301
|
Maldonado RF, Sá-Correia I, Valvano MA. Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:480-93. [PMID: 27075488 PMCID: PMC4931227 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane that plays a key role in host-pathogen interactions with the innate immune system. During infection, bacteria are exposed to a host environment that is typically dominated by inflammatory cells and soluble factors, including antibiotics, which provide cues about regulation of gene expression. Bacterial adaptive changes including modulation of LPS synthesis and structure are a conserved theme in infections, irrespective of the type or bacteria or the site of infection. In general, these changes result in immune system evasion, persisting inflammation and increased antimicrobial resistance. Here, we review the modifications of LPS structure and biosynthetic pathways that occur upon adaptation of model opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria, Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica) to chronic infection in respiratory and gastrointestinal sites. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of these variations and their role in the host-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita F. Maldonado
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Correction. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1059. [DOI: 10.1111/cas.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
303
|
Gonzalez-Rivera C, Bhatty M, Christie PJ. Mechanism and Function of Type IV Secretion During Infection of the Human Host. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0024-2015. [PMID: 27337453 PMCID: PMC4920089 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0024-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens employ type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. One large T4SS subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractable systems have generated important new insights into the mode of action and architectures of paradigmatic T4SSs as a foundation for future efforts aimed at suppressing T4SS machine function. Over the past decade, extensive work on the second large T4SS subfamily, the effector translocators, has identified a myriad of mechanisms employed by pathogens to subvert, subdue, or bypass cellular processes and signaling pathways of the host cell. An overarching theme in the evolution of many effectors is that of molecular mimicry. These effectors carry domains similar to those of eukaryotic proteins and exert their effects through stealthy interdigitation of cellular pathways, often with the outcome not of inducing irreversible cell damage but rather of reversibly modulating cellular functions. This article summarizes the major developments for the actively studied pathogens with an emphasis on the structural and functional diversity of the T4SSs and the emerging common themes surrounding effector function in the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gonzalez-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, Phone: 713-500-5440 (P. J. Christie); 713-500-5441 (C. Gonzalez-Rivera, M. Bhatty)
| | - Minny Bhatty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, Phone: 713-500-5440 (P. J. Christie); 713-500-5441 (C. Gonzalez-Rivera, M. Bhatty)
| | - Peter J. Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, Phone: 713-500-5440 (P. J. Christie); 713-500-5441 (C. Gonzalez-Rivera, M. Bhatty)
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Donati C, Zolfo M, Albanese D, Tin Truong D, Asnicar F, Iebba V, Cavalieri D, Jousson O, De Filippo C, Huttenhower C, Segata N. Uncovering oral Neisseria tropism and persistence using metagenomic sequencing. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16070. [PMID: 27572971 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial epidemiology and population genomics have previously been carried out near-exclusively for organisms grown in vitro. Metagenomics helps to overcome this limitation, but it is still challenging to achieve strain-level characterization of microorganisms from culture-independent data with sufficient resolution for epidemiological modelling. Here, we have developed multiple complementary approaches that can be combined to profile and track individual microbial strains. To specifically profile highly recombinant neisseriae from oral metagenomes, we integrated four metagenomic analysis techniques: single nucleotide polymorphisms in the clade's core genome, DNA uptake sequence signatures, metagenomic multilocus sequence typing and strain-specific marker genes. We applied these tools to 520 oral metagenomes from the Human Microbiome Project, finding evidence of site tropism and temporal intra-subject strain retention. Although the opportunistic pathogen Neisseria meningitidis is enriched for colonization in the throat, N. flavescens and N. subflava populate the tongue dorsum, and N. sicca, N. mucosa and N. elongata the gingival plaque. The buccal mucosa appeared as an intermediate ecological niche between the plaque and the tongue. The resulting approaches to metagenomic strain profiling are generalizable and can be extended to other organisms and microbiomes across environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Donati
- Computational Biology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Moreno Zolfo
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- Computational Biology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Duy Tin Truong
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Asnicar
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Valerio Iebba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Olivier Jousson
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Suzuki H, Mori H. Different Pathophysiology of Gastritis between East and West? An Asian Perspective. Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:123-128. [PMID: 29922667 DOI: 10.1159/000446301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of gastric cancer in Asia is higher than that in Europe and Northern America. Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important factor for the development of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. The geographical distribution of the prevalence and virulence factors of H. pylori are important to understand the difference between gastritis in the East and West. Summary Articles comparing gastritis cases between eastern and western countries showed that the severity of gastritis is closely related to the risk of gastric cancer, and the severity of gastritis is more advanced in East Asia. Although the prevalence of H. pylori infection is closely associated with the incidence of gastric cancer in European countries, the severity of gastritis and the high incidence of gastric cancer in East Asia are not dependent only on the prevalence of H. pylori infection itself. From the viewpoint of the virulence factors of H. pylori, the East Asian CagA-positive strain (EPIYA motif ABD type) is peculiar in East Asia. Considering comprehensively the geographical distribution of H. pylori subtypes is the most important factor among all prospected risk factors for the incidence of gastric cancer and the rate of development of gastritis. While eating habits, such as salty foods, vegetables and fruits, might influence the progression of gastritis, such factors might be responsible for the geographic heterogeneity of gastritis. Key Message East Asian CagA-positive H. pylori is the strongest risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis and the development of gastritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Suzuki
- Medical Education Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Abstract
Gastric diseases cause considerable worldwide burden. However, the stomach is still poorly understood in terms of the molecular-cellular processes that govern its development and homeostasis. In particular, the complex relationship between the differentiated cell types located within the stomach and the stem and progenitor cells that give rise to them is significantly understudied relative to other organs. In this review, we will highlight the current state of the literature relating to specification of gastric cell lineages from embryogenesis to adulthood. Special emphasis is placed on substantial gaps in knowledge about stomach specification that we think should be tackled to advance the field. For example, it has long been assumed that adult gastric units have a granule-free stem cell that gives rise to all differentiated lineages. Here we will point out that there are also other models that fit all extant data, such as long-lived lineage-committed progenitors that might serve as a source of new cells during homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Willet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason C. Mills, MD, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8124, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-7487.Washington University School of MedicineBox 8124, 660 South Euclid AvenueSt. LouisMissouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
Yahiro K, Hirayama T, Moss J, Noda M. New Insights into VacA Intoxication Mediated through Its Cell Surface Receptors. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050152. [PMID: 27187473 PMCID: PMC4885067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases, produces VacA, a vacuolating cytotoxin associated with gastric inflammation and ulceration. The C-terminal domain of VacA plays a crucial role in receptor recognition on target cells. We have previously identified three proteins (i.e., RPTPα, RPTPβ, and LRP1) that serve as VacA receptors. These receptors contribute to the internalization of VacA into epithelial cells, activate signal transduction pathways, and contribute to cell death and gastric ulceration. In addition, other factors (e.g., CD18, sphingomyelin) have also been identified as cell-surface, VacA-binding proteins. Since we believe that, following interactions with its host cell receptors, VacA participates in events leading to disease, a better understanding of the cellular function of VacA receptors may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic actions of VacA and the pathogenesis of H. pylori-mediated disease. In this review, we focus on VacA receptors and their role in events leading to cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Building 10, Room 6D03, MSC 1590, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA.
| | - Masatoshi Noda
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: biological and therapeutic relevance. Blood 2016; 127:2082-92. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-624304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone (MZ) B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) arise from lymphoid populations that are induced by chronic inflammation in extranodal sites. The best evidence of an etiopathogenetic link is provided by the association between Helicobacter pylori–positive gastritis and gastric MALT lymphoma. Indeed, successful eradication of this microorganism with antibiotics can be followed by gastric MALT lymphoma regression in most cases. Other microbial agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MZ lymphoma arising at different sites. Apart from gastric MALT lymphoma, antibiotic therapies have been adequately tested only in ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas where upfront doxycycline may be a reasonable and effective initial treatment of patients with Chlamydophila psittaci–positive lymphoma before considering more aggressive strategies. In all other instances, antibiotic treatment of nongastric lymphomas remains investigational. Indeed, there is no clear consensus for the treatment of patients with gastric MALT lymphoma requiring further treatment beyond H pylori eradication or with extensive disease. Both radiotherapy and systemic treatments with chemotherapy and anti-CD20 antibodies are efficacious and thus the experience of individual centers and each patient’s preferences in terms of adverse effects are important parameters in the decision process.
Collapse
|
309
|
Lactobacilli Reduce Helicobacter pylori Attachment to Host Gastric Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting Adhesion Gene Expression. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1526-1535. [PMID: 26930708 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00163-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract, including the harsh environment of the stomach, harbors a large variety of bacteria, of which Lactobacillus species are prominent members. The molecular mechanisms by which species of lactobacilli interfere with pathogen colonization are not fully characterized. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of lactobacillus strains upon the initial attachment of Helicobacter pylori to host cells. Here we report a novel mechanism by which lactobacilli inhibit adherence of the gastric pathogen H. pylori In a screen with Lactobacillus isolates, we found that only a few could reduce adherence of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells. Decreased attachment was not due to competition for space or to lactobacillus-mediated killing of the pathogen. Instead, we show that lactobacilli act on H. pylori directly by an effector molecule that is released into the medium. This effector molecule acts on H. pylori by inhibiting expression of the adhesin-encoding gene sabA Finally, we verified that inhibitory lactobacilli reduced H. pylori colonization in an in vivo model. In conclusion, certain Lactobacillus strains affect pathogen adherence by inhibiting sabA expression and thereby reducing H. pylori binding capacity.
Collapse
|
310
|
Kao CY, Sheu BS, Wu JJ. Helicobacter pylori infection: An overview of bacterial virulence factors and pathogenesis. Biomed J 2016; 39:14-23. [PMID: 27105595 PMCID: PMC6138426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis and disease outcomes are mediated by a complex interplay between bacterial virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. After H. pylori enters the host stomach, four steps are critical for bacteria to establish successful colonization, persistent infection, and disease pathogenesis: (1) Survival in the acidic stomach; (2) movement toward epithelium cells by flagella-mediated motility; (3) attachment to host cells by adhesins/receptors interaction; (4) causing tissue damage by toxin release. Over the past 20 years, the understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis has been improved by studies focusing on the host and bacterial factors through epidemiology researches and molecular mechanism investigations. These include studies identifying the roles of novel virulence factors and their association with different disease outcomes, especially the bacterial adhesins, cag pathogenicity island, and vacuolating cytotoxin. Recently, the development of large-scale screening methods, including proteomic, and transcriptomic tools, has been used to determine the complex gene regulatory networks in H. pylori. In addition, a more available complete genomic database of H. pylori strains isolated from patients with different gastrointestinal diseases worldwide is helpful to characterize this bacterium. This review highlights the key findings of H. pylori virulence factors reported over the past 20 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Kao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
|
312
|
Echizen K, Hirose O, Maeda Y, Oshima M. Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 and Toll-like receptor/MyD88 pathways. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:391-7. [PMID: 27079437 PMCID: PMC4832872 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and its downstream product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a key role in generation of the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor tissues. Gastric cancer is closely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, which stimulates innate immune responses through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), inducing COX‐2/PGE2 pathway through nuclear factor‐κB activation. A pathway analysis of human gastric cancer shows that both the COX‐2 pathway and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling are significantly activated in tubular‐type gastric cancer, and basal levels of these pathways are also increased in other types of gastric cancer. Expression of interleukin‐11, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2, and CXCL5, which play tumor‐promoting roles through a variety of mechanisms, is induced in a COX‐2/PGE2 pathway‐dependent manner in both human and mouse gastric tumors. Moreover, the COX‐2/PGE2 pathway plays an important role in the maintenance of stemness with expression of stem cell markers, including CD44, Prom1, and Sox9, which are induced in both gastritis and gastric tumors through a COX‐2/PGE2‐dependent mechanism. In contrast, disruption of Myd88 results in suppression of the inflammatory microenvironment in gastric tumors even when the COX‐2/PGE2 pathway is activated, indicating that the interplay of the COX‐2/PGE2 and TLR/MyD88 pathways is needed for inflammatory response in tumor tissues. Furthermore, TLR2/MyD88 signaling plays a role in maintenance of stemness in normal stem cells as well as gastric tumor cells. Accordingly, these results suggest that targeting the COX‐2/PGE2 pathway together with TLR/MyD88 signaling, which would suppress the inflammatory microenvironment and maintenance of stemness, could be an effective preventive or therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Echizen
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Hirose
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Chang CC, Kuo WS, Chen YC, Perng CL, Lin HJ, Ou YH. Fragmentation of CagA Reduces Hummingbird Phenotype Induction by Helicobactor pylori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150061. [PMID: 26934189 PMCID: PMC4775065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been linked to various gastro-intestinal diseases; nevertheless it remains to be clarified why only a minority of infected individuals develop illness. Studies from the West have indicated that the cagA gene and the associated EPIYA genotype of H. pylori is closely linked to the development of severe gastritis and gastric carcinoma; however, as yet no consistent correlation has been found among the bacteria from East Asia. In addition to genotype variation, the CagA protein undergoes fragmentation; however, the functional significance of fragmentation with respect to H. pylori infection remains unknown. In this study, we isolated 594 H. pylori colonies from 99 patients and examined the fragmentation patterns of CagA protein using immunoblotting. By analyzing the ability of the isolates to induce the host cell morphological transition to the highly invasive hummingbird phenotype, we demonstrated that H. pylori colonies with substantial CagA fragmentation are less potent in terms of causing this morphological transition. Our results uncovered a functional role for CagA fragmentation with respect to H. pylori-induced hummingbird phenotype formation and these findings suggest the possibility that the post-translational processing of CagA may be involved in H. pylori infection pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chi Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wein-Shung Kuo
- Intensive Care Unit, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Chen
- Division of Digestive Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Perng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VGH-Taipei, Taiwan, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HJL); (YHO)
| | - Yueh-Hsing Ou
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HJL); (YHO)
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Schindele F, Weiss E, Haas R, Fischer W. Quantitative analysis of CagA type IV secretion byHelicobacterpylorireveals substrate recognition and translocation requirements. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:188-203. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schindele
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; DZIF), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
| | - Evelyn Weiss
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; DZIF), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Keilberg D, Ottemann KM. HowHelicobacter pylorisenses, targets and interacts with the gastric epithelium. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:791-806. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Keilberg
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology; University of California Santa Cruz; 1156 High Street METX Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Karen M. Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology; University of California Santa Cruz; 1156 High Street METX Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
Schlaermann P, Toelle B, Berger H, Schmidt SC, Glanemann M, Ordemann J, Bartfeld S, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. A novel human gastric primary cell culture system for modelling Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro. Gut 2016; 65:202-13. [PMID: 25539675 PMCID: PMC4752654 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric diseases and the main risk factor in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. In vitro studies with this bacterial pathogen largely rely on the use of transformed cell lines as infection model. However, this approach is intrinsically artificial and especially inappropriate when it comes to investigating the mechanisms of cancerogenesis. Moreover, common cell lines are often defective in crucial signalling pathways relevant to infection and cancer. A long-lived primary cell system would be preferable in order to better approximate the human in vivo situation. METHODS Gastric glands were isolated from healthy human stomach tissue and grown in Matrigel containing media supplemented with various growth factors, developmental regulators and apoptosis inhibitors to generate long-lasting normal epithelial cell cultures. RESULTS Culture conditions were developed which support the formation and quasi-indefinite growth of three dimensional (3D) spheroids derived from various sites of the human stomach. Spheroids could be differentiated to gastric organoids after withdrawal of Wnt3A and R-spondin1 from the medium. The 3D cultures exhibit typical morphological features of human stomach tissue. Transfer of sheared spheroids into 2D culture led to the formation of dense planar cultures of polarised epithelial cells serving as a suitable in vitro model of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS A robust and quasi-immortal 3D organoid model has been established, which is considered instrumental for future research aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms of infection, mucosal immunity and cancer of the human stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlaermann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Toelle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven C Schmidt
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ordemann
- Center of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute/KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection is the strongest known risk factor for this malignancy. An important goal is to identify H. pylori-infected persons at high risk for gastric cancer, so that these individuals can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. H. pylori exhibits a high level of intraspecies genetic diversity, and over the past two decades, many studies have endeavored to identify strain-specific features of H. pylori that are linked to development of gastric cancer. One of the most prominent differences among H. pylori strains is the presence or absence of a 40-kb chromosomal region known as the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). Current evidence suggests that the risk of gastric cancer is very low among persons harboring H. pylori strains that lack the cag PAI. Among persons harboring strains that contain the cag PAI, the risk of gastric cancer is shaped by a complex interplay among multiple strain-specific bacterial factors as well as host factors. This review discusses the strain-specific properties of H. pylori that correlate with increased gastric cancer risk, focusing in particular on secreted proteins and surface-exposed proteins, and describes evidence from cell culture and animal models linking these factors to gastric cancer pathogenesis. Strain-specific features of H. pylori that may account for geographic variation in gastric cancer incidence are also discussed.
Collapse
|
318
|
Deenonpoe R, Chomvarin C, Pairojkul C, Chamgramol Y, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. The carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a reservoir for species of Helicobacter. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:1751-8. [PMID: 25773821 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.5.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a strong, positive correlation between opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma and infection with Helicobacter. Here a rodent model of human infection with Opisthorchis viverrini was utilized to further investigate relationships of apparent co-infections with O. viverrini and H. pylori. A total of 150 hamsters were assigned to five groups: i) Control hamsters not infected with O. viverrini; ii) O. viverrini-infected hamsters; iii) non-O. viverrini infected hamsters treated with antibiotics (ABx); iv) O. viverrini-infected hamsters treated with ABx; and v) O. viverrini-infected hamsters treated both with ABx and praziquantel (PZQ). Stomach, gallbladder, liver, colonic tissue, colorectal feces and O. viverrini worms were collected and the presence of species of Helicobacter determined by PCR-based approaches. In addition, O. viverrini worms were cultured in vitro with and without ABx for four weeks, after which the presence of Helicobacter spp. was determined. In situ localization of H. pylori and Helicobacter-like species was performed using a combination of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in O. viverrini-infected hamsters was significantly higher than that of O. viverrini-uninfected hamsters (p≤0.001). Interestingly, O. viverrini-infected hamsters treated with ABx and PZQ (to remove the flukes) had a significantly lower frequency of H. pylori than either O. viverrini- infected hamsters treated only with ABx or O. viverrini-infected hamsters, respectively (p≤0.001). Quantitative RT-PCR strongly confirmed the correlation between intensity H. pylori infection and the presence of liver fluke infection. In vitro, H. pylori could be detected in the O. viverrini worms cultured with ABx over four weeks. In situ localization revealed H. pylori and other Helicobacter-like bacteria in worm gut. The findings indicate that the liver fluke O. viverrini in the biliary tree of the hamsters harbors H. pylori and Helicobacter-like bacteria. Accordingly, the association between O. viverrini and H. pylori may be an obligatory mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raksawan Deenonpoe
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
319
|
Molecular and Structural Analysis of the Helicobacter pylori cag Type IV Secretion System Core Complex. mBio 2016; 7:e02001-15. [PMID: 26758182 PMCID: PMC4725015 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02001-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) can function to export or import DNA, and can deliver effector proteins into a wide range of target cells. Relatively little is known about the structural organization of T4SSs that secrete effector proteins. In this report, we describe the isolation and analysis of a membrane-spanning core complex from the Helicobacter pylori cag T4SS, which has an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. We show that this complex contains five H. pylori proteins, CagM, CagT, Cag3, CagX, and CagY, each of which is required for cag T4SS activity. CagX and CagY are orthologous to the VirB9 and VirB10 components of T4SSs in other bacterial species, and the other three Cag proteins are unique to H. pylori. Negative stain single-particle electron microscopy revealed complexes 41 nm in diameter, characterized by a 19-nm-diameter central ring linked to an outer ring by spoke-like linkers. Incomplete complexes formed by Δcag3 or ΔcagT mutants retain the 19-nm-diameter ring but lack an organized outer ring. Immunogold labeling studies confirm that Cag3 is a peripheral component of the complex. The cag T4SS core complex has an overall diameter and structural organization that differ considerably from the corresponding features of conjugative T4SSs. These results highlight specialized features of the H. pylori cag T4SS that are optimized for function in the human gastric mucosal environment. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile macromolecular machines that are present in many bacterial species. In this study, we investigated a T4SS found in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori is an important cause of stomach cancer, and the H. pylori T4SS contributes to cancer pathogenesis by mediating entry of CagA (an effector protein regarded as a “bacterial oncoprotein”) into gastric epithelial cells. We isolated and analyzed the membrane-spanning core complex of the H. pylori T4SS and showed that it contains unique proteins unrelated to components of T4SSs in other bacterial species. These results constitute the first structural analysis of the core complex from this important secretion system.
Collapse
|
320
|
Shimoda A, Ueda K, Nishiumi S, Murata-Kamiya N, Mukai SA, Sawada SI, Azuma T, Hatakeyama M, Akiyoshi K. Exosomes as nanocarriers for systemic delivery of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA. Sci Rep 2016. [PMID: 26739388 DOI: 10.10.38/srep18346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CagA, encoded by cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA), is a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen involved in the development of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Infection with cagA-positive H. pylori may also be associated with diseases outside the stomach, although the mechanisms through which H. pylori infection promotes extragastric diseases remain unknown. Here, we report that CagA is present in serum-derived extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, in patients infected with cagA-positive H. pylori (n = 4). We also found that gastric epithelial cells inducibly expressing CagA secrete exosomes containing CagA. Addition of purified CagA-containing exosomes to gastric epithelial cells induced an elongated cell shape, indicating that the exosomes deliver functional CagA into cells. These findings indicated that exosomes secreted from CagA-expressing gastric epithelial cells may enter into circulation, delivering CagA to distant organs and tissues. Thus, CagA-containing exosomes may be involved in the development of extragastric disorders associated with cagA-positive H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shimoda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Division of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics Center, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, CREST hall 1F, Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shin Nishiumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sada-Atsu Mukai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Takeshi Azuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Shimoda A, Ueda K, Nishiumi S, Murata-Kamiya N, Mukai SA, Sawada SI, Azuma T, Hatakeyama M, Akiyoshi K. Exosomes as nanocarriers for systemic delivery of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18346. [PMID: 26739388 PMCID: PMC4703974 DOI: 10.1038/srep18346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CagA, encoded by cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA), is a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen involved in the development of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Infection with cagA-positive H. pylori may also be associated with diseases outside the stomach, although the mechanisms through which H. pylori infection promotes extragastric diseases remain unknown. Here, we report that CagA is present in serum-derived extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, in patients infected with cagA-positive H. pylori (n = 4). We also found that gastric epithelial cells inducibly expressing CagA secrete exosomes containing CagA. Addition of purified CagA-containing exosomes to gastric epithelial cells induced an elongated cell shape, indicating that the exosomes deliver functional CagA into cells. These findings indicated that exosomes secreted from CagA-expressing gastric epithelial cells may enter into circulation, delivering CagA to distant organs and tissues. Thus, CagA-containing exosomes may be involved in the development of extragastric disorders associated with cagA-positive H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shimoda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Division of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics Center, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, CREST hall 1F, Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shin Nishiumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sada-Atsu Mukai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Takeshi Azuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Amieva M, Peek RM. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:64-78. [PMID: 26385073 PMCID: PMC4691563 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the human stomach by Helicobacter pylori and its role in causing gastric cancer is one of the richest examples of a complex relationship among human cells, microbes, and their environment. It is also a puzzle of enormous medical importance given the incidence and lethality of gastric cancer worldwide. We review recent findings that have changed how we view these relationships and affected the direction of gastric cancer research. For example, recent data have indicated that subtle mismatches between host and microbe genetic traits greatly affect the risk of gastric cancer. The ability of H pylori and its oncoprotein CagA to reprogram epithelial cells and activate properties of stemness show the sophisticated relationship between H pylori and progenitor cells in the gastric mucosa. The observation that cell-associated H pylori can colonize the gastric glands and directly affect precursor and stem cells supports these observations. The ability to mimic these interactions in human gastric organoid cultures as well as animal models will allow investigators to more fully unravel the extent of H pylori control on the renewing gastric epithelium. Finally, our realization that external environmental factors, such as dietary components and essential micronutrients, as well as the gastrointestinal microbiota, can change the balance between H pylori's activity as a commensal or a pathogen has provided direction to studies aimed at defining the full carcinogenic potential of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
Sougleri IS, Papadakos KS, Zadik MP, Mavri-Vavagianni M, Mentis AF, Sgouras DN. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces factors involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in infected gastric epithelial cells in an EPIYA- phosphorylation-dependent manner. FEBS J 2015; 283:206-20. [PMID: 26907789 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a result of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells, the bacterial effector cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is translocated intracellularly, and after hierarchical tyrosine phosphorylation on multiple EPIYA motifs, de-regulates cellular polarity and contributes to induction of an elongation and scattering phenotype that resembles the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Stromelysin-1/matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) has been reported to induce a sequence of molecular alterations leading to stable EMT transition and carcinogenesis in epithelial cells. To identify the putative role of CagA protein in MMP-3 induction, we exploited an experimental H. pylori infection system in gastric epithelial cell lines. We utilized isogenic mutants expressing CagA protein with variable numbers of EPIYA and phosphorylation-deficient EPIFA motifs, as well as cagA knockout and translocation-deficient cagE knockout strains. Increased levels of MMP-3 transcriptional activation were demonstrated by quantitative real time-PCR for strains with more than two terminal EPIYA phosphorylation motifs in CagA. MMP-3 expression in total cell lysates and the corresponding culture supernatants was associated with CagA expression and translocation and was dependent on CagA phosphorylation. A CagA EPIYA phosphorylation-dependent increase in gelatinase and caseinolytic activity was also detected in culture supernatants by zymography. A significant increase in the transcriptional activity of the mesenchymal markers Vimentin, Snail and ZEB1 and the stem cell marker CD44 was observed in the case of CagA containing phosphorylation-functional EPIYA motifs. Our data suggest that CagA protein induces EMT through EPIYA phosphorylation-dependent up-regulation of MMP-3. Moreover, no significant increase in EMT and stem cell markers was observed following infection with H. pylori strains that cannot effectively translocate CagA protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna S Sougleri
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Mairi P Zadik
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Mavri-Vavagianni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas F Mentis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
324
|
Zhang C, Cleveland K, Schnoll-Sussman F, McClure B, Bigg M, Thakkar P, Schultz N, Shah MA, Betel D. Identification of low abundance microbiome in clinical samples using whole genome sequencing. Genome Biol 2015; 16:265. [PMID: 26614063 PMCID: PMC4661937 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the microbiome composition from primary tissues directly affords an opportunity to study the causative relationships between the host microbiome and disease. However, this is challenging due the low abundance of microbial DNA relative to the host. We present a systematic evaluation of microbiome profiling directly from endoscopic biopsies by whole genome sequencing. We compared our methods with other approaches on datasets with previously identified microbial composition. We applied this approach to identify the microbiome from 27 stomach biopsies, and validated the presence of Helicobacter pylori by quantitative PCR. Finally, we profiled the microbial composition in The Cancer Genome Atlas gastric adenocarcinoma cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Kyle Cleveland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Felice Schnoll-Sussman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,The Jay Monahan Center for Gastrointestinal Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Bridget McClure
- Center for Advanced Digestive Care, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Michelle Bigg
- The Jay Monahan Center for Gastrointestinal Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Prashant Thakkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Manish A Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Center for Advanced Digestive Care, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Doron Betel
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Li N, Xie C, Lu NH. Transforming growth factor-β: an important mediator in Helicobacter pylori-associated pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:77. [PMID: 26583078 PMCID: PMC4632021 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helical bacillus that specifically colonizes the gastric mucosa. The interaction of virulence factors, host genetic factors, and environmental factors contributes to the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Infection with H. pylori has recently been recognized as the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer. As a pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates various biological processes, including cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Recent studies have shed new light on the involvement of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. This review focuses on the potential etiological roles of TGF-β in H. pylori-mediated gastric pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Rosadi F, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. Bacterial protein toxins in human cancers. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv105. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
327
|
Menheniott TR, Judd LM, Giraud AS. STAT3: a critical component in the response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1570-82. [PMID: 26332850 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 imparts a profound influence on both the epithelial and immune components of the gastric mucosa, and through regulation of key intracellular signal transduction events, is well placed to control inflammatory and oncogenic outcomes in the context of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection. Here we review the roles of STAT3 in the host immune response to H. pylori infection, from both gastric mucosal and systemic perspectives, as well as alluding more specifically to STAT3-dependent mechanisms that might be exploited as drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
328
|
Helicobacter pylori adaptation in vivo in response to a high-salt diet. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4871-83. [PMID: 26438795 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00918-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exhibits a high level of intraspecies genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated whether the diversification of H. pylori is influenced by the composition of the diet. Specifically, we investigated the effect of a high-salt diet (a known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma) on H. pylori diversification within a host. We analyzed H. pylori strains isolated from Mongolian gerbils fed either a high-salt diet or a regular diet for 4 months by proteomic and whole-genome sequencing methods. Compared to the input strain and output strains from animals fed a regular diet, the output strains from animals fed a high-salt diet produced higher levels of proteins involved in iron acquisition and oxidative-stress resistance. Several of these changes were attributable to a nonsynonymous mutation in fur (fur-R88H). Further experiments indicated that this mutation conferred increased resistance to high-salt conditions and oxidative stress. We propose a model in which a high-salt diet leads to high levels of gastric inflammation and associated oxidative stress in H. pylori-infected animals and that these conditions, along with the high intraluminal concentrations of sodium chloride, lead to selection of H. pylori strains that are most fit for growth in this environment.
Collapse
|
329
|
Contreras M, Fernández-Delgado M, Reyes N, García-Amado MA, Rojas H, Michelangeli F. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Rural and Urban Dyspeptic Patients from Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:730-2. [PMID: 26195456 PMCID: PMC4596590 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to assess the Helicobacter pylori prevalence in a rural mestizo population and compare it to an urban population from Venezuela. The study was performed in gastric juice samples of 71 dyspeptic patients from Caracas (urban) and 39 from Tucupita (rural), in the Orinoco Delta region. Helicobacter pylori was detected by amplification of 16S rRNA, glmM, and ureA genes in 55.0% patients from urban and 87.2% from rural populations. cagA was found positive in 51% and 62% urban and rural patients, respectively. Non-H. pylori Helicobacter species were not detected in the urban population, but was found in 7.7% of patients in the rural study site. Frequency values of the 16S rRNA, glmM, and ureA genes were higher in the rural population. The odds ratio for each gene was 15.18 for 16S rRNA, 2.34 for glmM, 2.89 for ureA, and 1.53 cagA, showing significant differences except for cagA when gene frequency was compared in both populations. These results demonstrate a higher frequency of H. pylori and gastric non-H. pylori Helicobacter infection in a rural mestizo population with low hygienic standards as compared with city dwellers, representing a potential risk for the development of gastroduodenal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Contreras
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Milagro Fernández-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Nelson Reyes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| | - María Alexandra García-Amado
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Héctor Rojas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Fabian Michelangeli
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Miranda, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Yamada S, Okamura T, Kobayashi S, Tanaka E, Nakayama J. Reduced gland mucin-specific O-glycan in gastric atrophy: A possible risk factor for differentiated-type adenocarcinoma of the stomach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1478-84. [PMID: 25967588 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS O-glycans exhibiting terminal α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (αGlcNAc) are attached to MUC6 in gastric gland mucins and serve as a tumor suppressor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric atrophy is associated with risk for gastric cancer. However, the significance of αGlcNAc expression in pyloric glands of chronic atrophic gastritis remains unknown. Here, we asked whether reduced αGlcNAc expression in chronic atrophic gastritis is associated with risk for gastric cancer. METHODS We quantitatively analyzed expression of αGlcNAc relative to MUC6 in pyloric glands by immunohistochemistry in 67 patients with normal mucosa, 70 with chronic atrophic gastritis, 68 with intramucosal differentiated-type adenocarcinoma, and 11 with intramucosal undifferentiated-type adenocarcinoma. We also compared the Ki-67 labeling index in gastric epithelial cells between chronic atrophic gastritis and normal gastric mucosa with respect to αGlcNAc reduction. RESULTS In normal pyloric mucosa, αGlcNAc was co-expressed with MUC6. By contrast, in chronic atrophic gastritis, pyloric gland αGlcNAc expression was significantly reduced relative to MUC6. In intramucosal gastric cancer, αGlcNAc expression in pyloric glands found just beneath differentiated-type adenocarcinoma was also reduced relative to MUC6. However, pyloric glands present beneath undifferentiated-type adenocarcinoma exhibited no αGlcNAc decrease. The Ki-67 labeling index in chronic atrophic gastritis showing αGlcNAc reduction was significantly increased relative to that in normal gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Because αGlcNAc prevents the gastric cancer development, reduced αGlcNAc expression in chronic atrophic gastritis is a possible risk factor for differentiated-type adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Okamura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Iiyama Red Cross Hospital, Iiyama, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
331
|
Ferreira RM, Pinto-Ribeiro I, Wen X, Marcos-Pinto R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Carneiro F, Figueiredo C. Helicobacter pylori cagA Promoter Region Sequences Influence CagA Expression and Interleukin 8 Secretion. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:669-73. [PMID: 26401027 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity at the Helicobacter pylori cagA gene promoter region has been linked to variation in CagA expression and gastric histopathology. Here, we characterized the cagA promoter and expression in 46 H. pylori strains from Portugal. Our results confirm the relationship between cagA promoter region variation and protein expression originally observed in strains from Colombia. We observed that individuals with intestinal metaplasia were all infected with H. pylori strains containing a specific cagA motif. Additionally, we provided novel functional evidence that strain-specific sequences in the cagA promoter region and CagA expression levels influence interleukin 8 secretion by the host gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology
| | - Ines Pinto-Ribeiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos-Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar CIDES/CINTESIS Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto
| | | | - Fátima Carneiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor has been identified as a protein interacting with the large T antigen produced by simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). Subsequent research on p53 inhibition by SV40 and other tumor viruses has not only helped to gain a better understanding of viral biology, but also shaped our knowledge of human tumorigenesis. Recent studies have found, however, that inhibition of p53 is not strictly in the realm of viruses. Some bacterial pathogens also actively inhibit p53 protein and induce its degradation, resulting in alteration of cellular stress responses. This phenomenon was initially characterized in gastric epithelial cells infected with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial pathogen that commonly infects the human stomach and is strongly linked to gastric cancer. Besides H. pylori, a number of other bacterial species were recently discovered to inhibit p53. These findings provide novel insights into host–bacteria interactions and tumorigenesis associated with bacterial infections. This review focuses on a novel aspect of host–bacteria interactions: the direct interplay between bacterial pathogens and tumor suppression mechanisms that protect the host from cancer development. Recent studies revealed that various pathogenic bacteria actively inhibit the major tumor suppression pathway mediated by p53 protein that plays a key role in the regulation of multiple cellular stress responses and prevention of cancerogenesis. Bacterial degradation of p53 was first discovered in the context of Helicobacter pylori infection, which is currently the strongest known risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This phenomenon, however, is not limited to H. pylori, and many other bacterial pathogens inhibit p53 using various mechanisms. Inhibition of p53 by bacteria is linked to bacterial modulation of the host cellular responses to DNA damage, metabolic stress, and, potentially, other stressors. This is a dynamic area of research that will continue to evolve and make important contributions to a better understanding of host–microbe interactions and tumorigenesis. These studies may offer new molecular targets and opportunities for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Zaika
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinxiong Wei
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Noto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
333
|
Soutto M, Chen Z, Katsha AM, Romero-Gallo J, Krishna US, Piazuelo MB, Washington MK, Peek RM, Belkhiri A, El-Rifai WM. Trefoil factor 1 expression suppresses Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer 2015; 121:4348-58. [PMID: 26372254 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a high-risk factor for gastric cancer, is frequently associated with chronic inflammation through activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a constitutively expressed protein in the stomach that has tumor-suppressor functions and plays a critical role in maintaining mucosal integrity. This study investigated the role of TFF1 in regulating the proinflammatory response to H. pylori infections. METHODS For in vitro studies, immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter assays, Western blots, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to investigate the activation of NF-κB and its target genes in response to infections with H. pylori strains J166 and 7.13. In addition, Tff1-knockout (KO) and Tff1-wild-type mice were used for infections with the H. pylori strain called premouse Sydney strain 1. RESULTS The reconstitution of TFF1 expression in gastric cancer cells significantly suppressed H. pylori-mediated increases in NF-κB-p65 nuclear staining, transcriptional activity, and expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 5, and interleukin 4 receptor) that were associated with reductions in the expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65 and IκB kinase α/β proteins. The in vivo studies using the Tff1-KO mouse model of gastric neoplasia confirmed the in vitro findings. Furthermore, they demonstrated increases in chronic inflammation scores and in the frequency of invasive gastric adenocarcinoma in the Tff1-KO mice infected with H. pylori versus the uninfected Tff1-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore an important protective role of TFF1 in abrogating H. pylori-mediated inflammation, a crucial hallmark of gastric tumorigenesis. Therefore, loss of TFF1 expression could be an important step in H. pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ahmed M Katsha
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Uma S Krishna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wael M El-Rifai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Voss BJ, Loh JT, Hill S, Rose KL, McDonald WH, Cover TL. Alteration of the Helicobacter pylori membrane proteome in response to changes in environmental salt concentration. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:1021-34. [PMID: 26109032 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori infection and a high dietary salt intake are each risk factors for the development of gastric cancer. We hypothesize that changes in environmental salt concentrations lead to alterations in the H. pylori membrane proteome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Label-free and iTRAQ methods were used to identify H. pylori proteins that change in abundance in response to alterations in environmental salt concentrations. In addition, we biotinylated intact bacteria that were grown under high- or low-salt conditions, and thereby analyzed salt-induced changes in the abundance of surface-exposed proteins. RESULTS Proteins with increased abundance in response to high salt conditions included CagA, the outer membrane protein HopQ, and fibronectin domain-containing protein HP0746. Proteins with increased abundance in response to low salt conditions included VacA, two VacA-like proteins (ImaA and FaaA), outer-membrane iron transporter FecA3, and several proteins involved in flagellar activity. Consistent with the proteomic data, bacteria grown in high salt conditions exhibited decreased motility compared to bacteria grown in lower salt conditions. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alterations in the H. pylori membrane proteome in response to high salt conditions may contribute to the increased risk of gastric cancer associated with a high salt diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Voss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John T Loh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Salisha Hill
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
335
|
Ohashi W, Hattori K, Hattori Y. Control of Macrophage Dynamics as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Clinical Disorders Involving Chronic Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:240-250. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
336
|
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection plays a crucial role in gastric carcinogenesis. H pylori exerts oncogenic effects on gastric mucosa through complex interaction between bacterial virulence factors and host inflammatory responses. On the other hand, gastric cancer develops via stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in H pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Recent comprehensive analyses of gastric cancer genomes indicate a multistep process of genetic alterations as well as possible molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis. Both genetic processes of gastric cancer development and molecular oncogenic pathways related to H pylori infection are important to completely understand the pathogenesis of H pylori-related gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
337
|
Regulators of Actin Dynamics in Gastrointestinal Tract Tumors. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:930157. [PMID: 26345720 PMCID: PMC4539459 DOI: 10.1155/2015/930157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton underlies cell migration in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and tumor cell invasion. It has been shown that actin assembly and disassembly are precisely regulated by intracellular signaling cascades that respond to changes in the cell microenvironment, ligand binding to surface receptors, or oncogenic transformation of the cell. Actin-nucleating and actin-depolymerizing (ANFs/ADFs) and nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) regulate cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading edge of migrating cells, thereby modulating cell shape; these proteins facilitate cellular movement and mediate degradation of the surrounding extracellular matrix by secretion of lytic proteases, thus eliminating barriers for tumor cell invasion. Accordingly, expression and activity of these actin-binding proteins have been linked to enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis in a variety of malignancies. In this review, we will summarize what is known about expression patterns and the functional role of actin regulators in gastrointestinal tumors and evaluate first pharmacological approaches to prevent invasion and metastatic dissemination of malignant cells.
Collapse
|
338
|
Magalhães A, Marcos-Pinto R, Nairn AV, Dela Rosa M, Ferreira RM, Junqueira-Neto S, Freitas D, Gomes J, Oliveira P, Santos MR, Marcos NT, Xiaogang W, Figueiredo C, Oliveira C, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Carneiro F, Moremen KW, David L, Reis CA. Helicobacter pylori chronic infection and mucosal inflammation switches the human gastric glycosylation pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1928-39. [PMID: 26144047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exploits host glycoconjugates to colonize the gastric niche. Infection can persist for decades promoting chronic inflammation, and in a subset of individuals lesions can silently progress to cancer. This study shows that H. pylori chronic infection and gastric tissue inflammation result in a remodeling of the gastric glycophenotype with increased expression of sialyl-Lewis a/x antigens due to transcriptional up-regulation of the B3GNT5, B3GALT5, and FUT3 genes. We observed that H. pylori infected individuals present a marked gastric local pro-inflammatory signature with significantly higher TNF-α levels and demonstrated that TNF-induced activation of the NF-kappaB pathway results in B3GNT5 transcriptional up-regulation. Furthermore, we show that this gastric glycosylation shift, characterized by increased sialylation patterns, favors SabA-mediated H. pylori attachment to human inflamed gastric mucosa. This study provides novel clinically relevant insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying H. pylori modulation of host glycosylation machinery, and phenotypic alterations crucial for life-long infection. Moreover, the biosynthetic pathways here identified as responsible for gastric mucosa increased sialylation, in response to H. pylori infection, can be exploited as drug targets for hindering bacteria adhesion and counteract the infection chronicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Magalhães
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos-Pinto
- Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), Gastroenterology Department, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mitche Dela Rosa
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rui M Ferreira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Susana Junqueira-Neto
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Marta R Santos
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Nuno T Marcos
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Section of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wen Xiaogang
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Céu Figueiredo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal; Gastroenterology Department, IPO Porto, Portugal; CIDES/CINTESIS, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leonor David
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Mishra JP, Cohen D, Zamperone A, Nesic D, Muesch A, Stein M. CagA of Helicobacter pylori interacts with and inhibits the serine-threonine kinase PRK2. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1670-82. [PMID: 26041307 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CagA is a multifunctional toxin of Helicobacter pylori that is secreted into host epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system. Following host cell translocation, CagA interferes with various host-cell signalling pathways. Most notably this toxin is involved in the disruption of apical-basolateral cell polarity and cell adhesion, as well as in the induction of cell proliferation, migration and cell morphological changes. These are processes that also play an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell invasion. In fact, CagA is considered as the only known bacterial oncoprotein. The cellular effects are triggered by a variety of CagA activities including the inhibition of serine-threonine kinase Par1b/MARK2 and the activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Additionally, CagA was described to affect the activity of Src family kinases and C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) suggesting that interference with multiple cellular kinase- and phosphatase-associated signalling pathways is a major function of CagA. Here, we describe the effect of CagA on protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2), which acts downstream of Rho GTPases and is known to affect cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell polarity. CagA interacts with PRK2 and inhibits its kinase activity. Because PRK2 has been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements and establishment of cell polarity, we suggest that CagA may hijack PRK2 to further manipulate cancer-related signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prasad Mishra
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Dragana Nesic
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Muesch
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Markus Stein
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Gastric cancer and gene copy number variation: emerging cancer drivers for targeted therapy. Oncogene 2015; 35:1475-82. [PMID: 26073079 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most common malignancy in the world with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. It has been established that gastric carcinogenesis is caused by a complex interaction between host and environmental factors. Copy number variation (CNV) refers to a form of genomic structural variation that results in abnormal gene copy numbers, including gene amplification, gain, loss and deletion. DNA CNV is an important influential factor for the expression of both protein-coding and non-coding genes, affecting the activity of various signaling pathways. CNV arises as a result of preferential selection that favors cancer development, and thus, targeting the amplified 'driver genes' in GC may provide novel opportunities for personalized therapy. The detection of CNVs in chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA from tissue or blood samples may assist the diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy of GC. In this review, we discuss the recent CNV discoveries that shed light on the molecular pathogenesis of GC, with a specific emphasis on CNVs that display diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic significances in GC.
Collapse
|
341
|
Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:823-69. [PMID: 25278576 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
342
|
Koeppel M, Garcia-Alcalde F, Glowinski F, Schlaermann P, Meyer T. Helicobacter pylori Infection Causes Characteristic DNA Damage Patterns in Human Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1703-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
343
|
Scanu T, Spaapen RM, Bakker JM, Pratap CB, Wu LE, Hofland I, Broeks A, Shukla VK, Kumar M, Janssen H, Song JY, Neefjes-Borst EA, te Riele H, Holden DW, Nath G, Neefjes J. Salmonella Manipulation of Host Signaling Pathways Provokes Cellular Transformation Associated with Gallbladder Carcinoma. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:763-74. [PMID: 26028364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is fueled by deregulation of signaling pathways in control of cellular growth and proliferation. These pathways are also targeted by infectious pathogens en route to establishing infection. Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is frequent in the Indian subcontinent, with chronic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection reported as a significant risk factor. However, direct association and causal mechanisms between Salmonella Typhi infection and GBC have not been established. Deconstructing the epidemiological association between GBC and Salmonella Typhi infection, we show that Salmonella enterica induces malignant transformation in predisposed mice, murine gallbladder organoids, and fibroblasts, with TP53 mutations and c-MYC amplification. Mechanistically, activation of MAPK and AKT pathways, mediated by Salmonella enterica effectors secreted during infection, is critical to both ignite and sustain transformation, consistent with observations in GBC patients from India. Collectively, our findings indicate that Salmonella enterica can promote transformation of genetically predisposed cells and is a causative agent of GBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Scanu
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Bakker
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chandra Bhan Pratap
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Lin-en Wu
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Hofland
- Core Facility Molecular Pathology and Biobanking, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Core Facility Molecular Pathology and Biobanking, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vijay Kumar Shukla
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Andra Neefjes-Borst
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David W Holden
- Center for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
344
|
O'Rourke F, Mändle T, Urbich C, Dimmeler S, Michaelis UR, Brandes RP, Flötenmeyer M, Döring C, Hansmann ML, Lauber K, Ballhorn W, Kempf VAJ. Reprogramming of myeloid angiogenic cells by Bartonella henselae leads to microenvironmental regulation of pathological angiogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1447-63. [PMID: 25857345 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of myeloid cells to tumour microenvironments is a decisive factor in cancer progression. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) mediate tumour invasion and angiogenesis through matrix remodelling, immune modulation and release of pro-angiogenic cytokines. Nothing is known about how pathogenic bacteria affect myeloid cells in these processes. Here we show that Bartonella henselae, a bacterial pathogen causing vasculoproliferative diseases (bacillary angiomatosis), reprogrammes human myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs), a pro-angiogenic subset of circulating progenitor cells, towards a TAM-like phenotype with increased pro-angiogenic capacity. B. henselae infection resulted in inhibition of cell death, activation of angiogenic cellular programmes and induction of M2 macrophage polarization. MACs infected with B. henselae incorporated into endothelial sprouts and increased angiogenic growth. Infected MACs developed a vascular mimicry phenotype in vitro, and expression of B. henselae adhesin A was essential in inducing these angiogenic effects. Secretome analysis revealed that increased pro-angiogenic activities were associated with the creation of a tumour-like microenvironment dominated by angiogenic inflammatory cytokines and matrix remodelling compounds. Our results demonstrate that manipulation of myeloid cells by pathogenic bacteria can contribute to microenvironmental regulation of pathological tissue growth and suggest parallels underlying both bacterial infections and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona O'Rourke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Mändle
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - U Ruth Michaelis
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Department for Electronmicroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wibke Ballhorn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
345
|
Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Cantacessi C, Jones MK, Johnson MS, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Potriquet J, Laohaviroj M, Mulvenna J, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, Laha T, Sripa B, Loukas A. Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Secretes Extracellular Vesicles That Promote Cholangiocytes to Adopt a Tumorigenic Phenotype. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1636-45. [PMID: 25985904 PMCID: PMC4621255 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Throughout Asia, there is an unprecedented link between cholangiocarcinoma and infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Multiple processes, including chronic inflammation and secretion of parasite proteins into the biliary epithelium, drive infection toward cancer. Until now, the mechanism and effects of parasite protein entry into cholangiocytes was unknown. Methods. Various microscopy techniques were used to identify O. viverrini extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their internalization by human cholangiocytes. Using mass spectrometry we characterized the EV proteome and associated changes in cholangiocytes after EV uptake, and we detected EV proteins in bile of infected hamsters and humans. Cholangiocyte proliferation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion was measured to assess the impact of EV internalization. Results. EVs were identified in fluke culture medium and bile specimens from infected hosts. EVs internalized by cholangiocytes drove cell proliferation and IL-6 secretion and induced changes in protein expression associated with endocytosis, wound repair, and cancer. Antibodies to an O. viverrini tetraspanin blocked EV uptake and IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes. Conclusions. This is the first time that EVs from a multicellular pathogen have been identified in host tissues. Our findings imply a role for O. viverrini EVs in pathogenesis and highlight an approach to vaccine development for this infectious cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton
| | | | - Lynne Turnbull
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, George Washington University, Washington D.C
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, George Washington University, Washington D.C
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Suzuki N, Murata-Kamiya N, Yanagiya K, Suda W, Hattori M, Kanda H, Bingo A, Fujii Y, Maeda S, Koike K, Hatakeyama M. Mutual reinforcement of inflammation and carcinogenesis by the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10024. [PMID: 25944120 PMCID: PMC4421872 DOI: 10.1038/srep10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive strain delivers the CagA oncoprotein into gastric epithelial cells and at the same time elicits stomach inflammation. To experimentally investigate the pathophysiological interplay between CagA and inflammation, transgenic mice systemically expressing the bacterial cagA gene were treated with a colitis inducer, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Compared with control mice, DSS-induced colitis was markedly deteriorated in cagA-transgenic mice. In the colonic epithelia of cagA-transgenic mice, there was a substantial decrease in the level of IκB, which binds and sequesters NF-κB in the cytoplasm. This IκB reduction was due to CagA-mediated inhibition of PAR1, which may stimulate IκB degradation by perturbing microtubule stability. Whereas the CagA-mediated IκB reduction did not automatically activate NF-κB, it lowered the threshold of NF-κB activation by inflammogenic insults, thereby contributing to colitis exacerbation in cagA-transgenic mice. CagA also activates inflammasomes independently of NF-κB signaling, which further potentiates inflammation. The incidence of colonic dysplasia was elevated in DSS-treated cagA-transgenic mice due to a robust increase in the number of pre-cancerous flat-type dysplasias. Thus, CagA deteriorated inflammation, whereas inflammation strengthened the oncogenic potential of CagA. This work revealed that H. pylori CagA and inflammation reinforce each other in creating a downward spiral that instigates neoplastic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobumi Suzuki
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yanagiya
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanda
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Bingo
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fujii
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Gastroenterology Division, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
347
|
Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Man SM, Mitchell HM. Is Campylobacter to esophageal adenocarcinoma as Helicobacter is to gastric adenocarcinoma? Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:455-62. [PMID: 25937501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma develops through a cascade of cellular changes that shares similarities to the etiology of Helicobacter pylori-associated intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. While host genetics and immune response have been implicated in the progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma, studies investigating esophageal microbial communities suggest that bacteria may also play an important role in driving the inflammation that leads to disease. Of these, emerging Campylobacter species have been found to be more prevalent and abundant in patients progressing through the esophageal adenocarcinoma cascade compared to controls. Given that these bacteria possess several virulence mechanisms such as toxin production, cellular invasion, and intracellular survival, emerging Campylobacter species should be investigated as etiological agents of the chronic esophageal inflammation that leads to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia; Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
348
|
Abstract
Cancers of the stomach and esophagus are among the most challenging cancers of the GI tract to treat, associated with poor median survivals for metastatic disease and significant, sometimes prolonged, deteriorations in patient performance status as the diseases progress. However, in the past decade, we have begun to better understand disease biology and carcinogenesis, leading to the identification of subtypes of these diseases. There is also an increasing awareness of the global heterogeneity of disease and its impact on drug development. Our improved understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric and esophageal cancers has been accompanied with the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent actively investigated targets in this disease include human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, angiogenesis, MET, and immune checkpoint inhibition, with approvals of two new targeted agents, trastuzumab and ramucirumab. Improvements in our ability to deliver cytotoxic therapy, which is better tolerated and allows patients an opportunity to benefit from second- and more advanced lines of therapy, have also been observed. In this review, the current state-of-the-art management of advanced and metastatic gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas, specifically highlighting the development of targeted therapies in these diseases, is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish A Shah
- From Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
349
|
Ichinose M. [Programs for Continuing Medical Education: A session; 1. Prevention of gastric cancer based on an understanding of the natural history of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015; 104:477-482. [PMID: 26571729 DOI: 10.2169/naika.104.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
350
|
Li B, Li YM, Guo JW, Wei YC. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i7.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most important risk factor. More than 50% of the world population is infected by H. pylori, but less than 2% develop gastric cancer. Other risk factors like host and environmental factors also play a role in the occurrence of gastric cancer. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is a multi-factorial and multi-step process, and its outcome is influenced by a combination of host, bacterial, and environmental factors.
Collapse
|