301
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Stephens WE. Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke. Tob Control 2017; 27:tobaccocontrol-2017-053808. [PMID: 28778971 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying relative harm caused by inhaling the aerosol emissions of vapourised nicotine products compared with smoking combustible tobacco is an important issue for public health. METHODS The cancer potencies of various nicotine-delivering aerosols are modelled using published chemical analyses of emissions and their associated inhalation unit risks. Potencies are compared using a conversion procedure for expressing smoke and e-cigarette vapours in common units. Lifetime cancer risks are calculated from potencies using daily consumption estimates. RESULTS The aerosols form a spectrum of cancer potencies spanning five orders of magnitude from uncontaminated air to tobacco smoke. E-cigarette emissions span most of this range with the preponderance of products having potencies<1% of tobacco smoke and falling within two orders of magnitude of a medicinal nicotine inhaler; however, a small minority have much higher potencies. These high-risk results tend to be associated with high levels of carbonyls generated when excessive power is delivered to the atomiser coil. Samples of a prototype heat-not-burn device have lower cancer potencies than tobacco smoke by at least one order of magnitude, but higher potencies than most e-cigarettes. Mean lifetime risks decline in the sequence: combustible cigarettes >> heat-not-burn >> e-cigarettes (normal power)≥nicotine inhaler. CONCLUSIONS Optimal combinations of device settings, liquid formulation and vaping behaviour normally result in e-cigarette emissions with much less carcinogenic potency than tobacco smoke, notwithstanding there are circumstances in which the cancer risks of e-cigarette emissions can escalate, sometimes substantially. These circumstances are usually avoidable when the causes are known.
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302
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Tommasi S, Bates SE, Behar RZ, Talbot P, Besaratinia A. Limited mutagenicity of electronic cigarettes in mouse or human cells in vitro. Lung Cancer 2017; 112:41-46. [PMID: 29191599 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electronic cigarettes (e-cig), which are promoted as safe alternatives to tobacco cigarettes or as aides to smoking cessation, are becoming increasingly popular among adult chronic smokers and adolescents experimenting with tobacco products. Despite the known presence of toxicants and carcinogens in e-cig liquid and vapor, the possible carcinogenic effects of e-cig use in humans are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have utilized two validated in vitro model systems to investigate whether e-cig vapor induces mutation in mouse or human cells. We have exposed transgenic mouse fibroblasts in vitro to e-cig vapor extracts prepared from three popular brands, and determined the induction of mutagenesis in a reporter gene, the cII transgene. Furthermore, we have treated the pSP189 plasmid with e-cig vapor extract, transfected human fibroblast cells with the e-cig-treated plasmid, and screened for the induced mutations in the supF gene. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We observed no statistically significant increases in relative mutant frequency in the cII transgene or supF gene in the e-cig treated mouse or human cells, respectively. Our data indicate that e-cig vapor extracts from the selected brands and at concentrations tested in this study have limited mutagenicity in both mouse and human cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Steven E Bates
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rachel Z Behar
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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303
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Chun LF, Moazed F, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Gotts JE. Pulmonary toxicity of e-cigarettes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L193-L206. [PMID: 28522559 PMCID: PMC5582932 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are designed to heat and aerosolize mixtures of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and flavoring additives, thus delivering nicotine by inhalation in the absence of combustion. These devices were originally developed to facilitate smoking cessation and have been available in the United States for over a decade. Since 2010, e-cig use has expanded rapidly, especially among adolescents, despite a paucity of short- and long-term safety data. Patterns of use have shifted to include never smokers and many dual users of e-cigs and combustible tobacco products. Over the last several years, research into the potential toxicities of e-cig aerosols has grown exponentially. In the interim, regulatory policymakers across the world have struggled with how to regulate an increasingly diverse array of suppliers and products, against a backdrop of strong advocacy from users, manufacturers, and tobacco control experts. Herein we provide an updated review of the pulmonary toxicity profile of these devices, summarizing evidence from cell culture, animal models, and human subjects. We highlight the major gaps in our current understanding, emphasize the challenges confronting the scientific and regulatory communities, and identify areas that require more research in this important and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Chun
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Farzad Moazed
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey E Gotts
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
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304
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Shields PG, Berman M, Brasky TM, Freudenheim JL, Mathe E, McElroy JP, Song MA, Wewers MD. A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes in the Context of Smoking: A Focus on Inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1175-1191. [PMID: 28642230 PMCID: PMC5614602 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing rapidly, but their effects on lung toxicity are largely unknown. Smoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease, in part through inflammation. It is plausible that e-cig use might affect similar inflammatory pathways. E-cigs are used by some smokers as an aid for quitting or smoking reduction, and by never smokers (e.g., adolescents and young adults). The relative effects for impacting disease risk may differ for these groups. Cell culture and experimental animal data indicate that e-cigs have the potential for inducing inflammation, albeit much less than smoking. Human studies show that e-cig use in smokers is associated with substantial reductions in blood or urinary biomarkers of tobacco toxicants when completely switching and somewhat for dual use. However, the extent to which these biomarkers are surrogates for potential lung toxicity remains unclear. The FDA now has regulatory authority over e-cigs and can regulate product and e-liquid design features, such as nicotine content and delivery, voltage, e-liquid formulations, and flavors. All of these factors may impact pulmonary toxicity. This review summarizes current data on pulmonary inflammation related to both smoking and e-cig use, with a focus on human lung biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1175-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Micah Berman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Public Health, Ohio
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ewy Mathe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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305
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Poynton S, Sutton J, Goodall S, Margham J, Forster M, Scott K, Liu C, McAdam K, Murphy J, Proctor C. A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 1): Product operation and preliminary aerosol chemistry assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:522-532. [PMID: 28576286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapour products have demonstrated potential to be a lower-risk alternative to cigarettes. The present study describes a novel hybrid tobacco product that combines a warm aerosol stream generated by an electronic vaporisation mechanism with tobacco top flavour from cut tobacco. During operation, the aerosol stream released from the vapour cartomiser is passed through a bed of blended cut tobacco by the puffing flow, elevating the tobacco temperature and eluting volatile tobacco flavour components. A preliminary but comprehensive analysis of the aerosol composition of the hybrid tobacco product found that emissions were dominated by the control vapour formulation. In non-targeted chemical screening, no detectable difference in GC scans was observed between the hybrid tobacco product and the control vapour product. However, a sensorially elevated tobacco flavour was confirmed by a consumer sensory panel (P < 0.05). In a targeted analysis of 113 compounds, either identified by regulatory bodies as potential toxicants in cigarette smoke or formed from electronic vapour products, only 26 were quantified. The novel action of tobacco heating and liquid aerosolisation produced classes and levels of toxicants that were similar to those of the control vapour product, but much lower than those of a Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarette. For nine toxicants mandated by the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation for reduction in cigarette emissions, the levels were 91%-99% lower per puff in the hybrid tobacco product aerosol than in 3R4F smoke. Overall, the novel hybrid tobacco product provides a sensorially enhanced tobacco flavour, but maintains a toxicant profile similar to its parent vapour product with relatively low levels of known cigarette smoke toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poynton
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Joseph Sutton
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sharon Goodall
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jennifer Margham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ken Scott
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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306
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Cho JH. The association between electronic-cigarette use and self-reported oral symptoms including cracked or broken teeth and tongue and/or inside-cheek pain among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180506. [PMID: 28700729 PMCID: PMC5507461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about oral health related to electronic-cigarette (EC) use, even though EC use is increasing rapidly. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between EC use and oral health, including ‘gingival pain and/or bleeding’, ‘tongue and/or inside-cheek pain’, and ‘cracked or broken teeth’ among adolescents. Methods A total of 65,528 students in 2016 were included in this cross-sectional study. Results For EC use, 0.5% (n = 297) students were daily users, 1.9% (n = 1259) were ‘1 to 29 days past month users’, and 5.9% (n = 3848) were former users. Overall, 18.5% students reported they had experienced ‘gingival pain and/or bleeding’, 11.0% reported ‘tongue and/or inside-cheek pain’, and 11.4% reported a ‘cracked or broken tooth’ within the past 12 months. When comparing ‘daily EC users’, ‘1 to 29 days past month EC users’, and ‘former EC users’ with ‘never EC users’, the adjusted ORs for ‘cracked or broken tooth’ were 1.65 (95% CI: 1.19–2.27), 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06–1.51), and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.04–1.30), respectively. Comparing ‘daily EC users’ with ‘never EC users’, the adjusted OR for ‘tongue and/or inside-cheek pain’ was 1.54 (1.05–2.26). However, EC use among adolescents was not associated with ‘gingival pain and/or bleeding’ when adjusted for the potential confounders. Conclusions Based on the results, the odds of cracked or broken teeth among daily, ‘1 to 29 days past month’, and former EC users were significantly higher than those among never EC users. The odds of tongue and/or inside-cheek pain among daily EC users were significantly higher than those among never EC users. In conclusion, the results suggest that daily EC use among adolescents may be a risk factor for cracked or broken teeth and tongue and/or inside-cheek pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Cho
- Department of Public Health Administration, Hanyang Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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307
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Hage AN, Krause W, Mathues A, Krasner L, Kasten S, Eliason JL, Ghosh A. Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System. J Vis Exp 2017:55672. [PMID: 28570524 PMCID: PMC5608144 DOI: 10.3791/55672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. The potential adverse health effects of electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) exposure are poorly defined. While several animal models of E-vapor exposure have been developed, few models expose rodents to clinically relevant quantities of nicotine and make direct comparisons to cigarette smoke within the same exposure system. Here, we present a method for constructing and operating an E-vapor chamber and cigarette smoke chamber. The chambers are constructed by outfitting anesthesia chambers with a computer controlled pumping system that delivers consistent amounts of E-vapor or cigarette smoke to rodents. Nicotine exposure is measured indirectly by quantifying pre and post-exposure serum cotinine levels. This exposure system can be modified to accommodate various types of E-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, and can be used to compare the effects of E-vapor and cigarette smoke in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Hage
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School;
| | - Will Krause
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Angela Mathues
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School
| | | | - Seth Kasten
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Jonathan L Eliason
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Health System
| | - Abhijit Ghosh
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School
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308
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Yu E, Lippert AM. Race/ethnicity modifies the association between school prevalence of e-cigarette use and student-level use: Results from the 2014 US National Youth Tobacco Survey. Health Place 2017; 46:114-120. [PMID: 28527326 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed racial/ethnic moderation of the association between school prevalence of lifetime e-cigarette use and students' use. Using multilevel regression methods and data from the 2014 US National Youth Tobacco Survey, we found attending schools with high rates of e-cigarette use was positively associated with students' lifetime use of e-cigarettes, especially for white students. A cross-level interaction term indicated a weaker association between non-Hispanic black race and attending high-use schools (odds ratio [OR] =0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.39, 0.95). Results implicate race/ethnicity as an important effect modifier in the link between school contexts and teenage e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, United States
| | - Adam M Lippert
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 105, PO Box 173364 Denver, CO 80217, United States.
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309
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Zucchet A, Schmaltz G. Electronic cigarettes—A review of the physiological health effects. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are devices that are used recreationally or as smoking cessation tools, and have become increasingly popular in recent years. We conducted a review of the available literature to determine the health effects caused by the use of these devices. A heating element in the EC aerosolizes a solution of propylene glycol, glycerol, nicotine (optional), and flavouring (optional). These compounds are generally harmless on their own. However, upon heating, they produce various carcinogens and irritants. We found that concentrations of these toxicants vary significantly depending on the type of EC device, the type of EC liquid, and the smoking behaviour of the user. Exposure to these vapours can cause inflammation and oxidative damage to in vitro and in vivo cells. EC aerosol can also potentially affect organ systems and especially cardiovascular and lung function. We concluded that EC use causes acute effects on health but not as severe as those of conventional cigarettes (CCs). These devices could, therefore, be of use for smokers of CCs wishing to quit. However, as EC aerosol introduces new toxicants not found in CCs, long-term studies are needed to investigate possible chronic effects associated with EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Zucchet
- Department of Biology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Grégory Schmaltz
- Department of Biology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
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310
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Ogunwale M, Li M, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Chen Y, Nantz MH, Conklin DJ, Fu XA. Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1207-1214. [PMID: 28393137 PMCID: PMC5377270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are the principal toxic aldehydes present in cigarette smoke and contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease and noncancerous pulmonary disease. The rapid growth of the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has raised concerns over emissions of these harmful aldehydes. This work determines emissions of these aldehydes in both free and bound (aldehyde-hemiacetal) forms and other carbonyls from the use of e-cigarettes. A novel silicon microreactor with a coating phase of 4-(2-aminooxyethyl)-morpholin-4-ium chloride (AMAH) was used to trap carbonyl compounds in the aerosols of e-cigarettes via oximation reactions. AMAH-aldehyde adducts were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze hemiacetals in the aerosols. These aldehydes were detected in the aerosols of all e-cigarettes. Newer-generation e-cigarette devices generated more aldehydes than the first-generation e-cigarettes because of higher battery power output. Formaldehyde-hemiacetal was detected in the aerosols generated from some e-liquids using the newer e-cigarette devices at a battery power output of 11.7 W and above. The emission of these aldehydes from all e-cigarettes, especially higher levels of aldehydes from the newer-generation e-cigarette devices, indicates the risk of using e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumiye
A. Ogunwale
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mandapati V. Ramakrishnam Raju
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Yizheng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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311
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Troutt WD, DiDonato MD. Carbonyl Compounds Produced by Vaporizing Cannabis Oil Thinning Agents. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:879-884. [PMID: 28355118 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use has increased in the United States, particularly the use of vaporized cannabis oil, which is often mixed with thinning agents for use in vaporizing devices. E-cigarette research shows that heated thinning agents produce potentially harmful carbonyls; however, similar studies have not been conducted (1) with agents that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and (2) at temperatures that are appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. The goal of this study was to determine whether thinning agents used in the cannabis industry produce potentially harmful carbonyls when heated to a temperature that is appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. DESIGN Four thinning agents (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], and medium chain triglycerides [MCT]) were heated to 230°C and the resulting vapors were tested for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. Each agent was tested three times. SETTING/LOCATION Testing was conducted in a smoking laboratory. OUTCOME MEASURES Carbonyl levels were measured in micrograms per puff block. RESULTS Analyses showed that PEG 400 produced significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde than PG, MCT, and VG. Formaldehyde production was also significantly greater in PG compared with MCT and VG. Acrolein production did not differ significantly across the agents. CONCLUSIONS PG and PEG 400 produced high levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde when heated to 230°C. Formaldehyde production from PEG 400 isolate was particularly high, with one inhalation accounting for 1.12% of the daily exposure limit, nearly the same exposure as smoking one cigarette. Because PG and PEG 400 are often mixed with cannabis oil, individuals who vaporize cannabis oil products may risk exposure to harmful formaldehyde levels. Although more research is needed, consumers and policy makers should consider these potential health effects before use and when drafting cannabis-related legislation.
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312
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Abstract
Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration in the debate on the benefits versus the risks of electronic cigarette (EC) use. EC emissions that might have adverse effects on cardiovascular health include nicotine, oxidants, aldehydes, particulates, and flavourants. To date, most of the cardiovascular effects of ECs demonstrated in humans are consistent with the known effects of nicotine. Pharmacological and toxicological studies support the biological plausibility that nicotine contributes to acute cardiovascular events and accelerated atherogenesis. However, epidemiological studies assessing Swedish smokeless tobacco, which exposes users to nicotine without combustion products, generally have not found an increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke among users, but suggest that nicotine might contribute to acute cardiovascular events, especially in those with underlying coronary heart disease. The effects of aldehydes, particulates, and flavourants derived from ECs on cardiovascular health have not been determined. Although ECs might pose some cardiovascular risk to users, particularly those with existing cardiovascular disease, the risk is thought to be less than that of cigarette smoking based on qualitative and quantitative comparisons of EC aerosol versus cigarette smoke constituents. The adoption of ECs rather than cigarette smoking might, therefore, result in an overall benefit for public health.
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313
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Pankow JF, Kim K, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Escobedo JO, Strongin RM, Duell AK, Peyton DH. Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173055. [PMID: 28273096 PMCID: PMC5342216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The heating of the fluids used in electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes") used to create "vaping" aerosols is capable of causing a wide range of degradation reaction products. We investigated formation of benzene (an important human carcinogen) from e-cigarette fluids containing propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (GL), benzoic acid, the flavor chemical benzaldehyde, and nicotine. METHODS/MAIN RESULTS Three e-cigarette devices were used: the JUULTM "pod" system (provides no user accessible settings other than flavor cartridge choice), and two refill tank systems that allowed a range of user accessible power settings. Benzene in the e-cigarette aerosols was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Benzene formation was ND (not detected) in the JUUL system. In the two tank systems benzene was found to form from propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL), and from the additives benzoic acid and benzaldehyde, especially at high power settings. With 50:50 PG+GL, for tank device 1 at 6W and 13W, the formed benzene concentrations were 1.9 and 750 μg/m3. For tank device 2, at 6W and 25W, the formed concentrations were ND and 1.8 μg/m3. With benzoic acid and benzaldehyde at ~10 mg/mL, for tank device 1, values at 13W were as high as 5000 μg/m3. For tank device 2 at 25W, all values were ≤~100 μg/m3. These values may be compared with what can be expected in a conventional (tobacco) cigarette, namely 200,000 μg/m3. Thus, the risks from benzene will be lower from e-cigarettes than from conventional cigarettes. However, ambient benzene air concentrations in the U.S. have typically been 1 μg/m3, so that benzene has been named the largest single known cancer-risk air toxic in the U.S. For non-smokers, chronically repeated exposure to benzene from e-cigarettes at levels such as 100 or higher μg/m3 will not be of negligible risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kilsun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jorge O. Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Duell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David H. Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Farsalinos K, Gillman G, Kistler K, Yannovits N. Comment on "Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E Cigarette Vaping". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2491-2492. [PMID: 28170231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center , Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras , Rio 26500, Greece
| | - Gene Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Suite 1, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Kurt Kistler
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University Brandywine , 25 Yearsley Mill Road, Media, Pennsylvania 19063, United States
| | - Nikoletta Yannovits
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Apostolou Pavlou 6, Marousi 15123, Greece
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315
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Khlystov A, Samburova V. Response to Comment on "Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E Cigarette Vaping". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2493-2494. [PMID: 28170247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khlystov
- Desert Research Institute, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Desert Research Institute, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
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316
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Solvent Chemistry in the Electronic Cigarette Reaction Vessel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42549. [PMID: 28195231 PMCID: PMC5307352 DOI: 10.1038/srep42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanism of formation, levels and toxicological profiles of the chemical products in the aerosols (i.e., vapor plus particulate phases) of e-cigarettes is needed in order to better inform basic research as well as the general public, regulators, and industry. To date, studies of e-cigarette emissions have mainly focused on chromatographic techniques for quantifying and comparing the levels of selected e-cigarette aerosol components to those found in traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes heat and aerosolize the solvents propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY), thereby affording unique product profiles as compared to traditional cigarettes. The chemical literature strongly suggests that there should be more compounds produced by PG and GLY than have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols to date. Herein we report an extensive investigation of the products derived from vaporizing PG and GLY under mild, single puff conditions. This has led to the discovery of several new compounds produced under vaping conditions. Prior reports on e-cigarette toxin production have emphasized temperature as the primary variable in solvent degradation. In the current study, the molecular pathways leading to enhanced PG/GLY reactivity are described, along with the most impactful chemical conditions promoting byproduct production.
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317
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Wang P, Chen W, Liao J, Matsuo T, Ito K, Fowles J, Shusterman D, Mendell M, Kumagai K. A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169811. [PMID: 28076380 PMCID: PMC5226727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how the two main electronic (e-) cigarette solvents—propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL)—modulate the formation of toxic volatile carbonyl compounds under precisely controlled temperatures in the absence of nicotine and flavor additives. Methods PG, GL, PG:GL = 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture, and two commercial e-cigarette liquids were vaporized in a stainless steel, tubular reactor in flowing air ranging up to 318°C to simulate e-cigarette vaping. Aerosols were collected and analyzed to quantify the amount of volatile carbonyls produced with each of the five e-liquids. Results Significant amounts of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected at reactor temperatures ≥215°C for both PG and GL. Acrolein was observed only in e-liquids containing GL when reactor temperatures exceeded 270°C. At 318°C, 2.03±0.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.35±0.87 μg of acetaldehyde, and a trace amount of acetone were generated per milligram of PG; at the same temperature, 21.1±3.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.40±0.99 μg of acetaldehyde, and 0.80±0.50 μg of acrolein were detected per milligram of GL. Conclusions We developed a device-independent test method to investigate carbonyl emissions from different e-cigarette liquids under precisely controlled temperatures. PG and GL were identified to be the main sources of toxic carbonyl compounds from e-cigarette use. GL produced much more formaldehyde than PG. Besides formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, measurable amounts of acrolein were also detected at ≥270°C but only when GL was present in the e-liquid. At 215°C, the estimated daily exposure to formaldehyde from e-cigarettes, exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) acceptable limits, which emphasized the need to further examine the potential cancer and non-cancer health risks associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Jiawen Liao
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Toshiki Matsuo
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeff Fowles
- Exposure Assessment Section, Environmental Health Investigation Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Mendell
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
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318
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319
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Khlystov A, Samburova V. Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E-Cigarette Vaping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13080-13085. [PMID: 27934275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) raises concerns about the possibility of adverse health effects to primary users and people exposed to e-cigarette vapors. E-Cigarettes offer a very wide variety of flavors, which is one of the main factors that attract new, especially young, users. How flavoring compounds in e-cigarette liquids affect the chemical composition and toxicity of e-cigarette vapors is practically unknown. Although e-cigarettes are marketed as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes, several studies have demonstrated formation of toxic aldehydes in e-cigarette vapors during vaping. So far, aldehyde formation has been attributed to thermal decomposition of the main components of e-cigarette e-liquids (propylene glycol and glycerol), while the role of flavoring compounds has been ignored. In this study, we have measured several toxic aldehydes produced by three popular brands of e-cigarettes with flavored and unflavored e-liquids. We show that, within the tested e-cigarette brands, thermal decomposition of flavoring compounds dominates formation of aldehydes during vaping, producing levels that exceed occupational safety standards. Production of aldehydes was found to be exponentially dependent on concentration of flavoring compounds. These findings stress the need for a further, thorough investigation of the effect of flavoring compounds on the toxicity of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
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320
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Bousquet J, Bachert C, Alexander LC, Leone FT. Hypothesis: may e-cigarette smoking boost the allergic epidemic? Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:40. [PMID: 27891215 PMCID: PMC5111212 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- University Hospital, Montpellier, France ; MACVIA-France, Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en France, European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site, Montpellier, France ; INSERM, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168, Paris, France ; UVSQ, UMR-S 1168, Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France ; CHRU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Laura Crotty Alexander
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA ; University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
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321
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Schaller JP, Keller D, Poget L, Pratte P, Kaelin E, McHugh D, Cudazzo G, Smart D, Tricker AR, Gautier L, Yerly M, Reis Pires R, Le Bouhellec S, Ghosh D, Hofer I, Garcia E, Vanscheeuwijck P, Maeder S. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 2: Chemical composition, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and physical properties of the aerosol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S27-S47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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322
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Behar RZ, Luo W, Lin SC, Wang Y, Valle J, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tob Control 2016; 25:ii94-ii102. [PMID: 27633763 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution, concentration and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids and aerosols. METHODS The distribution and concentration of cinnamaldehyde were determined in 39 e-cigarette refill fluids plus 6 duplicates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A cinnamaldehyde toxicity profile was established for embryonic and adult cells using a live cell imaging assay, immunocytochemistry, the comet assay and a recovery assay. RESULTS Twenty of the 39 refill fluids contained cinnamaldehyde at concentrations that are cytotoxic to human embryonic and lung cells in the MTT assay. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosol produced in a cartomizer-style e-cigarette was cytotoxic. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosols and refill fluid aerosols (80% propylene glycol or cinnamaldehyde/propylene glycol) made using a tank/boxmod e-cigarette were more cytotoxic at 5 V than 3 V. Using GC/MS, aerosols produced at 5 V contained 10 additional peaks not present in aerosol generated at 3 V. One of these, 2,3-butandione (diacetyl), was confirmed with an authentic standard. Cinnamaldehyde depolymerised microtubules in human pulmonary fibroblasts. At concentrations that produced no effect in the MTT assay, cinnamaldehyde decreased growth, attachment and spreading; altered cell morphology and motility; increased DNA strand breaks; and increased cell death. At the MTT IC50 concentration, lung cells were unable to recover from cinnamaldehyde after 2 hours of treatment, whereas embryonic cells recovered after 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamaldehyde-containing refill fluids and aerosols are cytotoxic, genotoxic and low concentrations adversely affect cell processes and survival. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde in e-cigarette refill fluids/aerosols may impair homeostasis in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Behar
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sabrina C Lin
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jackelyn Valle
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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