301
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RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals Interactions between Breast Cancer or Melanoma Cells and the Tissue Microenvironment during Brain Metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8032910. [PMID: 28210624 PMCID: PMC5292181 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8032910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of treatment failure and death in cancer patients. Metastasis of tumor cells to the brain occurs frequently in individuals with breast cancer, non–small cell lung cancer, or melanoma. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the causes and in the treatment of primary tumors, the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of cancer cells to the brain have remained unclear. Metastasizing cancer cells interact with their microenvironment in the brain to establish metastases. We have now developed mouse models of brain metastasis based on intracardiac injection of human breast cancer or melanoma cell lines, and we have performed RNA sequencing analysis to identify genes in mouse brain tissue and the human cancer cells whose expression is associated specifically with metastasis. We found that the expressions of the mouse genes Tph2, Sspo, Ptprq, and Pole as well as those of the human genes CXCR4, PLLP, TNFSF4, VCAM1, SLC8A2, and SLC7A11 were upregulated in brain tissue harboring metastases. Further characterization of such genes that contribute to the establishment of brain metastases may provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and consequent improvement in the prognosis of cancer patients.
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302
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Elyas E, Grimwood A, Erler JT, Robinson SP, Cox TR, Woods D, Clowes P, De Luca R, Marinozzi F, Fromageau J, Bamber JC. Multi-Channel Optical Coherence Elastography Using Relative and Absolute Shear-Wave Time of Flight. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169664. [PMID: 28107368 PMCID: PMC5249105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastography, the imaging of elastic properties of soft tissues, is well developed for macroscopic clinical imaging of soft tissues and can provide useful information about various pathological processes which is complementary to that provided by the original modality. Scaling down of this technique should ply the field of cellular biology with valuable information with regard to elastic properties of cells and their environment. This paper evaluates the potential to develop such a tool by modifying a commercial optical coherence tomography (OCT) device to measure the speed of shear waves propagating in a three-dimensional (3D) medium. A needle, embedded in the gel, was excited to vibrate along its long axis and the displacement as a function of time and distance from the needle associated with the resulting shear waves was detected using four M-mode images acquired simultaneously using a commercial four-channel swept-source OCT system. Shear-wave time of arrival (TOA) was detected by tracking the axial OCT-speckle motion using cross-correlation methods. Shear-wave speed was then calculated from inter-channel differences of TOA for a single burst (the relative TOA method) and compared with the shear-wave speed determined from positional differences of TOA for a single channel over multiple bursts (the absolute TOA method). For homogeneous gels the relative method provided shear-wave speed with acceptable precision and accuracy when judged against the expected linear dependence of shear modulus on gelatine concentration (R2 = 0.95) and ultimate resolution capabilities limited by 184μm inter-channel distance. This overall approach shows promise for its eventual provision as a research tool in cancer cell biology. Further work is required to optimize parameters such as vibration frequency, burst length and amplitude, and to assess the lateral and axial resolutions of this type of device as well as to create 3D elastograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Elyas
- CRUK Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Grimwood
- Department of Medical Physics, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Erler
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon P. Robinson
- CRUK Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Woods
- Michelson Diagnostics, 1 Grays Farm Production Village, Orpington, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clowes
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona De Luca
- CRUK Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jérémie Fromageau
- CRUK Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C. Bamber
- CRUK Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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303
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da Motta LL, Ledaki I, Purshouse K, Haider S, De Bastiani MA, Baban D, Morotti M, Steers G, Wigfield S, Bridges E, Li JL, Knapp S, Ebner D, Klamt F, Harris AL, McIntyre A. The BET inhibitor JQ1 selectively impairs tumour response to hypoxia and downregulates CA9 and angiogenesis in triple negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:122-132. [PMID: 27292261 PMCID: PMC5061082 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The availability of bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitors (BETi) has enabled translational epigenetic studies in cancer. BET proteins regulate transcription by selectively recognizing acetylated lysine residues on chromatin. BETi compete with this process leading to both downregulation and upregulation of gene expression. Hypoxia enables progression of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive form of breast cancer, partly by driving metabolic adaptation, angiogenesis and metastasis through upregulation of hypoxia-regulated genes (for example, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Responses to hypoxia can be mediated epigenetically, thus we investigated whether BETi JQ1 could impair the TNBC response induced by hypoxia and exert anti-tumour effects. JQ1 significantly modulated 44% of hypoxia-induced genes, of which two-thirds were downregulated including CA9 and VEGF-A. JQ1 prevented HIF binding to the hypoxia response element in CA9 promoter, but did not alter HIF expression or activity, suggesting some HIF targets are BET-dependent. JQ1 reduced TNBC growth in vitro and in vivo and inhibited xenograft vascularization. These findings identify that BETi dually targets angiogenesis and the hypoxic response, an effective combination at reducing tumour growth in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L da Motta
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - I Ledaki
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Purshouse
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Haider
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - D Baban
- High Throughput Genomics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Morotti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Steers
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Wigfield
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Bridges
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J-L Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - S Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Campus Riedberg, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Ebner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Klamt
- Department of Biochemistry/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A McIntyre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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304
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Transforming growth factor-β1 regulation of ATF-3, c-Jun and JunB proteins for activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene in human breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:370-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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305
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Abstract
Cell microenvironment consists of various types of cells which communicate with each other by vast number of secreted proteins. An unbiased profiling of these secreted proteins on a global scale is often critical for understanding the intercellular signaling in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become one of the most popular technology for characterization of the secreted proteins. In this chapter, we discuss the standard workflow for secreted proteins characterization, including harvesting secreted proteins from conditioned media, digesting the obtained proteins, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and downstream data analysis.
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306
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Breast Cancer Microenvironment and the Metastatic Process. Breast Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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307
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Abstract
Seventy percent of cancer patients have detectable metastases when they receive a diagnosis and 90% of cancer deaths result from metastases. These two facts emphasise the urgency for research to study the mechanisms and processes that enable metastasis. We need to develop a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause metastasis and also we need to do more. We must also consider the micro- and macro-environmental factors that influence this disease. Studying this environmental context has led us to update the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis which dates back to the 19th century. This theory describes cancerous cells as seeds and the substrate as the soil in target organs though this may seem antiquated. Nonetheless, the tissue specificity that researchers have recently observed in metastatic colonisation supports the validity of the seed and soil theory. We now know that the metastatic potential of a tumour cell depends on multiple, reciprocal interactions between the primary tumour and distant sites. These interactions determine tumour progression. Studies of metastasis have allowed us to develop treatments that focus on therapeutic effectiveness. These new treatments account for the frequent metastasis of some tumours to target organs such as bones, lungs, brain, and liver. The purpose of this review is first to describe interactions between the cellular and molecular entities and the target organ tumour environment that enables metastasis. A second aim is to describe the complex mechanisms that mediate these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arvelo
- Life Sciences Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation [Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzado]-IDEA, Apartado 17606, Caracas 1015-A, Venezuela; Tumour Biology Culture and Tissue Laboratory, Experimental Biology Institute, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado Apartado 47114, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Life Sciences Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation [Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzado]-IDEA, Apartado 17606, Caracas 1015-A, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Cotte
- Tumour Biology Culture and Tissue Laboratory, Experimental Biology Institute, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado Apartado 47114, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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308
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Kaushik S, Pickup MW, Weaver VM. From transformation to metastasis: deconstructing the extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:655-667. [PMID: 27914000 PMCID: PMC5215979 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a guiding force that regulates various developmental stages of the breast. In addition to providing structural support for the cells, it mediates epithelial-stromal communication and provides cues for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Perturbations in ECM architecture profoundly influence breast tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding how a dysregulated ECM can facilitate malignant transformation is crucial to designing treatments to effectively target the tumor microenvironment. Here, we address the contribution of ECM mechanics to breast cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kaushik
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Pickup
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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309
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Wilson C, Brown H, Holen I. The endocrine influence on the bone microenvironment in early breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R567-R576. [PMID: 27687494 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple factors influence the survival of disseminated breast tumour cells (DTCs) in bone. Whereas gene signature studies have identified genes that predict a propensity of tumours to metastasise to bone, the bone environment is key in determining the fate of these tumour cells. Breast cancer cells locate to specific niches within the bone that support their survival, regulated by host factors within the bone microenvironment including bone cells, cells of the bone micro vasculature, immune cells and the extracellular matrix. Reproductive endocrine hormones that affect bone and clinical studies across the menopausal transition have provided comprehensive understanding of the changes in the bone microenvironment during this time. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in ovarian oestradiol and inhibins, with an increase in pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone and this review will focus on the role of these three hormones in determining the fate of DTCs in bone. Both in vivo and clinical data suggest that premenopausal bone is a conducive environment for growth of breast cancer cells in bone. Adjuvant cancer treatment aims to reduce the risk of tumour recurrence by affecting DTCs. Drugs targeting the bone resorbing osteoclasts, such as bisphosphonates, have therefore been evaluated in this setting. Both preclinical and adjuvant clinical studies have shown that bisphosphonates' ability to decrease tumour growth in bone is influenced by the levels of endocrine hormones, with enhanced effects in a postmenopausal bone microenvironment. The challenge is to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon and to evaluate if alternative adjuvant bone-targeted therapies may be effective in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical OncologyWeston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Brown
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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310
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SEOM Clinical Guideline for bone metastases from solid tumours (2016). Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:1243-1253. [PMID: 27896639 PMCID: PMC5138247 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases are common in many advanced solid tumours, being breast, prostate, thyroid, lung, and renal cancer the most prevalent. Bone metastases can produce skeletal-related events (SREs), defined as pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, need of bone irradiation or need of bone surgery, and hypercalcaemia. Patients with bone metastases experience pain, functional impairment and have a negative impact on their quality of life. Several imaging techniques are available for diagnosis of this disease. Bone-targeted therapies include zoledronic acid, a potent biphosfonate, and denosumab, an anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody. Both reduce the risk and/or delay the development of SREs in several types of tumours. Radium 233, an alpha-particle emitter, increases overall survival in patients with bone metastases from resistant castration prostate cancer. Multidisciplinary approach is essential and bone surgery and radiotherapy should be integrated in the treatment of bone metastases when necessary. This SEOM Guideline reviews bone metastases pathogenesis, clinical presentations, lab tests, imaging techniques for diagnosis and response assessment, bone-targeted agents, and local therapies, as radiation and surgery, and establishes recommendations for the management of patients with metastases to bone.
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311
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Schito L, Semenza GL. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors: Master Regulators of Cancer Progression. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:758-770. [PMID: 28741521 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia (reduced O2 availability) is a common finding in human cancer and leads to increased activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which regulate the expression of genes that contribute to angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, motility, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell maintenance, immune evasion, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Conventional anticancer therapies target well-oxygenated and proliferating cancer cells, whereas there are no approved therapies that target hypoxic cancer cells, despite growing clinical and experimental evidence indicating that intratumoral hypoxia is a critical microenvironmental factor driving cancer progression. In this review, our current understanding of the consequences of HIF activity and the translational potential of targeting HIFs for cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Schito
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Institute for Cell Engineering, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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312
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Breast cancer risk assessment: a non-invasive multiparametric approach to stratify patients by MMP-9 serum activity and RhoA expression patterns in circulating leucocytes. Amino Acids 2016; 49:273-281. [PMID: 27812894 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease classified by several sub-types which differ from each other by risk factors, specific molecular promoters and severity of outcomes. Tumour aggressiveness and metastatic disease are the key determinants of breast cancer outcomes. Tumour cell ability to degrade the extracellular matrix and to be motile is the hallmark of invasion and essential step in a development of breast cancer metastatic disease. Therefore, a coordinated action between cell motility and ability to degrade the extracellular matrix is currently under extensive investigation focused on molecular targets for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Contextually, our current study was dedicated to patient stratification utilising MMP-9 serum activity levels and RhoA expression patterns measured in circulating leucocytes. Biomarker patterns were "masked" in non-stratified patient groups. In contrast, the multiparametric stratification approach led to highly improved clinical utility of biomarker patterns. Presented stratification system is recommended for population screening as a cost-effective non-invasive approach to facilitate predictive diagnostics of breast cancer predisposition, pre-lesions and early stages, when the pathology can be effectively prevented or cured. Proposed approach might be particularly useful for early and predictive breast cancer diagnostics applied to certain phenotypes such as premenopausal rather than postmenopausal women, women with dense breast tissue, where highly increased RhoA/MMPs activities are utilised for effective proteolysis of the matrix and cancer cell migration into dense matrices, as well as for breast cancer of unclear origin such as particularly aggressive triple-negative sub-type.
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313
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Golubnitschaja O, Baban B, Boniolo G, Wang W, Bubnov R, Kapalla M, Krapfenbauer K, Mozaffari MS, Costigliola V. Medicine in the early twenty-first century: paradigm and anticipation - EPMA position paper 2016. EPMA J 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 27800037 PMCID: PMC5078893 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golubnitschaja
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- Radiologic Department, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Babak Baban
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Giovanni Boniolo
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgico Specialistiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 64A, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- WHO Expert Panel (Member), Geneva, Switzerland
- Global Health Epidemiology Reference Group (GHERG), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rostyslav Bubnov
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinical hospital “Pheophania” of State Affairs Department, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marko Kapalla
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kurt Krapfenbauer
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mahmood S. Mozaffari
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Vincenzo Costigliola
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- European Medical Association, Brussels, Belgium
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314
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Reynaud C, Ferreras L, Di Mauro P, Kan C, Croset M, Bonnelye E, Pez F, Thomas C, Aimond G, Karnoub AE, Brevet M, Clézardin P. Lysyl Oxidase Is a Strong Determinant of Tumor Cell Colonization in Bone. Cancer Res 2016; 77:268-278. [PMID: 27742687 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a secreted copper-dependent amine oxidase whose primary function is to drive collagen crosslinking and extracellular matrix stiffness. LOX in colorectal cancer synergizes with hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) to promote tumor progression. Here we investigated whether LOX/HIF1 endows colorectal cancer cells with full competence for aggressive colonization in bone. We show that a high LOX expression in primary tumors from patients with colorectal cancer was associated with poor clinical outcome, irrespective of HIF-1 In addition, LOX was expressed by tumor cells in the bone marrow from colorectal cancer patients with bone metastases. In vivo experimental studies show that LOX overexpression in colorectal cancer cells or systemic delivery of the conditioned medium from LOX-overexpressing colorectal cancer cells promoted tumor cell dissemination in the bone marrow and enhanced osteolytic lesion formation, irrespective of HIF-1 Conversely, silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of LOX activity blocked dissemination of colorectal cancer cells in the bone marrow and tumor-driven osteolytic lesion formation. In vitro, tumor-secreted LOX supported the attachment and survival of colorectal cancer cells to and in the bone matrix, and inhibited osteoblast differentiation. LOX overexpression in colorectal cancer cells also induced a robust production of IL6. In turn, both LOX and IL6 were acting in concert to promote RANKL-dependent osteoclast differentiation, thereby creating an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Collectively, our findings show that LOX supports colorectal cancer cell dissemination in the bone marrow and they reveal a novel mechanism through which LOX-driven IL6 production by colorectal cancer cells impairs bone homeostasis. Cancer Res; 77(2); 268-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Reynaud
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France. .,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Ferreras
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Paola Di Mauro
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Casina Kan
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martine Croset
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Clémence Thomas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Antoine E Karnoub
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie Brevet
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France.,Department of Pathology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, UMR1033, Lyon, France. .,University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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315
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Gomis RR, Gawrzak S. Tumor cell dormancy. Mol Oncol 2016; 11:62-78. [PMID: 28017284 PMCID: PMC5423221 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death in cancer patients and current treatments fail to provide durable responses. Efforts to treat metastatic disease are hindered by the fact that metastatic cells often remain dormant for prolonged intervals of years, or even decades. Tumor dormancy reflects the capability of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), or micrometastases, to evade treatment and remain at low numbers after primary tumor resection. Unfortunately, dormant cells will eventually produce overt metastasis. Innovations are needed to understand metastatic dormancy and improve cancer detection and treatment. Currently, few models exist that faithfully recapitulate metastatic dormancy and metastasis to clinically relevant tissues, such as the bone. Herein, we discuss recent advances describing genetic cell‐autonomous and systemic or local changes in the microenvironment that have been shown to endow DTCs with properties to survive and eventually colonize distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Gomis
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sylwia Gawrzak
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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316
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Implications of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101669. [PMID: 27706047 PMCID: PMC5085702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors contain regions of hypoxia in which increased cell proliferation promotes increased oxygen consumption and the condition is further exacerbated as cancer cells become localized far from a functional blood vessel, further decreasing the oxygen supply. An important mechanism that promotes cell adaptation to hypoxic conditions is the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Hypoxia-inducible factors transcriptionally regulate many genes involved in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Patients, whose primary tumor biopsies show high HIF expression levels, have a greater risk of metastasis. The current review will highlight the potential role of hypoxia in breast cancer metastasis to the bone by considering the regulation of many steps in the metastatic process that include invasion, migration, margination and extravasation, as well as homing signals and regulation of the bone microenvironment.
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317
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Gartland A, Erler JT, Cox TR. The role of lysyl oxidase, the extracellular matrix and the pre-metastatic niche in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:100-103. [PMID: 27761366 PMCID: PMC5063254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most deaths from solid cancers occur as a result of secondary metastasis to distant sites. Bone is the most frequent metastatic site for many cancer types and can account for up to 80% of cancer-related deaths in certain tumours. The progression from a discrete solid primary tumour to devastating and painful bone metastases is a complex process involving multiple cell types and steps. There is increasing evidence that modulation of the extracellular matrix plays an important role in the lethal transition from a primary to disseminated metastatic bone tumour. This review provides an overview of the current understanding on the role of role of lysyl oxidase, the extracellular matrix and the pre-metastatic niche in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gartland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Janine T. Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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318
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Añazco C, Delgado-López F, Araya P, González I, Morales E, Pérez-Castro R, Romero J, Rojas A. Lysyl oxidase isoforms in gastric cancer. Biomark Med 2016; 10:987-98. [PMID: 27564724 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world and shows the highest incidence in Latin America and Asia. An increasing amount of evidence demonstrates that lysyl oxidase isoforms, a group of extracellular matrix crosslinking enzymes, should be considered as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GC. In this review, we focus on the expression levels of lysyl oxidase isoforms, its functions and the clinical implications in GC. Finding novel proteins related to the processing of these extracellular matrix enzymes might be helpful in the design of new therapies, which, in combination with classic pharmacology, could be used to delay the progress of this aggressive cancer and offer a wider temporal window for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Añazco
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Erik Morales
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
- Pathology Department, Regional Hospital of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramón Pérez-Castro
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Romero
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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319
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Attieh Y, Vignjevic DM. The hallmarks of CAFs in cancer invasion. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:493-502. [PMID: 27575401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to move out of the primary tumor and disseminate through the circulation to form metastases is one of the main contributors to poor patient outcome. The tumor microenvironment provides a niche that supports cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a highly enriched cell population in the tumor microenvironment that plays an important role in cancer invasion. However, it remains unclear whether CAFs directly stimulate cancer cell invasion or they remodel the extracellular matrix to make it more permissive for invasion. Here we discuss paracrine communication between cancer cells and CAFs that promotes tumor invasion but also stimulates CAFs to remodel the matrix increasing cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex05, France.
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320
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LaGory EL, Giaccia AJ. The ever-expanding role of HIF in tumour and stromal biology. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:356-65. [PMID: 27027486 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a hallmark of cancer that influences cancer cell function, but is also an important component of the tumour microenvironment as it alters the extracellular matrix, modulates the tumour immune response and increases angiogenesis. Here we discuss the regulation and role of hypoxia and its key transcriptional mediators, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors, in the tumour microenvironment and stromal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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321
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Breast cancer is a unique disease characterized by heterogeneous cell populations causing roadblocks in therapeutic medicine, owing to its complex etiology and primeval understanding of the biology behind its genesis, progression, and sustenance. Globocan statistics indicate over 1.7 million new breast cancer diagnoses in 2012, accounting for 25% of all cancer morbidities. RECENT ADVANCES Despite these dismal statistics, the introduction of molecular gene signature platforms, progressive therapeutic approaches in diagnosis, and management of breast cancer has led to more effective treatment strategies and control measures concurrent with an equally reassuring decline in the mortality rate. CRITICAL ISSUES However, an enormous body of research in this area is requisite as high mortality associated with metastatic and/or drug refractory tumors continues to present a therapeutic challenge. Despite advances in systemic chemotherapy, the median survival of patients harboring metastatic breast cancers continues to be below 2 years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Hence, a massive effort to scrutinize and evaluate chemotherapeutics on the basis of the molecular classification of these cancers is undertaken with the objective to devise more attractive and feasible approaches to treat breast cancers and improve patients' quality of life. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the biology of breast cancer as well as challenges faced in combating breast cancer, with special emphasis on the current battery of treatment strategies. We will also try and gain perspective from recent encounters on novel findings responsible for the progression and metastatic transformation of breast cancer cells in an endeavor to develop more targeted treatment options. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 337-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Veronique Clement
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 National University Cancer Institute , NUHS, Singapore, Singapore .,5 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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322
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Liver metastatic disease: new concepts and biomarker panels to improve individual outcomes. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:743-755. [PMID: 27541751 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer, one of the leading causes of all cancer related deaths, belongs to the most malignant cancer types. In fact, the secondary hepatic malignancies (liver metastases) are more common than the primary ones. Almost all solid malignancies can metastasise to the liver. It is well justified that the "treat and wait" approach in the overall management of the liver cancer is not up-to-date and so creation of complex individual patient profiles is needed. This review is specifically focused on the liver metastases originating from the colorectum, breast and prostate cancer. Innovative multilevel diagnostics may procure specific panels of validated biomarkers for predisposition, development and progression of metastatic disease. Creation of the patient specific "molecular portrait" is an essential part of the diagnostic strategy. Contextually, analysis of molecular and cellular patterns in blood samples as the minimally invasive diagnostic tool and construction of diagnostic windows based on individual patient profiling is highly recommended for patient cohorts predisposed to and affected by the liver metastatic disease. Summarised information on risk assessment, predictive and prognostic panels for diagnosis and treatments of the liver metastatic disease in colorectal, breast and prostate cancer is provided.
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323
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Pivetta E, Wassermann B, Bulian P, Steffan A, Colombatti A, Polesel J, Spessotto P. Functional osteoclastogenesis: the baseline variability in blood donor precursors is not associated with age and gender. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31889-900. [PMID: 26376614 PMCID: PMC4741648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear osteoclast precursors circulate in the monocyte fraction of peripheral blood and form multinuclear cells with all osteoclastic phenotypic characteristics when cultured in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL). The method to obtain osteoclast precursors from peripheral blood is simple but the number of recovered osteoclasts is often largely insufficient for functional analyses. The original aim of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient method that could overcome the donor variability and enrich the osteoclast precursors from a small volume of peripheral blood as a basis for future clinical studies to correlate the differentiation potential of circulating osteoclast precursors with bone lesions in cancer patients. We improved the efficiency of osteoclastogenesis by reducing isolation and purification times and overcame the use of flow cytometry and immunomagnetic purification procedures. In our culture system the osteoclast number was increased several-fold and the precursors were able to reach a full differentiation within seven days of culture. Both age as well as gender differences in osteoclastogenesis efficiency were no longer evident by processing limited volume blood samples with this simple and rapid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Pivetta
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Bruna Wassermann
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Pietro Bulian
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Colombatti
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO-IRCSS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Paola Spessotto
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
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324
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Chae YC, Vaira V, Caino MC, Tang HY, Seo JH, Kossenkov AV, Ottobrini L, Martelli C, Lucignani G, Bertolini I, Locatelli M, Bryant KG, Ghosh JC, Lisanti S, Ku B, Bosari S, Languino LR, Speicher DW, Altieri DC. Mitochondrial Akt Regulation of Hypoxic Tumor Reprogramming. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:257-272. [PMID: 27505672 PMCID: PMC5131882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a universal driver of aggressive tumor behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Using a phosphoproteomics screen, we now show that active Akt accumulates in the mitochondria during hypoxia and phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) on Thr346 to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In turn, this pathway switches tumor metabolism toward glycolysis, antagonizes apoptosis and autophagy, dampens oxidative stress, and maintains tumor cell proliferation in the face of severe hypoxia. Mitochondrial Akt-PDK1 signaling correlates with unfavorable prognostic markers and shorter survival in glioma patients and may provide an "actionable" therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Chae
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", Milan 20122, Italy; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - M Cecilia Caino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Jae Ho Seo
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy; Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan 20090, Italy
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy; Department of Diagnostic Services, Unit of Nuclear Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Irene Bertolini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Kelly G Bryant
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jagadish C Ghosh
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sofia Lisanti
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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325
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Abraham JA, Golubnitschaja O. Time for paradigm change in management of hepatocellular carcinoma: is a personalized approach on the horizon? Per Med 2016; 13:455-467. [PMID: 29767598 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequent cancer form but the second leading cause of all cancer-related deaths. There are several reasons for high mortality in the HCC cohort: lack of effective screening programs and consequently late diagnosis, multifactorial origin with cumulative risk factors, complex carcinogenesis, tumor heterogeneity, unpredictable impacts of individual microenvironment on tumor development and progression, and, as the consequence, frequently untargeted therapy and cancer resistance toward currently applied treatment approaches. The currently applied 'treat and wait' approach is inappropriate in the overall HCC management. Urgent need in paradigm change toward predictive, preventive and personalized medicine is discussed in this review article. Innovative strategies for an advanced predictive, preventive and personalized medicine approach in the overall HCC management benefiting the patient are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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326
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Golubnitschaja O, Debald M, Yeghiazaryan K, Kuhn W, Pešta M, Costigliola V, Grech G. Breast cancer epidemic in the early twenty-first century: evaluation of risk factors, cumulative questionnaires and recommendations for preventive measures. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12941-12957. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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327
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Major Action of Endogenous Lysyl Oxidase in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression and Collagen Stiffness Revealed by Primary Cell Cultures. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2473-85. [PMID: 27449199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is therapy resistant; therefore, it is worthwhile studying in depth the molecular aspects of its progression. In ccRCC the biallelic inactivation of the VHL gene leads to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Among the targets of HIF-1α transcriptional activity is the LOX gene, which codes for the inactive proenzyme (Pro-Lox) from which, after extracellular secretion and proteolysis, derives the active enzyme (Lox) and the propeptide (Lox-PP). By increasing stiffness of extracellular matrix by collagen crosslinking, Lox promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Lox and Lox-PP can reenter the cells where Lox promotes cell proliferation and invasion, whereas Lox-PP acts as tumor suppressor because of its Ras recision and apoptotic activity. Few data are available concerning LOX in ccRCC. Using an in vitro model of ccRCC primary cell cultures, we performed, for the first time in ccRCC, a detailed study of endogenous LOX and also investigated their transcriptomic profile. We found that endogenous LOX is overexpressed in ccRCC, is involved in a positive-regulative loop with HIF-1α, and has a major action on ccRCC progression through cellular adhesion, migration, and collagen matrix stiffness increment; however, the oncosuppressive action of Lox-PP was not found to prevail. These findings may suggest translational approaches for new therapeutic strategies in ccRCC.
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328
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Wang Z, Xiong S, Mao Y, Chen M, Ma X, Zhou X, Ma Z, Liu F, Huang Z, Luo Q, Ouyang G. Periostin promotes immunosuppressive premetastatic niche formation to facilitate breast tumour metastasis. J Pathol 2016; 239:484-95. [PMID: 27193093 DOI: 10.1002/path.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Periostin (POSTN) is a limiting factor in the metastatic colonization of disseminated tumour cells. However, the role of POSTN in regulating the immunosuppressive function of immature myeloid cells in tumour metastasis has not been documented. Here, we demonstrate that POSTN promotes the pulmonary accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the early stage of breast tumour metastasis. Postn deletion decreases neutrophil and monocytic cell populations in the bone marrow of mice and suppresses the accumulation of MDSCs to premetastatic sites. We also found that POSTN-deficient MDSCs display reduced activation of ERK, AKT and STAT3 and that POSTN deficiency decreases the immunosuppressive functions of MDSCs during tumour progression. Moreover, the pro-metastatic role of POSTN is largely limited to ER-negative breast cancer patients. Lysyl oxidase contributes to POSTN-promoted premetastatic niche formation and tumour metastasis. Our findings indicate that POSTN is essential for immunosuppressive premetastatic niche formation in the lungs during breast tumour metastasis and is a potential target for the prevention and treatment of breast tumour metastasis. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Liu
- Medical College of Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoliang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China
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329
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Integration of Breast Cancer Secretomes with Clinical Data Elucidates Potential Serum Markers for Disease Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158296. [PMID: 27355404 PMCID: PMC4927101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells secrete factors that influence adjacent cell behavior and can lead to enhanced proliferation and metastasis. To better understand the role of these factors in oncogenesis and disease progression, estrogen and progesterone receptor positive MCF-7 cells, triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, DT22, and DT28 cells, and MCF-10A non-transformed mammary epithelial cells were grown in 3D cultures. A special emphasis was placed on triple negative breast cancer since these tumors are highly aggressive and no targeted treatments are currently available. The breast cancer cells secreted factors of variable potency that stimulated proliferation of the relatively quiescent MCF-10A cells. The conditioned medium from each cell line was subjected to mass spectrometry analysis and a variety of secreted proteins were identified including glycolytic enzymes, proteases, protease inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. An investigation of the secretome from each cell line yielded clues about strategies used for breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. Some of the proteins we identified may be useful in the development of a serum-based test for breast cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.
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330
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Liep J, Kilic E, Meyer HA, Busch J, Jung K, Rabien A. Cooperative Effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in the Regulation of Targets in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157801. [PMID: 27336447 PMCID: PMC4919070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the poor prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and for prognostic markers to identify high risk tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in tumors, play a crucial role during carcinogenesis and therefore might be promising new biomarkers. In previous studies, we identified miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p to be downregulated in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Our objective was to investigate the functional association of these miRNAs, focusing on the cooperative regulation of new specific targets and their role in ccRCC progression. Methods The effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p on cell migration was examined by overexpression in 786-O cells. New targets of both miRNAs were identified by miRWalk, validated in 786-O and ACHN cells and additionally characterized in ccRCC tissue on mRNA and protein level. Results In functional analysis, a tumor suppressive effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p by decreasing migration and invasion of RCC cells could be shown. Furthermore, co-overexpression of the miRNAs seemed to result in an increased inhibition of cell migration. Both miRNAs were recognized as post-transcriptional regulators of the targets EAPP, HS6ST2, LOX, TGFB2 and VRK2. Additionally, they showed a cooperative effect again as demonstrated by a significantly increased inhibition of HS6ST2 and LOX expression after simultaneous overexpression of both miRNAs. In ccRCC tissue, LOX mRNA expression was strongly increased compared to normal tissue, allowing also to distinguish between non-metastatic and already metastasized primary tumors. Finally, in subsequent tissue microarray analysis LOX protein expression showed a prognostic relevance for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Conclusion These results illustrate a jointly strengthening effect of the dysregulated miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in various tumor associated processes. Focusing on the cooperative effect of miRNAs provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies and offers novel prognostic and diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liep
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmuth A. Meyer
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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331
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Hypoxia: Signaling the Metastatic Cascade. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:295-304. [PMID: 28741527 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a potent microenvironmental factor that promotes tumor metastasis. Recent studies have revealed mechanisms by which hypoxia and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent signaling promotes metastasis through the regulation of metabolic reprogramming, the stem cell phenotype, invasion, angiogenesis, immune suppression, the premetastatic niche, intravasation and/or extravasation, and resistance to apoptosis. These discoveries suggest novel paradigms in tumor metastasis and identify new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in the prevention and treatment of metastatic disease. Here, we review the impact of hypoxia and hypoxic signaling pathways in tumor and stromal cells on each step of the metastatic cascade.
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332
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Chin AR, Wang SE. Cancer Tills the Premetastatic Field: Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Implications. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3725-33. [PMID: 27252414 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of work has shown that cancer metastasis is not a random spontaneous event; rather, it is the culmination of a cascade of priming steps through which a subpopulation of the tumor cells acquires invasive traits while readying a permissive environment, termed the "premetastatic niche," in which distant metastases can occur. Signals from the primary tumor mobilize and adapt immune cells as well as directly communicating with distant niche cells to induce a broad spectrum of adaptations in target organs, including the induction of angiogenesis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metabolic reprogramming. Together, these interactions facilitate the formation of a premetastatic niche composed of a variable mix of resident and recruited immune cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells connected through a complex signaling network that we are only beginning to understand. Here, we summarize the latest findings on how cancer induces and guides the formation of this premetastatic niche as well as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets that may lead to a better understanding and effective treatment of metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3725-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Chin
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California. City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California.
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333
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Nuclear expression of lysyl oxidase enzyme is an independent prognostic factor in rectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 8:60015-60024. [PMID: 28947950 PMCID: PMC5601118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated a pivotal role for lysyl oxidase (LOX) in cancer progression and metastasis. Whilst the majority of work has focused on the extracellular matrix cross-linking role of LOX, the exact function of intracellular LOX localisation remains unclear. In this study, we analysed the LOX expression patterns in the nuclei of rectal cancer patient samples and determined the clinical significance of this expression. Nuclear LOX expression was significantly increased in patient lymph node metastases compared to their primary tumours. High nuclear LOX expression in tumours was correlated with a high rate of distant metastasis and increased recurrence. Multivariable analysis showed that high nuclear LOX expression was also correlated with poor overall survival and disease free survival. Furthermore, we are the first to identify LOX enzyme isoforms (50 kDa and 32 kDa) within the nucleus of colon cancer cell lines by confocal microscopy and Western blot. Our results show a powerful link between nuclear LOX expression in tumours and patient survival, and offer a promising prognostic biomarker for rectal cancer patients.
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334
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Ubellacker JM, McAllister SS. The unresolved role of systemic factors in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:96-99. [PMID: 27761365 PMCID: PMC5063227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic factors including cytokines, cell-free nucleic acids, microvesicles, and platelets are appreciated as important regulators of adenocarcinoma progression. Research findings using pre-clinical mouse models have revealed that many such systemically acting factors are either secreted by or responsive to peripheral tumors and impact bone and bone marrow (collectively referred to as the bone microenvironment) to initiate processes that ultimately govern disease progression, even in the absence of detectable bone metastases. In some cases, cancer-driven modulation of the bone microenvironment involves mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells into the circulation that are subsequently recruited into peripheral tissues and tumors. In other cases, systemic factors alter bone marrow cell (BMC) differentiation and/or gene expression to render the BMCs pro-tumorigenic even prior to their mobilization into the circulation. Given their effect on the bone microenvironment, it stands to reason that such systemic factors might also influence metastases in the bone; however, this hypothesis remains to be comprehensively tested. Here, we briefly review what is known, and not known, about systemic factors that regulate the bone microenvironment and thereby influence bone metastases. We also pose a number of currently unanswered questions in this active area of research. A better understanding of systemic processes that influence bone metastasis should aid discovery of therapeutic approaches that aim to eradicate or reduce disease burden in the bone, which is the cause of significant patient mortality and morbidity and is currently incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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335
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Vennin C, Herrmann D, Lucas MC, Timpson P. Intravital imaging reveals new ancillary mechanisms co-opted by cancer cells to drive tumor progression. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239290 PMCID: PMC4870995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is providing new insights into the dynamics of tumor progression in native tissues and has started to reveal the layers of complexity found in cancer. Recent advances in intravital imaging have allowed us to look deeper into cancer behavior and to dissect the interactions between tumor cells and the ancillary host niche that promote cancer development. In this review, we provide an insight into the latest advances in cancer biology achieved by intravital imaging, focusing on recently discovered mechanisms by which tumor cells manipulate normal tissue to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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336
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Cell and Signal Components of the Microenvironment of Bone Metastasis Are Affected by Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050706. [PMID: 27187355 PMCID: PMC4881528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastatic cells release bone microenvironment proteins, such as the matricellular protein SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), and share a cell signaling typical of the bone metabolism controlled by Runx2. The megakaryocytes in the bone marrow engrafted by the metastases seem to be one of the principal microenvironment sources of the biological stimuli, implicated in the formation of an osteoblastic niche, and affecting metastasis phenotype and colonization. Educated platelets in the circulation might derive from megakaryocytes in bone metastasis. The evaluation of predictive markers in the circulating platelets might be useful for the stratification of patients for therapeutic purposes. The hypoxic environment in bone metastasis is one of the key regulators of the network of the biological soluble and structural components of the matrix. In bone metastatic cells under hypoxia, similar patterns of Runx2 and SPARC are observed, both showing downregulation. Conversely, hypoxia induces Endothelin 1, which upregulates SPARC, and these biological stimuli may be considered prognostic markers of bone metastasis in breast carcinoma patients.
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337
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Brady JJ, Chuang CH, Greenside PG, Rogers ZN, Murray CW, Caswell DR, Hartmann U, Connolly AJ, Sweet-Cordero EA, Kundaje A, Winslow MM. An Arntl2-Driven Secretome Enables Lung Adenocarcinoma Metastatic Self-Sufficiency. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:697-710. [PMID: 27150038 PMCID: PMC4864124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to establish lethal metastatic lesions requires the survival and expansion of single cancer cells at distant sites. The factors controlling the clonal growth ability of individual cancer cells remain poorly understood. Here, we show that high expression of the transcription factor ARNTL2 predicts poor lung adenocarcinoma patient outcome. Arntl2 is required for metastatic ability in vivo and clonal growth in cell culture. Arntl2 drives metastatic self-sufficiency by orchestrating the expression of a complex pro-metastatic secretome. We identify Clock as an Arntl2 partner and functionally validate the matricellular protein Smoc2 as a pro-metastatic secreted factor. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms that enable single cancer cells to form allochthonous tumors in foreign tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zoë N Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher W Murray
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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338
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Abstract
Metastasis is the underlying cause of death for the majority of breast cancer patients. Despite significant advances in recent years in basic research and clinical development, therapies that specifically target metastatic breast cancer remain inadequate, and represents the single greatest obstacle to reducing mortality of late-stage breast cancer. Recent efforts have leveraged genomic analysis of breast cancer and molecular dissection of tumor-stromal cross-talk to uncover a number of promising candidates for targeted treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Rational combinations of therapeutic agents targeting tumor-intrinsic properties and microenvironmental components provide a promising strategy to develop precision treatments with higher specificity and less toxicity. In this review, we discuss the emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer metastasis, from tumor-intrinsic pathways to those that involve the host tissue components, including the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
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339
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Massagué J, Obenauf AC. Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells. Nature 2016; 529:298-306. [PMID: 26791720 DOI: 10.1038/nature17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1315] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in people with cancer. To colonize distant organs, circulating tumour cells must overcome many obstacles through mechanisms that we are only now starting to understand. These include infiltrating distant tissue, evading immune defences, adapting to supportive niches, surviving as latent tumour-initiating seeds and eventually breaking out to replace the host tissue. They make metastasis a highly inefficient process. However, once metastases have been established, current treatments frequently fail to provide durable responses. An improved understanding of the mechanistic determinants of such colonization is needed to better prevent and treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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340
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Sousa S, Määttä J. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:135-138. [PMID: 27761375 PMCID: PMC5063225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview addresses the recent research developments in the role of tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) in bone metastasis biology and management of breast and prostate cancer as well as in primary and lung metastatic osteosarcoma. Immunosuppressive M2-type TAMs have been shown to associate with poor prognosis. Throughout their life cycle, macrophages (Macs) can adapt to environmental cues and influence the surroundings by secreting different cytokines and enzymes crucial to matrix remodelling, infection fighting, immune regulation and/or inflammation. In general terms, there is a broad and complex spectrum of Mac polarization statuses from M1 (classically activated/inflammatory) to M2 (alternatively activated/wound healing/immune regulating) Macs. Often the activation status of TAMs resembles more the M2-type. Considering the physiological functions of M2 Macs, it is no surprise that TAMs appear to have a role in metastasis, participating in almost every step of the metastatic cascade, which we review and explore in selected bone tropic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sousa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Määttä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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341
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Abstract
Metastatic disease is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and involves critical interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment. Hypoxia is a potent microenvironmental factor promoting metastatic progression. Clinically, hypoxia and the expression of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 are associated with increased distant metastasis and poor survival in a variety of tumor types. Moreover, HIF signaling in malignant cells influences multiple steps within the metastatic cascade. Here we review research focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which the hypoxic tumor microenvironment promotes metastatic progression. These studies have identified potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets regulated by hypoxia that could be incorporated into strategies aimed at preventing and treating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn B Rankin
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5152, USA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5152, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5152, USA.
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342
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Høye AM, Erler JT. Structural ECM components in the premetastatic and metastatic niche. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C955-67. [PMID: 27053524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00326.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an overview of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are important for creating structural changes in the premetastatic and metastatic niche. The successful arrival and survival of cancer cells that have left the primary tumor and colonized distant sites depends on the new microenvironment they encounter. The primary tumor itself releases factors into the circulation that travel to distant organs and then initiate structural changes, both non-enzymatic and enzymatic, to create a favorable niche for the disseminating tumor cells. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting cell-ECM interactions may well be one of the best viable approaches to combat metastasis and thus improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette M Høye
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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343
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Kai F, Laklai H, Weaver VM. Force Matters: Biomechanical Regulation of Cell Invasion and Migration in Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:486-497. [PMID: 27056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, cancer, and various chronic fibrotic conditions are characterized by an increase in the migratory behavior of resident cells and the enhanced invasion of assorted exogenous cells across a stiffened extracellular matrix (ECM). This stiffened scaffold aberrantly engages cellular mechanosignaling networks in cells, which promotes the assembly of invadosomes and lamellae for cell invasion and migration. Accordingly, deciphering the conserved molecular mechanisms whereby matrix stiffness fosters invadosome and lamella formation could identify therapeutic targets to treat fibrotic conditions, and reducing ECM stiffness could ameliorate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuiBoon Kai
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanane Laklai
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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344
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Abstract
Tumour metastasis, the movement of tumour cells from a primary site to progressively colonize distant organs, is a major contributor to the deaths of cancer patients. Therapeutic goals are the prevention of an initial metastasis in high-risk patients, shrinkage of established lesions and prevention of additional metastases in patients with limited disease. Instead of being autonomous, tumour cells engage in bidirectional interactions with metastatic microenvironments to alter antitumour immunity, the extracellular milieu, genomic stability, survival signalling, chemotherapeutic resistance and proliferative cycles. Can targeting of these interactions significantly improve patient outcomes? In this Review preclinical research, combination therapies and clinical trial designs are re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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345
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Gross-Cohen M, Feld S, Doweck I, Neufeld G, Hasson P, Arvatz G, Barash U, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 Attenuates Head and Neck Tumor Vascularity and Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2791-801. [PMID: 27013193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoglycosidase heparanase specifically cleaves the heparan sulfate (HS) side chains on proteoglycans, an activity that has been implicated strongly in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Heparanase-2 (Hpa2) is a close homolog of heparanase that lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity but retains the capacity to bind HS with high affinity. In head and neck cancer patients, Hpa2 expression was markedly elevated, correlating with prolonged time to disease recurrence and inversely correlating with tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes, suggesting that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor. The molecular mechanism associated with favorable prognosis following Hpa2 induction is unclear. Here we provide evidence that Hpa2 overexpression in head and neck cancer cells markedly reduces tumor growth. Restrained tumor growth was associated with a prominent decrease in tumor vascularity (blood and lymph vessels), likely due to reduced Id1 expression, a transcription factor highly implicated in VEGF-A and VEGF-C gene regulation. We also noted that tumors produced by Hpa2-overexpressing cells are abundantly decorated with stromal cells and collagen deposition, correlating with a marked increase in lysyl oxidase expression. Notably, heparanase enzymatic activity was unimpaired in cells overexpressing Hpa2, suggesting that reduced tumor growth is not caused by heparanase regulation. Moreover, growth of tumor xenografts by Hpa2-overexpressing cells was unaffected by administration of a mAb that targets the heparin-binding domain of Hpa2, implying that Hpa2 function does not rely on heparanase or heparan sulfate. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2791-801. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilana Doweck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Peleg Hasson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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346
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Trackman PC. Lysyl Oxidase Isoforms and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Fibrosis and Cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:935-45. [PMID: 26848785 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes is classically known as being required for connective tissue maturation by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen precursors. The resulting aldehydes then participate in cross-link formation, which is required for normal connective tissue integrity. These enzymes have biological functions that extend beyond this fundamental biosynthetic role, with contributions to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of lysyl oxidases occurs in multiple pathologies including fibrosis, primary and metastatic cancers, and complications of diabetes in a variety of tissues. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the major findings of novel roles for lysyl oxidases in pathologies, and highlights some of the potential therapeutic approaches that are in development and which stem from these new findings. EXPERT OPINION Fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanisms of novel biological functions of this family of proteins, and regarding functions that are independent of their catalytic enzyme activity. However, progress is underway in the development of isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibitors, potential therapeutic antibodies and gaining an increased understanding of both tumor suppressor and metastasis promotion activities. Ultimately, this is likely to lead to novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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347
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Aguado BA, Caffe JR, Nanavati D, Rao SS, Bushnell GG, Azarin SM, Shea LD. Extracellular matrix mediators of metastatic cell colonization characterized using scaffold mimics of the pre-metastatic niche. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:13-24. [PMID: 26844426 PMCID: PMC4777643 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic tumor cells colonize the pre-metastatic niche, which is a complex microenvironment consisting partially of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. We sought to identify and validate novel contributors to tumor cell colonization using ECM-coated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds as mimics of the pre-metastatic niche. Utilizing orthotopic breast cancer mouse models, fibronectin and collagen IV-coated scaffolds implanted in the subcutaneous space captured colonizing tumor cells, showing a greater than 2-fold increase in tumor cell accumulation at the implant site compared to uncoated scaffolds. As a strategy to identify additional ECM colonization contributors, decellularized matrix (DCM) from lungs and livers containing metastatic tumors were characterized. In vitro, metastatic cell adhesion was increased on DCM coatings from diseased organs relative to healthy DCM. Furthermore, in vivo implantations of diseased DCM-coated scaffolds had increased tumor cell colonization relative to healthy DCM coatings. Mass-spectrometry proteomics was performed on healthy and diseased DCM to identify candidates associated with colonization. Myeloperoxidase was identified as abundantly present in diseased organs and validated as a contributor to colonization using myeloperoxidase-coated scaffold implants. This work identified novel ECM proteins associated with colonization using decellularization and proteomics techniques and validated candidates using a scaffold to mimic the pre-metastatic niche. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The pre-metastatic niche consists partially of ECM proteins that promote metastatic cell colonization to a target organ. We present a biomaterials-based approach to mimic this niche and identify ECM mediators of colonization. Using murine breast cancer models, we implanted microporous PCL scaffolds to recruit colonizing tumor cells in vivo. As a strategy to modulate colonization, we coated scaffolds with various ECM proteins, including decellularized lung and liver matrix from tumor-bearing mice. After characterizing the organ matrices using proteomics, myeloperoxidase was identified as an ECM protein contributing to colonization and validated using our scaffold. Our scaffold provides a platform to identify novel contributors to colonization and allows for the capture of colonizing tumor cells for a variety of downstream clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Aguado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jordan R Caffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Proteomics Core Facility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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348
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Kalamajski S, Bihan D, Bonna A, Rubin K, Farndale RW. Fibromodulin Interacts with Collagen Cross-linking Sites and Activates Lysyl Oxidase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7951-60. [PMID: 26893379 PMCID: PMC4825002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of fibrotic disorders is a highly cross-linked and dense collagen matrix, a property driven by the oxidative action of lysyl oxidase. Other fibrosis-associated proteins also contribute to the final collagen matrix properties, one of which is fibromodulin. Its interactions with collagen affect collagen cross-linking, packing, and fibril diameter. We investigated the possibility that a specific relationship exists between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase, potentially imparting a specific collagen matrix phenotype. We mapped the fibromodulin-collagen interaction sites using the collagen II and III Toolkit peptide libraries. Fibromodulin interacted with the peptides containing the known collagen cross-linking sites and the MMP-1 cleavage site in collagens I and II. Interestingly, the interaction sites are closely aligned within the quarter-staggered collagen fibril, suggesting a multivalent interaction between fibromodulin and several collagen helices. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase (a major collagen cross-linking enzyme) and mapped the interaction site to 12 N-terminal amino acids on fibromodulin. This interaction also increases the activity of lysyl oxidase. Together, the data suggest a fibromodulin-modulated collagen cross-linking mechanism where fibromodulin binds to a specific part of the collagen domain and also forms a complex with lysyl oxidase, targeting the enzyme toward specific cross-linking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kalamajski
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Dominique Bihan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Richard W Farndale
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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349
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The extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:41-55. [PMID: 26743193 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized as an important regulator in breast cancer. ECM in breast cancer development features numerous changes in composition and organization when compared to the mammary gland under homeostasis. Matrix proteins that are induced in breast cancer include fibrillar collagens, fibronectin, specific laminins and proteoglycans as well as matricellular proteins. Growing evidence suggests that many of these induced ECM proteins play a major functional role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. A number of the induced ECM proteins have moreover been shown to be essential components of metastatic niches, promoting stem/progenitor signaling pathways and metastatic growth. ECM remodeling enzymes are also markedly increased, leading to major changes in the matrix structure and biomechanical properties. Importantly, several ECM components and ECM remodeling enzymes are specifically induced in breast cancer or during tissue regeneration while healthy tissues under homeostasis express exceedingly low levels. This may indicate that ECM and ECM-associated functions may represent promising drug targets against breast cancer, providing important specificity that could be utilized when developing therapies.
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350
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Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase-Like Enzymes Has Tumour-Promoting and Tumour-Suppressing Roles in Experimental Prostate Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19608. [PMID: 26804196 PMCID: PMC4726263 DOI: 10.1038/srep19608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like (LOXL) enzymes are key players in extracellular matrix deposition and maturation. LOX promote tumour progression and metastasis, but it may also have tumour-inhibitory effects. Here we show that orthotopic implantation of rat prostate AT-1 tumour cells increased LOX and LOXLs mRNA expressions in the tumour and in the surrounding non-malignant prostate tissue. Inhibition of LOX enzymes, using Beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), initiated before implantation of AT-1 cells, reduced tumour growth. Conversely, treatment that was started after the tumours were established resulted in unaffected or increased tumour growth. Moreover, treatment with BAPN did not suppress the formation of spontaneous lymph node metastases, or lung tumour burden, when tumour cells were injected intravenously. A temporal decrease in collagen fibre content, which is a target for LOX, was observed in tumours and in the tumour-adjacent prostate tissue. This may explain why early BAPN treatment is more effective in inhibiting tumour growth compared to treatment initiated later. Our data suggest that the enzymatic function of the LOX family is context-dependent, with both tumour-suppressing and tumour-promoting properties in prostate cancer. Further investigations are needed to understand the circumstances under which LOX inhibition may be used as a therapeutic target for cancer patients.
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