phe-d-Ala-Gly-Arg-d-Nle-Asp-Arg-Ile-Ser-Cys)-Tyr-[Arg mimetic]-NH(2)) natriuretic peptide receptor-A agonist that is resistant to neutral endopeptidase and acts as a bronchodilator. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:229-38. [PMID: 23154072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological and airways relaxant profiles of PL-3994 (Hept-cyclo(Cys-His-Phe-d-Ala-Gly-Arg-d-Nle-Asp-Arg-Ile-Ser-Cys)-Tyr-[Arg mimetic]-NH(2)), a novel natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) agonist, were evaluated. PL-3994, a full agonist, has high affinity for recombinant human (h), dog, or rat NPR-As (K(i)s of 1, 41, and 10 nm, respectively), and produced concentration-dependent cGMP generation in human, dog and rat NPR-As (respective EC(50)s of 2, 3 and 14 nm). PL-3994 has a K(i) of 7 nm for hNPR-C but was without effect on cGMP generation in hNPR-B. PL-3994 (1 μm) was without significant effect against 75 diverse molecular targets. PL-3994 or BNP, a natural NPR ligand, produced concentration-dependent relaxation of pre-contracted guinea-pig trachea (IC(50)s of 42.7 and 10.7 nm, respectively). PL-3994, and also BNP, (0.1 nm-100 μm) elicited a potent, concentration-dependent but small relaxation of pre-contracted human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS). Intratracheal PL-3994 (1-1000 μg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the bronchoconstrictor response evoked by aerosolized methacholine, but was without significant effect on cardiovascular parameters. PL-3994 was resistant to degradation by human neutral endopeptidase (hNEP) (92% remaining after 2 h), whereas the natural ligands, ANP and CNP, were rapidly metabolized (≤1% remaining after 2 h). PL-3994 is a potent, selective NPR agonist, resistant to NEP, with relaxant effects in guinea-pig and human airway smooth muscle systems. PL-3994 has the profile predictive of longer clinical bronchodilator activity than observed previously with ANP, and suggests its potential utility in the treatment of asthma, in addition to being a useful research tool to evaluate NPR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Edelson
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4B Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
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The C-type natriuretic peptide induces thermal hyperalgesia through a noncanonical Gβγ-dependent modulation of TRPV1 channel. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11942-55. [PMID: 22933780 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1330-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) control natriuresis and normalize changes in blood pressure. Recent studies suggest that NPs are also involved in the regulation of pain sensitivity, although the underlying mechanisms remain essentially unknown. Many biological effects of NPs are mediated by guanylate cyclase (GC)-coupled NP receptors, NPR-A and NPR-B, whereas the third NP receptor, NPR-C, lacks the GC kinase domain and acts as the NP clearance receptor. In addition, NPR-C can couple to specific Gα(i)-Gβγ-mediated intracellular signaling cascades in numerous cell types. We found that NPR-C is coexpressed in transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1)-expressing mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. NPR-C can be coimmunoprecipitated with Gα(i), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) treatment induced translocation of protein kinase Cε (PKCε) to the plasma membrane of these neurons, which was inhibited by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Application of CNP potentiated capsaicin- and proton-activated TRPV1 currents in cultured mouse DRG neurons and increased their firing frequency, an effect that was absent in DRG neurons from TRPV1(-/-) mice. CNP-induced sensitization of TRPV1 activity was attenuated by pretreatment of DRG neurons with the specific inhibitors of Gβγ, phospholipase C-β (PLCβ), or PKC, but not of protein kinase A, and was abolished by mutations at two PKC phosphorylation sites in TRPV1. Furthermore, CNP injection into mouse hindpaw led to the development of thermal hyperalgesia that was attenuated by administration of specific inhibitors of Gβγ or TRPV1 and was also absent in TRPV1(-/-) mice. Thus, our work identifies the Gβγ-PLCβ-PKC-dependent potentiation of TRPV1 as a novel signaling cascade recruited by CNP in mouse DRG neurons that can lead to enhanced nociceptor excitability and thermal hypersensitivity.
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337
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Natriuretic peptides regulate heart rate and sinoatrial node function by activating multiple natriuretic peptide receptors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:715-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Natriuretic peptides block synaptic transmission by activating phosphodiesterase 2A and reducing presynaptic PKA activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17681-6. [PMID: 23045693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209185109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart peptide hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) regulates blood pressure by stimulating guanylyl cyclase-A to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). ANP and guanylyl cyclase-A are also expressed in many brain areas, but their physiological functions and downstream signaling pathways remain enigmatic. Here we investigated the physiological functions of ANP signaling in the neural pathway from the medial habenula (MHb) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Biochemical assays indicate that ANP increases cGMP accumulation in the IPN of mouse brain slices. Using optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recordings, we show that both ANP and brain natriuretic peptide profoundly block glutamate release from MHb neurons. Pharmacological applications reveal that this blockade is mediated by phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) but not by cGMP-stimulated protein kinase-G or cGMP-sensitive cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. In addition, focal infusion of ANP into the IPN enhances stress-induced analgesia, and the enhancement is prevented by PDE2A inhibitors. PDE2A is richly expressed in the axonal terminals of MHb neurons, and its activation by cGMP depletes cyclic adenosine monophosphates. The inhibitory effect of ANP on glutamate release is reversed by selectively activating protein kinase A. These results demonstrate strong presynaptic inhibition by natriuretic peptides in the brain and suggest important physiological and behavioral roles of PDE2A in modulating neurotransmitter release by negative crosstalk between cGMP-signaling and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-signaling pathways.
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339
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Ter-Avetisyan G, Tröster P, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. cGMP signaling and branching of sensory axons in the spinal cord. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Axonal branching is essential for neurons to establish contacts to different targets. It therefore provides the physical basis for the integration and distribution of information within the nervous system. During embryonic and early postnatal development, several axonal branching modes may be distinguished that might be regulated by activities of the growth cone or by the axon shaft. The various forms of axonal branching are dependent on intrinsic components and are regulated by extrinsic factors that activate specific signaling systems. This article focuses on components implicated in cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling that regulate axon bifurcation – a specific form of branching – within the spinal cord in animal models. This cascade is composed of the ligand CNP, the guanylyl cyclase Npr2 and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent kinase I. In the absence of one of these components, axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons do not form T-shaped branches when entering the spinal cord, while collateral (interstitial) branching, another branching mode of the same type of the neuron, is not affected. It will be important to analyze human patients with mutations in the corresponding genes to get insights into the pathophysiological effects of impaired sensory axon branching in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Ter-Avetisyan
- MaxDelbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Tröster
- MaxDelbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- MaxDelbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- MaxDelbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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340
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Abstract
BACKGROUND N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (ntproBNP) is an established marker of heart failure in adult cardiology. We analyzed nt-proBNP in the circulation of fetuses with increased volume load secondary to anemia and investigated the effect of treatment on nt-proBNP concentration. METHODS Fetuses undergoing intrauterine transfusion (IUT) were examined. nt-proBNP was measured before IUT and correlated with hemoglobin concentrations, ultrasonographic findings, and Doppler measurements of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-PSV). RESULTS A total of 27 patients (7 with hydrops) and 78 controls were examined. nt-proBNP was markedly elevated in anemia (P < 0.001). Concentrations were highest in hydropic fetuses (P < 0.03); no differences were present in hemoglobin and MCA-PSV values between hydropic and nonhydropic cases. In fetuses undergoing multiple IUTs nt-proBNP normalized after the third IUT, whereas hemoglobin and MCA-PSV remained abnormal. CONCLUSION Levels of circulating nt-proBNP correlate well with the degree of myocardial workload in the hyperdynamic state of fetal anemia. We hypothesize that normalization of nt-proBNP after serial transfusions is an indicator of myocardial adjustment to chronic anemia. nt-proBNP measurement may be useful in the management of fetal anemia, particularly in cases at risk of hydrops and fetuses requiring multiple transfusions.
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341
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CHOLEWA JASONMICHAEL, PAOLONE VINCENTJ. Influence of Exercise on Airway Epithelia in Cystic Fibrosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1219-26. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31824bd436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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342
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Kuehnl A, Pelisek J, Ring A, Spindler N, Hatz R, Jauch KW, Eckstein HH, Langer S. C-type natriuretic peptide slows down wound healing but promotes angiogenesis in SKH1-hr hairless mice. Int Wound J 2012; 10:425-30. [PMID: 22697584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is known to increase growth rate of endothelial cells in vitro. In addition, gene transfer of CNP into ischaemic muscle was shown to induce angiogenesis. So far, no study has addressed the effect of CNP on dermal wound healing. The ear wound model in mice was used in this study. The first group was treated with dsRed-CNP plasmid, whereas the second group was transfected with the empty dsRed-sine plasmid, lacking sequence coding for CNP. The third group was sham operated and treated with saline to serve as second control. Wound size was measured on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14. On days 7 and 14 capillary density was analysed. Wound closure rate was significantly reduced in mice treated with CNP [dsRed-CNP 73·3 ± 3·2% versus dsRed-sine 94·5 ± 2·4% versus saline 92·1 ± 2·4%, n = 8 per group, analysis of variance (ANOVA) P < 0·001] at day 7 postop. Capillary density was found to be significantly higher in CNP-treated mice (dsRed-CNP 18·7 ± 3·9 versus dsRed-sine 12·3 ± 2·7 versus control 10·1 ± 4·7, CD31(+) capillaries per microscope field, ANOVA P = 0·018) at day 14 postoperative. CNP significantly reduces wound closure rate in hairless mice but promotes the development of new blood vessels. A possible explanation is the dual effect of CNP, inhibiting growth of fibromyoblasts but stimulating growth of endothelial cells. Thus, CNP may serve as a therapeutic approach to diseases caused by hyperfibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kuehnl
- Clinic for Vascular an Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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343
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Yoder AR, Robinson JW, Dickey DM, Andersland J, Rose BA, Stone MD, Griffin TJ, Potter LR. A functional screen provides evidence for a conserved, regulatory, juxtamembrane phosphorylation site in guanylyl cyclase a and B. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36747. [PMID: 22590601 PMCID: PMC3348905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinase homology domain (KHD) phosphorylation is required for activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A and -B. Phosphopeptide mapping identified multiple phosphorylation sites in GC-A and GC-B, but these approaches have difficulty identifying sites in poorly detected peptides. Here, a functional screen was conducted to identify novel sites. Conserved serines or threonines in the KHDs of phosphorylated receptor GCs were mutated to alanine and tested for reduced hormone to detergent activity ratios. Mutation of Ser-489 in GC-B to alanine but not glutamate reduced the activity ratio to 60% of wild type (WT) levels. Similar results were observed with Ser-473, the homologous site in GC-A. Receptors containing glutamates for previously identified phosphorylation sites (GC-A-6E and GC-B-6E) were activated to ∼20% of WT levels but the additional glutamate substitution for S473 or S489 increased activity to near WT levels. Substrate-velocity assays indicated that GC-B-WT-S489E and GC-B-6E-S489E had lower Km values and that WT-GC-B-S489A, GC-B-6E and GC-B-6E-S489A had higher Km values than WT-GC-B. Homologous desensitization was enhanced when GC-A contained the S473E substitution, and GC-B-6E-S489E was resistant to inhibition by a calcium elevating treatment or protein kinase C activation – processes that dephosphorylate GC-B. Mass spectrometric detection of a synthetic phospho-Ser-473 containing peptide was 200–1300-fold less sensitive than other phosphorylated peptides and neither mass spectrometric nor 32PO4 co-migration studies detected phospho-Ser-473 or phospho-Ser-489 in cells. We conclude that Ser-473 and Ser-489 are Km-regulating phosphorylation sites that are difficult to detect using current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Yoder
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jerid W. Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah M. Dickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joshua Andersland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lincoln R. Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The natriuretic peptides, specifically atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), are increasingly recognized to play a fundamental role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. This role in BP regulation reflects the pluripotent cardiorenal actions of ANP, which include diuresis, enhancement of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, systemic vasodilatation, suppression of aldosterone, and inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. These actions of ANP, in addition to recent human studies demonstrating an association of higher plasma ANP with lower risk of hypertension, support the development of an ANP-based therapy for hypertension. M-ANP is a novel ANP-based peptide that is resistant to proteolytic degradation and possesses greater BP-lowering, renal function-enhancing, and aldosterone-suppressing properties than native ANP. In an animal model of hypertension, M-ANP lowers BP via multiple mechanisms, including vasodilatation, diuresis, and inhibition of aldosterone. Importantly, M-ANP enhances both glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow despite reductions in BP. The pluripotent BP-lowering actions and concomitant enhancement of renal function associated with M-ANP are highly attractive characteristics for an antihypertensive agent and underscore the therapeutic potential of M-ANP. M-ANP currently is heading into clinical testing, which may advance this novel strategy for human hypertension.
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345
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Robinson JW, Zhang M, Shuhaibar LC, Norris RP, Geerts A, Wunder F, Eppig JJ, Potter LR, Jaffe LA. Luteinizing hormone reduces the activity of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase in mouse ovarian follicles, contributing to the cyclic GMP decrease that promotes resumption of meiosis in oocytes. Dev Biol 2012; 366:308-16. [PMID: 22546688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In preovulatory ovarian follicles of mice, meiotic prophase arrest in the oocyte is maintained by cyclic GMP from the surrounding granulosa cells that diffuses into the oocyte through gap junctions. The cGMP is synthesized in the granulosa cells by the transmembrane guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) in response to the agonist C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). In response to luteinizing hormone (LH), cGMP in the granulosa cells decreases, and as a consequence, oocyte cGMP decreases and meiosis resumes. Here we report that within 20 min, LH treatment results in decreased guanylyl cyclase activity of NPR2, as determined in the presence of a maximally activating concentration of CNP. This occurs by a process that does not reduce the amount of NPR2 protein. We also show that by a slower process, first detected at 2h, LH decreases the amount of CNP available to bind to the receptor. Both of these LH actions contribute to decreasing cGMP in the follicle, thus signaling meiotic resumption in the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerid W Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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346
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Wu ZJ, Jin W, Zhang FR, Liu Y. [Recent advances in natriuretic peptide family genes and cardiovascular diseases]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:127-33. [PMID: 22382054 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide family consists of several hormones produced by cardiomyocyte, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). They possess similar gene structures and protective effects of cardiovascular physiology, such as anti-hypertrophy, anti-fibrosis, myocardial relaxation and blood pressure regulation. The corresponding natriuretic peptide receptor A, B and C mediate multiple effects of natriuretic peptides to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Specially, natriuretic peptide receptor-A preferentially binds ANP and BNP, while natriuretic peptide receptor-B is more selective for C-type natriuretic peptides. Natriuretic peptide receptor-C(NPR-C), binding all kinds of natriuretic peptides, clears natriuretic peptides from the circulation through receptor-mediated internalization and degradation. BNP levels were reported to be a good predictor of left ventricular dysfunction and decompensated heart failure from a clinical standpoint. BNP infusion is an effective treatment for acute heart failure. Investigations on natriuretic peptides' single nucleotide polymorphisms and biological function suggested that they could be associated with several cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, heart failure and so on. Transgenic mice with natriuretic peptides and their receptors gene deletion display myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, which are associated with the development of hypertension, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Certain stimuli triggering cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic injuries may be involved in regulating gene expression of natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Therefore, advances in understanding of natriuretic peptide family genes and their regulatory mechanisms will lead to greater insight into the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and blaze a new trail in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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347
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Snake venomics of Macrovipera mauritanica from Morocco, and assessment of the para-specific immunoreactivity of an experimental monospecific and a commercial antivenoms. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2431-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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348
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Robinson JW, Lou X, Potter LR. The indolocarbazole, Gö6976, inhibits guanylyl cyclase-A and -B. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:499-506. [PMID: 21366551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) decrease vascular volume and pressure by activating guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A). C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) activation of guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) stimulates long bone growth. This study investigated the effects of the indolocarbazole, Gö6976, on the guanylyl cyclase activity of GC-A and GC-B as a first step towards developing small molecule regulators of these enzymes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole cell cGMP concentrations or ³²P-cGMP accumulation in membrane preparations measured the effects of indolocarbazoles on the enzymatic activity GC-A and GC-B from transfected 293T or endogenously expressing 3T3-L1 cells. KEY RESULTS Gö6976 blocked cellular CNP-dependent cGMP elevations in 293T-GC-B cells. The t(½) for Gö6976 inhibition was 7 s and IC₅₀ was 380 nM. Gö6976 increased the EC₅₀ for CNP 4.5-fold, but increasing the CNP concentration did not overcome the inhibition. Half of the inhibition was lost 1 h after removal of Gö6976 from the medium. Cellular exposure to Gö6976 reduced basal and natriuretic peptide-dependent, but not detergent-dependent, GC-A and GC-B activity. Inhibition was also observed when Gö6976 was added directly to the cyclase assay. A constitutively phosphorylated form of GC-B was similarly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data demonstrate that Gö6976 potently, rapidly and reversibly inhibited GC-A and GC-B via a process that did not require intact cells, known phosphorylation sites or inactivation of all catalytic sites. This is the first report of an intracellular inhibitor of a transmembrane guanylyl cyclase and the first report of a non-kinase target for Gö6976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerid W Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Khambata RS, Panayiotou CM, Hobbs AJ. Natriuretic peptide receptor-3 underpins the disparate regulation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by C-type natriuretic peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:584-97. [PMID: 21457229 PMCID: PMC3178781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an endothelium-derived vasorelaxant, exerting anti-atherogenic actions in the vasculature and salvaging the myocardium from ischaemic injury. The cytoprotective effects of CNP are mediated in part via the Gi-coupled natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)3. As GPCRs are well-known to control cell proliferation, we investigated if NPR3 activation underlies effects of CNP on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RAoSMC) and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells from NPR3 knockout (KO) mice was investigated in vitro. KEY RESULTS CNP (1 pM–1 µM) facilitated HUVEC proliferation and inhibited RAoSMC growth concentration-dependently. The pro- and anti-mitogenic effects of CNP were blocked by the NPR3 antagonist M372049 (10 µM) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (30 µM) and were absent in cells from NPR3 KO mice. Activation of ERK 1/2 by CNP was inhibited by Pertussis toxin (100 ng·mL−1) and M372049 (10 µM). In HUVEC, ERK 1/2 activation enhanced expression of the cell cycle promoter, cyclin D1, whereas in RAoSMC, ERK 1/2 activation increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A facet of the vasoprotective profile of CNP is mediated via NPR3-dependent ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, resulting in augmented endothelial cell proliferation and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle growth. This pathway may offer an innovative approach to reversing the endothelial damage and vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia that characterize many vascular disorders.
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Millucci L, Ghezzi L, Bernardini G, Braconi D, Tanganelli P, Santucci A. Prevalence of isolated atrial amyloidosis in young patients affected by congestive heart failure. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:293863. [PMID: 22536133 PMCID: PMC3317626 DOI: 10.1100/2012/293863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), whose amyloid is responsible of isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA), is known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF). We provide here the microscopic examination of atrial biopsies from 36 young (mean 40 years) CHF patients distinguished in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DC) affected and hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HC) affected, endorsing the presumptive association of early CHF with IAA. We utilized a multiple method, using Congo red (CR) staining, CR fluorescence (CRF), and immunohistochemistry to assess the presence of IAA in CHF. Immunostaining showed a moderate deposition of IAA in the atrium surrounding working myocardium with small intracellular deposits. Our findings suggest a monitoring of young CHF cases for the development of IAA. Our study also demonstrated how the concurrent use of immunohistochemistry, CR, and CRF may greatly enhance the detection of low-grade amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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