301
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Stem cells: will they cure pediatric heart failure? Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31:617-622. [PMID: 31335749 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the state of cardiac regenerative medicine, including the unique opportunities and challenges in its application to pediatric patients. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a rapid proliferation of clinical studies using stem cells in adults with heart failure, yet little convincing evidence of clinically significant improvement. Readers will develop an understanding of the current limitations of stem cell treatments and the challenges to be overcome before they can achieve successful clinical translation. SUMMARY Clinical trials in cardiac regeneration using stem cells are advancing rapidly despite clear knowledge of mechanism and rigorous evidence in animal models. The potential for cardiac regeneration in children may be greater than in adults, given the smaller degree of scar present in nonischemic heart disease and the greater potential of the younger heart for repair. However, similar to adult trials, there has yet to be convincing evidence of a positive effect in pediatric patients, and rigorous controlled studies are still lacking. There is still much biology to be learned in cardiac regeneration; future clinical trials in children should be based on solid evidence in animal models of both efficacy and safety.
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302
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Liao Q, Qu S, Tang LX, Li LP, He DF, Zeng CY, Wang WE. Irisin exerts a therapeutic effect against myocardial infarction via promoting angiogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1314-1321. [PMID: 31061533 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a myokine, is cleaved from the extracellular portion of fibronectin domain-containing 5 protein in skeletal muscle and myocardium and secreted into circulation as a hormone during exercise. Irisin has been found to exert protective effects against lung and heart injuries. However, whether irisin influences myocardial infarction (MI) remains unclear. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of irisin in an acute MI model and its underlying mechanisms. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and treated with irisin for 2 weeks after MI. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. We found that irisin administration significantly alleviated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and ventricular dilation at 4 weeks post-MI. Irisin significantly reduced infarct size and fibrosis in post-MI hearts. Irisin administration significantly increased angiogenesis in the infarct border zone and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, but did not influence cardiomyocyte proliferation. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), irisin significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK, and promoted the migration of HUVEC detected in wound-healing and transwell chamber migration assay. The effects of irisin were blocked by the ERK inhibitor U0126. In conclusion, irisin improves cardiac function and reduces infarct size in post-MI mouse heart. The therapeutic effect is associated with its pro-angiogenic function through activating ERK signaling pathway.
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303
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Xi Y, Yu D, Yang R, Zhao Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Qian K, Shi Z, Wang W, Brown R, Li Y, Tian Z, Gong DW. Recombinant Fc-Elabela fusion protein has extended plasma half-life andmitigates post-infarct heart dysfunction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:180-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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304
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Zuppo DA, Tsang M. Zebrafish heart regeneration: Factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:3-10. [PMID: 31563389 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarctions (MI) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and a reason for this is the inability of adult, mammalian cardiomyocytes to divide post-MI. Recent studies demonstrate a limited population of cardiomyocytes retain their proliferative capacity and understanding how endogenous cardiomyocytes can be stimulated to re-enter the cell cycle is a focus of current research. In this review we discuss the history of zebrafish cardiac regeneration and highlight how different models reveal the molecular pathways important in driving cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury. Understanding the molecules that regulate cell cycle re-entry can provide insights into promoting cardiac repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Zuppo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - M Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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305
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Yang H, Qin X, Wang H, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wo HT, Liu C, Nishiga M, Chen H, Ge J, Sayed N, Abilez OJ, Ding D, Heilshorn SC, Li K. An in Vivo miRNA Delivery System for Restoring Infarcted Myocardium. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9880-9894. [PMID: 31149806 PMCID: PMC7930012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in myocardial infarction (MI)-related heart failure treatment using microRNA is the efficient and sustainable delivery of miRNAs into myocardium to achieve functional improvement through stimulation of intrinsic myocardial restoration. In this study, we established an in vivo delivery system using polymeric nanoparticles to carry miRNA (miNPs) for localized delivery within a shear-thinning injectable hydrogel. The miNPs triggered proliferation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells (hESC-CMs and hESC-ECs) and promoted angiogenesis in hypoxic conditions, showing significantly lower cytotoxicity than Lipofectamine. Furthermore, one injected dose of hydrogel/miNP in MI rats demonstrated significantly improved cardiac functions: increased ejection fraction from 45% to 64%, reduced scar size from 20% to 10%, and doubled capillary density in the border zone compared to the control group at 4 weeks. As such, our results indicate that this injectable hydrogel/miNP composite can deliver miRNA to restore injured myocardium efficiently and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiao Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Corresponding Authors.,
| | - Xulei Qin
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xin Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hung-Ta Wo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Masataka Nishiga
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haodong Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Corresponding Authors.,
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306
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kadow
- From the Program in Developmental Biology (Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX
| | - James F Martin
- From the Program in Developmental Biology (Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX.,Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.)
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307
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Kumar N, Dougherty JA, Manring HR, Elmadbouh I, Mergaye M, Czirok A, Greta Isai D, Belevych AE, Yu L, Janssen PML, Fadda P, Gyorke S, Ackermann MA, Angelos MG, Khan M. Assessment of temporal functional changes and miRNA profiling of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13188. [PMID: 31515494 PMCID: PMC6742647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been developed for cardiac cell transplantation studies more than a decade ago. In order to establish the hiPSC-CM-based platform as an autologous source for cardiac repair and drug toxicity, it is vital to understand the functionality of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess functional physiology, ultrastructural morphology, gene expression, and microRNA (miRNA) profiling at Wk-1, Wk-2 & Wk-4 in hiPSC-CMs in vitro. Functional assessment of hiPSC-CMs was determined by multielectrode array (MEA), Ca2+ cycling and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Results demonstrated that Wk-4 cardiomyocytes showed enhanced synchronization and maturation as compared to Wk-1 & Wk-2. Furthermore, ultrastructural morphology of Wk-4 cardiomyocytes closely mimicked the non-failing (NF) adult human heart. Additionally, modulation of cardiac genes, cell cycle genes, and pluripotency markers were analyzed by real-time PCR and compared with NF human heart. Increasing expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes at Wk-4 supported the switching to lipid metabolism. Differential regulation of 12 miRNAs was observed in Wk-1 vs Wk-4 cardiomyocytes. Overall, this study demonstrated that Wk-4 hiPSC-CMs showed improved functional, metabolic and ultrastructural maturation, which could play a crucial role in optimizing timing for cell transplantation studies and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Dougherty
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather R Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ibrahim Elmadbouh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Muhamad Mergaye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Dona Greta Isai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andriy E Belevych
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sandor Gyorke
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maegen A Ackermann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark G Angelos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung and Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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308
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Ma Y, McKay DJ, Buttitta L. Changes in chromatin accessibility ensure robust cell cycle exit in terminally differentiated cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000378. [PMID: 31479438 PMCID: PMC6743789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During terminal differentiation, most cells exit the cell cycle and enter into a prolonged or permanent G0 in which they are refractory to mitogenic signals. Entry into G0 is usually initiated through the repression of cell cycle gene expression by formation of a transcriptional repressor complex called dimerization partner (DP), retinoblastoma (RB)-like, E2F and MuvB (DREAM). However, when DREAM repressive function is compromised during terminal differentiation, additional unknown mechanisms act to stably repress cycling and ensure robust cell cycle exit. Here, we provide evidence that developmentally programmed, temporal changes in chromatin accessibility at a small subset of critical cell cycle genes act to enforce cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation in the Drosophila melanogaster wing. We show that during terminal differentiation, chromatin closes at a set of pupal wing enhancers for the key rate-limiting cell cycle regulators Cyclin E (cycE), E2F transcription factor 1 (e2f1), and string (stg). This closing coincides with wing cells entering a robust postmitotic state that is strongly refractory to cell cycle reactivation, and the regions that close contain known binding sites for effectors of mitogenic signaling pathways such as Yorkie and Notch. When cell cycle exit is genetically disrupted, chromatin accessibility at cell cycle genes remains unaffected, and the closing of distal enhancers at cycE, e2f1, and stg proceeds independent of the cell cycling status. Instead, disruption of cell cycle exit leads to changes in accessibility and expression of a subset of hormone-induced transcription factors involved in the progression of terminal differentiation. Our results uncover a mechanism that acts as a cell cycle–independent timer to limit the response to mitogenic signaling and aberrant cycling in terminally differentiating tissues. In addition, we provide a new molecular description of the cross talk between cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation during metamorphosis. The longer a cell remains in G0, the more refractory it becomes to re-entering the cell cycle. This study shows that in terminally differentiated cells in vivo, regulatory elements at genes encoding just three key cell cycle regulators (cycE, e2f1 and stg) become inaccessible, limiting their aberrant activation and maintaining a prolonged, robust G0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Ma
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel J McKay
- Department of Biology, Department of Genetics, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Buttitta
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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309
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Forte E, Furtado MB, Rosenthal N. The interstitium in cardiac repair: role of the immune-stromal cell interplay. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 15:601-616. [PMID: 30181596 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration, that is, restoration of the original structure and function in a damaged heart, differs from tissue repair, in which collagen deposition and scar formation often lead to functional impairment. In both scenarios, the early-onset inflammatory response is essential to clear damaged cardiac cells and initiate organ repair, but the quality and extent of the immune response vary. Immune cells embedded in the damaged heart tissue sense and modulate inflammation through a dynamic interplay with stromal cells in the cardiac interstitium, which either leads to recapitulation of cardiac morphology by rebuilding functional scaffolds to support muscle regrowth in regenerative organisms or fails to resolve the inflammatory response and produces fibrotic scar tissue in adult mammals. Current investigation into the mechanistic basis of homeostasis and restoration of cardiac function has increasingly shifted focus away from stem cell-mediated cardiac repair towards a dynamic interplay of cells composing the less-studied interstitial compartment of the heart, offering unexpected insights into the immunoregulatory functions of cardiac interstitial components and the complex network of cell interactions that must be considered for clinical intervention in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA. .,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London, UK.
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310
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Gude NA, Sussman MA. Cardiac regenerative therapy: Many paths to repair. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 30:338-343. [PMID: 31515053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of death in the United States and in most nations worldwide, despite ongoing intensive efforts to promote cardiac health and treat heart failure. Replacing damaged myocardium represents perhaps the most promising treatment strategy, but also the most challenging given that the adult mammalian heart is notoriously resistant to endogenous repair. Cardiac regeneration following pathologic challenge would require proliferation of surviving tissue, expansion and differentiation of resident progenitors, or transdifferentiation of exogenously applied progenitor cells into functioning myocardium. Adult cardiomyocyte proliferation has been the focus of investigation for decades, recently enjoying a renaissance of interest as a therapeutic strategy for reversing cardiomyocyte loss due in large part to ongoing controversies and frustrations with myocardial cell therapy outcomes. The promise of cardiac cell therapy originated with reports of resident adult cardiac stem cells that could be isolated, expanded and reintroduced into damaged myocardium, producing beneficial effects in preclinical animal models. Despite modest functional improvements, Phase I clinical trials using autologous cardiac derived cells have proven safe and effective, setting the stage for an ongoing multi-center Phase II trial combining autologous cardiac stem cell types to enhance beneficial effects. This overview will examine the history of these two approaches for promoting cardiac repair and attempt to provide context for current and future directions in cardiac regenerative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Gude
- SDSU Heart Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Heart Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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311
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Dzau
- From the Office of the President, National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), Washington, DC
| | - Celynne A. Balatbat
- From the Office of the President, National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), Washington, DC
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312
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Mechanistic basis of neonatal heart regeneration revealed by transcriptome and histone modification profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18455-18465. [PMID: 31451669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905824116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has limited capacity for regeneration following injury, whereas the neonatal heart can readily regenerate within a short period after birth. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying neonatal heart regeneration, we compared the transcriptomes and epigenomes of regenerative and nonregenerative mouse hearts over a 7-d time period following myocardial infarction injury. By integrating gene expression profiles with histone marks associated with active or repressed chromatin, we identified transcriptional programs underlying neonatal heart regeneration, and the blockade to regeneration in later life. Our results reveal a unique immune response in regenerative hearts and a retained embryonic cardiogenic gene program that is active during neonatal heart regeneration. Among the unique immune factors and embryonic genes associated with cardiac regeneration, we identified Ccl24, which encodes a cytokine, and Igf2bp3, which encodes an RNA-binding protein, as previously unrecognized regulators of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Our data provide insights into the molecular basis of neonatal heart regeneration and identify genes that can be modulated to promote heart regeneration.
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313
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Alam P, Haile B, Arif M, Pandey R, Rokvic M, Nieman M, Maliken BD, Paul A, Wang Y, Sadayappan S, Ahmed RPH, Kanisicak O. Inhibition of Senescence-Associated Genes Rb1 and Meis2 in Adult Cardiomyocytes Results in Cell Cycle Reentry and Cardiac Repair Post-Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012089. [PMID: 31315484 PMCID: PMC6761626 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction results in a large-scale cardiomyocyte loss and heart failure due to subsequent pathological remodeling. Whereas zebrafish and neonatal mice have evident cardiomyocyte expansion following injury, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes are principally nonproliferative. Despite historical presumptions of stem cell-mediated cardiac regeneration, numerous recent studies using advanced lineage-tracing methods demonstrated that the only source of cardiomyocyte renewal originates from the extant myocardium; thus, the augmented proliferation of preexisting adult cardiomyocytes remains a leading therapeutic approach toward cardiac regeneration. In the present study we investigate the significance of suppressing cell cycle inhibitors Rb1 and Meis2 to promote adult cardiomyocyte reentry to the cell cycle. Methods and Results In vitro experiments with small interfering RNA-mediated simultaneous knockdown of Rb1 and Meis2 in both adult rat cardiomyocytes, isolated from 12-week-old Fischer rats, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes showed a significant increase in cell number, a decrease in cell size, and an increase in mononucleated cardiomyocytes. In vivo, a hydrogel-based delivery method for small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Rb1 and Meis2 is utilized following myocardial infarction. Immunofluorescent imaging analysis revealed a significant increase in proliferation markers 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, PH3, KI67, and Aurora B in adult cardiomyocytes as well as improved cell survivability with the additional benefit of enhanced peri-infarct angiogenesis. Together, this intervention resulted in a reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. Conclusions Silencing of senescence-inducing pathways in adult cardiomyocytes via inhibition of Rb1 and Meis2 results in marked cardiomyocyte proliferation and increased protection of cardiac function in the setting of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Bereket Haile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Mohammed Arif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Raghav Pandey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Miso Rokvic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Michelle Nieman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Bryan D. Maliken
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioengineering Graduate ProgramSchool of EngineeringUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS
| | - Yi‐Gang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal MedicineHeart, Lung and Vascular InstituteUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Rafeeq P. H. Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
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314
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Grendler J, Lowgren S, Mills M, Losick VP. Wound-induced polyploidization is driven by Myc and supports tissue repair in the presence of DNA damage. Development 2019; 146:dev.173005. [PMID: 31315896 PMCID: PMC6703715 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair usually requires either polyploid cell growth or cell division, but the molecular mechanism promoting polyploidy and limiting cell division remains poorly understood. Here, we find that injury to the adult Drosophila epithelium causes cells to enter the endocycle through the activation of Yorkie-dependent genes (Myc and E2f1). Myc is even sufficient to induce the endocycle in the uninjured post-mitotic epithelium. As result, epithelial cells enter S phase but mitosis is blocked by inhibition of mitotic gene expression. The mitotic cell cycle program can be activated by simultaneously expressing the Cdc25-like phosphatase String (stg), while genetically depleting APC/C E3 ligase fizzy-related (fzr). However, forcing cells to undergo mitosis is detrimental to wound repair as the adult fly epithelium accumulates DNA damage, and mitotic errors ensue when cells are forced to proliferate. In conclusion, we find that wound-induced polyploidization enables tissue repair when cell division is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Grendler
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sara Lowgren
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Monique Mills
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Vicki P Losick
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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315
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Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Adult Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Detour: Off-ramp to Quiescent Destinations. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:557-567. [PMID: 31262545 PMCID: PMC6703820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ability to promote completion of mitotic cycling of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes remains an intractable and vexing challenge, despite being one of the most sought after 'holy grails' of cardiovascular research. While some of the struggle is attributable to adult cardiomyocytes themselves that are notoriously post-mitotic, another contributory factor rests with difficulty in definitive tracking of adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle and lack of rigorous measures to track proliferation in situ. This review summarizes past, present, and future directions to promote adult mammalian cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression, proliferation, and renewal. Establishing relationship(s) between cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and cellular biological properties is sorely needed to understand the mechanistic basis for cardiomyocyte cell cycle withdrawal to enhance cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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316
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Landim-Vieira M, Schipper JM, Pinto JR, Chase PB. Cardiomyocyte nuclearity and ploidy: when is double trouble? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:329-340. [PMID: 31317457 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has gone into investigating mechanisms that underlie the developmental transition in which mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) switch from being able to proliferate during development, to essentially having lost that ability at maturity. This problem is interesting not only for scientific curiosity, but also for its clinical relevance because controlling the ability of mature CMs to replicate would provide a much-needed approach for restoring cardiac function in damaged hearts. In this review, we focus on the propensity of mature mammalian CMs to be multinucleated and polyploid, and the extent to which this may be necessary for normal physiology yet possibly disadvantageous in some circumstances. In this context, we explore whether the concept of the myonuclear domain (MND) in multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers might apply to cardiomyocytes, and whether cardio-MND size might be related to the transition of CMs to become multinuclear. Nuclei in CMs are almost certainly integrators of not only biochemical, but also-because of their central location within the myofibrils-mechanical information, and this multimodal, integrative function in adult CMs-involving molecules that have been extensively studied along with newly identified possibilities-could influence both gene expression as well as replication of the genome and the nuclei themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Landim-Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joslyn M Schipper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - J Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - P Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Biology Unit One Room 206, 81 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA.
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317
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Ou Q, Jacobson Z, Abouleisa RRE, Tang XL, Hindi SM, Kumar A, Ivey KN, Giridharan G, El-Baz A, Brittian K, Rood B, Lin YH, Watson SA, Perbellini F, McKinsey TA, Hill BG, Jones SP, Terracciano CM, Bolli R, Mohamed TMA. Physiological Biomimetic Culture System for Pig and Human Heart Slices. Circ Res 2019; 125:628-642. [PMID: 31310161 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.314996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preclinical testing of cardiotoxicity and efficacy of novel heart failure therapies faces a major limitation: the lack of an in situ culture system that emulates the complexity of human heart tissue and maintains viability and functionality for a prolonged time. OBJECTIVE To develop a reliable, easily reproducible, medium-throughput method to culture pig and human heart slices under physiological conditions for a prolonged period of time. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we describe a novel, medium-throughput biomimetic culture system that maintains viability and functionality of human and pig heart slices (300 µm thickness) for 6 days in culture. We optimized the medium and culture conditions with continuous electrical stimulation at 1.2 Hz and oxygenation of the medium. Functional viability of these slices over 6 days was confirmed by assessing their calcium homeostasis, twitch force generation, and response to β-adrenergic stimulation. Temporal transcriptome analysis using RNAseq at day 2, 6, and 10 in culture confirmed overall maintenance of normal gene expression for up to 6 days, while over 500 transcripts were differentially regulated after 10 days. Electron microscopy demonstrated intact mitochondria and Z-disc ultra-structures after 6 days in culture under our optimized conditions. This biomimetic culture system was successful in keeping human heart slices completely viable and functionally and structurally intact for 6 days in culture. We also used this system to demonstrate the effects of a novel gene therapy approach in human heart slices. Furthermore, this culture system enabled the assessment of contraction and relaxation kinetics on isolated single myofibrils from heart slices after culture. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and optimized a reliable medium-throughput culture system for pig and human heart slices as a platform for testing the efficacy of novel heart failure therapeutics and reliable testing of cardiotoxicity in a 3-dimensional heart model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Ou
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Zoë Jacobson
- Tenaya Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA (Z.J., K.N.I.)
| | - Riham R E Abouleisa
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Xian-Liang Tang
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Sajedah M Hindi
- Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology (S.M.H., A.K.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology (S.M.H., A.K.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Kathryn N Ivey
- Tenaya Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA (Z.J., K.N.I.)
| | | | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering (G.G., A.E.-B.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Kenneth Brittian
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Benjamin Rood
- Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine (B.R., B.G.H., S.P.J., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Ying-Hsi Lin
- Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora (Y.-H.L., T.A.M.)
| | - Samuel A Watson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.A.W., F.P., C.M.T.)
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.A.W., F.P., C.M.T.).,Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Germany (F.P.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora (Y.-H.L., T.A.M.)
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine (B.R., B.G.H., S.P.J., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Steven P Jones
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY.,Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine (B.R., B.G.H., S.P.J., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Cesare M Terracciano
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.A.W., F.P., C.M.T.)
| | - Roberto Bolli
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Tamer M A Mohamed
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (Q.O., R.R.E.A., X.-L.T., K.B., S.P.J., R.B., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY.,Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine (B.R., B.G.H., S.P.J., T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.M.A.M.), University of Louisville, KY.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (T.M.A.M.).,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt (T.M.A.M.)
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318
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Joukov V, De Nicolo A. The Centrosome and the Primary Cilium: The Yin and Yang of a Hybrid Organelle. Cells 2019; 8:E701. [PMID: 31295970 PMCID: PMC6678760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes and primary cilia are usually considered as distinct organelles, although both are assembled with the same evolutionary conserved, microtubule-based templates, the centrioles. Centrosomes serve as major microtubule- and actin cytoskeleton-organizing centers and are involved in a variety of intracellular processes, whereas primary cilia receive and transduce environmental signals to elicit cellular and organismal responses. Understanding the functional relationship between centrosomes and primary cilia is important because defects in both structures have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Here, we discuss evidence that the animal centrosome evolved, with the transition to complex multicellularity, as a hybrid organelle comprised of the two distinct, but intertwined, structural-functional modules: the centriole/primary cilium module and the pericentriolar material/centrosome module. The evolution of the former module may have been caused by the expanding cellular diversification and intercommunication, whereas that of the latter module may have been driven by the increasing complexity of mitosis and the requirement for maintaining cell polarity, individuation, and adhesion. Through its unique ability to serve both as a plasma membrane-associated primary cilium organizer and a juxtanuclear microtubule-organizing center, the animal centrosome has become an ideal integrator of extracellular and intracellular signals with the cytoskeleton and a switch between the non-cell autonomous and the cell-autonomous signaling modes. In light of this hypothesis, we discuss centrosome dynamics during cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and propose a model of centrosome-driven microtubule assembly in mitotic and interphase cells. In addition, we outline the evolutionary benefits of the animal centrosome and highlight the hierarchy and modularity of the centrosome biogenesis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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319
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Ameliorating the Fibrotic Remodeling of the Heart through Direct Cardiac Reprogramming. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070679. [PMID: 31277520 PMCID: PMC6679082 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the most common form of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in the loss of cardiomyocytes (CM) at the site of ischemic injury. To compensate for the loss of CMs, cardiac fibroblasts quickly respond to injury and initiate cardiac remodeling in an injured heart. In the remodeling process, cardiac fibroblasts proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblasts, which secrete extracellular matrix to support the intact structure of the heart, and eventually differentiate into matrifibrocytes to form chronic scar tissue. Discovery of direct cardiac reprogramming offers a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent/attenuate this pathologic remodeling and replace the cardiac fibrotic scar with myocardium in situ. Since the first discovery in 2010, many progresses have been made to improve the efficiency and efficacy of reprogramming by understanding the mechanisms and signaling pathways that are activated during direct cardiac reprogramming. Here, we overview the development and recent progresses of direct cardiac reprogramming and discuss future directions in order to translate this promising technology into an effective therapeutic paradigm to reverse cardiac pathological remodeling in an injured heart.
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320
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MicroRNA-302d promotes the proliferation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes by inhibiting LATS2 in the Hippo pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1387-1399. [PMID: 31239293 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that cardiomyocytes (CMs) can proliferate at a low level after myocardial infarction (MI), but it is insufficient to reestablish heart function. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to sufficiently induce rodent CM proliferation. However, whether miRNAs identified in rodents can promote human CM proliferation is unknown due to the poorly conserved functions of miRNAs among species. In the present study, we demonstrate that i) expression of microRNA-302d (miR-302d) decreased significantly during CM differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) from day 4 to day 18; ii) miR-302d efficiently promoted proliferation of hPSC-derived CMs; iii) miR-302d promoted CM proliferation by targeting LATS2 in the Hippo pathway; and iv) RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that overexpression of miR-302d induced changes in gene expression, which mainly converged on the cell cycle. Our study provides further evidence for the therapeutic potential of miR-302d.
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321
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Nguyen AH, Marsh P, Schmiess-Heine L, Burke PJ, Lee A, Lee J, Cao H. Cardiac tissue engineering: state-of-the-art methods and outlook. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:57. [PMID: 31297148 PMCID: PMC6599291 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art fabrication methods, advances in genome editing, and the use of machine learning to shape the prospective growth in cardiac tissue engineering. Those interdisciplinary emerging innovations would move forward basic research in this field and their clinical applications. The long-entrenched challenges in this field could be addressed by novel 3-dimensional (3D) scaffold substrates for cardiomyocyte (CM) growth and maturation. Stem cell-based therapy through genome editing techniques can repair gene mutation, control better maturation of CMs or even reveal its molecular clock. Finally, machine learning and precision control for improvements of the construct fabrication process and optimization in tissue-specific clonal selections with an outlook of cardiac tissue engineering are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H. Nguyen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Paul Marsh
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lauren Schmiess-Heine
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Peter J. Burke
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Abraham Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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322
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Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang M, Wang Q, Chen B, Hou Y, Lu K. Ferumoxytol and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2395 synergistically enhance antitumor activity of macrophages against NSCLC with EGFR L858R/T790M mutation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4503-4515. [PMID: 31417255 PMCID: PMC6599896 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s193583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Drug resistance is a major challenge for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment of lung cancer. Ferumoxytol (FMT) drives macrophage (MΦ) transformation towards a M1-like phenotype and thereby inhibits tumor growth. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2395 (CpG), a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, is an effective therapeutic agent to induce anticancer immune responses. Herein, the effect of co-administered FMT and CpG on MΦ activation for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was explored. Methods: The mRNA expression levels of M1-like genes in RAW 264.7 MΦ cells stimulated by FMT, CpG and FMT and CpG (FMT/CpG) were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, the effects of FMT/CpG-pretreated MΦ supernatant on apoptosis and proliferation of H1975 cells were detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathway in H1975 cells were explored by western blotting. Finally, a H1975 cell xenograft mouse model was used to study the anti-tumor effect of the combination of FMT and CpG in vivo. Results: FMT and CpG synergistically enhanced M1-like gene expression in MΦ, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). FMT/CpG-pretreated MΦ supernatant inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of H1975 cells, accompanied by down-regulation of cell cycle-associated proteins and up-regulation of apoptosis-related proteins. Further studies indicated that the FMT/CpG-pretreated MΦ supernatant suppressed p-EGFR and its downstream AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in H1975 cells. Furthermore, FMT/CpG suppressed tumor growth in mice accompanied by a decline in the EGFR-positive tumor cell fraction and increased M1 phenotype macrophage infiltration. Conclusion: FMT acted synergistically with CpG to activate MΦ for suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of NSCLC cells via EGFR signaling. Thus, combining FMT and CpG is an effective strategy for the treatment of NSCLC with EGFRL858R/T790M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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323
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) have great potential to treat heart disease, owing to their capacity of engraftment and remuscularization in the host heart after transplantation. In the current review, we provide an overview of PSC-CMs for clinical transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have shown that PSC-CMs can survive, engraft, and form gap junctions after transplantation, with functional benefit. Engrafted PSC-CMs matured gradually in host hearts. Only in a large animal model, transient ventricular arrhythmias were detected, mainly because of the ectopic pacing from the grafted PSC-CMs. Although intense immunosuppression is unavoidable in xenotransplantation, immunosuppression remains necessary for MHC-matched allogenic non-human primate PSC-CMs transplantation. This review offers insights on how PSC-CMs contribute to functional benefit after transplantation to injured non-human primate hearts. We believe that PSC-CM transplantation represents a potentially novel treatment for ischemic heart diseases, provided that several technological and biological limitations can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kadota
- Department of Regenerative Science and Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiba
- Department of Regenerative Science and Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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324
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Borden A, Kurian J, Nickoloff E, Yang Y, Troupes CD, Ibetti J, Lucchese AM, Gao E, Mohsin S, Koch WJ, Houser SR, Kishore R, Khan M. Transient Introduction of miR-294 in the Heart Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Reentry After Injury. Circ Res 2019; 125:14-25. [PMID: 30964391 PMCID: PMC6586499 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Embryonic heart is characterized of rapidly dividing cardiomyocytes required to build a working myocardium. Cardiomyocytes retain some proliferative capacity in the neonates but lose it in adulthood. Consequently, a number of signaling hubs including microRNAs are altered during cardiac development that adversely impacts regenerative potential of cardiac tissue. Embryonic stem cell cycle miRs are a class of microRNAs exclusively expressed during developmental stages; however, their effect on cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart function in adult myocardium has not been studied previously. OBJECTIVE To determine whether transient reintroduction of embryonic stem cell cycle miR-294 promotes cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry enhancing cardiac repair after myocardial injury. METHODS AND RESULTS miR-294 is expressed in the heart during development, prenatal stages, lost in the neonate, and adult heart confirmed by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Neonatal ventricular myocytes treated with miR-294 showed elevated expression of Ki67, p-histone H3, and Aurora B confirmed by immunocytochemistry compared with control cells. miR-294 enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in Neonatal ventricular myocytes measured by seahorse assay. Mechanistically, miR-294 represses Wee1 leading to increased activity of the cyclin B1/CDK1 complex confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Next, a doxycycline-inducible AAV9-miR-294 vector was delivered to mice for activating miR-294 in myocytes for 14 days continuously after myocardial infarction. miR-294-treated mice significantly improved left ventricular functions together with decreased infarct size and apoptosis 8 weeks after MI. Myocyte cell cycle reentry increased in miR-294 hearts analyzed by Ki67, pH3, and AurB (Aurora B kinase) expression parallel to increased small myocyte number in the heart. Isolated adult myocytes from miR-294 hearts showed increased 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine+ cells and upregulation of cell cycle markers and miR-294 targets 8 weeks after MI. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic transient expression of miR-294 recapitulates developmental signaling and phenotype in cardiomyocytes promoting cell cycle reentry that leads to augmented cardiac function in mice after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Borden
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
| | - Justin Kurian
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
| | - Emily Nickoloff
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Yijun Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
| | | | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | | | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
- Department of Physiology, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
- Department of Physiology, LKSOM, Temple University
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325
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem worldwide. Since adult cardiomyocytes irreversibly withdraw from the cell cycle soon after birth, it is hard for cardiac cells to proliferate and regenerate after myocardial injury, such as that caused myocardial infarction (MI). Live cell-based therapies, which we term as first generation of therapeutic strategies, have been widely used for the treatment of many diseases, including CVD. However, cellular approaches have the problems of poor retention of the transplanted cells and the significant entrapment of the cells in the lungs when delivered intravenously. Another big problem is the low storage/shipping stability of live cells, which limits the manufacturability of living cell products. The field of chemical engineering focuses on designing large-scale processes to convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms, and energy into useful forms and products. By definition, chemical engineers conceive and design processes to produce, transform, and transport materials. This matches the direction that cell therapies are heading toward: "produce", from live cells to synthetic artificial cells; "transform", from bare cells to cell/matrix/factor combinations; and "transport". from simple systemic injections to targeted delivery. Thus, we hereby introduce the "chemical engineering of cell therapies" as a concept. In this Account, we summarize our recent efforts to develop chemical engineering approaches to repair injured hearts. To address the limitations of poor cellular retention and integration, the first step was the artificial manipulation of stem cells before injections (we term this the second generation of therapeutic strategies). For example, we took advantage of the natural infarct-targeting ability of platelet membranes by fusing them onto the surface of cardiac stromal/stem cells (CSCs). By doing so, we improved the rate at which they were delivered through the vasculature to sites of MI. In addition to modifying natural CSCs, we described a bioengineering approach that involved the encapsulation of CSCs in a polymeric microneedle patch for myocardium regeneration. The painless microneedle patches were used as an in situ delivery device, which directly transported the loaded CSCs to the MI heart. In addition to low cell retention, there are some other barriers that need to be addressed before further clinical application is viable, including the storage/shipping stability of and the evident safety concerns about live cells. Therefore, we developed the third generation of therapeutic strategies, which utilize cell-free approaches for cardiac cell therapies. Numerous studies have indicated that paracrine mechanisms reasonably explain stem cell based heart repair. By imitating or adapting natural stem cells, as well as their secretions, and using them in conjunction with biocompatible materials, we can simulate the function of natural stem cells while avoiding the complications association with the first and second generation therapeutic options. Additionally, we can develop approaches to capture endogenous stem cells and directly transport them to the infarct site. Using these third generation therapeutic strategies, we can provide unprecedented opportunities for cardiac cell therapies. We hope that our designs will promote the use of chemical engineering approaches to transform, transport, and fabricate cell-free systems as novel cardiac cell therapeutic agents for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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326
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Advances in heart regeneration based on cardiomyocyte proliferation and regenerative potential of binucleated cardiomyocytes and polyploidization. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1229-1253. [PMID: 31175264 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One great achievement in medical practice is the reduction in acute mortality of myocardial infarction due to identifying risk factors, antiplatelet therapy, optimized hospitalization and acute percutaneous coronary intervention. Yet, the prevalence of heart failure is increasing presenting a major socio-economic burden. Thus, there is a great need for novel therapies that can reverse damage inflicted to the heart. In recent years, data have accumulated suggesting that induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation might be a future option for cardiac regeneration. Here, we review the relevant literature since September 2015 concluding that it remains a challenge to verify that a therapy induces indeed cardiomyocyte proliferation. Most importantly, it is unclear that the detected increase in cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity is required for an associated improved function. In addition, we review the literature regarding the evidence that binucleated and polyploid mononucleated cardiomyocytes can divide, and put this in context to other cell types. Our analysis shows that there is significant evidence that binucleated cardiomyocytes can divide. Yet, it remains elusive whether also polyploid mononucleated cardiomyocytes can divide, how efficient proliferation of binucleated cardiomyocytes can be induced, what mechanism regulates cell cycle progression in these cells, and what fate and physiological properties the daughter cells have. In summary, we propose to standardize and independently validate cardiac regeneration studies, encourage the field to study the proliferative potential of binucleated and polyploid mononucleated cardiomyocytes, and to determine whether induction of polyploidization can enhance cardiac function post-injury.
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Abstract
After myocardial injury, cardiomyocyte loss cannot be corrected by using currently available clinical treatments. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to develop cell-based cardiac repair therapies aimed at correcting for this loss. An exciting crop of recent studies reveals that inducing endogenous repair and proliferation of cardiomyocytes may be a viable option for regenerating injured myocardium. Here, we review current heart failure treatments, the state of cardiomyocyte renewal in mammals, and the molecular signals that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation. These signals include growth factors, intrinsic signaling pathways, microRNAs, and cell cycle regulators. Animal model cardiac regeneration studies reveal that modulation of exogenous and cell-intrinsic signaling pathways can induce reentry of adult cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle. Using direct myocardial injection, epicardial patch delivery, or systemic administration of growth molecules, these studies show that inducing endogenous cardiomyocytes to self-renew is an exciting and promising therapeutic strategy to treat cardiac injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Heallen
- From the Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (T.R.H., J.H.K., J.F.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (T.R.H., Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zachary A Kadow
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (T.R.H., Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Program in Developmental Biology (Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jong H Kim
- From the Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (T.R.H., J.H.K., J.F.M.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (J.W.)
| | - James F Martin
- From the Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (T.R.H., J.H.K., J.F.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (T.R.H., Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Program in Developmental Biology (Z.A.K., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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328
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Cui B, Zheng Y, Zhou X, Zhu J, Zhuang J, Liang Q, Xu C, Sheng W, Huang G, Luan L, Sun N. Repair of Adult Mammalian Heart After Damages by Oral Intake of Gu Ben Pei Yuan San. Front Physiol 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 31191336 PMCID: PMC6541202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian heart repair after myocardial damage is highly inefficient due to the post-mitotic nature of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), there are reported effective treatments of myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure in adult humans by oral intake of a TCM concoction named Gu Ben Pei Yuan San (GBPYS), which is composed of Panax ginseng, velvet antler, Gekko gecko Linnaeus tail, human placenta, Trogopterus dung, Panax notoginseng, and amber. We fed mice with GBPYS after myocardial damages through everyday self-feeding. We then examined the effect of everyday oral intake of GBPYS on improving cardiac function and myocardial repair in adult mice after apical resection or MI. We found that long-term oral intake of GBPYS significantly improved cardiac function after myocardial damages in adult mice. BrdU, phospho-histone 3, and AuroraB staining indicated increased cell proliferation at the border zone of MI after TCM feeding. GBPYS feeding reduced organ inflammation, induced angiogenesis, and is non-toxic to mice after long-term oral intake. Further, serum derived from TCM-fed MI rats promoted division of both neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro. Oral intake of GBPYS improved heart repair after myocardial damages in adult mice. Our results suggest that there are substances present in GBPYS that help improve adult mammalian heart repair after MI. Also, it could be a good choice of non-invasive alternative therapy for myocardial damages and heart failure after rigorous clinical study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiexian Zhuang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Luan
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences-Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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329
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Wei H, Hu J, Pu J, Tang Q, Li W, Ma R, Xu Z, Tan C, Yao T, Wu X, Long X, Wang J. Long noncoding RNA HAGLROS promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis and enhances autophagy via regulating miR-5095/ATG12 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:72-80. [PMID: 31082725 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we planned to dig the possible influences and mechanism of long noncoding (lnc) RNA HAGLROS in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The levels of lncRNA HAGLROS in HCC tumor samples and their relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with HCC were studied. Subsequently, overexpression and silenced approaches were used in HCC cells for detecting the effects of lncRNA HAGLROS on cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, we investigated whether HAGLROS could function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR-5095 expression in HCC cells, and explored the correlation between miR-5095 and ATG12. Besides, the correlation of HAGLROS, the consequent PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was further explored. The level of HAGLROS was higher in HCC tissues and correlated with clinical performances including tumor stages or tumor differentiation. In contrast to the lower level, a higher level of HAGLROS correlated with a shorter survival time of patients with HCC. The suppression of HAGLROS decreased cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited autophagy. Moreover, HAGLROS negatively regulated miR-5095 expression, which further regulated HCC cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, ATG12 was targeted by miR-5095 and was then involved in miR-5095-regulated HCC cell biological processes including viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of HAGLROS activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signals. Our results revealed that HAGLROS is highly expressed in HCC, and its high level may correlate with the progression and development of HCC involving the processes of cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy through the miR-5095/ATG12 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China; Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Digestive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China
| | - Jian Pu
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China.
| | - Qianli Tang
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China
| | - Wenchuan Li
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Digestive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China
| | - Rihai Ma
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China
| | - Zuoming Xu
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Chuan Tan
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Tianwei Yao
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Xianjian Wu
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Xidai Long
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China; Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China
| | - Jianchu Wang
- Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Zhuang 533000, China.
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330
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Haginiwa S, Sadahiro T, Kojima H, Isomi M, Tamura F, Kurotsu S, Tani H, Muraoka N, Miyake N, Miyake K, Fukuda K, Ieda M. Tbx6 induces cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal and adult mouse hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:1041-1047. [PMID: 31010673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) proliferate during embryonic development, whereas they largely lose their regenerative capacity after birth. Defined factors expressed in cardiac progenitors or embryonic CMs may activate the cell cycle and induce CM proliferation in postnatal and adult hearts. Here, we report that the overexpression of Tbx6, enriched in the cardiac mesoderm (progenitor cells), induces CM proliferation in postnatal and adult mouse hearts. By screening 24 factors enriched in cardiac progenitors or embryonic CMs, we found that only Tbx6 could induce CM proliferation in primary cultured postnatal rat CMs. Intriguingly, it did not induce the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. We next generated a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector encoding Tbx6 (AAV9-Tbx6) for transduction into mouse CMs in vivo. The subcutaneous injection of AAV9-Tbx6 into neonatal mice induced CM proliferation in postnatal and adult mouse hearts. Mechanistically, Tbx6 overexpression upregulated multiple cell cycle activators including Aurkb, Mki67, Ccna1, and Ccnb2 and suppressed the tumor suppressor Rb1. Thus, Tbx6 promotes CM proliferation in postnatal and adult mouse hearts by modifying the expression of cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Haginiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kojima
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mari Isomi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tamura
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shota Kurotsu
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoto Muraoka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Gene Therapy Research Center for Advanced Medical Technology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Gene Therapy Research Center for Advanced Medical Technology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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331
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Hatzistergos KE, Williams AR, Dykxhoorn D, Bellio MA, Yu W, Hare JM. Tumor Suppressors RB1 and CDKN2a Cooperatively Regulate Cell-Cycle Progression and Differentiation During Cardiomyocyte Development and Repair. Circ Res 2019; 124:1184-1197. [PMID: 30744497 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although rare cardiomyogenesis is reported in the adult mammalian heart, whether this results from differentiation or proliferation of cardiomyogenic cells remains controversial. The tumor suppressor genes RB1 (retinoblastoma) and CDKN2a (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a) are critical cell-cycle regulators, but their roles in human cardiomyogenesis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that developmental activation of RB1 and CDKN2a cooperatively cause permanent cell-cycle withdrawal of human cardiac precursors (CPCs) driving terminal differentiation into mature cardiomyocytes, and that dual inactivation of these tumor suppressor genes promotes myocyte cell-cycle reentry. METHODS AND RESULTS Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes revealed that RB1 and CDKN2a are upregulated at the onset of cardiac precursor specification, simultaneously with GATA4 (GATA-binding protein 4) homeobox genes PBX1 (pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1) and MEIS1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homolog), and remain so until terminal cardiomyocyte differentiation. In both GATA4+ hPSC cardiac precursors and postmitotic hPSC-cardiomyocytes, RB1 is hyperphosphorylated and inactivated. Transient, stage-specific, depletion of RB1 during hPSC differentiation enhances cardiomyogenesis at the cardiac precursors stage, but not in terminally differentiated hPSC-cardiomyocytes, by transiently upregulating GATA4 expression through a cell-cycle regulatory pathway involving CDKN2a. Importantly, cytokinesis in postmitotic hPSC-cardiomyocytes can be induced with transient, dual RB1, and CDKN2a silencing. The relevance of this pathway in vivo was suggested by findings in a porcine model of cardiac cell therapy post-MI, whereby dual RB1 and CDKN2a inactivation in adult GATA4+ cells correlates with the degree of scar size reduction and endogenous cardiomyocyte mitosis, particularly in response to combined transendocardial injection of adult human hMSCs (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells) and cKit+ cardiac cells. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings reveal an important and coordinated role for RB1 and CDKN2a in regulating cell-cycle progression and differentiation during human cardiomyogenesis. Moreover, transient, dual inactivation of RB1 and CDKN2a in endogenous adult GATA4+ cells and cardiomyocytes mediates, at least in part, the beneficial effects of cell-based therapy in a post-MI large mammalian model, a finding with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H., A.R.W., M.A.B., W.Y., J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Department of Cell Biology (K.E.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Adam R Williams
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H., A.R.W., M.A.B., W.Y., J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Department of Surgery (A.R.W.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (A.R.W.)
| | - Derek Dykxhoorn
- Department of Human Genetics (D.D.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (D.D.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Michael A Bellio
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H., A.R.W., M.A.B., W.Y., J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Wendou Yu
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H., A.R.W., M.A.B., W.Y., J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Department of Pediatrics (W.Y.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H., A.R.W., M.A.B., W.Y., J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.M.H.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL
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332
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Psarras S, Beis D, Nikouli S, Tsikitis M, Capetanaki Y. Three in a Box: Understanding Cardiomyocyte, Fibroblast, and Innate Immune Cell Interactions to Orchestrate Cardiac Repair Processes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31001541 PMCID: PMC6454035 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an insult by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, complex cellular, and molecular interactions determine a successful recovery or inadequate repair of damaged tissue. The efficiency of this process is particularly important in the heart, an organ characterized by very limited regenerative and repair capacity in higher adult vertebrates. Cardiac insult is characteristically associated with fibrosis and heart failure, as a result of cardiomyocyte death, myocardial degeneration, and adverse remodeling. Recent evidence implies that resident non-cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts but also macrophages -pillars of the innate immunity- form part of the inflammatory response and decisively affect the repair process following a cardiac insult. Multiple studies in model organisms (mouse, zebrafish) of various developmental stages (adult and neonatal) combined with genetically engineered cell plasticity and differentiation intervention protocols -mainly targeting cardiac fibroblasts or progenitor cells-reveal particular roles of resident and recruited innate immune cells and their secretome in the coordination of cardiac repair. The interplay of innate immune cells with cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes is emerging as a crucial platform to help our understanding and, importantly, to allow the development of effective interventions sufficient to minimize cardiac damage and dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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333
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Yang Y, Zhang K, Chen L, Li L. The combination of four cell-cycle regulators: a new direction for inducing adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:452-454. [PMID: 30824904 PMCID: PMC6460332 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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334
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Lazzeri E, Angelotti ML, Conte C, Anders HJ, Romagnani P. Surviving Acute Organ Failure: Cell Polyploidization and Progenitor Proliferation. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:366-381. [PMID: 30935780 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In acute organ failure, rapid compensation of function loss assures survival. Dedifferentiation and/or proliferation of surviving parenchymal cells could imply a transient (and potentially fatal) impairment of residual functional performance. However, evolution has selected two flexible life-saving mechanisms acting synergistically on organ function recovery. Sustaining residual performance is possible when the remnant differentiated parenchymal cells avoid cell division, but increase function by undergoing hypertrophy via endoreplication, leading to polyploid cells. In addition, tissue progenitors, representing a subset of less-differentiated and/or self-renewing parenchymal cells completing cytokinesis, proliferate and differentiate to regenerate lost parenchymal cells. Here, we review the evolving evidence on polyploidization and progenitor-driven regeneration in acute liver, heart, and kidney failure with evolutionary advantages and trade-offs in organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE); Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy. http://www.twitter.com/PRomagnani
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335
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Drug Screening in Human PSC-Cardiac Organoids Identifies Pro-proliferative Compounds Acting via the Mevalonate Pathway. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:895-907.e6. [PMID: 30930147 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously developed a high-throughput bioengineered human cardiac organoid (hCO) platform, which provides functional contractile tissue with biological properties similar to native heart tissue, including mature, cell-cycle-arrested cardiomyocytes. In this study, we perform functional screening of 105 small molecules with pro-regenerative potential. Our findings reveal surprising discordance between our hCO system and traditional 2D assays. In addition, functional analyses uncovered detrimental effects of many hit compounds. Two pro-proliferative small molecules without detrimental impacts on cardiac function were identified. High-throughput proteomics in hCO revealed synergistic activation of the mevalonate pathway and a cell-cycle network by the pro-proliferative compounds. Cell-cycle reentry in hCO and in vivo required the mevalonate pathway as inhibition of the mevalonate pathway with a statin attenuated pro-proliferative effects. This study highlights the utility of human cardiac organoids for pro-regenerative drug development, including identification of underlying biological mechanisms and minimization of adverse side effects.
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336
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Payan SM, Hubert F, Rochais F. Cardiomyocyte proliferation, a target for cardiac regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118461. [PMID: 30930108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases, characterized by cardiomyocyte loss, lead to dramatic impairment of cardiac function and ultimately to congestive heart failure. Despite significant advances, conventional treatments do not correct the defects in cardiac muscle cell numbers and the prognosis of congestive heart failure remains poor. The existence, in adult mammalian heart, of low but detectable cardiomyocyte proliferative capacities has shifted the target of regenerative therapy toward new therapeutical strategy. Indeed, the stimulation of terminally differentiated cardiomyocyte proliferation represents the main therapeutic approach for heart regeneration. Increasing evidence demonstrating that the loss of mammalian cardiomyocyte renewal potential shortly after birth causes the loss of regenerative capacities, strongly support the hypothesis that a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling fetal and postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation is essential to identify targets for cardiac regeneration. Here, we will review major developmental mechanisms regulating fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation and will describe the impact of the developmental switch, operating at birth and driving postnatal heart maturation, on the regulation of adult cardiomyocyte proliferation, all these mechanisms representing potential targets for cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy M Payan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Hubert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
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Farbehi N, Patrick R, Dorison A, Xaymardan M, Janbandhu V, Wystub-Lis K, Ho JW, Nordon RE, Harvey RP. Single-cell expression profiling reveals dynamic flux of cardiac stromal, vascular and immune cells in health and injury. eLife 2019; 8:43882. [PMID: 30912746 PMCID: PMC6459677 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides cardiomyocytes (CM), the heart contains numerous interstitial cell types which play key roles in heart repair, regeneration and disease, including fibroblast, vascular and immune cells. However, a comprehensive understanding of this interactive cell community is lacking. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of the total non-CM fraction and enriched (Pdgfra-GFP+) fibroblast lineage cells from murine hearts at days 3 and 7 post-sham or myocardial infarction (MI) surgery. Clustering of >30,000 single cells identified >30 populations representing nine cell lineages, including a previously undescribed fibroblast lineage trajectory present in both sham and MI hearts leading to a uniquely activated cell state defined in part by a strong anti-WNT transcriptome signature. We also uncovered novel myofibroblast subtypes expressing either pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic signatures. Our data highlight non-linear dynamics in myeloid and fibroblast lineages after cardiac injury, and provide an entry point for deeper analysis of cardiac homeostasis, inflammation, fibrosis, repair and regeneration. In our bodies, heart attacks lead to cell death and inflammation. This is then followed by a healing phase where the organ repairs itself. There are many types of heart cells, from muscle and pacemaker cells that help to create the beating motion, to so-called fibroblasts that act as a supporting network. Yet, it is still unclear how individual cells participate in the heart's response to injury. All cells possess the same genetic information, but they turn on or off different genes depending on the specific tasks that they need to perform. Spotting which genes are activated in individual cells can therefore provide clues about their exact roles in the body. Until recently, technological limitations meant that this information was difficult to access, because it was only possible to capture the global response of a group of cells in a sample. A new method called single-cell RNA sequencing is now allowing researchers to study the activities of many genes in thousands of individual cells at the same time. Here, Farbehi, Patrick et al. performed single-cell RNA sequencing on over 30,000 individual cells from healthy and injured mouse hearts. Computational approaches were then used to cluster cells into groups according to the activities of their genes. The experiments identified over 30 distinct sub-types of cell, including several that were previously unknown. For example, a group of fibroblasts that express a gene called Wif1 was discovered. Previous genetic studies have shown that Wif1 is essential for the heart's response to injury. Further experiments by Farbehi, Patrick et al. indicated that this new sub-type of cells may control the timing of the different aspects of heart repair after damage. Tens of millions of people around the world suffer from heart attacks and other heart diseases. Knowing how different types of heart cells participate in repair mechanisms may help to find new targets for drugs and other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Farbehi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Garvan Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Ralph Patrick
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Aude Dorison
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Munira Xaymardan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Vaibhao Janbandhu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | | | - Joshua Wk Ho
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Robert E Nordon
- Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
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338
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Circular RNA 0039411 Is Involved in Neodymium Oxide-induced Inflammation and Antiproliferation in a Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line via Sponging miR-93-5p. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:69-81. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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339
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340
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Bragado Alonso S, Reinert JK, Marichal N, Massalini S, Berninger B, Kuner T, Calegari F. An increase in neural stem cells and olfactory bulb adult neurogenesis improves discrimination of highly similar odorants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e98791. [PMID: 30643018 PMCID: PMC6418468 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is involved in cognitive performance but studies that manipulated this process to improve brain function are scarce. Here, we characterized a genetic mouse model in which neural stem cells (NSC) of the subventricular zone (SVZ) were temporarily expanded by conditional expression of the cell cycle regulators Cdk4/cyclinD1, thus increasing neurogenesis. We found that supernumerary neurons matured and integrated in the olfactory bulb similarly to physiologically generated newborn neurons displaying a correct expression of molecular markers, morphology and electrophysiological activity. Olfactory performance upon increased neurogenesis was unchanged when mice were tested on relatively easy tasks using distinct odor stimuli. In contrast, intriguingly, increasing neurogenesis improved the discrimination ability of mice when challenged with a difficult task using mixtures of highly similar odorants. Together, our study provides a mammalian model to control the expansion of somatic stem cells that can in principle be applied to any tissue for basic research and models of therapy. By applying this to NSC of the SVZ, we highlighted the importance of adult neurogenesis to specifically improve performance in a challenging olfactory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bragado Alonso
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, School of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janine K Reinert
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Marichal
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Massalini
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, School of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, School of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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341
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Oxygen as a key regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation: New results about cell culture conditions! BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118460. [PMID: 30885672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the new therapeutically strategies aimed to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is to enhance the natural ability of the heart to regenerate. This represents a great challenge for the coming years as all the mechanisms underlying the replacement of dying cells by functional cells of the same type are not completely elucidated. Among these, stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation seems to be crucial for the restoration of normal cardiac function after CVDs. In this review, we summarized the recent advances about the modulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation in physiological (during ageing) and pathological conditions. We highlighted the role of oxygen and we presented new results demonstrating that performing neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cultures in "normoxic" oxygen conditions (i.e. 3% oxygen) increases their proliferation rate, when compared to "hyperoxic" conventional conditions (i.e. 20% oxygen). Thus, oxygen concentration seems to be a key factor in the control of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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342
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Song M, Belmonte JCI, Liu GH. Age-related cardiopathies gene editing. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:1327-1328. [PMID: 30853663 PMCID: PMC6428092 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
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343
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Längle D, Werner TR, Wesseler F, Reckzeh E, Schaumann N, Drowley L, Polla M, Plowright AT, Hirt MN, Eschenhagen T, Schade D. Toward Second-Generation Cardiomyogenic and Anti-cardiofibrotic 1,4-Dihydropyridine-Class TGFβ Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:810-822. [PMID: 30768867 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Innovative therapeutic modalities for pharmacological intervention of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-dependent diseases are of great value. b-Annelated 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) might be such a class, as they induce TGFβ receptor type II degradation. However, intrinsic drawbacks are associated with this compound class and were systematically addressed in the presented study. It was possible to install polar functionalities and bioisosteric moieties at distinct sites of the molecules while maintaining TGFβ-inhibitory activities. The introduction of a 2-amino group or 7-N-alkyl modification proved to be successful strategies. Aqueous solubility was improved by up to seven-fold at pH 7.4 and 200-fold at pH 3 relative to the parent ethyl 4-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate. The therapeutic potential of the presented DHPs was further underscored in view of a potential dual mode of action: The differentiation of committed human iPSC-derived cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) was potently stimulated, and the rescue of cardiac fibrosis phenotypes was observed in engineered heart tissue (EHT) constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tessa R Werner
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Reckzeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niklas Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lauren Drowley
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparsleden 1, 43 183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Polla
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparsleden 1, 43 183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparsleden 1, 43 183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marc N Hirt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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344
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Abstract
The adult mammalian heart is minimally regenerative after injury, whereas neonatal hearts fully recover even after major damage. New work from the Red-Horse and Woo labs (Das et al., 2019) shows that collateral artery formation is a key mechanism contributing to successful regeneration in newborn mice and provides insights into how collateral arteries form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Bardot
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole C Dubois
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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345
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Biomaterializing the promise of cardiac tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 42:107353. [PMID: 30794878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During an average individual's lifespan, the human heart pumps nearly 200 million liters of blood delivered by approximately 3 billion heartbeats. Therefore, it is not surprising that native myocardium under this incredible demand is extraordinarily complex, both structurally and functionally. As a result, successful engineering of adult-mimetic functional cardiac tissues is likely to require utilization of highly specialized biomaterials representative of the native extracellular microenvironment. There is currently no single biomaterial that fully recapitulates the architecture or the biochemical and biomechanical properties of adult myocardium. However, significant effort has gone toward designing highly functional materials and tissue constructs that may one day provide a ready source of cardiac tissue grafts to address the overwhelming burden of cardiomyopathic disease. In the near term, biomaterial-based scaffolds are helping to generate in vitro systems for querying the mechanisms underlying human heart homeostasis and disease and discovering new, patient-specific therapeutics. When combined with advances in minimally-invasive cardiac delivery, ongoing efforts will likely lead to scalable cell and biomaterial technologies for use in clinical practice. In this review, we describe recent progress in the field of cardiac tissue engineering with particular emphasis on use of biomaterials for therapeutic tissue design and delivery.
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346
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Regenerating the field of cardiovascular cell therapy. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:232-237. [PMID: 30778231 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The retraction of >30 falsified studies by Anversa et al. has had a disheartening impact on the cardiac cell therapeutics field. The premise of heart muscle regeneration by the transdifferentiation of bone marrow cells or putative adult resident cardiac progenitors has been largely disproven. Over the past 18 years, a generation of physicians and scientists has lost years chasing these studies, and patients have been placed at risk with little scientific grounding. Funding agencies invested hundreds of millions of dollars in irreproducible work, and both academic institutions and the scientific community ignored troubling signals over a decade of questionable work. Our collective retrospective analysis identifies preventable problems at the level of the editorial and peer-review process, funding agencies and academic institutions. This Perspective provides a chronology of the forces that led to this scientific debacle, integrating direct knowledge of the process. We suggest a science-driven path forward that includes multiple novel approaches to the problem of heart muscle regeneration.
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347
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Monroe TO, Hill MC, Morikawa Y, Leach JP, Heallen T, Cao S, Krijger PHL, de Laat W, Wehrens XHT, Rodney GG, Martin JF. YAP Partially Reprograms Chromatin Accessibility to Directly Induce Adult Cardiogenesis In Vivo. Dev Cell 2019; 48:765-779.e7. [PMID: 30773489 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Specialized adult somatic cells, such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), are highly differentiated with poor renewal capacity, an integral reason underlying organ failure in disease and aging. Among the least renewable cells in the human body, CMs renew approximately 1% annually. Consistent with poor CM turnover, heart failure is the leading cause of death. Here, we show that an active version of the Hippo pathway effector YAP, termed YAP5SA, partially reprograms adult mouse CMs to a more fetal and proliferative state. One week after induction, 19% of CMs that enter S-phase do so twice, CM number increases by 40%, and YAP5SA lineage CMs couple to pre-existing CMs. Genomic studies showed that YAP5SA increases chromatin accessibility and expression of fetal genes, partially reprogramming long-lived somatic cells in vivo to a primitive, fetal-like, and proliferative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner O Monroe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuka Morikawa
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P Leach
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Todd Heallen
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuyi Cao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter H L Krijger
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Laat
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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348
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Han Y, Chen A, Umansky KB, Oonk KA, Choi WY, Dickson AL, Ou J, Cigliola V, Yifa O, Cao J, Tornini VA, Cox BD, Tzahor E, Poss KD. Vitamin D Stimulates Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Controls Organ Size and Regeneration in Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 48:853-863.e5. [PMID: 30713073 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Attaining proper organ size during development and regeneration hinges on the activity of mitogenic factors. Here, we performed a large-scale chemical screen in embryonic zebrafish to identify cardiomyocyte mitogens. Although commonly considered anti-proliferative, vitamin D analogs like alfacalcidol had rapid, potent mitogenic effects on embryonic and adult cardiomyocytes in vivo. Moreover, pharmacologic or genetic manipulation of vitamin D signaling controlled proliferation in multiple adult cell types and dictated growth rates in embryonic and juvenile zebrafish. Tissue-specific modulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling had organ-restricted effects, with cardiac VDR activation causing cardiomegaly. Alfacalcidol enhanced the regenerative response of injured zebrafish hearts, whereas VDR blockade inhibited regeneration. Alfacalcidol activated cardiac expression of genes associated with ErbB2 signaling, while ErbB2 inhibition blunted its effects on cell proliferation. Our findings identify vitamin D as mitogenic for cardiomyocytes and other cell types in zebrafish and indicate a mechanism to regulate organ size and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anzhi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kfir-Baruch Umansky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kelsey A Oonk
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wen-Yee Choi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Oren Yifa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jingli Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valerie A Tornini
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ben D Cox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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349
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Hashmi S, Ahmad HR. Molecular switch model for cardiomyocyte proliferation. CELL REGENERATION 2019; 8:12-20. [PMID: 31205684 PMCID: PMC6557755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the human adult cardiomyocyte proliferation as a potential source for heart repair after injury. The mechanism to regain the proliferative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes is a challenge. However, recent studies are promising in showing that the ‘locked’ cell cycle of adult cardiomyocytes could be released through modulation of cell cycle checkpoints. In support of this are the signaling pathways of Notch, Hippo, Wnt, Akt and Jak/Stat that facilitate or inhibit the transition at cell cycle checkpoints. Cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases (CDKs) facilitate this transition which in turn is regulated by inhibitory action of pocket protein e.g. p21, p27 and p57. Transcription factors e.g. E2F, GATA4, TBx20 up regulate Cyclin A, A2, D, E, and CDK4 as promoters of cell cycle and Meis-1 and HIF-1 alpha down regulate cyclin D and E to inhibit the cell cycle. Paracrine factors like Neuregulin-1, IGF-1 and Oncostatin M and Extracellular Matrix proteins like Agrin have been involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation processes. A molecular switch model is proposed that transforms the post mitotic cell into an actively dividing cell. This model shows how the cell cycle is regulated through on- and off switch mechanisms through interaction of transcription factors and signaling pathways with proteins of the cell cycle checkpoints. Signals triggered by injury may activate the right combination of the various pathways that can ‘switch on’ the proliferation signals leading to myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi
| | - H R Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi
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350
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Marino F, Scalise M, Cianflone E, Mancuso T, Aquila I, Agosti V, Torella M, Paolino D, Mollace V, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D. Role of c-Kit in Myocardial Regeneration and Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 31275242 PMCID: PMC6593054 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Kit, a type III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is involved in multiple intracellular signaling whereby it is mainly considered a stem cell factor receptor, which participates in vital functions of the mammalian body, including the human. Furthermore, c-kit is a necessary yet not sufficient marker to detect and isolate several types of tissue-specific adult stem cells. Accordingly, c-kit was initially used as a marker to identify and enrich for adult cardiac stem/progenitor cells (CSCs) that were proven to be clonogenic, self-renewing and multipotent, being able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vitro as well as in vivo after myocardial injury. Afterwards it was demonstrated that c-kit expression labels a heterogenous cardiac cell population, which is mainly composed by endothelial cells while only a very small fraction represents CSCs. Furthermore, c-kit as a signaling molecule is expressed at different levels in this heterogenous c-kit labeled cardiac cell pool, whereby c-kit low expressers are enriched for CSCs while c-kit high expressers are endothelial and mast cells. This heterogeneity in cell composition and expression levels has been neglected in recent genetic fate map studies focusing on c-kit, which have claimed that c-kit identifies cells with robust endothelial differentiation potential but with minimal if not negligible myogenic commitment potential. However, modification of c-kit gene for Cre Recombinase expression in these Cre/Lox genetic fate map mouse models produced a detrimental c-kit haploinsufficiency that prevents efficient labeling of true CSCs on one hand while affecting the regenerative potential of these cells on the other. Interestingly, c-kit haploinsufficiency in c-kit-deficient mice causes a worsening myocardial repair after injury and accelerates cardiac aging. Therefore, these studies have further demonstrated that adult c-kit-labeled CSCs are robustly myogenic and that the adult myocardium relies on c-kit expression to regenerate after injury and to counteract aging effects on cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Marino
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Interregional Research Center on Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mancuso
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Iolanda Aquila
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS) of Genomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Interregional Research Center on Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- StemCell OpCo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniele Torella
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