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Weiser D, Varga A, Kovács K, Nagy F, Szilágyi A, Vértessy BG, Paizs C, Poppe L. Bisepoxide Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates-New Immobilized Biocatalysts for Selective Biotransformations. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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302
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Kovács K, Bánóczi G, Varga A, Szabó I, Holczinger A, Hornyánszky G, Zagyva I, Paizs C, Vértessy BG, Poppe L. Expression and properties of the highly alkalophilic phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of thermophilic Rubrobacter xylanophilus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85943. [PMID: 24475062 PMCID: PMC3903478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC: 4.3.1.24) of the thermophilic and radiotolerant bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus (RxPAL) was identified by screening the genomes of bacteria for members of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase family. A synthetic gene encoding the RxPAL protein was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli TOP 10 in a soluble form with an N-terminal His6-tag and the recombinant RxPAL protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The activity assay of RxPAL with l-phenylalanine at various pH values exhibited a local maximum at pH 8.5 and a global maximum at pH 11.5. Circular dichroism (CD) studies showed that RxPAL is associated with an extensive α-helical character (far UV CD) and two distinctive near-UV CD peaks. These structural characteristics were well preserved up to pH 11.0. The extremely high pH optimum of RxPAL can be rationalized by a three-dimensional homology model indicating possible disulfide bridges, extensive salt-bridge formation and an excess of negative electrostatic potential on the surface. Due to these properties, RxPAL may be a candidate as biocatalyst in synthetic biotransformations leading to unnatural l- or d-amino acids or as therapeutic enzyme in treatment of phenylketonuria or leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kovács
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Varga
- Biocatalysis Research Group, Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Izabella Szabó
- Biocatalysis Research Group, Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - András Holczinger
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hornyánszky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Zagyva
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Paizs
- Biocatalysis Research Group, Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Beáta G. Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Poppe
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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303
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Dhakshinamoorthy S, Mariama K, Elsen A, De Waele D. Phenols and lignin are involved in the defence response of banana (Musa) plants to Radopholus similis infection. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of lignin and phenols in plant defence ranges from preformed characteristic to inducible physical and chemical response against nematode infection. Our study shows the involvement of lignin and phenols in the defence of two newly identified resistant banana (Musa) genotypes to burrowing nematode Radopholus similis infection. Results were compared with reference resistant and susceptible banana cultivars. Histochemical analysis of root cross sections showed a more extensive secondary cell wall lignification of vascular bundles in R. similis-infected plants than in the nematode non-infected plants. Increased extensive lignification was not associated with the cortex cells that are directly attacked by the nematode. This showed that the increased lignification is a general defence response to protect the vascular bundle from damage rather than resisting the nematode development and reproduction at the root cortex. Histochemical localisation showed no preformed phenolic cells in the cortex of the non-infected, R. similis-resistant and -susceptible Musa genotypes. By contrast, phenolic substances were the major constituents of the nematode-infected necrotic cells. Phenols and lignin contents were also quantitatively assayed. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay confirmed the increase in phenol content of nematode-infected root cells. Phenol content in nematode-infected plants was twice the amount of phenol content in nematode non-infected plants at 3 weeks after infection. This is possibly due to the biosynthesis or accumulation of secondary metabolites such as phenolic phytoalexins in the nematode infection sites of all the banana genotypes. This study clearly demonstrates that phenols and lignin play an important role in the defence mechanisms of Musa to R. similis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthagunthalam Dhakshinamoorthy
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kahpui Mariama
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Elsen
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Soil Service of Belgium, Willem de Croylaan 48, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Waele
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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304
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Takeshima K, Hidaka T, Wei M, Yokoyama T, Minamisawa K, Mitsui H, Itakura M, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Saeki K, Oomori H, Tajima S, Uchiumi T, Abe M, Tokuji Y, Ohwada T. Involvement of a novel genistein-inducible multidrug efflux pump of Bradyrhizobium japonicum early in the interaction with Glycine max (L.) Merr. Microbes Environ 2013; 28:414-21. [PMID: 24225224 PMCID: PMC4070704 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early molecular dialogue between soybean and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is crucial for triggering their symbiotic interaction. Here we found a single large genomic locus that is widely separated from the symbiosis island and was conspicuously induced within minutes after the addition of genistein. This locus (named BjG30) contains genes for the multidrug efflux pump, TetR family transcriptional regulator, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) metabolism. The induction of BjG30 by genistein was competitively inhibited by daidzein, although both genistein and daidzein are soybean-derived inducers of nodulation (nod) genes. Such a differential expression pattern is also observed in some legume-derived flavonoids, which structurally differ in the hydroxy/deoxy group at the 5-position. In addition, not only did the induction start far in advance of nodW and nodD1 after the addition of genistein, but the levels showed distinct concentration dependence, indicating that the induction pattern of BjG30 is completely different from that of nod genes. The deletion of genes encoding either the multidrug efflux pump or PHB metabolism, especially the former, resulted in defective nodulation performance and nitrogen-fixing capability. Taken together, these results indicate that BjG30, and especially its multidrug efflux pump, may play a key role in the early stage of symbiosis by balancing the dual functions of genistein as both a nod gene inducer and toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeshima
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Nishi 2–11, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080–8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hidaka
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Nishi 2–11, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080–8555, Japan
| | - Min Wei
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Rd, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–8–1, Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183–8538, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Minamisawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2–1–1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980–8577, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Mitsui
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2–1–1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980–8577, Japan
| | - Manabu Itakura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2–1–1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980–8577, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kaneko
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kitaku, Kyoto, 603–8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2–6–7, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292–0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Saeki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630–8506, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Oomori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1–1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560–0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Department of Life Science, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761–0795, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890–0065, Japan
| | - Mikiko Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890–0065, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Nishi 2–11, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080–8555, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohwada
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Nishi 2–11, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080–8555, Japan
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305
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Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:1-20. [PMID: 23774057 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land-adapted plants appeared between about 480 and 360 million years ago in the mid-Palaeozoic era, originating from charophycean green algae. The successful adaptation to land of these prototypes of amphibious plants - when they emerged from an aquatic environment onto the land - was achieved largely by massive formation of "phenolic UV light screens". In the course of evolution, plants have developed the ability to produce an enormous number of phenolic secondary metabolites, which are not required in the primary processes of growth and development but are of vital importance for their interaction with the environment, for their reproductive strategy and for their defense mechanisms. From a biosynthetic point of view, beside methylation catalyzed by O-methyltransferases, acylation and glycosylation of secondary metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and various derived phenolic compounds, are fundamental chemical modifications. Such modified metabolites have altered polarity, volatility, chemical stability in cells but also in solution, ability for interaction with other compounds (co-pigmentation) and biological activity. The control of the production of plant phenolics involves a matrix of potentially overlapping regulatory signals. These include developmental signals, such as during lignification of new growth or the production of anthocyanins during fruit and flower development, and environmental signals for protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. For some of the key compounds, such as the flavonoids, there is now an excellent understanding of the nature of those signals and how the signal transduction pathway connects through to the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic genes. Within the plant environment, different microorganisms can coexist that can establish various interactions with the host plant and that are often the basis for the synthesis of specific phenolic metabolites in response to these interactions. In the rhizosphere, increasing evidence suggests that root specific chemicals (exudates) might initiate and manipulate biological and physical interactions between roots and soil organisms. These interactions include signal traffic between roots of competing plants, roots and soil microbes, and one-way signals that relate the nature of chemical and physical soil properties to the roots. Plant phenolics can also modulate essential physiological processes such as transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. Some interesting effects of plant phenolics are also the ones associated with the growth hormone auxin. An additional role for flavonoids in functional pollen development has been observed. Finally, anthocyanins represent a class of flavonoids that provide the orange, red and blue/purple colors to many plant tissues. According to the coevolution theory, red is a signal of the status of the tree to insects that migrate to (or move among) the trees in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Cheynier
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'oenologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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306
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:35-45. [PMID: 23583204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss on the relative significance of different functional roles potentially served by flavonoids in photoprotection, with special emphasis to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control the development of individual organs and whole plant. We propose a model in which chloroplast-located flavonoids scavenge H2O2 and singlet oxygen generated under excess light-stress, thus avoiding programmed cell death. We also draw a picture in which vacuolar flavonoids in conjunction with peroxidases and ascorbic acid constitute a secondary antioxidant system aimed at detoxifying H2O2, which may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and enter the vacuole following excess light stress-induced depletion of ascorbate peroxidase. We hypothesize for flavonols key roles as developmental regulators in early and current-day land-plants, based on their ability to modulate auxin movement and auxin catabolism. We show that antioxidant flavonoids display the greatest capacity to regulate key steps of cell growth and differentiation in eukaryotes. These regulatory functions of flavonoids, which are shared by plants and animals, are fully accomplished in the nM concentration range, as likely occurred in early land plants. We therefore conclude that functions of flavonoids as antioxidants and/or developmental regulators flavonoids are of great value in photoprotection. We also suggest that UV-B screening was just one of the multiple functions served by flavonoids when early land-plants faced an abrupt increase in sunlight irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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307
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López-García J, Kuceková Z, Humpolíček P, Mlček J, Sáha P. Polyphenolic extracts of edible flowers incorporated onto atelocollagen matrices and their effect on cell viability. Molecules 2013; 18:13435-45. [PMID: 24177700 PMCID: PMC6270546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenolic extract of chives flowers (Allium schoenoprasum, Liliaceae), introduced Sage (Salvia pratensis, Lamiaceae), European elderberry (Sambucus nigra, Caprifoliaceae) and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, Asteraceae) were characterised by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and incorporated in different concentrations onto atelocollagen thin films. In order to assess the biological impact of these phenolic compounds on cell viability, human immortalised non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line was seeded on the thin films and cell proliferation was determined by using an MTT assay. In addition, their antimicrobial activity was estimated by using an agar diffusion test. Data indicated the concomitance between cell viability and concentration of polyphenols. These findings suggest that these phenolic-endowed atelocollagen films might be suitable for tissue engineering applications, on account of the combined activity of polyphenols and collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-García
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G.Masaryka-5555, Zlín 76001, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.-G.); (Z.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Zdenka Kuceková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G.Masaryka-5555, Zlín 76001, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.-G.); (Z.K.); (P.S.)
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, T.G.M. sq. 275, Zlin 76272, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G.Masaryka-5555, Zlín 76001, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.-G.); (Z.K.); (P.S.)
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, T.G.M. sq. 275, Zlin 76272, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Mlček
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, nám. T.G.Masaryka-5555, Zlin 76272, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Petr Sáha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G.Masaryka-5555, Zlín 76001, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.-G.); (Z.K.); (P.S.)
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308
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Dar AA, Arumugam N. Lignans of sesame: Purification methods, biological activities and biosynthesis – A review. Bioorg Chem 2013; 50:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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309
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Lai Y, Li H, Yamagishi M. A review of target gene specificity of flavonoid R2R3-MYB transcription factors and a discussion of factors contributing to the target gene selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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310
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Skubatz H, Howald WN. Purification of a NAD(P) reductase-like protein from the thermogenic appendix of the Sauromatum guttatum inflorescence. Protein J 2013; 32:197-207. [PMID: 23467808 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A NAD(P) reductase-like protein with a molecular mass of 34.146 ± 34 Da was purified to homogeneity from the appendix of the inflorescence of the Sauromatum guttatum. On-line liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry was used to isolate and quantify the protein. For the identification of the protein, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic digests of the protein was carried out. The acquired mass spectra were used for database searching, which led to the identification of a single tryptic peptide. The 12 amino acid tryptic peptide (FLPSEFGNDVDR) was found to be identical to amino acid residues at the positions 108-120 of isoflavone reductase in the Arabidopsis genome. A BLAST search identified this sequence region as unique and specific to a class of NAD(P)-dependent reductases involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Edman degradation revealed that the protein was N-terminally blocked. The amount of the protein (termed RL, NAD(P) reductase-like protein) increased 60-fold from D-4 (4 days before inflorescence-opening, designated as D-day) to D-Day, and declined the following day, when heat-production ceased. When salicylic acid, the endogenous trigger of heat-production in the Sauromatum appendix, was applied to premature appendices, a fivefold decrease in the amount of RL was detected in the treated section relative to the non-treated section. About 40 % of RL was found in the cytoplasm. Another 30 % was detected in Percoll-purified mitochondria and the rest, about 30 % was associated with a low speed centrifugation pellet due to nuclei and amyloplast localization. RL was also found in other thermogenic plants and detected in Arabidopsis leaves. The function of RL in thermogenic and non-thermogenic plants requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Skubatz
- NeoPro Labs, 1124 Columbia St., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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311
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Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K. Both cyclic-AMP and cyclic-GMP can act as regulators of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:142-149. [PMID: 23774376 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) are important signaling molecules that control a range of cellular functions and modulate different reactions. It is known that under abiotic or biotic stress plant cells synthesize these nucleotides and that they also enhance the activity of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Wondering what is the relation between these two facts, we investigated how the exogenously applied membrane-permeable derivatives, 8-Br-cAMP or 8-Br-cGMP, which are believed to act as the original cyclic nucleotides, affect the expression of the genes for and the specific activity of three enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We found that the expression of the genes of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL2), 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL1) and chalcone synthase (CHS), and the specific activities of PAL (EC 4.3.1.5), 4CL (EC 6.2.1.12) and CHS (EC 2.3.1.74) were induced in the same way by either of these cyclic nucleotides used at 5 μM concentration. None of the possible cAMP and cGMP degradation products (AMP, GMP, adenosine or guanosine) evoked such effects. Expression of PAL1, 4CL2 and 4CL3 were practically not affected. Although the investigated nucleotides induced rapid expression of the aforementioned enzymes, they did not affect the level of anthocyanins within the same period. We discuss the effects exerted by the exogenously administered cyclic nucleotides, their relation with stress and the role which the phenylpropanoid pathways the cyclic nucleotides may play in plants.
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312
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The oestrogenic and anti-platelet activities of dihydrobenzofuroisocoumarins and homoisoflavonoids from Liriope platyphylla roots. Food Chem 2013; 140:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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313
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Dong CJ, Shang QM. Genome-wide characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). PLANTA 2013; 238:35-49. [PMID: 23546528 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and adaptation. PAL enzymes are encoded by a gene family in plants. Here, we report a genome-wide search for PAL genes in watermelon. A total of 12 PAL genes, designated ClPAL1-12, are identified . Nine are arranged in tandem in two duplication blocks located on chromosomes 4 and 7, and the other three ClPAL genes are distributed as single copies on chromosomes 2, 3, and 8. Both the cDNA and protein sequences of ClPALs share an overall high identity with each other. A phylogenetic analysis places 11 of the ClPALs into a separate cucurbit subclade, whereas ClPAL2, which belongs to neither monocots nor dicots, may serve as an ancestral PAL in plants. In the cucurbit subclade, seven ClPALs form homologous pairs with their counterparts from cucumber. Expression profiling reveals that 11 of the ClPAL genes are expressed and show preferential expression in the stems and male and female flowers. Six of the 12 ClPALs are moderately or strongly expressed in the fruits, particularly in the pulp, suggesting the potential roles of PAL in the development of fruit color and flavor. A promoter motif analysis of the ClPAL genes implies redundant but distinctive cis-regulatory structures for stress responsiveness. Finally, duplication events during the evolution and expansion of the ClPAL gene family are discussed, and the relationships between the ClPAL genes and their cucumber orthologs are estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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314
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Rípodas C, Via VD, Aguilar OM, Zanetti ME, Blanco FA. Knock-down of a member of the isoflavone reductase gene family impairs plant growth and nodulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 68:81-9. [PMID: 23644278 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids participate in the signaling exchange between roots of legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and can promote division of cortical cells during nodule formation by inhibiting auxin transport. Here, we report the characterization of a member of the common bean isoflavone reductase (EC 1.3.1.45, PvIFR1) gene family, an enzyme that participates in the last steps of the biosynthetic pathway of isoflavonoids. Transcript levels of PvIFR1 were detected preferentially in the susceptible zone of roots, augmented upon nitrogen starvation and in response to Rhizobium etli inoculation at very early stages of the interaction. Knockdown of PvIFR1 mediated by RNA interference (RNAi) in common bean composite plants resulted in a reduction of shoot and root length. Furthermore, reduction of PvIFR1 mRNAs also affected growth of lateral roots after emergence, a stage in which auxins are required to establish a persistent meristem. Upon inoculation, the number of nodules formed by different strains of R. etli was significantly lower in IFR RNAi than in control roots. Transcript levels of two auxin-regulated genes are consistent with lower levels of auxin in PvIFR1 silenced roots. These results suggest a complex role of PvIFR1 during plant growth, root development and symbiosis, all processes in which auxin transport is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rípodas
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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315
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López-Guerrero MG, Ormeño-Orrillo E, Rosenblueth M, Martinez-Romero J, Martïnez-Romero E. Buffet hypothesis for microbial nutrition at the rhizosphere. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:188. [PMID: 23785373 PMCID: PMC3682122 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An emphasis is made on the diversity of nutrients that rhizosphere bacteria may encounter derived from roots, soil, decaying organic matter, seeds, or the microbial community. This nutrient diversity may be considered analogous to a buffet and is contrasting to the hypothesis of oligotrophy at the rhizosphere. Different rhizosphere bacteria may have preferences for some substrates and this would allow a complex community to be established at the rhizosphere. To profit from diverse nutrients, root-associated bacteria should have large degrading capabilities and many transporters (seemingly inducible) that may be encoded in a significant proportion of the large genomes that root-associated bacteria have. Rhizosphere microbes may have a tendency to evolve toward generalists. We propose that many genes with unknown function may encode enzymes that participate in degrading diverse rhizosphere substrates. Knowledge of bacterial genes required for nutrition at the rhizosphere will help to make better use of bacteria as plant-growth promoters in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Esperanza Martïnez-Romero
- *Correspondence: Esperanza Martínez-Romero, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad SN, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62210, Mexico e-mail: ,
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316
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Wolters S, Neeb M, Berim A, Schulze Wischeler J, Petersen M, Heine A. Structural analysis of coniferyl alcohol 9-O-methyltransferase from Linum nodiflorum reveals a novel active-site environment. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:888-900. [PMID: 23633600 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coniferyl alcohol 9-O-methyltransferase from Linum nodiflorum (Linaceae) catalyzes the unusual methylation of the side-chain hydroxyl group of coniferyl alcohol. The protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a hexahistidine derivative and purified for crystallization. Diffracting crystals were obtained of the pure protein and of its selenomethionine derivative, as well as of complexes with coniferyl alcohol and with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine together with coniferyl alcohol 9-O-methyl ether (PDB entries 4ems, 4e70 and 4evi, respectively). The X-ray structures show that the phenylpropanoid binding mode differs from other phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases such as caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. Moreover, the active site lacks the usually conserved and catalytic histidine residue and thus implies a different reaction mode for methylation. Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to identify critical amino acids. The binding order of coniferyl alcohol and S-adenosyl-L-methionine was investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wolters
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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317
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Ormeño-Orrillo E, Martínez-Romero E. Phenotypic tests in Rhizobium species description: An opinion and (a sympatric speciation) hypothesis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013; 36:145-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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318
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Hua C, Linling L, Feng X, Yan W, Honghui Y, Conghua W, Shaobing W, Zhiqin L, Juan H, Yuping W, Shuiyuan C, Fuliang C. Expression patterns of an isoflavone reductase-like gene and its possible roles in secondary metabolism in Ginkgo biloba. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:637-650. [PMID: 23459862 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our results showed that GbIRL1 belongs to the PCBER protein family. Besides, IRL1 gene was a novel gene regulating lignin change and also effecting the accumulation of flavonoids in Ginkgo. A cDNA encoding the IFR-like protein was isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., designated as GbIRL1 (Accession no. KC244282). The cDNA of GbIRL1 was 1,203 bp containing a 921 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 306 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatic analyses revealed that GbIRL1 showed extensive homology with IFLs from other gymnosperm species. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that GbIRL1 shared the same ancestor in evolution with other PCBERs protein and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli strain with pET-28a vector. The vitro enzyme activity assay by HPLC indicated that recombinant GbIRL1 protein could catalyze the formation the TDDC, IDDDC from DDDC, DDC. Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that GbIRL1 was constitutively expressed in stem and roots, especially in the parts of the pest and fungal infection, with the lower expression being found in 1- or 2-year old stem. The increased expression of GbIRL1 was detected when the seedlings were treated with Ultraviole-B, ALA, wounding and ethephon, abscisic acid, salicylic acid. Correlation analysis between GbIRL1 activity and flavonoid accumulation during Ginkgo leaf growth indicated that GbIRL1 might be the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids in Ginkgo leaves. Results of RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcription level of change in GbIRL1 power correlated with flavonoid contents, suggesting IRL1 gene as a novel gene regulating lignin change and also effecting the accumulation of flavonoids in Ginkgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hua
- Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources of Hubei Key Laboratories, Hubei Huanggang, 438000, China
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319
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Pirie CM, De Mey M, Prather KLJ, Ajikumar PK. Integrating the protein and metabolic engineering toolkits for next-generation chemical biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:662-72. [PMID: 23373985 DOI: 10.1021/cb300634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through microbial engineering, biosynthesis has the potential to produce thousands of chemicals used in everyday life. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are fields driven by the manipulation of genes, genetic regulatory systems, and enzymatic pathways for developing highly productive microbial strains. Fundamentally, it is the biochemical characteristics of the enzymes themselves that dictate flux through a biosynthetic pathway toward the product of interest. As metabolic engineers target sophisticated secondary metabolites, there has been little recognition of the reduced catalytic activity and increased substrate/product promiscuity of the corresponding enzymes compared to those of central metabolism. Thus, fine-tuning these enzymatic characteristics through protein engineering is paramount for developing high-productivity microbial strains for secondary metabolites. Here, we describe the importance of protein engineering for advancing metabolic engineering of secondary metabolism pathways. This pathway integrated enzyme optimization can enhance the collective toolkit of microbial engineering to shape the future of chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Pirie
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
- Centre of
Expertise−Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristala L. Jones Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Parayil Kumaran Ajikumar
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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320
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Yang B, Zheng J, Laaksonen O, Tahvonen R, Kallio H. Effects of latitude and weather conditions on phenolic compounds in currant (Ribes spp.) cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3517-32. [PMID: 23480522 DOI: 10.1021/jf4000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of growth latitude and weather conditions on phenolic compounds of currants (Ribes spp.) were investigated. The berries of red currant cultivar 'Red Dutch', white currant 'White Dutch', and green currant 'Vertti' were collected in seven consecutive years from two growth sites (south and north) with a latitudinal distance of 690 km. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates and flavonol glycosides in 'Vertti' were higher than those in 'White Dutch' by 8 and 5 times, respectively, and by 50 and 3 times than those in 'Red Dutch', respectively. The total content of phenolic compounds was 10-19% higher in the north than in the south (p < 0.05). In 'Red Dutch', anthocyanins were 12% richer in berries from the north compared with those from the south (p < 0.05). The total content of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in 'Vertti' and 'White Dutch' from the north was 30% higher than those from the south (p < 0.05). High radiation and temperature were associated with low contents of the major phenolic compounds in all the cultivars studied. High humidity correlated with low levels of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in green and white currants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoru Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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321
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Salazar MM, Nascimento LC, Camargo ELO, Gonçalves DC, Lepikson Neto J, Marques WL, Teixeira PJPL, Mieczkowski P, Mondego JMC, Carazzolle MF, Deckmann AC, Pereira GAG. Xylem transcription profiles indicate potential metabolic responses for economically relevant characteristics of Eucalyptus species. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:201. [PMID: 23521840 PMCID: PMC3618336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eucalyptus is one of the most important sources of industrial cellulose. Three species of this botanical group are intensively used in breeding programs: E. globulus, E. grandis and E. urophylla. E. globulus is adapted to subtropical/temperate areas and is considered a source of high-quality cellulose; E. grandis grows rapidly and is adapted to tropical/subtropical climates; and E. urophylla, though less productive, is considered a source of genes related to robustness. Wood, or secondary xylem, results from cambium vascular differentiation and is mostly composed of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses. In this study, the xylem transcriptomes of the three Eucalyptus species were investigated in order to provide insights on the particularities presented by each of these species. Results Data analysis showed that (1) most Eucalyptus genes are expressed in xylem; (2) most genes expressed in species-specific way constitutes genes with unknown functions and are interesting targets for future studies; (3) relevant differences were observed in the phenylpropanoid pathway: E. grandis xylem presents higher expression of genes involved in lignin formation whereas E. urophylla seems to deviates the pathway towards flavonoid formation; (4) stress-related genes are considerably more expressed in E. urophylla, suggesting that these genes may contribute to its robustness. Conclusions The comparison of these three transcriptomes indicates the molecular signatures underlying some of their distinct wood characteristics. This information may contribute to the understanding of xylogenesis, thus increasing the potential of genetic engineering approaches aiming at the improvement of Eucalyptus forest plantations productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Mendes Salazar
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, Brasil
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322
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Chae SC, Lee JH, Park SU. Recent studies on flavonoids and their antioxidant activities. EXCLI JOURNAL 2013; 12:226-30. [PMID: 27034634 PMCID: PMC4803004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Cheon Chae
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, 1 Daehoe-ri, Yesan-kun, Chungnam, 340-720, Korea
| | - Jai-Heon Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jai-Heon Lee, Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea; Phone: + 82-51-200-7592, E-mail:
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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323
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Lussier FX, Colatriano D, Wiltshire Z, Page JE, Martin VJJ. Engineering microbes for plant polyketide biosynthesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 3:e201210020. [PMID: 24688680 PMCID: PMC3962132 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are an important group of secondary metabolites, many of which have important industrial applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Polyketides are synthesized from one of three classes of enzymes differentiated by their biochemical features and product structure: type I, type II or type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). Plant type III PKS enzymes, which will be the main focus of this review, are relatively small homodimeric proteins that catalyze iterative decarboxylative condensations of malonyl units with a CoA-linked starter molecule. This review will describe the plant type III polyketide synthetic pathway, including the synthesis of chalcones, stilbenes and curcuminoids, as well as recent work on the synthesis of these polyketides in heterologous organisms. The limitations and bottlenecks of heterologous expression as well as attempts at creating diversity through the synthesis of novel “unnatural” polyketides using type III PKSs will also be discussed. Although synthetic production of plant polyketides is still in its infancy, their potential as useful bioactive compounds makes them an extremely interesting area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Lussier
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - David Colatriano
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Zach Wiltshire
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Jonathan E Page
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4B 1R6
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324
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Flavonoids: their structure, biosynthesis and role in the rhizosphere, including allelopathy. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:283-97. [PMID: 23397456 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are biologically active low molecular weight secondary metabolites that are produced by plants, with over 10,000 structural variants now reported. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they interact with many diverse targets in subcellular locations to elicit various activities in microbes, plants, and animals. In plants, flavonoids play important roles in transport of auxin, root and shoot development, pollination, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and signalling of symbiotic bacteria in the legume Rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, they possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. In the plant, flavonoids are transported within and between plant tissues and cells, and are specifically released into the rhizosphere by roots where they are involved in plant/plant interactions or allelopathy. Released by root exudation or tissue degradation over time, both aglycones and glycosides of flavonoids are found in soil solutions and root exudates. Although the relative role of flavonoids in allelopathic interference has been less well-characterized than that of some secondary metabolites, we present classic examples of their involvement in autotoxicity and allelopathy. We also describe their activity and fate in the soil rhizosphere in selected examples involving pasture legumes, cereal crops, and ferns. Potential research directions for further elucidation of the specific role of flavonoids in soil rhizosphere interactions are considered.
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325
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Fang C, Zhuang Y, Xu T, Li Y, Li Y, Lin W. Changes in rice allelopathy and rhizosphere microflora by inhibiting rice phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:204-12. [PMID: 23385369 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in allelopathic rice PI312777 was inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi). Transgenic rice showed lower levels of PAL gene expression and PAL activity than wild type rice (WT). The concentrations of phenolic compounds were lower in the root tissues and root exudates of transgenic rice than in those of wild type plants. When barndyardgrass (BYG) was used as the receiver plant, the allelopathic potential of transgenic rice was reduced. The sizes of the bacterial and fungal populations in rice rhizospheric soil at the 3-, 5-, and 7-leaf stages were estimated by using quantitative PCR (qPCR), which showed a decrease in both populations at all stages of leaf development analyzed. However, PI312777 had a larger microbial population than transgenic rice. In addition, in T-RFLP studies, 14 different groups of bacteria were detected in WT and only 6 were detected in transgenic rice. This indicates that there was less rhizospheric bacterial diversity associated with transgenic rice than with WT. These findings collectively suggest that PAL functions as a positive regulator of rice allelopathic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
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326
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Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: Presentation of a small molecule activator of mammalian alpha-amylase as an allosteric effector. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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327
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Rana B, Sreenivasulu Y. Protein changes during ethanol induced seed germination in Aconitum heterophyllum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23199684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aconitum heterophyllum is a high altitude medicinal plant that has become endangered due to overexploitation for their aconitins. The most effective, conventional propagation method for any plant species is by seed. However, in Aconitum seed germination is erratic, and seedling survival is low. In the present study results have been discussed on the possible implication of ethanol treatment on removal of barriers on radical emergence in terms of protein changes. Eighty seven percent of seed germination was achieved in Aconitum with ethanol treatment. Comparative 2-DE analysis of ethanol treated and untreated seed protein profiles in Phase II of germination revealed 40 differentially expressed proteins. Twenty-seven out of 40 proteins were induced, 5 were increased and 8 were repressed. Mass spectrometry and subsequent identification confirmed that these proteins were involved in metabolism, DNA regulation, stress tolerance and plasmamembrane/cell wall biosynthesis/extension processes. These protein changes might be responsible for physiological and physical changes, respectively, resulted in increase in germination percentage. Further, characterization of these proteins will be of great help in understanding the molecular mechanism lying behind enhanced germination in response to ethanol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Rana
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061 (H.P.), India
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328
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Zavala JA, Nabity PD, DeLucia EH. An emerging understanding of mechanisms governing insect herbivory under elevated CO2. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:79-97. [PMID: 22974069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By changing the chemical composition of foliage, the increase in atmospheric CO(2) is fundamentally altering insect herbivory. The responses of folivorous insects to these changes is, however, highly variable. In this review we highlight emerging mechanisms by which increasing CO(2) alters the defense chemistry and signaling of plants. The response of allelochemicals affecting insect performance varies under elevated CO(2), and results suggest this is driven by changes in plant hormones. Increasing CO(2) suppresses the production of jasmonates and ethylene and increases the production of salicylic acid, and these differential responses of plant hormones affect specific secondary chemical pathways. In addition to changes in secondary chemistry, elevated CO(2) decreases rates of water loss from leaves, increases temperature and feeding rates, and alters nutritional content. New insights into the mechanistic responses of secondary chemistry to elevated CO(2) increase our ability to predict the ecological and evolutionary responses of plants attacked by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/INBA, Facultad de Agronomía, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina.
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329
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Brachmann AO, Bode HB. Identification and bioanalysis of natural products from insect symbionts and pathogens. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:123-55. [PMID: 23657492 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
: With the development of several novel methods in genome sequencing, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry a new area of natural product chemistry is currently starting that allows the analysis of minute amounts of complex biological samples. The combination of these methods, as discussed in this review, also enables the analysis of bacteria living in symbiosis or being pathogenic to insects, which might be the largest reservoir for novel microbes associated with higher organisms due to the huge number of insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Brachmann
- Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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330
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Glas JJ, Schimmel BCJ, Alba JM, Escobar-Bravo R, Schuurink RC, Kant MR. Plant glandular trichomes as targets for breeding or engineering of resistance to herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:17077-103. [PMID: 23235331 PMCID: PMC3546740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are specialized hairs found on the surface of about 30% of all vascular plants and are responsible for a significant portion of a plant's secondary chemistry. Glandular trichomes are an important source of essential oils, i.e., natural fragrances or products that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry, although many of these substances have evolved to provide the plant with protection against herbivores and pathogens. The storage compartment of glandular trichomes usually is located on the tip of the hair and is part of the glandular cell, or cells, which are metabolically active. Trichomes and their exudates can be harvested relatively easily, and this has permitted a detailed study of their metabolites, as well as the genes and proteins responsible for them. This knowledge now assists classical breeding programs, as well as targeted genetic engineering, aimed to optimize trichome density and physiology to facilitate customization of essential oil production or to tune biocide activity to enhance crop protection. We will provide an overview of the metabolic diversity found within plant glandular trichomes, with the emphasis on those of the Solanaceae, and of the tools available to manipulate their activities for enhancing the plant's resistance to pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Department of Plant Breeding, Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture Institute “La Mayora” (IHSM), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Experimental Station “La Mayora”, E-29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, 1098 XH, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Farhi M, Albo B, Cna’ani A, Ben Zvi MM, Masci T, Edelbaum O, Yu Y, Shklarman E, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. The R2R3-MYB-like regulatory factor EOBI, acting downstream of EOBII, regulates scent production by activating ODO1 and structural scent-related genes in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5089-105. [PMID: 23275577 PMCID: PMC3556977 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flower scent is a highly dynamic trait, under developmental, spatial, and diurnal regulation. The mechanism governing scent production is only beginning to be unraveled. In petunia (Petunia hybrida), EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS II (EOBII) controls transcription of both the shikimate pathway-regulating MYB factor ODORANT1 (ODO1) and phenylpropanoid scent-related structural genes. A promoter-activation screen identified an R2R3-MYB-like regulatory factor of phenylpropanoid volatile biosynthesis acting downstream of EOBII, designated EOBI. EOBI silencing led to downregulation of ODO1 and numerous structural scent-related genes from both the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. The ability of EOBI to directly activate ODO1, as revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and yeast one-hybrid analysis, place EOBI upstream of ODO1 in regulating substrate availability for volatile biosynthesis. Interestingly, ODO1-silenced transgenic petunia flowers accumulated higher EOBI transcript levels than controls, suggesting a complex feedback loop between these regulatory factors. The accumulation pattern of EOBI transcript relative to EOBII and ODO1, and the effect of up/downregulation of EOBII on transcript levels of EOBI and ODO1, further support these factors' hierarchical relationships. The dependence of scent production on EOBI expression and its direct interaction with both regulatory and structural genes provide evidence for EOBI's wide-ranging involvement in the production of floral volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Farhi
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boaz Albo
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Cna’ani
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Moyal Ben Zvi
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Orit Edelbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yixun Yu
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elena Shklarman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marianna Ovadis
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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332
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Expression patterns of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene involved in lignin biosynthesis and environmental stress in Ginkgo biloba. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:707-21. [PMID: 23143181 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. A cDNA sequence encoding the CAD gene was isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L, designated as GbCAD1. The full-length cDNA of GbCAD1 was 1,494 bp containing a 1,074 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 357 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 38.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.74. Comparative and bioinformatic analyses revealed that GbCAD1 showed extensive homology with CADs from other gymnosperm species. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbCAD1 belonged to a multi-gene family. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that GbCAD1 shared the same ancestor in evolution with other CADs and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. GbCAD1 was an enzyme being pH-dependent and temperature-sensitive, and showing a selected catalyzing. Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that GbCAD1 was constitutively expressed in stems and roots, especially in the parts of the pest and disease infection, with the lower expression being found in two- to four-year-old stem. Further analysis showed the change in lignin content had some linear correlation with the expression level of GbCAD1 mRNA in different tissues. The increased expression of GbCAD1 was detected when the seedling were treated with exogenous abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethephon, ultraviolet and wounding. These results indicate that the GbCAD1 gene may play a role in the resistance mechanism to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in tissue-specific developmental lignification.
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333
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Palafox-Carlos H, Yahia E, González-Aguilar G. Identification and quantification of major phenolic compounds from mango (Mangifera indica, cv. Ataulfo) fruit by HPLC–DAD–MS/MS-ESI and their individual contribution to the antioxidant activity during ripening. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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334
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Yuan Y, Wang Z, Jiang C, Wang X, Huang L. Exploiting genes and functional diversity of chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosyntheses in Lonicera japonica and their substitutes. Gene 2012; 534:408-16. [PMID: 23085319 PMCID: PMC7138419 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and luteolin are active compounds in Lonicera japonica, a plant of high medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine. This study provides a comprehensive overview of gene families involved in chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in L. japonica, as well as its substitutes Lonicera hypoglauca and Lonicera macranthoides. The gene sequence feature and gene expression patterns in various tissues and buds of the species were characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 14 chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis-related genes were identified from the L. japonica transcriptome assembly. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the function of individual gene could be differentiation and induce active compound diversity. Their orthologous genes were also recognized in L. hypoglauca and L. macranthoides genomic datasets, except for LHCHS1 and LMC4H2. The expression patterns of these genes are different in the tissues of L. japonica, L. hypoglauca and L. macranthoides. Results also showed that CGAs were controlled in the first step of biosynthesis, whereas both steps controlled luteolin in the bud of L. japonica. The expression of LJFNS2 exhibited positive correlation with luteolin levels in L. japonica. This study provides significant information for understanding the functional diversity of gene families involved in chlorogenic acid and the luteolin biosynthesis, active compound diversity of L. japonica and its substitutes, and the different usages of the three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhouyong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xumin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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335
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Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius SP, Casati P. Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23060891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites with different metabolic functions in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as their regulation by MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40-type transcription factors, has allowed metabolic engineering of plants through the manipulation of the different final products with valuable applications. The present review describes the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the biological functions of flavonoids in plants, such as in defense against UV-B radiation and pathogen infection, nodulation, and pollen fertility. In addition, we discuss different strategies and achievements through the genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis with implication in the industry and the combinatorial biosynthesis in microorganisms by the reconstruction of the pathway to obtain high amounts of specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Falcone Ferreyra
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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336
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Zhu Q, Zhou J, Zhang G, Liao H. Homology Modeling and Molecular Docking Studies of (S)-Scoulerine 9-O-Methyltransferase fromCoptis chinensis. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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337
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Grignon-Dubois M, Rezzonico B. First Phytochemical Evidence of Chemotypes for the Seagrass Zostera noltii. PLANTS 2012; 1:27-38. [PMID: 27137638 PMCID: PMC4844259 DOI: 10.3390/plants1010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The variability of the flavonoid content of two populations of Z. noltii from different geographical zones, i.e., the Bay of Arcachon and the Bay of Cadiz, was evaluated. Samples were collected in spring and autumn at the two sites, and extracts were prepared by maceration in water. The phenolic content was fully characterized using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), UV and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), and the concentration of the individual phenolic was determined by quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). The two populations show a strong geographical differentiation in their flavonoid content. The samples from Cadiz were dominated by apigenin 7-sulfate, which represents 71% (autumn collection) and 83% (spring collection) of the total flavonoids, whereas the samples from Arcachon were characterized by diosmetin 7-sulfate (85 and 93% of the total flavonoids). Structural elucidation of the individual phenolics was assigned using the complementary information from their spectral evidence. In addition, the results were confirmed by acid hydrolysis of the flavonoid sulfates, and comparison to synthetic standards obtained by sulfation of apigenin, diosmetin and luteolin. The results represent the first experimental evidence of the existence of chemotypes within the species Z. noltii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Rezzonico
- UMR 5805, EPOC, University Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France.
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338
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Vrhovsek U, Masuero D, Gasperotti M, Franceschi P, Caputi L, Viola R, Mattivi F. A versatile targeted metabolomics method for the rapid quantification of multiple classes of phenolics in fruits and beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8831-40. [PMID: 22468648 DOI: 10.1021/jf2051569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence of the health benefits of phenolic compounds and their impact on food quality have stimulated the development of analytical methods for the identification and quantification of these compounds in different matrices in recent years. A targeted metabolomics method has been developed for the quantification of 135 phenolics, such as benzoates, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, stilbenes, dihydrochalcones, and flavonoids, in fruit and tea extracts and wine using UPLC/QqQ-MS/MS. Chromatography was optimized to achieve separation of the compounds over a period of 15 min, and MRM transitions were selected for accurate quantification. The method was validated by studying the detection and quantification limits, the linearity ranges, and the intraday and interday repeatability of the analysis. The validated method was applied to the analysis of apples, berries, green tea, and red wine, providing a valuable tool for food quality evaluation and breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach , IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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339
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Porth I, White R, Jaquish B, Alfaro R, Ritland C, Ritland K. Genetical genomics identifies the genetic architecture for growth and weevil resistance in spruce. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44397. [PMID: 22973444 PMCID: PMC3433439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, relationships between resistance to herbivorous insect pests and growth are typically controlled by complex interactions between genetically correlated traits. These relationships often result in tradeoffs in phenotypic expression. In this study we used genetical genomics to elucidate genetic relationships between tree growth and resistance to white pine terminal weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck.) in a pedigree population of interior spruce (Picea glauca, P. engelmannii and their hybrids) that was growing at Vernon, B.C. and segregating for weevil resistance. Genetical genomics uses genetic perturbations caused by allelic segregation in pedigrees to co-locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for gene expression and quantitative traits. Bark tissue of apical leaders from 188 trees was assayed for gene expression using a 21.8K spruce EST-spotted microarray; the same individuals were genotyped for 384 SNP markers for the genetic map. Many of the expression QTLs (eQTL) co-localized with resistance trait QTLs. For a composite resistance phenotype of six attack and oviposition traits, 149 positional candidate genes were identified. Resistance and growth QTLs also overlapped with eQTL hotspots along the genome suggesting that: 1) genetic pleiotropy of resistance and growth traits in interior spruce was substantial, and 2) master regulatory genes were important for weevil resistance in spruce. These results will enable future work on functional genetic studies of insect resistance in spruce, and provide valuable information about candidate genes for genetic improvement of spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilga Porth
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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340
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Manjasetty BA, Yu XH, Panjikar S, Taguchi G, Chance MR, Liu CJ. Structural basis for modification of flavonol and naphthol glucoconjugates by Nicotiana tabacum malonyltransferase (NtMaT1). PLANTA 2012; 236:781-93. [PMID: 22610270 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant HXXXD acyltransferase-catalyzed malonylation is an important modification reaction in elaborating the structural diversity of flavonoids and anthocyanins, and a universal adaptive mechanism to detoxify xenobiotics. Nicotiana tabacum malonyltransferase 1 (NtMaT1) is a member of anthocyanin acyltransferase subfamily that uses malonyl-CoA (MLC) as donor catalyzing transacylation in a range of flavonoid and naphthol glucosides. To gain insights into the molecular basis underlying its catalytic mechanism and versatile substrate specificity, we resolved the X-ray crystal structure of NtMaT1 to 3.1 Å resolution. The structure comprises two α/β mixed subdomains, as typically found in the HXXXD acyltransferases. The partial electron density map of malonyl-CoA allowed us to reliably dock the entire molecule into the solvent channel and subsequently define the binding sites for both donor and acceptor substrates. MLC bound to the NtMaT1 occupies one end of the long solvent channel between two subdomains. On superimposing and comparing the structure of NtMaT1 with that of an enzyme from anthocyanin acyltransferase subfamily from red chrysanthemum (Dm3Mat3) revealed large architectural variation in the binding sites, both for the acyl donor and for the acceptor, although their overall protein folds are structurally conserved. Consequently, the shape and the interactions of malonyl-CoA with the binding sites' amino acid residues differ substantially. These major local architectural disparities point to the independent, divergent evolution of plant HXXXD acyltransferases in different species. The structural flexibility of the enzyme and the amendable binding pattern of the substrates provide a basis for the evolution of the distinct, versatile substrate specificity of plant HXXXD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu A Manjasetty
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation and Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UJF-EMBL-CNRS, UMI 3265, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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341
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Schmidt A, Li C, Jones AD, Pichersky E. Characterization of a flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase in the trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites. PLANTA 2012; 236:839-849. [PMID: 22711283 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The glandular trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites accumulate the polymethylated flavonol aglycones, 3,7,3'-O-methyl myricetin, 3,7,3',5'-O-methyl myricetin, and 3,7,3',4',5'-O-methyl myricetin. Partially methylated flavonol aglycones and partially methylated flavonol glycones containing a methyl group at the 3 position have been previously reported from a variety of plants. The 3-O-methyltransferase (3-OMT) activity has been previously partially purified from plants, but a gene transcript encoding an enzyme capable of methylating flavonols at the 3 position has not yet been identified, nor have been such proteins purified and characterized. We previously identified two gene transcripts expressed in the glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites and showed that they encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin at the 3' and 5' and the 7 and 4' positions, respectively. Here we report the identification of gene transcripts expressed in S. lycopersicum (cultivated tomato) and in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes that encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin, and its partially methylated derivatives exclusively at the 3 position. The S. habrochaites gene transcript is preferentially expressed in the glandular trichomes and it encodes a protein with high similarity to the S. habrochaites, 3'/5' O-methyltransferase which is also present in glandular trichomes. Phylogenic analysis suggests that the 3-OMT activity has probably evolved from an ancestral 3'/5' methyltransferase activity. The discovery and characterization of 3-OMT provides a more complete picture of the series of reactions leading to highly methylated myricetin compounds in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schmidt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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342
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Shin SY, Jung SM, Kim MD, Han NS, Seo JH. Production of resveratrol from tyrosine in metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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343
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Vannozzi A, Dry IB, Fasoli M, Zenoni S, Lucchin M. Genome-wide analysis of the grapevine stilbene synthase multigenic family: genomic organization and expression profiles upon biotic and abiotic stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:130. [PMID: 22863370 PMCID: PMC3433347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant stilbenes are a small group of phenylpropanoids, which have been detected in at least 72 unrelated plant species and accumulate in response to biotic and abiotic stresses such as infection, wounding, UV-C exposure and treatment with chemicals. Stilbenes are formed via the phenylalanine/polymalonate-route, the last step of which is catalyzed by the enzyme stilbene synthase (STS), a type III polyketide synthase (PKS). Stilbene synthases are closely related to chalcone synthases (CHS), the key enzymes of the flavonoid pathway, as illustrated by the fact that both enzymes share the same substrates. To date, STSs have been cloned from peanut, pine, sorghum and grapevine, the only stilbene-producing fruiting-plant for which the entire genome has been sequenced. Apart from sorghum, STS genes appear to exist as a family of closely related genes in these other plant species. RESULTS In this study a complete characterization of the STS multigenic family in grapevine has been performed, commencing with the identification, annotation and phylogenetic analysis of all members and integration of this information with a comprehensive set of gene expression analyses including healthy tissues at differential developmental stages and in leaves exposed to both biotic (downy mildew infection) and abiotic (wounding and UV-C exposure) stresses. At least thirty-three full length sequences encoding VvSTS genes were identified, which, based on predicted amino acid sequences, cluster in 3 principal groups designated A, B and C. The majority of VvSTS genes cluster in groups B and C and are located on chr16 whereas the few gene family members in group A are found on chr10. Microarray and mRNA-seq expression analyses revealed different patterns of transcript accumulation between the different groups of VvSTS family members and between VvSTSs and VvCHSs. Indeed, under certain conditions the transcriptional response of VvSTS and VvCHS genes appears to be diametrically opposed suggesting that flow of carbon between these two competing metabolic pathways is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSIONS This study represents an overview of the expression pattern of each member of the STS gene family in grapevine under both constitutive and stress-induced conditions. The results strongly indicate the existence of a transcriptional subfunctionalization amongst VvSTSs and provide the foundation for further functional investigations about the role and evolution of this large gene family. Moreover, it represents the first study to clearly show the differential regulation of VvCHS and VvSTS genes, suggesting the involvement of transcription factors (TFs) in both the activation and repression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Viticoltura ed Enologia, Università di Padova, Agripolis, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Ian B Dry
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Margherita Lucchin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Viticoltura ed Enologia, Università di Padova, Agripolis, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Kostyn K, Czemplik M, Kulma A, Bortniczuk M, Skała J, Szopa J. Genes of phenylpropanoid pathway are activated in early response to Fusarium attack in flax plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 190:103-15. [PMID: 22608524 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium is the most common flax pathogen causing serious plant diseases and in most cases leading to plant death. To protect itself, the plant activates a number of genes and metabolic pathways, both to counteract the effects of the pathogen, and to eliminate the threat. The identification of the plant genes which respond to infection is the approach, that has been used in this study. Forty-seven flax genes have been identified by means of cDNA subtraction method as those, which respond to pathogen infection. Subtracted genes were classified into several classes and the prevalence of the genes involved in the broad spectrum of antioxidants biosynthesis has been noticed. By means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and metabolite profiling, the involvement of subtracted genes controlling phenylpropanoid pathway in flax upon infection was positively verified. We identified the key genes of the synthesis of these compounds. At the same time we determined the level of the metabolites produced in the phenylpropanoid pathway (flavonoids, phenolic acids) in early response to Fusarium attack by means of GC-MS technique. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report to describe genes and metabolites of early flax response to pathogens studied in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Moreau C, Ambrose MJ, Turner L, Hill L, Ellis TN, Hofer JM. The B gene of pea encodes a defective flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, and confers pink flower color. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:759-68. [PMID: 22492867 PMCID: PMC3375939 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inheritance of flower color in pea (Pisum sativum) has been studied for more than a century, but many of the genes corresponding to these classical loci remain unidentified. Anthocyanins are the main flower pigments in pea. These are generated via the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, which has been studied in detail and is well conserved among higher plants. A previous proposal that the Clariroseus (B) gene of pea controls hydroxylation at the 5' position of the B ring of flavonoid precursors of the anthocyanins suggested to us that the gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), the enzyme that hydroxylates the 5' position of the B ring, was a good candidate for B. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined mutants generated by fast neutron bombardment. We found allelic pink-flowered b mutant lines that carried a variety of lesions in an F3'5'H gene, including complete gene deletions. The b mutants lacked glycosylated delphinidin and petunidin, the major pigments present in the progenitor purple-flowered wild-type pea. These results, combined with the finding that the F3'5'H gene cosegregates with b in a genetic mapping population, strongly support our hypothesis that the B gene of pea corresponds to a F3'5'H gene. The molecular characterization of genes involved in pigmentation in pea provides valuable anchor markers for comparative legume genomics and will help to identify differences in anthocyanin biosynthesis that lead to variation in pigmentation among legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Moreau
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
| | - Mike J. Ambrose
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
| | - Lynda Turner
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
| | - Lionel Hill
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
| | - T.H. Noel Ellis
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
| | - Julie M.I. Hofer
- Department of Metabolic Biology (C.M., L.H.) and Department of Crop Genetics (M.J.A., L.T.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom (T.H.N.E., J.M.I.H.)
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346
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Abdel-Lateif K, Bogusz D, Hocher V. The role of flavonoids in the establishment of plant roots endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia and Frankia bacteria. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:636-41. [PMID: 22580697 PMCID: PMC3442858 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions including key roles at different levels of root endosymbioses. While there is a lot of information on the role of particular flavonoids in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, yet their exact role during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza and actinorhizal symbioses still remains unclear. Within the context of the latest data suggesting a common symbiotic signaling pathway for both plant-fungal and plant bacterial endosymbioses between legumes and actinorhiza-forming fagales, this mini-review highlights some of the recent studies on the three major types of root endosymbioses. Implication of the molecular knowledge of endosymbioses signaling and genetic manipulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway on the development of strategies for the transfer and optimization of nodulation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
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347
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Mathys J, De Cremer K, Timmermans P, Van Kerckhove S, Lievens B, Vanhaecke M, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. Genome-Wide Characterization of ISR Induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma hamatum T382 Against Botrytis cinerea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:108. [PMID: 22661981 PMCID: PMC3362084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the molecular basis of the induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma hamatum T382 against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea B05-10 was unraveled by microarray analysis both before (ISR-prime) and after (ISR-boost) additional pathogen inoculation. The observed high numbers of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are involved. By focusing on pathways instead of genes, a holistic picture of the mechanisms underlying ISR emerged. In general, a close resemblance is observed between ISR-prime and systemic acquired resistance, the systemic defense response that is triggered in plants upon pathogen infection leading to increased resistance toward secondary infections. Treatment with T. hamatum T382 primes the plant (ISR-prime), resulting in an accelerated activation of the defense response against B. cinerea during ISR-boost and a subsequent moderation of the B. cinerea induced defense response. Microarray results were validated for representative genes by qRT-PCR. The involvement of various defense-related pathways was confirmed by phenotypic analysis of mutants affected in these pathways, thereby proving the validity of our approach. Combined with additional anthocyanin analysis data these results all point to the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in T. hamatum T382-induced ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janick Mathys
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Pieter Timmermans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research InstituteSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Consortium for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (CIMB), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven AssociationSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mieke Vanhaecke
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
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348
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Evolution of the chalcone-isomerase fold from fatty-acid binding to stereospecific catalysis. Nature 2012; 485:530-3. [PMID: 22622584 PMCID: PMC3880581 DOI: 10.1038/nature11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolic enzymes biosynthesize chemicals of ecological importance, often sharing a pedigree with primary metabolic enzymes1. However, the lineage of the enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI) remained a quandary. In vascular plants, CHI-catalyzed conversion of chalcones to chiral (S)-flavanones is a committed step in the production of plant flavonoids, compounds that contribute to attraction, defense2, and development3. CHI operates near the diffusion limit with stereospecific control4,5. While associated primarily with plants, the CHI-fold occurs in several other eukaryotic lineages and in some bacteria. Here we report crystal structures, ligand-binding properties, and in vivo functional characterization of a non-catalytic CHI-fold family from plants. A. thaliana contains five actively transcribed CHI-fold genes, three of which additionally encode amino-terminal chloroplast-transit sequences (cTP). These three CHI-fold proteins localize to plastids, the site of de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in plant cells. Furthermore, their expression profiles correlate with those of core FA biosynthetic enzymes, with maximal expression occurring in seeds and coinciding with increased FA storage in the developing embryo. In vitro, these proteins are Fatty Acid-binding Proteins (FAP). FAP knockout A. thaliana plants exhibit elevated alpha-linolenic acid levels and marked reproductive defects, including aberrant seed formation. Notably, the FAP discovery defines the adaptive evolution of a stereospecific and catalytically ‘perfected’ enzyme6 from a non-enzymatic ancestor over a defined period of plant evolution.
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349
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Hassan S, Mathesius U. The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3429-44. [PMID: 22213816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant compounds with functions in UV protection, as antioxidants, pigments, auxin transport regulators, defence compounds against pathogens and during signalling in symbiosis. This review highlights some of the known function of flavonoids in the rhizosphere, in particular for the interaction of roots with microorganisms. Depending on their structure, flavonoids have been shown to stimulate or inhibit rhizobial nod gene expression, cause chemoattraction of rhizobia towards the root, inhibit root pathogens, stimulate mycorrhizal spore germination and hyphal branching, mediate allelopathic interactions between plants, affect quorum sensing, and chelate soil nutrients. Therefore, the manipulation of the flavonoid pathway to synthesize specifically certain products has been suggested as an avenue to improve root-rhizosphere interactions. Possible strategies to alter flavonoid exudation to the rhizosphere are discussed. Possible challenges in that endeavour include limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate flavonoid transport and exudation, unforeseen effects of altering parts of the flavonoid synthesis pathway on fluxes elsewhere in the pathway, spatial heterogeneity of flavonoid exudation along the root, as well as alteration of flavonoid products by microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the overlapping functions of many flavonoids as stimulators of functions in one organism and inhibitors of another suggests caution in attempts to manipulate flavonoid rhizosphere signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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350
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Ruckle ME, Burgoon LD, Lawrence LA, Sinkler CA, Larkin RM. Plastids are major regulators of light signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:366-90. [PMID: 22383539 PMCID: PMC3375971 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.193599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We previously provided evidence that plastid signaling regulates the downstream components of a light signaling network and that this signal integration coordinates chloroplast biogenesis with both the light environment and development by regulating gene expression. We tested these ideas by analyzing light- and plastid-regulated transcriptomes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that the enrichment of Gene Ontology terms in these transcriptomes is consistent with the integration of light and plastid signaling (1) down-regulating photosynthesis and inducing both repair and stress tolerance in dysfunctional chloroplasts and (2) helping coordinate processes such as growth, the circadian rhythm, and stress responses with the degree of chloroplast function. We then tested whether factors that contribute to this signal integration are also regulated by light and plastid signals by characterizing T-DNA insertion alleles of genes that are regulated by light and plastid signaling and that encode proteins that are annotated as contributing to signaling, transcription, or no known function. We found that a high proportion of these mutant alleles induce chloroplast biogenesis during deetiolation. We quantified the expression of four photosynthesis-related genes in seven of these enhanced deetiolation (end) mutants and found that photosynthesis-related gene expression is attenuated. This attenuation is particularly striking for Photosystem II subunit S expression. We conclude that the integration of light and plastid signaling regulates a number of END genes that help optimize chloroplast function and that at least some END genes affect photosynthesis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert M. Larkin
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (M.E.R., L.A.L., C.A.S., R.M.L.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.E.R., L.D.B., R.M.L.), and Gene Expression in Development and Disease Initiative (L.D.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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