301
|
Johnstone M, Vasistha NA, Barbu MC, Dando O, Burr K, Christopher E, Glen S, Robert C, Fetit R, Macleod KG, Livesey MR, Clair DS, Blackwood DHR, Millar K, Carragher NO, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Johnstone EC, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM, Chandran S. Reversal of proliferation deficits caused by chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication through targeting NFκB signaling: an integrated study of patient-derived neuronal precursor cells, cerebral organoids and in vivo brain imaging. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:294-311. [PMID: 30401811 PMCID: PMC6344377 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of how chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication leads to major psychiatric disorders is unknown. Here we have undertaken brain imaging of patients carrying microduplications in chromosome 16p13.11 and unaffected family controls, in parallel with iPS cell-derived cerebral organoid studies of the same patients. Patient MRI revealed reduced cortical volume, and corresponding iPSC studies showed neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation abnormalities and reduced organoid size, with the NPCs therein displaying altered planes of cell division. Transcriptomic analyses of NPCs uncovered a deficit in the NFκB p65 pathway, confirmed by proteomics. Moreover, both pharmacological and genetic correction of this deficit rescued the proliferation abnormality. Thus, chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication disturbs the normal programme of NPC proliferation to reduce cortical thickness due to a correctable deficit in the NFκB signalling pathway. This is the first study demonstrating a biologically relevant, potentially ameliorable, signalling pathway underlying chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome in patient-derived neuronal precursor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miruna C Barbu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edward Christopher
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie Glen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christelle Robert
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rana Fetit
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bangalore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Kanitz A, Syed AP, Kaji K, Zavolan M. Conserved regulation of RNA processing in somatic cell reprogramming. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:100. [PMID: 30704403 PMCID: PMC6357513 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with the reorganization of epigenetic and transcriptional networks, somatic cell reprogramming brings about numerous changes at the level of RNA processing. These include the expression of specific transcript isoforms and 3' untranslated regions. A number of studies have uncovered RNA processing factors that modulate the efficiency of the reprogramming process. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the involvement of RNA processing factors in the reprogramming of somatic mammalian cells is lacking. RESULTS Here, we used data from a large number of studies carried out in three mammalian species, mouse, chimpanzee and human, to uncover consistent changes in gene expression upon reprogramming of somatic cells. We found that a core set of nine splicing factors have consistent changes across the majority of data sets in all three species. Most striking among these are ESRP1 and ESRP2, which accelerate and enhance the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming by promoting isoform expression changes associated with mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. We further identify genes and processes in which splicing changes are observed in both human and mouse. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a general resource for gene expression and splicing changes that take place during somatic cell reprogramming. Furthermore, they support the concept that splicing factors with evolutionarily conserved, cell type-specific expression can modulate the efficiency of the process by reinforcing intermediate states resembling the cell types in which these factors are normally expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kanitz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- RNA Regulatory Networks, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Afzal Pasha Syed
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- RNA Regulatory Networks, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keisuke Kaji
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- RNA Regulatory Networks, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Karzbrun E, Reiner O. Brain Organoids-A Bottom-Up Approach for Studying Human Neurodevelopment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E9. [PMID: 30669275 PMCID: PMC6466401 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have recently emerged as a three-dimensional tissue culture platform to study the principles of neurodevelopment and morphogenesis. Importantly, brain organoids can be derived from human stem cells, and thus offer a model system for early human brain development and human specific disorders. However, there are still major differences between the in vitro systems and in vivo development. This is in part due to the challenge of engineering a suitable culture platform that will support proper development. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences of human brain organoid systems in comparison to embryonic development. We then describe how organoids are used to model neurodevelopmental diseases. Finally, we describe challenges in organoid systems and how to approach these challenges using complementary bioengineering techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Karzbrun
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Buchsbaum IY, Cappello S. Neuronal migration in the CNS during development and disease: insights from in vivo and in vitro models. Development 2019; 146:146/1/dev163766. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.163766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process that governs embryonic brain development. As such, mutations that affect essential neuronal migration processes lead to severe brain malformations, which can cause complex and heterogeneous developmental and neuronal migration disorders. Our fragmented knowledge about the aetiology of these disorders raises numerous issues. However, many of these can now be addressed through studies of in vivo and in vitro models that attempt to recapitulate human-specific mechanisms of cortical development. In this Review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these model systems and suggest that a complementary approach, using combinations of in vivo and in vitro models, will broaden our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie defective neuronal positioning in the human cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Yasmin Buchsbaum
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
The Astrocyte-Neuron Interface: An Overview on Molecular and Cellular Dynamics Controlling Formation and Maintenance of the Tripartite Synapse. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1938:3-18. [PMID: 30617969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9068-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to provide trophic support to neurons and were originally thought to be passive space-filling cells in the brain. However, recent advances in astrocyte development and functions have highlighted their active roles in controlling brain functions by modulating synaptic transmission. A bidirectional cross talk between astrocytic processes and neuronal synapses define the concept of tripartite synapse. Any change in astrocytic structure/function influences neuronal activity which could lead to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this chapter, we briefly overview the methodologies used in deciphering the mechanisms of dynamic interplay between astrocytes and neurons.
Collapse
|
306
|
Chen HI, Song H, Ming GL. Applications of Human Brain Organoids to Clinical Problems. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:53-64. [PMID: 30091290 PMCID: PMC6312736 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are an exciting new technology with the potential to significantly change how diseases of the brain are understood and treated. These three-dimensional neural tissues are derived from the self-organization of pluripotent stem cells, and they recapitulate the developmental process of the human brain, including progenitor zones and rudimentary cortical layers. Brain organoids have been valuable in investigating different aspects of developmental neurobiology and comparative biology. Several characteristics of organoids also make them attractive as models of brain disorders. Data generated from human organoids are more generalizable to patients because of the match in species background. Personalized organoids also can be generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, the three-dimensionality of brain organoids supports cellular, mechanical, and topographical cues that are lacking in planar systems. In this review, we discuss the translational potential of brain organoids, using the examples of Zika virus, autism-spectrum disorder, and glioblastoma multiforme to consider how they could contribute to disease modeling, personalized medicine, and testing of therapeutics. We then discuss areas of improvement in organoid technology that will enhance the translational potential of brain organoids, as well as the possibility of their use as substrates for repairing cerebral circuitry after injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:53-64, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Applications and Challenges for Regenerative Medicine and Disease Modeling. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 171:189-224. [PMID: 31740987 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells have started to emerge as a potential tool with application in fields such as regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug screening. In particular, the ability to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells into different cell types and to mimic structures and functions of a specific target organ, resourcing to organoid technology, has introduced novel model systems for disease recapitulation while offering a powerful tool to provide a faster and reproducible approach in the process of drug discovery. All these technologies are expected to improve the overall quality of life of the humankind. Here, we highlight the main applications of hiPS cells and the main challenges associated with the translation of hPS cell derivatives into clinical settings and other biomedical applications, such as the costs of the process and the ability to mimic the complexity of the in vivo systems. Moreover, we focus on the bioprocessing approaches that can be applied towards the production of high numbers of cells as well as their efficient differentiation into the final product and further purification.
Collapse
|
308
|
Haldipur P, Millen KJ. What cerebellar malformations tell us about cerebellar development. Neurosci Lett 2019; 688:14-25. [PMID: 29802918 PMCID: PMC6240394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural birth defects of the cerebellum, or cerebellar malformations, in humans, have long been recognized. However, until recently there has been little progress in elucidating their developmental pathogenesis. Innovations in brain imaging and human genetic technologies over the last 2 decades have led to better classifications of these disorders and identification of several causative genes. In contrast, cerebellar malformations in model organisms, particularly mice, have been the focus of intense study for more than 70 years. As a result, many of the molecular, genetic and cellular programs that drive formation of the cerebellum have been delineated in mice. In this review, we overview the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs that build the structure of the mouse cerebellum. This mouse-centric approach has been a useful to interpret the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar malformations. However, it is becoming apparent that we actually know very little regarding the specifics of human cerebellar development beyond what is inferred from mice. A better understanding of human cerebellar development will not only facilitate improved diagnosis of human cerebellar malformations, but also lead to the development of treatment paradigms for these important neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Seattle, WA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Yoon SJ, Elahi LS, Pașca AM, Marton RM, Gordon A, Revah O, Miura Y, Walczak EM, Holdgate GM, Fan HC, Huguenard JR, Geschwind DH, Pașca SP. Reliability of human cortical organoid generation. Nat Methods 2019; 16:75-78. [PMID: 30573846 PMCID: PMC6677388 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in three-dimensional cultures can recapitulate key aspects of brain development, but protocols are prone to variable results. Here we differentiated multiple human pluripotent stem cell lines for over 100 d using our previously developed approach to generate brain-region-specific organoids called cortical spheroids and, using several assays, found that spheroid generation was highly reliable and consistent. We anticipate the use of this approach for large-scale differentiation experiments and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lubayna S Elahi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anca M Pașca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Marton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omer Revah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Miura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Liu F, Huang J, Zhang L, Chen J, Zeng Y, Tang Y, Liu Z. Advances in Cerebral Organoid Systems and their Application in Disease Modeling. Neuroscience 2018; 399:28-38. [PMID: 30578974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Processes associated with human brain development and function are exceedingly complex, limiting our capacity to investigate disease status and potential treatment strategies in vitro. Recent advancements in human cerebral organoid systems-which replicate early stage neural tube formation, neuroepithelium differentiation, and whole-brain regional differentiation-have allowed researchers to generate more accurate models of brain development and disease. The generation of region-specific cerebral organoids also allows for the direct investigation of the etiology and pathological processes associated with inherited and acquired brain diseases, drug discovery, and drug toxicity. In this review, we provide an overview of various neural differentiation technologies, as well as a critical analysis of their strengths and limitations. We primarily focus on the generation of three-dimensional brain organoid systems and their application in infectious disease modeling, high-throughput compound screening, and neurodevelopmental disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
Zhao X, Bhattacharyya A. Human Models Are Needed for Studying Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:829-857. [PMID: 30526865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of animal models of neurological disease has been instrumental in furthering our understanding of neurodevelopment and brain diseases. However, animal models are limited in revealing some of the most fundamental aspects of development, genetics, pathology, and disease mechanisms that are unique to humans. These shortcomings are exaggerated in disorders that affect the brain, where the most significant differences between humans and animal models exist, and could underscore failures in targeted therapeutic interventions in affected individuals. Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a much-needed model system for investigating human-specific biology and disease mechanisms. However, questions remain regarding whether these cell-culture-based models are sufficient or even necessary. In this review, we summarize human-specific features of neurodevelopment and the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, present discrepancies between animal models and human diseases, demonstrate how human stem cell models can provide meaningful information, and discuss the challenges that exist in our pursuit to understand distinctively human aspects of neurodevelopment and brain disease. This information argues for a more thoughtful approach to disease modeling through consideration of the valuable features and limitations of each model system, be they human or animal, to mimic disease characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Jabaudon D, Lancaster M. Exploring landscapes of brain morphogenesis with organoids. Development 2018; 145:145/22/dev172049. [PMID: 30455367 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of developmental neuroscience is benefitting from recent technological advances that allow access to organogenesis in vitro via organoid preparations. These methods have been applied to better understanding neural identity, and have opened up a window into the early events that occur during development of the human brain. However, current approaches are not without their limitations, and although brain organoids and other in vitro paradigms recapitulate many processes with remarkable fidelity, there are clear differences between brain organoid development in vitro and brain development in vivo These topics were discussed extensively at a recent workshop organized by The Company of Biologists entitled 'Thinking beyond the dish: taking in vitro neural differentiation to the next level'. Here, we summarize the common themes that emerged from the workshop and highlight some of the limitations and the potential of this emerging technology. In particular, we discuss how organoids can help us understand not only healthy and diseased brain, but also explore new arrays of cellular behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland .,Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madeline Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
From molecules to medicines: the dawn of targeted therapies for genetic epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:735-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
315
|
Knight GT, Lundin BF, Iyer N, Ashton LM, Sethares WA, Willett RM, Ashton RS. Engineering induction of singular neural rosette emergence within hPSC-derived tissues. eLife 2018; 7:37549. [PMID: 30371350 PMCID: PMC6205811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural organoids display unprecedented emergent properties. Yet in contrast to the singular neuroepithelial tube from which the entire central nervous system (CNS) develops in vivo, current organoid protocols yield tissues with multiple neuroepithelial units, a.k.a. neural rosettes, each acting as independent morphogenesis centers and thereby confounding coordinated, reproducible tissue development. Here, we discover that controlling initial tissue morphology can effectively (>80%) induce single neural rosette emergence within hPSC-derived forebrain and spinal tissues. Notably, the optimal tissue morphology for observing singular rosette emergence was distinct for forebrain versus spinal tissues due to previously unknown differences in ROCK-mediated cell contractility. Following release of geometric confinement, the tissues displayed radial outgrowth with maintenance of a singular neuroepithelium and peripheral neuronal differentiation. Thus, we have identified neural tissue morphology as a critical biophysical parameter for controlling in vitro neural tissue morphogenesis furthering advancement towards biomanufacture of CNS tissues with biomimetic anatomy and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin T Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Brady F Lundin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Nisha Iyer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Lydia Mt Ashton
- Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - William A Sethares
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Rebecca M Willett
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Randolph Scott Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
Soldner F, Jaenisch R. Stem Cells, Genome Editing, and the Path to Translational Medicine. Cell 2018; 175:615-632. [PMID: 30340033 PMCID: PMC6461399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and the stunning discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds the promise to revolutionize biomedical research and regenerative medicine. In this Review, we focus on disorders of the central nervous system and explore how advances in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) coincide with evolutions in genome engineering and genomic technologies to provide realistic opportunities to tackle some of the most devastating complex disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Soldner
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
Seto Y, Eiraku M. Human brain development and its in vitro recapitulation. Neurosci Res 2018; 138:33-42. [PMID: 30326251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a large and gyrencephalic brain. The higher intellectual ability of humans is dependent on the proper development of the brain. Brain malformation is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. It is thus important to know how our brain grows during development. Several animal species have been used as models to understand the mechanisms of brain development, and have provided us with basic information in this regard. It has been revealed that mammalian brain development basically proceeds through a similar process by common mechanisms, including neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. However, humans also display species-specific features in these processes. These differences seem to be important for building the proper human brain structure. Analysis of these human-specific features requires human brain samples, which are difficult to obtain due to both ethical and practical reasons. Nevertheless, brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells can be used as models to study human brain development and pathology because such organoids can partly recapitulate human fetal developmental processes. In this review, we will review some human-specific features during brain development and discuss brain organoid technology as a model system. We will especially focusing on neocortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seto
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
318
|
Amin ND, Paşca SP. Building Models of Brain Disorders with Three-Dimensional Organoids. Neuron 2018; 100:389-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
319
|
Kim S, Cho AN, Min S, Kim S, Cho SW. Organoids for Advanced Therapeutics and Disease Models. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suran Kim
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
320
|
Karzbrun E, Tshuva RY, Reiner O. An On-Chip Method for Long-Term Growth and Real-Time Imaging of Brain Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 81:e62. [PMID: 30239150 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are an emerging technique for studying human neurodevelopment in vitro, with biomedical implications. However, three-dimensional tissue culture poses several challenges, including lack of nutrient exchange at the organoid core and limited imaging accessibility of whole organoids. Here we present a method for culturing organoids in a micro-fabricated device that enables in situ real-time imaging over weeks with efficient nutrient exchange by diffusion. Our on-chip approach offers a means for studying the dynamics of organoid development, cell differentiation, cell cycle, and motion. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Physics and the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Rami Yair Tshuva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Xiang Y, Yoshiaki T, Patterson B, Cakir B, Kim KY, Cho YS, Park IH. Generation and Fusion of Human Cortical and Medial Ganglionic Eminence Brain Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 47. [PMID: 30854156 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid culture has become an essential tool for investigating human brain development and modeling neurological disorders during the past few years. Given the specific regionalization during brain development, it is important to produce distinct brain organoids that reproduce different brain regions and their interaction. The authors' laboratory recently established the platform to generate brain organoids resembling the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), a specific brain region responsible for interneurogenesis, and found when fusing with organoid resembling the cortex, the fused organoids enabled modeling of interneuron migration in the brain. This unit describes four basic protocols that have been successfully applied in the authors' laboratory, covering the generation of embryonic body (EB) with neuroectodermal fate, the production of MGE organoids (hMGEOs) and cortical organoids (hCOs), and the fusion of the two organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tanaka Yoshiaki
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kun-Yong Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 305-806, ROK
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Abstract
In the originally published paper, the "before" image for the afatinib condition in Fig. 6c was incorrect. Instead of an image displaying a GBM-3 neoplastic organoid before afatinib treatment, this panel showed an image from the GBM-2 control (DMSO) group before treatment. This error has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article; the "before, afatinib" panel in Fig. 6c now shows a representative image from the indicated experiment. The color of all error bars in Fig. 6 has also been changed to black, for consistency. All statistical analysis and all conclusions presented in the article are unaffected by this error. Nevertheless, we apologize for the mistake.
Collapse
|
323
|
Schaffer AE, Breuss MW, Caglayan AO, Al-Sanaa N, Al-Abdulwahed HY, Kaymakçalan H, Yılmaz C, Zaki MS, Rosti RO, Copeland B, Baek ST, Musaev D, Scott EC, Ben-Omran T, Kariminejad A, Kayserili H, Mojahedi F, Kara M, Cai N, Silhavy JL, Elsharif S, Fenercioglu E, Barshop BA, Kara B, Wang R, Stanley V, James KN, Nachnani R, Kalur A, Megahed H, Incecik F, Danda S, Alanay Y, Faqeih E, Melikishvili G, Mansour L, Miller I, Sukhudyan B, Chelly J, Dobyns WB, Bilguvar K, Jamra RA, Gunel M, Gleeson JG. Biallelic loss of human CTNNA2, encoding αN-catenin, leads to ARP2/3 complex overactivity and disordered cortical neuronal migration. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1093-1101. [PMID: 30013181 PMCID: PMC6072555 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration defects, including pachygyria, are among the most severe developmental brain defects in humans. Here, we identify biallelic truncating mutations in CTNNA2, encoding αN-catenin, in patients with a distinct recessive form of pachygyria. CTNNA2 was expressed in human cerebral cortex, and its loss in neurons led to defects in neurite stability and migration. The αN-catenin paralog, αE-catenin, acts as a switch regulating the balance between β-catenin and Arp2/3 actin filament activities1. Loss of αN-catenin did not affect β-catenin signaling, but recombinant αN-catenin interacted with purified actin and repressed ARP2/3 actin-branching activity. The actin-binding domain of αN-catenin or ARP2/3 inhibitors rescued the neuronal phenotype associated with CTNNA2 loss, suggesting ARP2/3 de-repression as a potential disease mechanism. Our findings identify CTNNA2 as the first catenin family member with biallelic mutations in humans, causing a new pachygyria syndrome linked to actin regulation, and uncover a key factor involved in ARP2/3 repression in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Martin W Breuss
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ahmet Okay Caglayan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nouriya Al-Sanaa
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Y Al-Abdulwahed
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hande Kaymakçalan
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahide Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasim O Rosti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brett Copeland
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Damir Musaev
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric C Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Majdi Kara
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Na Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seham Elsharif
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Elif Fenercioglu
- L.E.S. Mikrogen Genetic Diseases Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruce A Barshop
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemical Genetics Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bulent Kara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Rengang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kiely N James
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Nachnani
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aneesha Kalur
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hisham Megahed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faruk Incecik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lobna Mansour
- Pediatric Department, Neuropediatric Unit, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ian Miller
- Neurology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Biayna Sukhudyan
- Arabkir Joint Medical Center and Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Murat Gunel
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
324
|
Induction of myelinating oligodendrocytes in human cortical spheroids. Nat Methods 2018; 15:700-706. [PMID: 30046099 PMCID: PMC6508550 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoid technologies provide an accessible system to examine cellular composition, interactions, and organization in the developing human brain, but previously have lacked oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Here we reproducibly generate oligodendrocytes and myelin in human pluripotent stem cell-derived “oligocortical spheroids”. Transcriptional, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy analyses demonstrate molecular features consistent with maturing oligodendrocytes by 20 weeks in culture, including expression of MYRF, PLP1, and MBP proteins and initial myelin wrapping of axons, with maturation to longitudinal wrapping and compact myelin by 30 weeks. Promyelinating drugs enhance the rate and extent of oligodendrocyte generation and myelination, while oligocortical spheroids generated from patients with a genetic myelin disorder recapitulate human disease phenotypes. Oligocortical spheroids provide a versatile platform to observe and dissect the complex interactions required for myelination of the developing central nervous system and offer new opportunities for disease modeling and therapeutic development in human tissue.
Collapse
|
325
|
Genetically engineered cerebral organoids model brain tumor formation. Nat Methods 2018; 15:631-639. [PMID: 30038414 PMCID: PMC6071863 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumours are among the most lethal and devastating cancers. Their study is limited by genetic heterogeneity and the incompleteness of available laboratory models. Three-dimensional organoid culture models offer innovative possibilities for modelling human disease. Here, we establish a 3D in vitro model, named neoplastic cerebral organoid (neoCOR), in which we recapitulate brain tumorigenesis by introducing oncogenic mutations in cerebral organoids via transposon- and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis. By screening clinically-relevant mutations identified in cancer genome projects, we define mutation combinations that result in glioblastoma-like and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumour (CNS-PNET)-like neoplasms. We demonstrate that neoCORs are suitable to study aspects of tumour biology such as invasiveness, and to evaluate the effect of drugs in the context of specific DNA aberrations. neoCORs will provide a valuable complement to current basic and preclinical models for studying brain tumour biology.
Collapse
|
326
|
Brain organoids as models to study human neocortex development and evolution. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:8-16. [PMID: 30006054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their recent development, organoids that emulate human brain tissue have allowed in vitro neural development studies to go beyond the limits of monolayer culture systems, such as neural rosettes. We present here a review of organoid studies that focuses on cortical wall development, starting with a technical comparison between pre-patterning and self-patterning brain organoid protocols. We then follow neocortex development in space and time and list those aspects where organoids have succeeded in emulating in vivo development, as well as those aspects that continue to be pending tasks. Finally, we present a summary of medical and evolutionary insight made possible by organoid technology.
Collapse
|
327
|
Zhou R, Jiang G, Tian X, Wang X. Progress in the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsies using patient-induced pluripotent stem cells. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:331-339. [PMID: 30187003 PMCID: PMC6119748 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research findings on the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy almost always originate from animal experiments, and the development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allows the use of human cells with genetic defects for studying the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsy (GE) for the first time. With iPSC technology, terminally differentiated cells collected from GE patients with specific genetic etiologies can be differentiated into many relevant cell subtypes that carry all of the GE patient's genetic information. iPSCs have opened up a new research field involving the pathogenesis of GE. Using this approach, studies have found that gene mutations induce GE by altering the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, which is associated. among other factors, with neuronal developmental disturbances, ion channel abnormalities, and synaptic dysfunction. Simultaneously, astrocyte activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal signaling pathway activity are also important factors in the molecular mechanisms of GE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neurological Diseases Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
| |
Collapse
|
328
|
Shahsavani M, Pronk RJ, Falk R, Lam M, Moslem M, Linker SB, Salma J, Day K, Schuster J, Anderlid BM, Dahl N, Gage FH, Falk A. An in vitro model of lissencephaly: expanding the role of DCX during neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1674-1684. [PMID: 28924182 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly comprises a spectrum of brain malformations due to impaired neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. Classical lissencephaly is characterized by smooth cerebral surface and cortical thickening that result in seizures, severe neurological impairment and developmental delay. Mutations in the X-chromosomal gene DCX, encoding doublecortin, is the main cause of classical lissencephaly. Much of our knowledge about DCX-associated lissencephaly comes from post-mortem analyses of patient's brains, mainly since animal models with DCX mutations do not mimic the disease. In the absence of relevant animal models and patient brain specimens, we took advantage of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to model the disease. We established human iPSCs from two males with mutated DCX and classical lissencephaly including smooth brain and abnormal cortical morphology. The disease was recapitulated by differentiation of iPSC into neural cells followed by expression profiling and dissection of DCX-associated functions. Here we show that neural stem cells, with absent or reduced DCX protein expression, exhibit impaired migration, delayed differentiation and deficient neurite formation. Hence, the patient-derived iPSCs and neural stem cells provide a system to further unravel the functions of DCX in normal development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shahsavani
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R J Pronk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Salma
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Day
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Schuster
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B-M Anderlid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Dahl
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
329
|
Watanabe M, Buth JE, Vishlaghi N, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Taxidis J, Khakh BS, Coppola G, Pearson CA, Yamauchi K, Gong D, Dai X, Damoiseaux R, Aliyari R, Liebscher S, Schenke-Layland K, Caneda C, Huang EJ, Zhang Y, Cheng G, Geschwind DH, Golshani P, Sun R, Novitch BG. Self-Organized Cerebral Organoids with Human-Specific Features Predict Effective Drugs to Combat Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:517-532. [PMID: 29020636 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex possesses distinct structural and functional features that are not found in the lower species traditionally used to model brain development and disease. Accordingly, considerable attention has been placed on the development of methods to direct pluripotent stem cells to form human brain-like structures termed organoids. However, many organoid differentiation protocols are inefficient and display marked variability in their ability to recapitulate the three-dimensional architecture and course of neurogenesis in the developing human brain. Here, we describe optimized organoid culture methods that efficiently and reliably produce cortical and basal ganglia structures similar to those in the human fetal brain in vivo. Neurons within the organoids are functional and exhibit network-like activities. We further demonstrate the utility of this organoid system for modeling the teratogenic effects of Zika virus on the developing brain and identifying more susceptibility receptors and therapeutic compounds that can mitigate its destructive actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiannis Taxidis
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roghiyh Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Caneda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Wang H. Modeling Neurological Diseases With Human Brain Organoids. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:15. [PMID: 29937727 PMCID: PMC6002496 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and delicacy of human brain make it challenging to recapitulate its development, function and disorders. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a new tool to model both normal and pathological human brain, and greatly enhance our ability to study brain biology and diseases. Currently, human brain organoids are increasingly used in modeling neurological disorders and relative therapeutic discovery. This review article focuses on recent advances in human brain organoid system and its application in disease modeling. It also discusses the limitations and future perspective of human brain organoids in modeling neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
331
|
Marsoner F, Koch P, Ladewig J. Cortical organoids: why all this hype? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 52:22-28. [PMID: 29807351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells heralded a new area in studying human organ development and pathology outside of the human body. Triggered by the seminal work of pioneers in the field such as Yoshiki Sasai or Hans Clevers, organoid research has become one of the most rapidly developing fields in cell biology. The potential applications are manifold reaching from developmental studies to tissue regeneration and drug screening. In this review, we will concentrate on brain organoids of cortical identity. We will describe the 'state of the art' in generating cortical organoids and discuss potential applications. Finally, we will provide future perspectives including suggestions how further innovations can broaden the application of brain organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marsoner
- Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI), University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI), University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI), University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Pașca SP. The rise of three-dimensional human brain cultures. Nature 2018; 553:437-445. [PMID: 29364288 DOI: 10.1038/nature25032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells show a remarkable ability to self-organize and differentiate in vitro in three-dimensional aggregates, known as organoids or organ spheroids, and to recapitulate aspects of human brain development and function. Region-specific 3D brain cultures can be derived from any individual and assembled to model complex cell-cell interactions and to generate circuits in human brain assembloids. Here I discuss how this approach can be used to understand unique features of the human brain and to gain insights into neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, I consider the challenges faced by researchers in further improving and developing methods to probe and manipulate patient-derived 3D brain cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu P Pașca
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
333
|
Tasic B. Single cell transcriptomics in neuroscience: cell classification and beyond. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:242-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
334
|
Geisler S. The Neurogenesis of Thought. Cell 2018; 173:1059-1061. [PMID: 29775586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
335
|
Abstract
Understanding the development of the human brain in relation with evolution is an important frontier field in developmental biology. In particular, investigating the mechanisms underlying the greatly increased relative size and complexity of the cerebral cortex, the seat of our enhanced cognitive abilities, remains a fascinating yet largely unsolved question. Though many advances in our understanding have been gained from the study of animal models, as well as human genetics and embryology, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control human cortical development. Interestingly, many aspects of corticogenesis can be recapitulated in vitro from mouse and human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), using a variety of experimental systems from 2D models to organoids to xenotransplantation. This has provided the opportunity to study these processes in an accessible and physiologically relevant setting. In this chapter, we will discuss how conserved and divergent features of primate/human corticogenesis can be modeled and studied mechanistically using PSC-based models of corticogenesis. We will also review what has been learned through these approaches about pathological defects of human corticogenesis, from early neurogenesis to late neuronal maturation and connectivity.
Collapse
|
336
|
Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 129:99-122. [PMID: 29801532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the cellular and molecular processes of the developing human brain has been hindered by access to suitable models of living human brain tissue. Recently developed 3D cell culture models offer the promise of studying fundamental brain processes in the context of human genetic background and species-specific developmental mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of 3D human brain organoid models and consider their potential to enable investigation of complex aspects of human brain development and the underpinning of human neurological disease.
Collapse
|
337
|
Karzbrun E, Kshirsagar A, Cohen SR, Hanna JH, Reiner O. Human Brain Organoids on a Chip Reveal the Physics of Folding. NATURE PHYSICS 2018; 14:515-522. [PMID: 29760764 PMCID: PMC5947782 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human brain wrinkling has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders and yet its origins remain unknown. Polymer gel models suggest that wrinkling emerges spontaneously due to compression forces arising during differential swelling, but these ideas have not been tested in a living system. Here, we report the appearance of surface wrinkles during the in vitro development and self-organization of human brain organoids in a micro-fabricated compartment that supports in situ imaging over a timescale of weeks. We observe the emergence of convolutions at a critical cell density and maximal nuclear strain, which are indicative of a mechanical instability. We identify two opposing forces contributing to differential growth: cytoskeletal contraction at the organoid core and cell-cycle-dependent nuclear expansion at the organoid perimeter. The wrinkling wavelength exhibits linear scaling with tissue thickness, consistent with balanced bending and stretching energies. Lissencephalic (smooth brain) organoids display reduced convolutions, modified scaling and a reduced elastic modulus. Although the mechanism here does not include the neuronal migration seen in in vivo, it models the physics of the folding brain remarkably well. Our on-chip approach offers a means for studying the emergent properties of organoid development, with implications for the embryonic human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Sidney R Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Mansour AA, Gonçalves JT, Bloyd CW, Li H, Fernandes S, Quang D, Johnston S, Parylak SL, Jin X, Gage FH. An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:432-441. [PMID: 29658944 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to small brain-like structures known as brain organoids offers an unprecedented opportunity to model human brain development and disease. To provide a vascularized and functional in vivo model of brain organoids, we established a method for transplanting human brain organoids into the adult mouse brain. Organoid grafts showed progressive neuronal differentiation and maturation, gliogenesis, integration of microglia, and growth of axons to multiple regions of the host brain. In vivo two-photon imaging demonstrated functional neuronal networks and blood vessels in the grafts. Finally, in vivo extracellular recording combined with optogenetics revealed intragraft neuronal activity and suggested graft-to-host functional synaptic connectivity. This combination of human neural organoids and an in vivo physiological environment in the animal brain may facilitate disease modeling under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Tiago Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cooper W Bloyd
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daphne Quang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen Johnston
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah L Parylak
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Fink JJ, Levine ES. Uncovering True Cellular Phenotypes: Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons to Study Early Insults in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurol 2018; 9:237. [PMID: 29713304 PMCID: PMC5911479 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders have provided invaluable insights into the molecular-, cellular-, and circuit-level defects associated with a plethora of genetic disruptions. In many cases, these deficits have been linked to changes in disease-relevant behaviors, but very few of these findings have been translated to treatments for human disease. This may be due to significant species differences and the difficulty in modeling disorders that involve deletion or duplication of multiple genes. The identification of primary underlying pathophysiology in these models is confounded by the accumulation of secondary disease phenotypes in the mature nervous system, as well as potential compensatory mechanisms. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell technology now provides a tool to accurately model complex genetic neurogenetic disorders. Using this technique, patient-specific cell lines can be generated and differentiated into specific subtypes of neurons that can be used to identify primary cellular and molecular phenotypes. It is clear that impairments in synaptic structure and function are a common pathophysiology across neurodevelopmental disorders, and electrophysiological analysis at the earliest stages of neuronal development is critical for identifying changes in activity and excitability that can contribute to synaptic dysfunction and identify targets for disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Fink
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Shnaider TA. Cerebral organoids: a promising model in cellular technologies. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the human brain is a complex multi-stage process including the formation of various types of neural cells and their interactions. Many fundamental mechanisms of neurogenesis have been established due to the studying of model animals. However, significant differences in the brain structure compared to other animals do not allow considering all aspects of the human brain formation, which could play the main role in the development of unique cognitive abilities for human. Four years ago, Lancaster’s group elaborated human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoid technology, which opened a unique opportunity for researchers to model early stages of human neurogenesis in vitro. Cerebral organoids closely remodel many endogenous brain regions with specific cell composition like ventricular zone with radial glia, choroid plexus, and cortical plate with upper and deeper-layer neurons. Moreover, human brain development includes interactions between different brain regions. Generation of hybrid three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different brain region identity allows remodeling some of them, including long-distance neuronal migration or formation of major axonal tracts. In this review, we consider the technology of obtaining human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different modifications and with different brain region identity. In addition, we discuss successful implementation of this technology in fundamental and applied research like modeling of different neurodevelopmental disorders and drug screening. Finally, we regard existing problems and prospects for development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived threedimensional cerebral organoid technology.
Collapse
|
341
|
Psychiatry in a Dish: Stem Cells and Brain Organoids Modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:558-568. [PMID: 29295738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are a group of pervasive neurodevelopmental conditions with heterogeneous etiology, characterized by deficits in social cognition, communication, and behavioral flexibility. Despite an increasing scientific effort to find the pathophysiological explanations for the disease, the neurobiological links remain unclear. A large amount of evidence suggests that pathological processes taking place in early embryonic neurodevelopment might be responsible for later manifestation of autistic symptoms. This dysfunctional development includes altered maturation/differentiation processes, disturbances in cell-cell communication, and an unbalanced ratio between certain neuronal populations. All those processes are highly dependent on the interconnectivity and three-dimensional organizations of the brain. Moreover, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complex neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders, valid disease models are pivotal. Induced pluripotent stem cells could potentially help to elucidate the complex mechanisms of the disease and lead to the development of more effective individualized treatment. The induced pluripotent stem cells approach allows comparison between the development of various cellular phenotypes generated from cell lines of patients and healthy individuals. A newly advanced organoid technology makes it possible to create three-dimensional in vitro models of brain development and structural interconnectivity, based on induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the respective individuals. The biggest challenge for modeling psychiatric diseases in vitro is finding and establishing the link between cellular and molecular findings with the clinical symptoms, and this review aims to give an overview over the feasibility and applicability of this new tissue engineering tool in psychiatry.
Collapse
|
342
|
Gong L, Cao L, Shen Z, Shao L, Gao S, Zhang C, Lu J, Li W. Materials for Neural Differentiation, Trans-Differentiation, and Modeling of Neurological Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705684. [PMID: 29573284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuron regeneration from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) differentiation or somatic cells trans-differentiation is a promising approach for cell replacement in neurodegenerative diseases and provides a powerful tool for investigating neural development, modeling neurological diseases, and uncovering the mechanisms that underlie diseases. Advancing the materials that are applied in neural differentiation and trans-differentiation promotes the safety, efficiency, and efficacy of neuron regeneration. In the neural differentiation process, matrix materials, either natural or synthetic, not only provide a structural and biochemical support for the monolayer or three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells but also assist in cell adhesion and cell-to-cell communication. They play important roles in directing the differentiation of PSCs into neural cells and modeling neurological diseases. For the trans-differentiation of neural cells, several materials have been used to make the conversion feasible for future therapy. Here, the most current applications of materials for neural differentiation for PSCs, neuronal trans-differentiation, and neurological disease modeling is summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Gong
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lining Cao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhenmin Shen
- The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Li Shao
- The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
343
|
Genetics and mechanisms leading to human cortical malformations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:33-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
344
|
Williams M, Prem S, Zhou X, Matteson P, Yeung PL, Lu CW, Pang Z, Brzustowicz L, Millonig JH, Dicicco-Bloom E. Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553565 DOI: 10.3791/56628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth; and later stages characterized by axon/dendrite outgrowth and synapse formation. In neurodevelopmental disorders, often one or more of these processes are disrupted, leading to abnormalities in brain formation and function. With the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, researchers now have an abundant supply of human cells that can be differentiated into virtually any cell type, including neurons. These cells can be used to study both normal brain development and disease pathogenesis. A number of protocols using hiPSCs to model neuropsychiatric disease use terminally differentiated neurons or use 3D culture systems termed organoids. While these methods have proven invaluable in studying human disease pathogenesis, there are some drawbacks. Differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and generation of organoids are lengthy and costly processes that can impact the number of experiments and variables that can be assessed. In addition, while post-mitotic neurons and organoids allow the study of disease-related processes, including dendrite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, they preclude the study of earlier processes like proliferation and migration. In neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, abundant genetic and post-mortem evidence indicates defects in early developmental processes. Neural precursor cells (NPCs), a highly proliferative cell population, may be a suitable model in which to ask questions about ontogenetic processes and disease initiation. We now extend methodologies learned from studying development in mouse and rat cortical cultures to human NPCs. The use of NPCs allows us to investigate disease-related phenotypes and define how different variables (e.g., growth factors, drugs) impact developmental processes including proliferation, migration, and differentiation in only a few days. Ultimately, this toolset can be used in a reproducible and high-throughput manner to identify disease-specific mechanisms and phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Williams
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Smrithi Prem
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Paul Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Percy Luk Yeung
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Chi-Wei Lu
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Zhiping Pang
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | | | - James H Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Emanuel Dicicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School;
| |
Collapse
|
345
|
Jeong H, Tiwari VK. Exploring the Complexity of Cortical Development Using Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:31. [PMID: 29456488 PMCID: PMC5801402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing neocortex in the mammalian brain is composed of multiple cell types including apical progenitors (AP), basal progenitors (BP), and neurons that populate three different layers, the ventricular zone (VZ), the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the cortical plate (CP). Despite recent advances, the diversity of the existing cell populations including those which are differentiating and mature, their biogenesis and the underlying gene regulatory mechanisms remain poorly known. Recent studies have taken advantage of the rapidly emerging single-cell technologies to decode the heterogeneity of cell populations at the transcriptome level during cortical development and their molecular details. Here we review these studies and provide an overview of the steps in single-cell transcriptomics including both experimental and computational analysis. We also discuss how single-cell genomics holds a big potential in future for brain research and discuss its possible applications and biological insights that can be achieved from these approaches. We conclude this review by discussing the current challenges in the implementation of single-cell techniques toward a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying neocortex development.
Collapse
|
346
|
Neural stem cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
347
|
Sun AX, Ng HH, Tan EK. Translational potential of human brain organoids. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:226-235. [PMID: 29468184 PMCID: PMC5817829 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent technology of 3D cultures of cellular aggregates derived from human stem cells have led to the emergence of tissue‐like structures of various organs including the brain. Brain organoids bear molecular and structural resemblance with developing human brains, and have been demonstrated to recapitulate several physiological and pathological functions of the brain. Here we provide an overview of the development of brain organoids for the clinical community, focusing on the current status of the field with an critical evaluation of its translational value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred X Sun
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Genome Institute of Singapore 60 Biopolis
Street Singapore 138672 Singapore.,Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute 20 College Road Singapore 169856 Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Genome Institute of Singapore 60 Biopolis
Street Singapore 138672 Singapore.,Graduate School for integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute 20 College Road Singapore 169856 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
348
|
|
349
|
Perez-Lanzon M, Kroemer G, Maiuri MC. Organoids for Modeling Genetic Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 337:49-81. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
350
|
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to the entire nervous system. Animal models suggest that defects in NSC proliferation and differentiation contribute to several brain disorders (e.g., microcephaly, macrocephaly, autism, schizophrenia, and Huntington's disease). However, animal models of such diseases do not fully recapitulate all disease-related phenotypes because of substantial differences in brain development between rodents and humans. Therefore, additional human-based evidence is required to understand the mechanisms that are involved in the development of neurological diseases that result from human NSC (hNSC) dysfunction. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells provide a new model to investigate the contribution of hNSCs to various neurological pathologies. In this chapter, we review the role of hNSCs in both neurodevelopment- and neurodegeneration-related human brain pathologies, with an emphasis on recent evidence that has been obtained using embryonic stem cell- or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs and progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|