Carboxymethylated and Sulfated Furcellaran from Furcellaria lumbricalis and Its Immobilization on PLA Scaffolds

This study involved the creation of highly porous PLA scaffolds through the porogen/leaching method, utilizing polyethylene glycol as a porogen with a 75% mass ratio. The outcome achieved a highly interconnected porous structure with a thickness of 25 μm. To activate the scaffold's surface and improve its hydrophilicity, radiofrequency (RF) air plasma treatment was employed. Subsequently, furcellaran subjected to sulfation or carboxymethylation was deposited onto the RF plasma treated surfaces with the intention of improving bioactivity. Surface roughness and water wettability experienced enhancement following the surface modification. The incorporation of sulfate/carboxymethyl group (DS = 0.8; 0.3, respectively) is confirmed by elemental analysis and FT-IR. Successful functionalization of PLA scaffolds was validated by SEM and XPS analysis, showing changes in topography and increases in characteristic elements (N, S, Na) for sulfated (SF) and carboxymethylated (CMF). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3).

Fucoidan- and Ciprofloxacin-Doped Plasma-Activated Polymer Coatings on Biodegradable Zinc: Hemocompatibility and Drug Release

Blood-contacting medical devices such as biodegradable metallic bone implant materials are expected to show excellent hemocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Different approaches are being studied and used to modify biomaterial surfaces for enhanced biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. However, the composition of degradable biomaterial must address several drawbacks at once. Iron-reinforced zinc material was used as a metallic substrate with improved mechanical properties when compared with those of pure zinc. Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) or polyethylenimine (PEI) was selected as a polymeric matrix for further doping with antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPR) and marine-sourced polysaccharide fucoidan (FU), which are known for their antibacterial and potential anticoagulant properties, respectively. Radiofrequency air plasma was employed to induce metallic/polymer-coated surface activation before further modification with FU/CPR. Sample surface morphology and composition were studied and evaluated (contact angle measurements, AFM, SEM, and FT-IR) along with the hemolysis ratio and platelet adhesion test. Successful doping of the polymer layer by FU/CRP was confirmed. While PEI induced severe hemolysis over 12%, the PLA-coated samples exhibited even lower hemolysis (∼2%) than uncoated samples while the uncoated samples showed the lowest platelet adhesion. Moreover, gradual antibiotic release from PLA determined by the electrochemical methods using screen-printed carbon electrodes was observed after 24, 48, and 72 h, making the PLA-coated zinc-based material an attractive candidate for biodegradable material design.

Engineering of inhalable nano-in-microparticles for co-delivery of small molecules and miRNAs

In this study, novel Trojan particles were engineered for direct delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and miR-34a as model drugs to the lungs to raise local drug concentration, decrease pulmonary clearance, increase lung drug deposition, reduce systemic side effects, and overcome multi-drug resistance. For this purpose, targeted polyelectrolyte nanoparticles (tPENs) developed with layer-by-layer polymers (i.e., chitosan, dextran sulfate, and mannose-g-polyethyleneimine) were spray dried into a multiple-excipient (i.e., chitosan, leucine, and mannitol). The resulting nanoparticles were first characterized in terms of size, morphology, in vitro DOX release, cellular internalization, and in vitro cytotoxicity. tPENs showed comparable cellular uptake levels to PENs in A549 cells and no significant cytotoxicity on their metabolic activity. Co-loaded DOX/miR-34a showed a greater cytotoxicity effect than DOX-loaded tPENs and free drugs, which was confirmed by Actin staining. Thereafter, nano-in-microparticles were studied through size, morphology, aerosolization efficiency, residual moisture content, and in vitro DOX release. It was demonstrated that tPENs were successfully incorporated into microspheres with adequate emitted dose and fine particle fraction but low mass median aerodynamic diameter for deposition into the deep lung. The dry powder formulations also demonstrated a sustained DOX release at both pH values of 6.8 and 7.4.

Thermo Compression of Thermoplastic Agar-Xanthan Gum-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend

There is a gap in the literature for the preparation of agar-xanthan gum-carboxymethyl cellulose-based films by thermo compression methods. The present work aims to fill this gap by blending the polysaccharides in a plastograph and preparation of films under high pressure and temperature for a short duration of time. The pivotal aim of this work is also to know the effect of different mixing conditions on the physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the films. The films are assessed based on results from microscopic, infrared spectroscopic, permeability (WVTR), transmittance, mechanical, rheological and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the mixing volume and mixing duration had negative effects on the films' transparency. WVTR was independent of the mixing conditions and ranged between 1078 and 1082 g/m2·d. The mixing RPM and mixing duration had a positive effect on the film tensile strength. The films from the blends mixed at higher RPM for a longer time gave elongation percentage up to 78%. Blending also altered the crystallinity and thermal behavior of the polysaccharides. The blend prepared at 80 RPM for 7 min and pressed at 140 °C showed better percent elongation and light barrier properties.

Nanoparticle-Based Rifampicin Delivery System Development

The alkaline milieu of chronic wounds severely impairs the therapeutic effect of antibiotics, such as rifampicin; as such, the development of new drugs, or the smart delivery of existing drugs, is required. Herein, two innovative polyelectrolyte nanoparticles (PENs), composed of an amphiphilic chitosan core and a polycationic shell, were synthesized at alkaline pH, and in vitro performances were assessed by ¹H NMR, elemental analysis, FT-IR, XRD, DSC, DLS, SEM, TEM, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and HPLC. According to the results, the nanostructures exhibited different morphologies but similar physicochemical properties and release profiles. It was also hypothesized that the simultaneous use of the nanosystem and an antioxidant could be therapeutically beneficial. Therefore, the simultaneous effects of ascorbic acid and PENs were evaluated on the release profile and degradation of rifampicin, in which the results confirmed their synergistic protective effect at pH 8.5, as opposed to pH 7.4. Overall, this study highlighted the benefits of nanoparticulate development in the presence of antioxidants, at alkaline pH, as an efficient approach for decreasing rifampicin degradation.

Polymer Based Bioadhesive Biomaterials for Medical Application-A Perspective of Redefining Healthcare System Management

This article deliberates about the importance of polymer-based bioadhesive biomaterials' medical application in healthcare and in redefining healthcare management. Nowadays, the application of bioadhesion in the health sector is one of the great interests for various researchers, due to recent advances in their formulation development. Actually, this area of study is considered as an active multidisciplinary research approach, where engineers, scientists (including chemists, physicists, biologists, and medical experts), material producers and manufacturers combine their knowledge in order to provide better healthcare. Moreover, while discussing the implications of value-based healthcare, it is necessary to mention that health comprises three main domains, namely, physical, mental, and social health, which not only prioritize the quality healthcare, but also enable us to measure the outcomes of medical interventions. In addition, this conceptual article provides an understanding of the consequences of the natural or synthetic polymer-based bioadhesion of biomaterials, and its significance for redefining healthcare management as a novel approach. Furthermore, the research assumptions highlight that the quality healthcare concept has recently become a burning topic, wherein healthcare service providers, private research institutes, government authorities, public service boards, associations and academics have taken the initiative to restructure the healthcare system to create value for patients and increase their satisfaction, and lead ultimately to a healthier society.

Effect of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles Impregnated Bacterial Cellulose on Overall Properties of Alginate/Casein Hydrogels: Potential Injectable Biomaterial for Wound Healing Applications

In this study we report the preparation of novel multicomponent hydrogels as potential biomaterials for injectable hydrogels comprised of alginate, casein and bacterial cellulose impregnated with iron nanoparticles (BCF). These hydrogels demonstrated amide cross-linking of alginate-casein, ionic cross-linking of alginate and supramolecular interaction due to incorporation of BCF. Incorporation of BCF into the hydrogels based on natural biopolymers was done to reinforce the hydrogels and impart magnetic properties critical for targeted drug delivery. This study aimed to improve overall properties of alginate/casein hydrogels by varying the BCF loading. The physico-chemical properties of gels were characterized via FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, VSM and mechanical compression. In addition, swelling, drug release, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity studies were also conducted on these hydrogels. The results indicated that incorporation of BCF in alginate/casein hydrogels led to mechanically stronger gels with magnetic properties, increased porosity and hence increased swelling. A porous structure, which is essential for migration of cells and biomolecule transportation, was confirmed from microscopic analysis. The porous internal structure promoted cell viability, which was confirmed through MTT assay of fibroblasts. Moreover, a hydrogel can be useful for the delivery of essential drugs or biomolecules in a sustained manner for longer durations. These hydrogels are porous, cell viable and possess mechanical properties that match closely to the native tissue. Collectively, these hybrid alginate-casein hydrogels laden with BCF can be fabricated by a facile approach for potential wound healing applications.

The use of fractionated Kraft lignin to improve the mechanical and biological properties of PVA-based scaffolds

The mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based scaffolds were successfully improved. The improvements in mechanical properties correlated with the amount of Kraft lignin in PVA matrices. The critical property for any scaffold is its capacity to allow cells to ingrow and survive within its internal structure. The ingrowth of cells was tested using bioreactors creating simulated in vivo conditions. In the context of all the mentioned parameters, the most advantageous properties were exhibited by the scaffold containing 99 wt% PVA and 1 wt% Kraft lignin. The composites with 1 wt% Kraft lignin exhibited sufficient mechanical stability, a lack of cytotoxicity, and mainly the ability to allow the ingrowth of cells into the scaffold in a rotation bioreactor.

The mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based scaffolds were successfully improved.

A novel multistep method for chondroitin sulphate immobilization and its interaction with fibroblast cells

Polymeric biomaterials are widely used in medical applications owing to their low cost, processability and sufficient toughness. Surface modification by creating a thin film of bioactive agents is promising technique to enhance cellular interactions, regulate the protein adsorption and/or avoid bacterial infections. Polyethylene is one of the most used polymeric biomaterial but its hydrophobic nature impedes its further chemical modifications. Plasma treatment is unique method to increase its hydrophilicity by incorporating hydrophilic oxidative functional groups and tailoring the surface by physical etching. Furthermore, grafting of polymer brushes of amine group containing monomers onto the functionalized surface lead to strongly immobilized bioactive agents at the final step. Chondroitin sulphate is natural polysaccharide mainly found in connective cartilage tissue which used as a bioactive agent to immobilize onto polyethylene surface by multistep method in this study.

HaCaT Keratinocytes Response on Antimicrobial Atelocollagen Substrates: Extent of Cytotoxicity, Cell Viability and Proliferation

The effective and widely tested biocides: Benzalkonium chloride, bronopol, chitosan, chlorhexidine and irgasan were added in different concentrations to atelocollagen matrices. In order to assess how these antibacterial agents influence keratinocytes cell growth, cell viability and proliferation were determined by using MTT assay. Acquired data indicated a low toxicity by employing any of these chemical substances. Furthermore, cell viability and proliferation were comparatively similar to the samples where there were no biocides. It means that regardless of the agent, collagen-cell-attachment properties are not drastically affected by the incorporation of those biocides into the substrate. Therefore, these findings suggest that these atelocollagen substrates enhanced by the addition of one or more of these agents may render effectiveness against bacterial stains and biofilm formation, being the samples referred to herein as “antimicrobial substrates” a promising view in the design of novel antimicrobial biomaterials potentially suitable for tissue engineering applications.

Polyphenolic extracts of edible flowers incorporated onto atelocollagen matrices and their effect on cell viability

The phenolic extract of chives flowers (Allium schoenoprasum, Liliaceae), introduced Sage (Salvia pratensis, Lamiaceae), European elderberry (Sambucus nigra, Caprifoliaceae) and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, Asteraceae) were characterised by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and incorporated in different concentrations onto atelocollagen thin films. In order to assess the biological impact of these phenolic compounds on cell viability, human immortalised non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line was seeded on the thin films and cell proliferation was determined by using an MTT assay. In addition, their antimicrobial activity was estimated by using an agar diffusion test. Data indicated the concomitance between cell viability and concentration of polyphenols. These findings suggest that these phenolic-endowed atelocollagen films might be suitable for tissue engineering applications, on account of the combined activity of polyphenols and collagen.

The Effect of Miscibility on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of PCL/SAN Blends

Earlier, poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) were found to be miscible on molecular level at 8 up to 28 wt.% of acrylonitrile (AN) in SAN copolymer [1]. The combination of PCL and different copolymers of SAN thus offers an opportunity to investigate the effect of miscibility on some key properties of the blends, e.g. rheological or mechanical. In this paper blends containing SAN with 25 wt.% of AN (miscible SAN-25) and 35 wt.% of AN (immiscible SAN-35) were used for this purpose.

Blends of PCL with various contents of SANs up to 40 wt.% were prepared by melt mixing in a Brabender laboratory mixer. The miscibility of the mixed PCL/SAN blends was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The blends rheological characteristics were determined on a Rheoflixer capillary rheometer at various temperatures. Rabinowitsch and Bagley corrections and the power-law relation were used. The extrudates were observed under a scanning electron microscope. In addition, mechanical testing was performed on a tensile testing machine.

It was found that blends of PCL with a minor amount of miscible SAN-25 provide a better balance of rheological and mechanical properties than those of pure PCL. The immiscible blend shows properties inferior to the miscible one. Immiscible SAN-35 increases viscosity, shear thinning and extrudate swell of PCL more than the miscible type. In contrast to the miscible blends containing SAN-25, which were without any form of unstable flow at shear rates of 10 to 10 000 s−1, melt fracture occurs in the immiscible blends with SAN-35. Positive synergism in tensile strength and elongation at break can be seen for 90/10 PCL/SAN-25 blend processed at 130°C. The addition up to 30 wt.% of SAN-25 miscible with PCL increases elongation at break.

Fitting of K-BKZ Model Parameters for the Simulation of Thermoforming

Thermoforming is characterized by large deformations of the polymeric material being processed. The simulation is complicated by the fact that an elastic material model cannot principally describe the thermoforming deformation precisely. In this respect non-linear and time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of the polymeric material has to be taken into account. In our research we used the K-BKZ model capable of describing viscoelasticity and large deformations. The parameters of this model were determined experimentally using a simple testing method. The method is derived from plug-assisted thermoforming. Computer analysis was used to evaluate the experiments: The tests performed were simulated using FEM (Finite Elements Method) repeatedly with different material parameters. The material parameters leading to a minimum sum of squares of differences between experimental and simulated values estimate the tested material behavior. It has been found that the final shape and the wall thickness distribution show a significant dependence on the material properties in case of deep thermoforming.

Capillary Flow of Hard-Metal Carbide Powder Compounds

Experimental data relating to capillary flow of hard-metal carbide powders compounded with various polymeric binders are presented. Such powder—binder mixtures are used for the production of sintered hard-metal carbide components, mainly by injection moulding. In addition to measurements of their rheological behaviour in a capillary rheometer, the compounds were also subjected to thermo-gravimetric analysis in order to assess the ability of the binder to debind properly. The binder composition was varied from paraffin wax and its combinations with polyethyleneglycols to multi-component binders consisting of polyethyleneglycol, polyethylene, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and paraffin wax. Two kinds of hard-metal carbide powders differing in particle size distribution (uni-modal, bi-modal) were used. Although the compounds containing the simpler binder types had acceptable flow properties, their debinding behaviour was unsatisfactory. The multi-component compounds exhibited considerably better debinding; their flow was stable within a wide range of shear rates. Flow instabilities appearing at high solids loadings can limit the processability of the compounds used.

Profile Die Design Based on Flow Balancing

This paper presents a methodology for the design of profile dies based on the Cross Flow Minimization Method. The flow balancing is described for cases where the flows are balanced by varying the die land length combined with the flow separation. Three different approaches were utilized in the die analysis. First, the flow in two proposed profile dies was calculated by substituting the flow domain by a set of simple geometries. The second approach applied the Cross-Sectional Calculation method, while the last method is a fully 3D FEM non-isothermal calculation. The results are verified by comparison with experimental data. It is shown that each of the calculation procedures may be the choice of preference depending on the geometrical complexity.

Numerical Simulation of Polymer Coextrusion Flows

Non-isothermal calculation of flow history dependent visco-elastic stresses in a coextrusion die is performed using the 8-mode modified Leonov constitutive equation and the deformation rate field from finite element simulations. It is shown that a heuristic criterion based on the difference of normal stress differences across the layer interfaces in the merging area may be used to potentially detect the onset of interfacial instabilities. The developed technique can be a useful tool for coextrusion die design as well as for proper selection of materials and process conditions for coextrusion.

Tensile Strength Characteristics of Polymer Melts

Two different methodologies were employed to determine tensile strength properties of two LDPEs and two metallocene LLDPE resins through capillary and Haul-off (Rheotens-like) measurements. It has been shown that the tensile strength properties obtained by both methods yield almost the same values. Moreover, these values can be correlated to the drawability in tubular film blowing for corresponding materials.

Melt Flow Instabilities of Filled HDPE

Data relating to the influence of several fillers on flow instabilities in capillary extrusion of two grades of high density polyethylene (HDPE) are presented. Special attention is paid to the pressure oscillation region of the flow curve. First we show that a certain level of flow stabilisation can be achieved with carbon fibres, while carbon black and CaCO3 have a minor influence only on the oscillation effect when varying the filling between 5% and 10%. The temperature used was 200° C and the capillary entrance was plane (180°). We also show that a complete disappearance of pressure oscillations is obtained when using a different HDPE grade filled with 7% fumed silica or carbon black (also different grade). Compounds containing 7% talc did not stabilise the flow. The same was true when the filling was reduced to 3%. In the latter experiments a capillary rheometer with a conical entrance (120°) was used. The temperature was 160°C. Data obtained by frequency analysis of the fluctuating pressure transducer signal mounted on the rheometric equipment, operating in both cases at constant piston speed, are also presented.

Pressure Oscillations during Capillary Extrusion of High Density Polyethylene

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of frequency analysis in monitoring melt flow instabilities. The flow behavior of a film-blowing grade of high density polyethylene has been studied using a capillary rheometer at constant piston velocities. The pressure in the reservoir was measured by a transducer fitted to the driving end of the piston. The signal was amplified and processed in a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) frequency analyzer. The pressure fluctuations (noise) have a very low intensity at low flow rates in the sharkskin region. The noise signal increases dramatically at a critical shear stress of about 1.5 × 105 Pa, where the flow assumes a pulsating character (spurt defect). Above the pressure oscillation region the melt goes through a pseudostable region, followed by a secondary pressure oscillation region, eventually reaching a chaotic stage. The noise spectrum intensity seems to be related to the severity of the surface disturbances of the extrudate in this latter branch of the flow curve.

Extrusion of Short Fibre Reinforced PP

Data regarding the influence of screw geometry on homogeneity and fibre length reduction during single screw extrusion of short glass fibre reinforced PP are presented. Three screw geometries, two grades of PP with different melt flow indices, and four levels of filling (10 to 40 wt.%) were the main variables studied. The fibre breakage mechanism was evaluated with respect to solid and melt conveying and melting mechanisms in the screw channels. The screw with a long compression zone produced a material of poor homogeneity, a stable melting mechanism and a medium level of fibre length reduction. The very short compression zone screw produced unstable melting which considerably improved the homogenization process of the fibres in the polymer matrix. In this way the extrudates remained smooth up to the 30 wt.% filling level. The homogeneity was comparable to that obtained by a process including two steps of compounding: twin screw and single screw extrusion. However, the fibre degradation in the screw with a very short compression zone was substantially lower than in the process including two compounding steps.

Frequency Analysis of Pressure Fluctuations in a Single Screw Extruder

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of frequency analysis in monitoring flow behavior in a single-screw extruder fitted with a capillary die with a length to diameter aspect ratio of 20. The melt pressure in the barrel and die was measured by a transducer, and the pressure fluctuations processed in a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) frequency analyzer. The pressure fluctuations were studied under various processing conditions for high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene and polypropylene. In general, stable extrudate flow generates a noise spectrum with low intensity, the intensity increasing with the level of instability. The machine vibrations appeared to have a direct effect on flow stability. Also, unstable melting of the resin along the screw resulted in an increase in noise level. It seems probable that the frequency of the surface distortions can be related to the shape of the noise spectrum. In general, although more complex in nature, the noise results related to melt flow in the extruder were in agreement with data reported for capillary flow using a piston rheometer.

Viscoelastic Properties of Flexible Organic Fiber Composites

In this paper, molten high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with four kinds of high performance organic fibers: two types of aramid (KF29 and KF49), liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (VF), differing in their chemical structure and fiber lengths. From the SEM pictures, it is observed that shape and size of these organic fibers maintained almost the same even after cutting in pellets, following the mixing process. VF/HDPE and LCP/HDPE systems show generally lower rates of increase of both storage modulus and dynamic viscosity with fiber content than KF/HDPE composites. Comparison of these functions at the fixed fiber content has shown that the most effective parameter, affecting the viscoelastic behaviour of organic fiber filled systems, seems to be their rigidity/flexibility in the molten state. The influence of fiber rigidity/flexibility becomes gradually lower with the increase of both strain amplitude and angular frequency. The parameters of the equations describing relationship between relative values of viscoelastic functions and fiber content were found to be largely dependent on fiber content. Such finding remarkably differs from behaviour of short inorganic fiber filled systems, where these variables maintained constant values.

Recent Progress in Surface Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride

Surface modification of polymers has become a vibrant field of research on account of a myriad of rationales which stimulated numerous efforts. The current paper serves as a condensed survey of the advances made through different approaches adopted for tuning the surface properties of polyvinyl chloride as a homopolymer extensively used on a large scale. Though it does not address all challenges involved, this paper communicates and highlights, through concise discussion, the findings of the efforts undertaken in recent decades. It is ultimately concluded with a perspective of the huge capacities and promising future directions.

Preparation of active antibacterial LDPE surface through multistep physicochemical approach II: graft type effect on antibacterial properties

Three monomers (allylamine, N-allylmethylamine and N,N-dimethylallylamine) were used for grafting onto air plasma activated LDPE surface. Antibacterial agent triclosan was anchored on such substrates. Influence of graft type on the antibacterial properties was determined. Increase of antibacterial activity and amount of deposited antibacterial agent for N-allylmethylamine and N,N-dimethylallylamine monomers were examined. Surface characteristics were measured by means of static contact angle measurement with surface energy evaluation, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, XPS and SEM characterization analysis. Antibacterial properties were tested in vitro by inhibition zone method on agar plates for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains.

Polysaccharides coatings on medical-grade PVC: a probe into surface characteristics and the extent of bacterial adhesion

Medical-grade polyvinyl chloride was coated by polysaccharides through a novel physicochemical approach. An initial surface activation was performed foremost via diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge plasma in air at ambient temperature and pressure. Then, radical graft copolymerization of acrylic acid through grafting-from pathway was directed to render a well-defined brush of high density, and finally a chitosan monolayer and chitosan/pectin alternating multilayer were bound onto the functionalized surfaces. Surface characteristics were systematically investigated using several probe techniques. In vitro bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation assays indicated that a single chitosan layer was incapable of hindering the adhesion of a Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain, while up to 30% reduction was achieved by the chitosan/pectin layered assembly. On the other hand, chitosan and chitosan/pectin multilayer could retard Escherichia coli adhesion by 50% and 20%, respectively. Furthermore, plasma treated and graft copolymerized samples were also found effective to diminish the degree of adherence of Escherichia coli.

An in vitro bacterial adhesion assessment of surface-modified medical-grade PVC

Medical-grade polyvinyl chloride was surface modified by a multistep physicochemical approach to improve bacterial adhesion prevention properties. This was fulfilled via surface activation by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge plasma followed by radical graft copolymerization of acrylic acid through surface-initiated pathway to render a structured high density brush. Three known antibacterial agents, bronopol, benzalkonium chloride, and chlorhexidine, were then individually coated onto functionalized surface to induce biological properties. Various modern surface probe techniques were employed to explore the effects of the modification steps. In vitro bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation assay was performed. Escherichia coli strain was found to be more susceptible to modifications rather than Staphylococcus aureus as up to 85% reduction in adherence degree of the former was observed upon treating with above antibacterial agents, while only chlorhexidine could retard the adhesion of the latter by 50%. Also, plasma treated and graft copolymerized samples were remarkably effective to diminish the adherence of E. coli.