301
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Birring SS. The search for the hypersensitivity in chronic cough. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1700082. [PMID: 28179446 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00082-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S Birring
- King's College London, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, London, UK
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302
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Fowles HE, Rowland T, Wright C, Morice A. Tussive challenge with ATP and AMP: does it reveal cough hypersensitivity? Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1601452. [PMID: 28179439 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01452-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that blockade of P2X3 ATP receptors can profoundly inhibit chronic cough. We have considered whether inhaled ATP produces a tussive response and whether chronic cough patients are hypersensitive to inhaled ATP compared to healthy volunteers.A standardised inhalational cough challenge was performed with ATP and AMP. We randomised 20 healthy volunteers and 20 chronic cough patients as to the order of challenges. The concentration of challenge solution causing at least five coughs (C5) was compared for ATP and AMP.The study population consisted of six male and 14 female volunteers in each group. Two out of 19 healthy volunteers coughed with AMP (one volunteer could not take part in this challenge) and none reached C5. Eight out of 20 chronic cough patients coughed with AMP and two reached C5. Of the 20 healthy volunteers, 18 coughed with ATP, with 15 reaching C5. All 19 chronic cough patients completing the ATP challenge coughed with ATP and 18 reached C5. The chronic cough patients had a greater cough response at lower concentrations of ATP.The greater potency of ATP versus AMP in the inhalational challenge suggests that tussive responses are mediated through members of the P2X purinergic receptor family. This acute effect was, however, not sufficient to explain cough hypersensitivity syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Elizabeth Fowles
- Hull York Medical School Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Respiratory, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | - Tim Rowland
- Castle Hill Hospital, Respiratory, Cottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Wright
- Hull York Medical School Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Respiratory, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | - Alyn Morice
- Hull York Medical School Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Respiratory, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
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303
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Chamberlain Mitchell SAF, Garrod R, Clark L, Douiri A, Parker SM, Ellis J, Fowler SJ, Ludlow S, Hull JH, Chung KF, Lee KK, Bellas H, Pandyan A, Birring SS. Physiotherapy, and speech and language therapy intervention for patients with refractory chronic cough: a multicentre randomised control trial. Thorax 2017; 72:129-136. [PMID: 27682331 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiotherapy, and speech and language therapy are emerging non-pharmacological treatments for refractory chronic cough. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a physiotherapy, and speech and language therapy intervention (PSALTI) to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to reduce cough frequency in patients with refractory chronic cough. METHODS In this multicentre randomised controlled trial, patients with refractory chronic cough were randomised to four weekly 1:1 sessions of either PSALTI consisting of education, laryngeal hygiene and hydration, cough suppression techniques, breathing exercises and psychoeducational counselling or control intervention consisting of healthy lifestyle advice. We assessed the change in HRQoL at week 4 with the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Secondary efficacy outcomes included 24-hour objective cough frequency (Leicester Cough Monitor) and cough reflex sensitivity. The primary analysis used an analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline measurements with the intention-to-treat population. This study was registered at UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN ID 10678). FINDINGS Between December 2011 and April 2014, we randomly assigned 75 participants who underwent baseline assessment (34 PSALTI and 41 controls). In the observed case analysis, HRQoL (LCQ) improved on average by 1.53 (95% CI 0.21 to 2.85) points more in PSALTI group than with control (p=0.024). Cough frequency decreased by 41% (95% CI 36% to 95%) in PSALTI group relative to control (p=0.030). The improvements within the PSALTI group were sustained up to 3 months. There was no significant difference between groups in the concentration of capsaicin causing five or more coughs. INTERPRETATION Greater improvements in HRQoL and cough frequency were observed with PSALTI intervention. Our findings support the use of PSALTI for patients with refractory chronic cough. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UKCRN ID 10678 and ISRCTN 73039760; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A F Chamberlain Mitchell
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Rachel Garrod
- King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK
| | - Lynne Clark
- Speech and Language Therapy Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abdel Douiri
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean M Parker
- Respiratory Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHSFT, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Jenny Ellis
- Respiratory Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHSFT, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester and Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Siobhan Ludlow
- Speech and Language Therapy Department, Leighton Hospital, Mid Cheshire Hospitals Trust, Leighton, UK
| | - James H Hull
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kai K Lee
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Bellas
- Physiotherapy Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anand Pandyan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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304
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Buday T, Kovacikova L, Ruzinak R, Plevkova J. TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 does not modulate cough response to osmotic stimuli. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 236:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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305
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Heaney LG, McGarvey LPA. Personalised Medicine for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration 2017; 93:153-161. [PMID: 28110335 DOI: 10.1159/000455395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prevalent conditions, and despite recent advances and multiple available therapies and interventions, there remains a significant unmet clinical need. In recent years, it has become clear that there is both significant heterogeneity within each of these conditions and additionally significant overlap in many of the clinical and inflammatory features. In parallel, useful clinical and immunological biomarkers which inform about prognosis and response to therapy have emerged in both asthma and COPD. These biomarkers will allow both better targeting of existing treatments and the identification of those patients who will respond to novel therapies which are now becoming available. Biomarkers will also facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets for future development. Delivery of precision medicine in airways disease is now feasible and is a core component of a personalised healthcare delivery in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Heaney
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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306
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Audrit KJ, Delventhal L, Aydin Ö, Nassenstein C. The nervous system of airways and its remodeling in inflammatory lung diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:571-590. [PMID: 28091773 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases are associated with bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea and airway hyperreactivity. The majority of these symptoms cannot be primarily explained by immune cell infiltration. Evidence has been provided that vagal efferent and afferent neurons play a pivotal role in this regard. Their functions can be altered by inflammatory mediators that induce long-lasting changes in vagal nerve activity and gene expression in both peripheral and central neurons, providing new targets for treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Julia Audrit
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Lucas Delventhal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Öznur Aydin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Nassenstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
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307
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Hulme K, Dogan S, Parker SM, Deary V. 'Chronic cough, cause unknown': A qualitative study of patient perspectives of chronic refractory cough. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:707-716. [PMID: 28810370 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316684204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic refractory cough patients have persistent, unexplained, treatment-resistant symptoms. Very little is known about non-physiological processes underlying chronic refractory cough or patients' experience of the condition. In all, 14 patients participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were based on the comprehensive cognitive behavioural model and analysed thematically. Eight key themes emerged illustrating that the experience of the onset and persistence of chronic refractory cough is complex, often involving multiple interlinking factors. Themes highlighted the involvement of biological and psychological factors, and the prominent role of the social dimension in how the cough is experienced, perceived and managed. Implications for intervention development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hulme
- 1 North Tyneside Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,2 Staffordshire University, UK
| | - Sian Dogan
- 1 North Tyneside Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sean M Parker
- 1 North Tyneside Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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308
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Song WJ, Morice AH. Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome: A Few More Steps Forward. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:394-402. [PMID: 28677352 PMCID: PMC5500693 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.5.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cough reflex is a vital protective mechanism against aspiration, but when dysregulated, it can become hypersensitive. In fact, chronic cough is a significant medical problem with a high degree of morbidity. Recently, a unifying paradigm of cough hypersensitivity syndrome has been proposed. It represents a clinical entity in which chronic cough is a major presenting problem, regardless of the underlying condition. Although it remains a theoretical construct, emerging evidence suggests that aberrant neurophysiology is the common etiology of this syndrome. Recent success in randomized clinical trials using a P2X3 receptor antagonist is the first major advance in the therapeutics of cough in the past 30 years; it at last provides a strategy for treating intractable cough as well as an invaluable tool for dissecting the mechanism underpinning cough hypersensitivity. Additionally, several cough measurement tools have been validated for use and will help assess the clinical relevance of cough in various underlying conditions. Along with this paradigm shift, our understanding of cough mechanisms has improved during the past decades, allowing us to continue to take more steps forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jung Song
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Hull, Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
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309
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Vigeland CL, Hughes AH, Horton MR. Etiology and treatment of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2016; 123:98-104. [PMID: 28137504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of dysregulated wound healing leading to unremitting scarring and loss of lung function. The predominant symptoms are dyspnea on exertion and a persistent dry cough. For patients with IPF, cough is more than just bothersome; it has a significant negative impact on quality of life and is a marker of disease severity and progression. The etiology of cough in IPF is unclear but may be due to architectural distortion of the lungs, increased sensitivity of the cough reflex, airway inflammation, or changes in mucus production and clearance. There also may be an overlap between IPF cough and cough due to other common etiologies such as asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, upper airway cough syndrome, and medications. There are no approved therapies to specifically treat IPF cough, and recently approved medications for IPF have not been evaluated in cough. Few clinical trials have focused on treatments for IPF cough. To date, there is only one randomized, placebo control therapeutic study for IPF cough with thalidomide, which significantly reduced IPF cough and improved quality of life. Two additional cohort studies report that interferon-α and prednisolone also decrease IPF cough. However, no medication is approved to treat IPF cough. Currently, the mainstay of therapy for IPF cough is standard cough suppressants, which have limited efficacy and often intolerable side effects. Future studies are needed to determine an effective therapy to alleviate this particularly debilitating symptom and improve overall quality of life for patients suffering with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Vigeland
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Andrew H Hughes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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310
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Chung KF, McGarvey L, Mazzone S. Chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity syndrome. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:934-935. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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311
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Abstract
Chronic cough is a common and troublesome condition affecting approximately 12% of the general population. It is associated with poor quality of life with psychological, social and physical consequences. Patients typically complain of a dry irritating cough, driven by a strong urge to cough associated with a sensation or irritation located in the throat. Treatment of potential 'causes', ie asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and rhino-sinusitis, may produce a complete or partial response, but the response of some patients to opiates and alpha-2-delta ligand antagonists (gabapentin and pregabalin) supports the concept that this is primarily a neurological disorder, characterised by hyper-responsiveness of the nerves. Novel and highly effective neuronal treatments are in development and offer hope of better symptom control with fewer side effects within a few years. This review focuses on understanding the mechanism of chronic cough, current management approaches and research that may lead to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Satia
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Huda Badri
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bashar Al-Sheklly
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaclyn Ann Smith
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley A Woodcock
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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312
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Dalibon P. Du bon usage des antitussifs. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpha.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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313
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Smith
- Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jemma Haines
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Janelle Yorke
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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314
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Smith
- From the University of Manchester, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Woodcock
- From the University of Manchester, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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315
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316
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Purinergic receptors in the carotid body as a new drug target for controlling hypertension. Nat Med 2016; 22:1151-1159. [PMID: 27595323 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In view of the high proportion of individuals with resistance to antihypertensive medication and/or poor compliance or tolerance of this medication, new drugs to treat hypertension are urgently needed. Here we show that peripheral chemoreceptors generate aberrant signaling that contributes to high blood pressure in hypertension. We discovered that purinergic receptor P2X3 (P2rx3, also known as P2x3) mRNA expression is upregulated substantially in chemoreceptive petrosal sensory neurons in rats with hypertension. These neurons generate both tonic drive and hyperreflexia in hypertensive (but not normotensive) rats, and both phenomena are normalized by the blockade of P2X3 receptors. Antagonism of P2X3 receptors also reduces arterial pressure and basal sympathetic activity and normalizes carotid body hyperreflexia in conscious rats with hypertension; no effect was observed in rats without hypertension. We verified P2X3 receptor expression in human carotid bodies and observed hyperactivity of carotid bodies in individuals with hypertension. These data support the identification of the P2X3 receptor as a potential new target for the control of human hypertension.
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317
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Abstract
Chronic cough is common and has a significant impact on the wellbeing of patients and the use and cost of health care services. Traditionally the approach to chronic cough in patients who are nonsmokers and are not taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor has focused on the diagnosis and management of the upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and reflux disease. The evaluation of patients with chronic cough frequently involves trials of empiric therapy for these 3 conditions. Chronic cough may be perpetuated by abnormalities of the cough reflex and sensitization of its afferent and central components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Achilleos
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Internal Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 35 Hope Drive, Suite 104, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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318
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Botz B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Challenges to develop novel anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27576790 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases and persistent pain of different origin represent common medical, social, and economic burden, and their pharmacotherapy is still an unresolved issue. Therefore, there is a great and urgent need to develop anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with novel mechanisms of action, but it is a very challenging task. The main problem is the relatively large translational gap between the preclinical experimental data and the clinical results due to characteristics of the models, difficulties with the investigational techniques particularly for pain, as well as species differences in the mechanisms. We summarize here the current state-of-the-art medication and related ongoing strategies, and the novel targets with lead molecules under clinical development. The first members of the gold-standard categories, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and opioids, were introduced decades ago, and since then very few drugs with novel mechanisms of action have been successfully taken to the clinics despite considerable development efforts. Several biologics targeting different key molecules have provided breakthrough in some autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, but they are expensive, only parenterally available, their long-term side effects often limit their administration, and they do not effectively reduce pain. Some kinase inhibitors and phosphodiesterase-4 blockers have recently been introduced as new directions. There are in fact some promising novel approaches at different clinical stages of drug development focusing on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1/ankyrin 1 channel antagonism, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium/calcium channels, several enzymes (kinases, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases, and matrix metalloproteinases), cytokines/chemokines, transcription factors, nerve growth factor, and modulation of several G protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoids, purinoceptors, and neuropeptides). WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1427. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1427 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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319
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Pelleg A, Schulman ES, Barnes PJ. Extracellular Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate in Obstructive Airway Diseases. Chest 2016; 150:908-915. [PMID: 27568579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies have generated data supporting the hypothesis that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays a major role in obstructive airway diseases. Studies in animal models and human subjects have shown that increased amounts of extracellular ATP are found in the lungs of patients with COPD and asthma and that ATP has effects on multiple cell types in the lungs, resulting in increased inflammation, induction of bronchoconstriction, and cough. These effects of ATP are mediated by cell surface P2 purinergic receptors and involve other endogenous inflammatory agents. Recent clinical trials reported promising treatment with P2X3R antagonists for the alleviation of chronic cough. The purpose of this review was to describe these studies and outline some of the remaining questions, as well as the potential clinical implications, associated with the pharmacologic manipulation of ATP signaling in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pelleg
- College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Edward S Schulman
- College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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320
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Antitussive effect of carcainium chloride in patients with chronic cough and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: A pilot study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:91-4. [PMID: 27538683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough is a common presenting symptom in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP); it is often disabling, and lacks effective treatment. Studies in animals suggest that carcainium chloride, a quaternary derivative of the local anesthetic lidocaine, is able to inhibit experimentally induced cough by a mechanism of action distinct from that of lidocaine. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of aerosolised carcainium chloride (VRP700) in controlling cough in patients with IIP. METHODS Eight female patients (mean age 71 years) with IIP were investigated in a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled crossover, adaptive contingency study design (EudraCT Number 2010-021350-19). The study consisted of a screening visit to assess the eligibility of patients, and two separated (48-72 h) study days. On the two study days, patients were randomised to receive either nebulized VRP700 (1.0 mg/kg) on the first study visit followed by nebulised placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%) on the second visit, or placebo on the first visit followed by VRP700 on the second visit. The primary endpoint was cough frequency over a 4-h assessment period; secondary endpoints were subjective cough-related level of discomfort as assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the subjective response to treatment as assessed by a quality of life question. Safety (ECG, spirometry, urine and blood tests) and adverse events occurring during the trial were also investigated. RESULTS In all patients both VRP700 and placebo decreased cough frequency; however, mean decreases in cough frequency after treatment with VRP700 were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than with placebo. Similarly, mean reductions in VAS score were significantly (P < 0.001) higher after treatment with VRP 700 compared with placebo. All but one patient indicated that they felt better after receiving VRP700. No adverse events were reported during the study, nor were any changes in ECG variables, spirometry, urine and blood tests noted. CONCLUSION The results of this exploratory study indicate that nebulised VRP700 improved cough and quality of life in hospitalised IIP patients with no significant side effects. A larger trial is warranted to assess these promising results.
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321
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Future Targets for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2016; 13:1147-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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322
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Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with a wide range of respiratory disorders, including asthma, isolated chronic cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Reflux can be substantial and reach the proximal margins of the oesophagus in some individuals with specific pulmonary diseases, suggesting that this association is more than a coincidence. Proximal oesophageal reflux in particular has led to concern that microaspiration might have an important, possibly even causal, role in respiratory disease. Interestingly, reflux is not always accompanied by typical reflux symptoms, such as heartburn and/or regurgitation, leading many clinicians to empirically treat for possible gastro-oesophageal reflux. Indeed, costs associated with use of acid suppressants in pulmonary disease far outweigh those in typical GERD, despite little evidence of therapeutic benefit in clinical trials. This Review comprehensively examines the possible mechanisms that might link pulmonary disease and oesophageal reflux, highlighting the gaps in current knowledge and limitations of previous research, and helping to shed light on the frequent failure of antireflux treatments in pulmonary disease.
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323
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Millqvist E. TRPV1 and TRPM8 in Treatment of Chronic Cough. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E45. [PMID: 27483288 PMCID: PMC5039498 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is common in the population, and among some there is no evident medical explanation for the symptoms. Such a refractory or idiopathic cough is now often regarded as a neuropathic disease due to dysfunctional airway ion channels, though the knowledge in this field is still limited. Persistent coughing and a cough reflex easily triggered by irritating stimuli, often in combination with perceived dyspnea, are characteristics of this disease. The patients have impaired quality of life and often reduced work capacity, followed by social and economic consequences. Despite the large number of individuals suffering from such a persisting cough, there is an unmet clinical need for effective cough medicines. The cough treatment available today often has little or no effect. Adverse effects mostly follow centrally acting cough drugs comprised of morphine and codeine, which demands the physician's awareness. The possibilities of modulating airway transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels may indicate new ways to treat the persistent cough "without a reason". The TRP ion channel vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and the TRP melastin 8 (TRPM8) appear as two candidates in the search for cough therapy, both as single targets and in reciprocal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Millqvist
- Department of Allergology, Institution of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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324
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Szántó G, Makó A, Vágó I, Hergert T, Bata I, Farkas B, Kolok S, Vastag M. New P2X3 receptor antagonists. Part 2: Identification and SAR of quinazolinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3905-12. [PMID: 27426300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous potent P2X3 antagonists have been discovered and the therapeutic potential of P2X3 antagonism already comprises proof-of-concept data obtained in clinical trials with the most advanced compound. We have lately reported the discovery and optimization of thia-triaza-tricycle compounds with potent P2X3 antagonistic properties. This Letter describes the SAR of a back-up series containing a 4-oxo-quinazoline central ring. The discovery of the highly potent compounds 51 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Szántó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Attila Makó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - István Vágó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hergert
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Imre Bata
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Bence Farkas
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
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325
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Szántó G, Makó A, Bata I, Farkas B, Kolok S, Vastag M, Cselenyák A. New P2X3 receptor antagonists. Part 1: Discovery and optimization of tricyclic compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3896-904. [PMID: 27423478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic P2X3 receptors are trimeric ligand-gated ion channels whose antagonism is an appealing yet challenging and not fully validated drug development idea. With the aim of identification of an orally active, potent human P2X3 receptor antagonist compound that can penetrate the central nervous system, the compound collection of Gedeon Richter was screened. A hit series of tricyclic compounds was subjected to a rapid, two-step optimization process focusing on increasing potency, improving metabolic stability and CNS penetrability. Attempts resulted in compound 65, a potential tool compound for testing P2X3 inhibitory effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Szántó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Attila Makó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Imre Bata
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Bence Farkas
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, PO Box 27, H-1475, Hungary
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326
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Cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: more than just a nuisance. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:600-601. [PMID: 27346585 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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327
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Bele T, Fabbretti E. The scaffold protein calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase controls ATP release in sensory ganglia upon P2X3 receptor activation and is part of an ATP keeper complex. J Neurochem 2016; 138:587-97. [PMID: 27217099 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P2X3 receptors, gated by extracellular ATP, are expressed by sensory neurons and are involved in peripheral nociception and pain sensitization. The ability of P2X3 receptors to transduce extracellular stimuli into neuronal signals critically depends on the dynamic molecular partnership with the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK). The present work used trigeminal sensory neurons to study the impact that activation of P2X3 receptors (evoked by the agonist α,β-meATP) has on the release of endogenous ATP and how CASK modulates this phenomenon. P2X3 receptor function was followed by ATP efflux via Pannexin1 (Panx1) hemichannels, a mechanism that was blocked by the P2X3 receptor antagonist A-317491, and by P2X3 silencing. ATP efflux was enhanced by nerve growth factor, a treatment known to potentiate P2X3 receptor function. Basal ATP efflux was not controlled by CASK, and carbenoxolone or Pannexin silencing reduced ATP release upon P2X3 receptor function. CASK-controlled ATP efflux followed P2X3 receptor activity, but not depolarization-evoked ATP release. Molecular biology experiments showed that CASK was essential for the transactivation of Panx1 upon P2X3 receptor activation. These data suggest that P2X3 receptor function controls a new type of feed-forward purinergic signaling on surrounding cells, with consequences at peripheral and spinal cord level. Thus, P2X3 receptor-mediated ATP efflux may be considered for the future development of pharmacological strategies aimed at containing neuronal sensitization. P2X3 receptors are involved in sensory transduction and associate to CASK. We have studied in primary sensory neurons the molecular mechanisms downstream P2X3 receptor activation, namely ATP release and partnership with CASK or Panx1. Our data suggest that CASK and P2X3 receptors are part of an ATP keeper complex, with important feed-forward consequences at peripheral and central level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bele
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Elsa Fabbretti
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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328
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Shcherbatko A, Foletti D, Poulsen K, Strop P, Zhu G, Hasa-Moreno A, Melton Witt J, Loo C, Krimm S, Pios A, Yu J, Brown C, Lee JK, Stroud R, Rajpal A, Shelton D. Modulation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 Receptors by Monoclonal Antibodies. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12254-70. [PMID: 27129281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic homomeric P2X3 and heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors are ligand-gated cation channels activated by ATP. Both receptors are predominantly expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons, and an increase in extracellular ATP concentration under pathological conditions, such as tissue damage or visceral distension, induces channel opening, membrane depolarization, and initiation of pain signaling. Hence, these receptors are considered important therapeutic targets for pain management, and development of selective antagonists is currently progressing. To advance the search for novel analgesics, we have generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against human P2X3 (hP2X3). We have found that these antibodies produce distinct functional effects, depending on the homomeric or heteromeric composition of the target, its kinetic state, and the duration of antibody exposure. The most potent antibody, 12D4, showed an estimated IC50 of 16 nm on hP2X3 after short term exposure (up to 18 min), binding to the inactivated state of the channel to inhibit activity. By contrast, with the same short term application, 12D4 potentiated the slow inactivating current mediated by the heteromeric hP2X2/3 channel. Extending the duration of exposure to ∼20 h resulted in a profound inhibition of both homomeric hP2X3 and heteromeric hP2X2/3 receptors, an effect mediated by efficient antibody-induced internalization of the channel from the plasma membrane. The therapeutic potential of mAb12D4 was assessed in the formalin, complete Freund's adjuvant, and visceral pain models. The efficacy of 12D4 in the visceral hypersensitivity model indicates that antibodies against P2X3 may have therapeutic potential in visceral pain indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Shcherbatko
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
| | - Davide Foletti
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kris Poulsen
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pavel Strop
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Guoyun Zhu
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Adela Hasa-Moreno
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jody Melton Witt
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Carole Loo
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Stellanie Krimm
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ariel Pios
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jessica Yu
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Colleen Brown
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - John K Lee
- the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Robert Stroud
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - David Shelton
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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329
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Koeners MP, Lewis KE, Ford AP, Paton JF. Hypertension: a problem of organ blood flow supply-demand mismatch. Future Cardiol 2016; 12:339-49. [PMID: 27091483 PMCID: PMC4926521 DOI: 10.2217/fca.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review introduces a new hypothesis that sympathetically mediated hypertensive diseases are caused, in the most part, by the activation of visceral afferent systems that are connected to neural circuits generating sympathetic activity. We consider how organ hypoperfusion and blood flow supply–demand mismatch might lead to both sensory hyper-reflexia and aberrant afferent tonicity. We discuss how this may drive sympatho-excitatory-positive feedback and extend across multiple organs initiating, or at least amplifying, sympathetic hyperactivity. The latter, in turn, compounds the challenge to sufficient organ blood flow through heightened vasoconstriction that both maintains and exacerbates hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P Koeners
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty E Lewis
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony P Ford
- Afferent Pharmaceuticals, 2929 Campus Drive, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Julian Fr Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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330
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dicpinigaitis
- Professor of Clinical Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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331
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Clay E, Patacchini R, Trevisani M, Preti D, Branà MP, Spina D, Page C. Ozone-Induced Hypertussive Responses in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:73-83. [PMID: 26837703 PMCID: PMC4977573 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cough remains a major unmet clinical need, and preclinical animal models are not predictive for new antitussive agents. We have investigated the mechanisms and pharmacological sensitivity of ozone-induced hypertussive responses in rabbits and guinea pigs. Ozone induced a significant increase in cough frequency and a decrease in time to first cough to inhaled citric acid in both conscious guinea pigs and rabbits. This response was inhibited by the established antitussive drugs codeine and levodropropizine. In contrast to the guinea pig, hypertussive responses in the rabbit were not inhibited by bronchodilator drugs (β2 agonists or muscarinic receptor antagonists), suggesting that the observed hypertussive state was not secondary to bronchoconstriction in this species. The ozone-induced hypertussive response in the rabbit was inhibited by chronic pretreatment with capsaicin, suggestive of a sensitization of airway sensory nerve fibers. However, we could find no evidence for a role of TRPA1 in this response, suggesting that ozone was not sensitizing airway sensory nerves via activation of this receptor. Whereas the ozone-induced hypertussive response was accompanied by a significant influx of neutrophils into the airway, the hypertussive response was not inhibited by the anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast at a dose that clearly exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. In summary, our results suggest that ozone-induced hypertussive responses to citric acid may provide a useful model for the investigation of novel drugs for the treatment of cough, but some important differences were noted between the two species with respect to sensitivity to bronchodilator drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emlyn Clay
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Riccardo Patacchini
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Delia Preti
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Maria Pia Branà
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Domenico Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (E.C., D.S., C.P.); Department of Corporate Drug Development (R.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (D.P.); and Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (M.P.B.)
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332
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José RJ, Chalmers JD, Greening NJ, Janes SM. Review of the British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2015, 2-4 December, London, UK. Thorax 2016; 71:555-9. [PMID: 27015800 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2015 is reviewed in this article. Over 3 days in December, this annual scientific meeting attracted over 2300 delegates and up-to-date respiratory research was presented by leading UK and international speakers. This article reviews a number of symposia and selected abstract presentations from the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J José
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Institute of Lung Health, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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333
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Zhao WS, Sun MY, Sun LF, Liu Y, Yang Y, Huang LD, Fan YZ, Cheng XY, Cao P, Hu YM, Li L, Tian Y, Wang R, Yu Y. A Highly Conserved Salt Bridge Stabilizes the Kinked Conformation of β2,3-Sheet Essential for Channel Function of P2X4 Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7990-8003. [PMID: 26865631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of crucial residues/motifs in the channel function of P2X receptors during the pre-structure era. The recent structural determination of P2X receptors allows us to reevaluate the role of those residues/motifs. Residues Arg-309 and Asp-85 (rat P2X4 numbering) are highly conserved throughout the P2X family and were involved in loss-of-function polymorphism in human P2X receptors. Previous studies proposed that they participated in direct ATP binding. However, the crystal structure of P2X demonstrated that those two residues form an intersubunit salt bridge located far away from the ATP-binding site. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the role of this salt bridge in P2X receptors. Here, we suggest the crucial role of this structural element both in protein stability and in channel gating rather than direct ATP interaction and channel assembly. Combining mutagenesis, charge swap, and disulfide cross-linking, we revealed the stringent requirement of this salt bridge in normal P2X4 channel function. This salt bridge may contribute to stabilizing the bending conformation of the β2,3-sheet that is structurally coupled with this salt bridge and the α2-helix. Strongly kinked β2,3 is essential for domain-domain interactions between head domain, dorsal fin domain, right flipper domain, and loop β7,8 in P2X4 receptors. Disulfide cross-linking with directions opposing or along the bending angle of the β2,3-sheet toward the α2-helix led to loss-of-function and gain-of-function of P2X4 receptors, respectively. Further insertion of amino acids with bulky side chains into the linker between the β2,3-sheet or the conformational change of the α2-helix, interfering with the kinked conformation of β2,3, led to loss-of-function of P2X4 receptors. All these findings provided new insights in understanding the contribution of the salt bridge between Asp-85 and Arg-309 and its structurally coupled β2,3-sheet to the function of P2X receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Zhao
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng-Yang Sun
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang-Fei Sun
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Liu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Dong Huang
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Fan
- the Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Cheng
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Peng Cao
- the Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China, and the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - You-Min Hu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lingyong Li
- the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yun Tian
- the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rui Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China,
| | - Ye Yu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China,
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334
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Stephan G, Kowalski-Jahn M, Zens C, Schmalzing G, Illes P, Hausmann R. Inter-subunit disulfide locking of the human P2X3 receptor elucidates ectodomain movements associated with channel gating. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:221-33. [PMID: 26825305 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are trimeric ATP-gated cation channels involved in sensory neurotransmission and inflammatory pain. We used homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulations of the hP2X3R to identify inter-subunit interactions of residues that are instrumental to elucidate conformational changes associated with gating of the hPX3R. We identified an ionic interaction between E112 and R198 of the head domain and dorsal fin domain, respectively, and E57 and T263 of the lower body domains of adjacent subunits and detected a marked rearrangement of these domains during gating of the hP3X3R. Double-mutant cycle analysis of the inter-subunit residue pairs E112/R198 and E57/T263 revealed significant interaction-free energies. Disulfide locking of the hP2X3R E112C/R198C or the E57C/T263C double cysteine mutants markedly reduced the ATP-induced current responses. The decreased current amplitude following inter-subunit disulfide cross-linking indicates that disulfide locking of the head and dorsal fin domains or at the level of the lower body domains of the hP2X3R prevents the gating-induced conformational rearrangement of the subunits with respect to each other. The distinct reorganization of the subunit interfaces during gating of the hP2X3R is generally consistent with the gating mechanism of other P2XRs. Charge-reversal mutagenesis and methanethiosulfonate (MTS)-modification of substituted cysteines demonstrated that E112 and R198 interact electrostatically. Both disulfide locking and salt bridge breaking of the E112/R198 interaction reduced the hP2X3R function. We conclude that the inter-subunit salt bridge between E112 and R198 of the head and dorsal fin domains, respectively, serves to control the mobility of these domains during agonist-activation of the hP2X3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stephan
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Zens
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ralf Hausmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Atkinson SK, Sadofsky LR, Morice AH. How does rhinovirus cause the common cold cough? BMJ Open Respir Res 2016; 3:e000118. [PMID: 26835135 PMCID: PMC4716235 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough is a protective reflex to prevent aspiration and can be triggered by a multitude of stimuli. The commonest form of cough is caused by upper respiratory tract infection and has no benefit to the host. The virus hijacks this natural defence mechanism in order to propagate itself through the population. Despite the resolution of the majority of cold symptoms within 2 weeks, cough can persist for some time thereafter. Unfortunately, the mechanism of infectious cough brought on by pathogenic viruses, such as human rhinovirus, during colds, remains elusive despite the extensive work that has been undertaken. For socioeconomic reasons, it is imperative we identify the mechanism of cough. There are several theories which have been proposed as the causative mechanism of cough in rhinovirus infection, encompassing a range of different processes. Those of which hold most promise are physical disruption of the epithelial lining, excess mucus production and an inflammatory response to rhinovirus infection which may be excessive. And finally, neuronal modulation, the most convincing hypothesis, is thought to potentiate cough long after the original stimulus has been cleared. All these hypotheses will be briefly covered in the following sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Atkinson
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Laura R Sadofsky
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
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336
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Bonvini SJ, Birrell MA, Grace MS, Maher SA, Adcock JJ, Wortley MA, Dubuis E, Ching YM, Ford AP, Shala F, Miralpeix M, Tarrason G, Smith JA, Belvisi MG. Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 and airway sensory afferent activation: Role of adenosine triphosphate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:249-261.e12. [PMID: 26792207 PMCID: PMC4929136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory nerves innervating the airways play an important role in regulating various cardiopulmonary functions, maintaining homeostasis under healthy conditions and contributing to pathophysiology in disease states. Hypo-osmotic solutions elicit sensory reflexes, including cough, and are a potent stimulus for airway narrowing in asthmatic patients, but the mechanisms involved are not known. Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4) is widely expressed in the respiratory tract, but its role as a peripheral nociceptor has not been explored. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that TRPV4 is expressed on airway afferents and is a key osmosensor initiating reflex events in the lung. METHODS We used guinea pig primary cells, tissue bioassay, in vivo electrophysiology, and a guinea pig conscious cough model to investigate a role for TRPV4 in mediating sensory nerve activation in vagal afferents and the possible downstream signaling mechanisms. Human vagus nerve was used to confirm key observations in animal tissues. RESULTS Here we show TRPV4-induced activation of guinea pig airway-specific primary nodose ganglion cells. TRPV4 ligands and hypo-osmotic solutions caused depolarization of murine, guinea pig, and human vagus and firing of Aδ-fibers (not C-fibers), which was inhibited by TRPV4 and P2X3 receptor antagonists. Both antagonists blocked TRPV4-induced cough. CONCLUSION This study identifies the TRPV4-ATP-P2X3 interaction as a key osmosensing pathway involved in airway sensory nerve reflexes. The absence of TRPV4-ATP-mediated effects on C-fibers indicates a distinct neurobiology for this ion channel and implicates TRPV4 as a novel therapeutic target for neuronal hyperresponsiveness in the airways and symptoms, such as cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Bonvini
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan S Grace
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sarah A Maher
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J Adcock
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Wortley
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Dubuis
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee-Man Ching
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fisnik Shala
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Montserrat Miralpeix
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area-Discovery, R&D Centre, Almirall S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Tarrason
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area-Discovery, R&D Centre, Almirall S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaclyn A Smith
- Respiratory and Allergy Centre, University of Manchester, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria G Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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337
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Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L, Vertigan AE, Altman KW, Birring SS. Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2016; 149:27-44. [PMID: 26426314 DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained chronic cough (UCC) causes significant impairments in quality of life. Effective assessment and treatment approaches are needed for UCC. METHODS This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) asked: What is the efficacy of treatment compared with usual care for cough severity, cough frequency, and cough-related quality of life in patients with UCC? Studies of adults and adolescents aged > 12 years with a chronic cough of > 8 weeks' duration that was unexplained after systematic investigation and treatment were included and assessed for relevance and quality. Based on the systematic review, guideline suggestions were developed and voted on by using the American College of Chest Physicians organization methodology. RESULTS Eleven RCTs and five systematic reviews were included. The 11 RCTs reported data on 570 participants with chronic cough who received a variety of interventions. Study quality was high in 10 RCTs. The studies used an assortment of descriptors and assessments to identify UCC. Although gabapentin and morphine exhibited positive effects on cough-related quality of life, only gabapentin was supported as a treatment recommendation. Studies of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were affected by intervention fidelity bias; when this factor was addressed, ICS were found to be ineffective for UCC. Esomeprazole was ineffective for UCC without features of gastroesophageal acid reflux. Studies addressing nonacid gastroesophageal reflux disease were not identified. A multimodality speech pathology intervention improved cough severity. CONCLUSIONS The evidence supporting the diagnosis and management of UCC is limited. UCC requires further study to establish agreed terminology and the optimal methods of investigation using established criteria for intervention fidelity. Speech pathology-based cough suppression is suggested as a treatment option for UCC. This guideline presents suggestions for diagnosis and treatment based on the best available evidence and identifies gaps in our knowledge as well as areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gibson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Gang Wang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | - Surinder S Birring
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, England
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338
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Insights into the channel gating of P2X receptors from structures, dynamics and small molecules. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:44-55. [PMID: 26725734 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors, as ATP-gated non-selective trimeric ion channels, are permeable to Na(+), K(+) and Ca(2+). Comparing with other ligand-gated ion channel families, P2X receptors are distinct in their unique gating properties and pathophysiological roles, and have attracted attention as promising drug targets for a variety of diseases, such as neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and thrombus. Several small molecule inhibitors for distinct P2X subtypes have entered into clinical trials. However, many questions regarding the gating mechanism of P2X remain unsolved. The structural determinations of P2X receptors at the resting and ATP-bound open states revealed that P2X receptor gating is a cooperative allosteric process involving multiple domains, which marks the beginning of the post-structure era of P2X research at atomic level. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of P2X receptors, depict the whole picture of allosteric changes during the channel gating, and summarize the active sites that may contribute to new strategies for developing novel allosteric drugs targeting P2X receptors.
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339
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Faruqi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, The Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK E-mail:
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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340
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Cough in interstitial lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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341
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Niimi A, Chung KF. Evidence for neuropathic processes in chronic cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:100-4. [PMID: 26474678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a very common symptom for which patients seek medical attention but can often be difficult to manage, because associated causes may remain elusive and treatment of any associated causes does not always provide adequate relief. Current antitussives have limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects. Patients with chronic cough typically describe sensory symptoms suggestive of upper airway and laryngeal neural dysfunction. They often report cough triggered by low-level physical and chemical stimuli supporting the recently emerging concept of 'cough hypersensitivity syndrome'. Chronic cough is a neuropathic condition that could be secondary to sensory nerve damage caused by inflammatory, infective and allergic factors. Mechanisms underlying peripheral and central augmentation of the afferent cough pathways have been identified. Successful treatment of chronic cough with agents used for treating neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin and amitriptyline, would also support this concept. Further research of neuropathic cough may lead to the discovery of more effective antitussives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK; Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, London, UK
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342
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West PW, Canning BJ, Merlo-Pich E, Woodcock AA, Smith JA. Morphologic Characterization of Nerves in Whole-Mount Airway Biopsies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:30-9. [PMID: 25906337 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2293oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Neuroplasticity of bronchopulmonary afferent neurons that respond to mechanical and chemical stimuli may sensitize the cough reflex. Afferent drive in cough is carried by the vagus nerve, and vagal afferent nerve terminals have been well defined in animals. Yet, both unmyelinated C fibers and particularly the morphologically distinct, myelinated, nodose-derived mechanoreceptors described in animals are poorly characterized in humans. To date there are no distinctive molecular markers or detailed morphologies available for human bronchopulmonary afferent nerves. OBJECTIVES Morphologic and neuromolecular characterization of the afferent nerves that are potentially involved in cough in humans. METHODS A whole-mount immunofluorescence approach, rarely used in human lung tissue, was used with antibodies specific to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and, for the first time in human lung tissue, 200-kD neurofilament subunit. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We have developed a robust technique to visualize fibers consistent with autonomic and C fibers and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. A group of morphologically distinct, 200-kD neurofilament-immunopositive myelinated afferent fibers, a subpopulation of which did not express PGP9.5, was also identified. CONCLUSIONS PGP9.5-immunonegative nerves are strikingly similar to myelinated airway afferents, the cough receptor, and smooth muscle-associated airway receptors described in rodents. These have never been described in humans. Full description of human airway nerves is critical to the translation of animal studies to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W West
- 1 Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Canning
- 2 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | | | - Ashley A Woodcock
- 1 Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn A Smith
- 1 Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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343
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder that frequently affects the lungs. Cough is commonly reported by patients and can significantly reduce health-related quality of life. The mechanism of cough is unknown but airway inflammation, mechanical distortion from pulmonary fibrosis and disruption of the vagus nerve are possible. Recent evidence suggests cough reflex hypersensitivity may also be an important mechanism and predictor of the frequency of cough. The investigation of cough should evaluate common causes such as asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux and rhinitis. In patients with suspected cough due to sarcoidosis, a trial of corticosteroids should be considered. The severity of cough should be evaluated with validated outcome measures such as visual analogue scales, cough severity diary, health-related quality of life questionnaires such as the Leicester Cough Questionnaire and objective cough monitors. Future studies are needed to identify targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tully
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE9 5RS, UK
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE9 5RS, UK.
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344
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Chung KF, Canning B, McGarvey L. Eight International London Cough Symposium 2014: Cough hypersensitivity syndrome as the basis for chronic cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:76-80. [PMID: 26341666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At the Eighth International London Cough Conference held in London in July 2014, the focus was on the relatively novel concept of cough hypersensitivity syndrome (CHS) as forming the basis of chronic cough. This concept has been formulated following understanding of the neuronal pathways for cough and a realisation that not all chronic cough is usually associated with a cause. The CHS is defined by troublesome coughing triggered by low level of thermal, mechanical or chemical exposure. It also encompasses other symptoms or sensations such as laryngeal hypersensitivity, nasal hypersensitivity and possibly also symptoms related to gastrooesopahgeal reflux. The pathophysiologic basis of the CHS is now being increasingly linked to an enhancement of the afferent pathways of the cough reflex both at the peripheral and central levels. Mechanisms involved include the interactions of inflammatory mechanisms with cough sensors in the upper airways and with neuronal pathways of cough, associated with a central component. Tools for assessing CHS in the clinic need to be developed. New drugs may be developed to control CHS. A roadmap is suggested from the inception of the CHS concept towards the development of newer antitussives at the Symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK; Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, London, UK.
| | - Brendan Canning
- The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lorcan McGarvey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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345
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Morice AH, Millqvist E, Belvisi MG, Bieksiene K, Birring SS, Chung KF, Dal Negro RW, Dicpinigaitis P, Kantar A, McGarvey LP, Pacheco A, Sakalauskas R, Smith JA. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical measurement is the key to progress. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1509-10. [PMID: 25931492 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00014215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Respiratory Medicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham, UK
| | - Eva Millqvist
- Dept of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria G Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kristina Bieksiene
- Dept of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roberto W Dal Negro
- Centro Nazionale Studi di Farmacoeconomia e Farmacoepidemiologua Respiratoria CESFAR, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Dicpinigaitis
- Einstein Division/Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Paediatric Cough and Asthma Centre, Istituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lorcan P McGarvey
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Adalberto Pacheco
- Chronic Cough Unit, Pneumology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Dept of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jaclyn A Smith
- Centre for Respiratory and Allergy, University of Manchester, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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346
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Morice AH. Over-the-counter cough medicines: New approaches. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:149-51. [PMID: 26232720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The global market for over-the-counter (OTC) medicines in the category cough/cold is enormous amounting to 5.77 billion euro in 2014 (source IMS). Despite this enormous healthcare investment, mainly by direct consumer purchase, evidence for efficacy is poor by modern standards. Because of a lack of new drug development existing OTC medicines are supported by trials of inadequate design. This has led to the claim that cough medicines are inefficacious. Recent developments in measuring cough support some existing agents but investment in modern studies to provide comprehensive proof of efficacy has not happened. The switch from prescription medicine to OTC which has occurred in other markets will not occur in antitussives since novel therapies have yet to be developed. One area, that of herbal derived medicines, has seen innovation because it is less hampered by regulatory constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, HYMS, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, HU16 5JQ, UK.
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347
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Smith JA, Abdulqawi R, Dockry R, Holt K, Layton G, McCarthy BG, Ford AP. P2X3 receptor antagonist in chronic cough--Authors' reply. Lancet 2015; 386:244-5. [PMID: 26194520 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; University Hospital of South Manchester, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rayid Abdulqawi
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; University Hospital of South Manchester, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Dockry
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; University Hospital of South Manchester, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberley Holt
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; University Hospital of South Manchester, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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348
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Turner
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London E9 6SR, UK.
| | - Raj K Rajakulasingam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London E9 6SR, UK
| | - Angshu Bhowmik
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London E9 6SR, UK
| | - Graham H Bothamley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London E9 6SR, UK
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349
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Song WJ, Chang YS. Cough hypersensitivity as a neuro-immune interaction. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:24. [PMID: 26180629 PMCID: PMC4503292 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cough is an intrinsic protective reflex. However, chronic cough affects a considerable proportion of general population and has a major impact on quality of life. A recent paradigm shift to ‘cough hypersensitivity syndrome’ suggests that chronic cough arises from hypersensitivity of the airway sensory nerves. As cough reflex is determined by interaction of the nervous system with immune system, persistent dysregulation of one or both of these systems may lead to chronic cough hypersensitivity. Here we review the current evidence for the neuro-immune interactions that underlie cough hypersensitivity and discuss future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
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350
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McGarvey L. Seeing Is Believing. Sensing Real Progress in the Study of Human Airway Nerves. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:1-2. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201505-0873ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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