301
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SCHMIDT RYANW, EVTEEV ANDREJA. Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia in craniofacial perspective. ANTHROPOL SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RYAN W. SCHMIDT
- Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Sagamihara
- University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula
| | - ANDREJ A. EVTEEV
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
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302
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Jamniczky HA, Harper EE, Garner R, Cresko WA, Wainwright PC, Hallgrímsson B, Kimmel CB. Association between integration structure and functional evolution in the opercular four-bar apparatus of the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus(Pisces: Gasterosteidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3280 Hospital Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 3Z6 Canada
| | - Emily E. Harper
- Institute of Neuroscience; University of Oregon; 222 Huestis Hall Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Rebecca Garner
- Institute of Neuroscience; University of Oregon; 222 Huestis Hall Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - William A. Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Oregon; 312 Pacific Hall Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution & Ecology; University of California Davis; 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Faculty of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3280 Hospital Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 3Z6 Canada
| | - Charles B. Kimmel
- Institute of Neuroscience; University of Oregon; 222 Huestis Hall Eugene OR 97403 USA
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303
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Francuski L, Djurakic M, Ståhls G, Milankov V. Landscape genetics and wing morphometrics show a lack of structuring across island and coastal populations of the drone fly in the Mediterranean. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Francuski
- Faculty of Sciences; Department of Biology and Ecology; University of Novi Sad; Novi Sad Serbia
| | - M. Djurakic
- Faculty of Sciences; Department of Biology and Ecology; University of Novi Sad; Novi Sad Serbia
| | - G. Ståhls
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - V. Milankov
- Faculty of Sciences; Department of Biology and Ecology; University of Novi Sad; Novi Sad Serbia
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304
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Facultative paedomorphosis and the pattern of intra- and interspecific variation in cranial skeleton: lessons from European newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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305
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Unifying and generalizing the two strands of evo-devo. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:584-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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306
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Medarde N, Muñoz-Muñoz F, López-Fuster MJ, Ventura J. Variational modularity at the cell level: insights from the sperm head of the house mouse. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:179. [PMID: 24004811 PMCID: PMC3846807 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modularity is an important feature in the evolvability of organisms, since it allows the occurrence of complex adaptations at every single level of biological systems. While at the cellular level the modular organization of molecular interactions has been analyzed in detail, the phenotypic modularity (or variational modularity) of cell shape remains unexplored. The mammalian spermatozoon constitutes one of the most complex and specialized cell types found in organisms. The structural heterogeneity found in the sperm head suggests an association between its inner composition, shape and specificity of function. However, little is known about the extent of the connections between these features. Taking advantage of the house mouse sperm morphology, we analyzed the variational modularity of the sperm head by testing several hypotheses related to its structural and functional organization. Because chromosomal rearrangements can affect the genotype-phenotype map of individuals and thus modify the patterns of covariation between traits, we also evaluate the effect of Robertsonian translocations on the modularity pattern of the sperm head. Results The results indicated that the house mouse sperm head is divided into three variational modules (the acrosomal, post-acrosomal and ventral spur module), which correspond to the main regions of the cytoskeletal mesh beneath the plasma membrane, i.e., the perinuclear theca. Most of the covariation is concentrated between the ventral spur and the acrosomal and post-acrosomal modules. Although the Rb fusions did not alter the main modularity pattern, they did affect the percentages of covariation between pairs of modules. Conclusions The structural heterogeneity of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the modular organization of the sperm head shape, corroborating the role that this structure has in maintaining the cell shape. The reduction in percentages of shape covariation between pairs of modules in Rb sperms suggests that chromosomal rearrangements could induce changes in the genotype-phenotype map. Nevertheless, how these variations affect sperm fertilization success is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Medarde
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
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307
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Hu Y, Parsons KJ, Albertson RC. Evolvability of the Cichlid Jaw: New Tools Provide Insights into the Genetic Basis of Phenotypic Integration. Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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308
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Foth C, Bona P, Desojo JB. Intraspecific variation in the skull morphology of the black caimanMelanosuchus niger(Alligatoridae, Caimaninae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Richard-Wagner-Str. 10 München 80333 Germany
| | - Paula Bona
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Av. Rivadavia 1917 C1033AAJ Buenos Aires Argentina
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. 1900 La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julia B. Desojo
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Av. Rivadavia 1917 C1033AAJ Buenos Aires Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados; Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DRJ Buenos Aires Argentina
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309
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Wilson LAB, Colombo M, Hanel R, Salzburger W, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Ecomorphological disparity in an adaptive radiation: opercular bone shape and stable isotopes in Antarctic icefishes. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3166-82. [PMID: 24102002 PMCID: PMC3790559 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess how ecological and morphological disparity is interrelated in the adaptive radiation of Antarctic notothenioid fish we used patterns of opercle bone evolution as a model to quantify shape disparity, phylogenetic patterns of shape evolution, and ecological correlates in the form of stable isotope values. Using a sample of 25 species including representatives from four major notothenioid clades, we show that opercle shape disparity is higher in the modern fauna than would be expected under the neutral evolution Brownian motion model. Phylogenetic comparative methods indicate that opercle shape data best fit a model of directional selection (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) and are least supported by the “early burst” model of adaptive radiation. The main evolutionary axis of opercle shape change reflects movement from a broad and more symmetrically tapered opercle to one that narrows along the distal margin, but with only slight shape change on the proximal margin. We find a trend in opercle shape change along the benthic–pelagic axis, underlining the importance of this axis for diversification in the notothenioid radiation. A major impetus for the study of adaptive radiations is to uncover generalized patterns among different groups, and the evolutionary patterns in opercle shape among notothenioids are similar to those found among other adaptive radiations (three-spined sticklebacks) promoting the utility of this approach for assessing ecomorphological interactions on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Paläontologisches Institute und Museum Karl-Schmid Strasse 4, CH 8006, Zürich, Switzerland ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales High Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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310
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Piras P, Maiorino L, Teresi L, Meloro C, Lucci F, Kotsakis T, Raia P. Bite of the cats: relationships between functional integration and mechanical performance as revealed by mandible geometry. Syst Biol 2013; 62:878-900. [PMID: 23925509 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-like carnivorous mammals represent a relatively homogeneous group of species whose morphology appears constrained by exclusive adaptations for meat eating. We present the most comprehensive data set of extant and extinct cat-like species to test for evolutionary transformations in size, shape and mechanical performance, that is, von Mises stress and surface traction, of the mandible. Size and shape were both quantified by means of geometric morphometrics, whereas mechanical performance was assessed applying finite element models to 2D geometry of the mandible. Additionally, we present the first almost complete composite phylogeny of cat-like carnivorans for which well-preserved mandibles are known, including representatives of 35 extant and 59 extinct species of Felidae, Nimravidae, and Barbourofelidae. This phylogeny was used to test morphological differentiation, allometry, and covariation of mandible parts within and among clades. After taking phylogeny into account, we found that both allometry and mechanical variables exhibit a significant impact on mandible shape. We also tested whether mechanical performance was linked to morphological integration. Mechanical stress at the coronoid process is higher in sabertoothed cats than in any other clade. This is strongly related to the high degree of covariation within modules of sabertooths mandibles. We found significant correlation between integration at the clade level and per-clade averaged stress values, on both original data and by partialling out interclade allometry from shapes when calculating integration. This suggests a strong interaction between natural selection and the evolution of developmental and functional modules at the clade level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Piras
- Center for Evolutionary Ecology, Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1, 00146, Rome, Italy
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311
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Esteve-Altava B, Marugán-Lobón J, Botella H, Bastir M, Rasskin-Gutman D. Grist for Riedl's mill: A network model perspective on the integration and modularity of the human skull. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:489-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Institute Cavanilles for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Dpto. Biología; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Cantoblanco Spain
| | - Héctor Botella
- Area de Paleontología, Dpto. Geología; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Diego Rasskin-Gutman
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Institute Cavanilles for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
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312
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Suzuki TK. Modularity of a leaf moth-wing pattern and a versatile characteristic of the wing-pattern ground plan. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:158. [PMID: 23890367 PMCID: PMC3733769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most intriguing questions in evolutionary developmental biology is how an insect acquires a mimicry pattern within its body parts. A striking example of pattern mimicry is found in the pattern diversity of moth and butterfly wings, which is thought to evolve from preexisting elements illustrated by the nymphalid ground plan (NGP). Previous studies demonstrated that individuality of the NGP facilitates the decoupling of associated common elements, leading to divergence. In contrast, recent studies on the concept of modularity have argued the importance of a combination of coupling and decoupling of the constituent elements. Here, we examine the modularity of a mimicry wing pattern in a moth and explore an evolvable characteristic of the NGP. RESULTS This study examined the wings of the noctuid moth Oraesia excavata, which closely resemble leaves with a leaf venation pattern. Based on a comparative morphological procedure, we found that this leaf pattern was formed by the NGP common elements. Using geometric morphometrics combined with network analysis, we found that each of the modules in the leaf pattern integrates the constituent components of the leaf venation pattern (i.e., the main and lateral veins). Moreover, the detected modules were established by coupling different common elements and decoupling even a single element into different modules. The modules of the O. excavata wing pattern were associated with leaf mimicry, not with the individuality of the NGP common elements. For comparison, we also investigated the modularity of a nonmimetic pattern in the noctuid moth Thyas juno. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the modules of the T. juno wing pattern regularly corresponded to the individuality of the NGP common elements, unlike those in the O. excavata wing pattern. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence for modularity in a leaf mimicry pattern. The results suggest that the evolution of this pattern involves coupling and decoupling processes to originate these modules, free from the individuality of the NGP system. We propose that this evolution has been facilitated by a versatile characteristic of the NGP, allowing the association of freely modifiable subordinate common elements to make modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao K Suzuki
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku Kobe, Japan.
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313
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Vidal PO, Carvalho E, Suesdek L. Temporal variation of wing geometry in Aedes albopictus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:1030-4. [PMID: 23295754 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia, Aedes albopictus is now found on five continents, primarily due to its great capacity to adapt to different environments. This species is considered a secondary vector of dengue virus in several countries. Wing geometric morphometrics is widely used to furnish morphological markers for the characterisation and identification of species of medical importance and for the assessment of population dynamics. In this work, we investigated the metric differentiation of the wings of Ae. albopictus samples collected over a four-year period (2007-2010) in São Paulo, Brazil. Wing size significantly decreased during this period for both sexes and the wing shape also changed over time, with the wing shapes of males showing greater differences after 2008 and those of females differing more after 2009. Given that the wings play sex-specific roles, these findings suggest that the males and females could be affected by differential evolutionary pressures. Consistent with this hypothesis, a sexually dimorphic pattern was detected and quantified: the females were larger than the males (with respect to the mean) and had a distinct wing shape, regardless of allometric effects. In conclusion, wing alterations, particularly those involving shape, are a sensitive indicator of microevolutionary processes in this species.
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314
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An ontogenetic perspective on the study of sexual dimorphism, phylogenetic variability, and allometry of the skull of European ground squirrel, Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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315
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Kültz D, Clayton DF, Robinson GE, Albertson C, Carey HV, Cummings ME, Dewar K, Edwards SV, Hofmann HA, Gross LJ, Kingsolver JG, Meaney MJ, Schlinger BA, Shingleton AW, Sokolowski MB, Somero GN, Stanzione DC, Todgham AE. New Frontiers for Organismal Biology. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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316
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Fu G, Bo W, Pang X, Wang Z, Chen L, Song Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Wu R. Mapping shape quantitative trait loci using a radius-centroid-contour model. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:511-9. [PMID: 23572125 PMCID: PMC3656636 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the consequence of complex interactions between different parts of an organ, shape can be used as a predictor of structural-functional relationships implicated in changing environments. Despite such importance, however, it is no surprise that little is known about the genetic detail involved in shape variation, because no approach is currently available for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control shape. Here, we address this problem by developing a statistical model that integrates the principle of shape analysis into a mixture-model-based likelihood formulated for QTL mapping. One state-of-the-art approach for shape analysis is to identify and analyze the polar coordinates of anatomical landmarks on a shape measured in terms of radii from the centroid to the contour at regular intervals. A procrustes analysis is used to align shapes to filter out position, scale and rotation effects on shape variation. To the end, the accurate and quantitative representation of a shape is produced with aligned radius-centroid-contour (RCC) curves, that is, a function of radial angle at the centroid. The high dimensionality of the RCC data, crucial for a comprehensive description of the geometric feature of a shape, is reduced by principal component (PC) analysis, and the resulting PC axes are treated as phenotypic traits, allowing specific QTLs for global and local shape variability to be mapped, respectively. The usefulness and utilization of the new model for shape mapping in practice are validated by analyzing a mapping data collected from a natural population of poplar, Populus szechuanica var tibetica, and identifying several QTLs for leaf shape in this species. The model provides a powerful tool to compute which genes determine biological shape in plants, animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fu
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - W Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - X Pang
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Z Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - L Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Z Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - R Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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317
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Klingenberg CP, Marugán-Lobón J. Evolutionary Covariation in Geometric Morphometric Data: Analyzing Integration, Modularity, and Allometry in a Phylogenetic Context. Syst Biol 2013; 62:591-610. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; and 2Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; and 2Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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318
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Hearn DJ. Dissection of evolutionary networks to assess their role in the evolution of robustness, function, and diversification. Evolution 2013; 67:2273-83. [PMID: 23888850 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are remarkably robust in the face of environmental, mutational, and developmental perturbations. Analyses of molecular networks reveal recurrent features, such as modularity, that have been implicated in robustness and evolvability. Multiple theoretical models account for these features, yet few empirical tests of these models exist. Here I develop a set of broadly applicable methodologies to enable expanded empirical evaluation of model predictions. The methodologies focus on the inference and analysis of networks that depict evolutionary correlations among characters. I apply these methodologies to analyze an evolutionary network at a larger scale of organization among 42 stem anatomical and morphological characters of 52 species in the genus Adenia (Passifloraceae). I evaluate a model predicting that modular evolutionary networks will evolve in response to environmental change. The evolutionary network of Adenia is modular and "small-world," and the three diagnosed modules correspond roughly to functions of transport, storage, and mechanical support. The phylogenetically informed analyses suggest that the storage module is more impacted by environmental change than expected by chance. These results corroborate the hypothesis that modularity reduces the impact of environmental change, but this result requires further empirical evaluation that can be aided by the proposed methods in additional study systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hearn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21252, USA.
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319
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Evo-devo beyond morphology: from genes to resource use. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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320
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Sheftel H, Shoval O, Mayo A, Alon U. The geometry of the Pareto front in biological phenotype space. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1471-83. [PMID: 23789060 PMCID: PMC3686184 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms perform a single task, selection leads to phenotypes that maximize performance at that task. When organisms need to perform multiple tasks, a trade-off arises because no phenotype can optimize all tasks. Recent work addressed this question, and assumed that the performance at each task decays with distance in trait space from the best phenotype at that task. Under this assumption, the best-fitness solutions (termed the Pareto front) lie on simple low-dimensional shapes in trait space: line segments, triangles and other polygons. The vertices of these polygons are specialists at a single task. Here, we generalize this finding, by considering performance functions of general form, not necessarily functions that decay monotonically with distance from their peak. We find that, except for performance functions with highly eccentric contours, simple shapes in phenotype space are still found, but with mildly curving edges instead of straight ones. In a wide range of systems, complex data on multiple quantitative traits, which might be expected to fill a high-dimensional phenotype space, is predicted instead to collapse onto low-dimensional shapes; phenotypes near the vertices of these shapes are predicted to be specialists, and can thus suggest which tasks may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Sheftel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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321
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Sanger TJ, Sherratt E, McGlothlin JW, Brodie ED, Losos JB, Abzhanov A. Convergent evolution of sexual dimorphism in skull shape using distinct developmental strategies. Evolution 2013; 67:2180-93. [PMID: 23888844 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies integrating evolutionary and developmental analyses of morphological variation are of growing interest to biologists as they promise to shed fresh light on the mechanisms of morphological diversification. Sexually dimorphic traits tend to be incredibly divergent across taxa. Such diversification must arise through evolutionary modifications to sex differences during development. Nevertheless, few studies of dimorphism have attempted to synthesize evolutionary and developmental perspectives. Using geometric morphometric analysis of head shape for 50 Anolis species, we show that two clades have converged on extreme levels of sexual dimorphism through similar, male-specific changes in facial morphology. In both clades, males have evolved highly elongate faces whereas females retain faces of more moderate proportion. This convergence is accomplished using distinct developmental mechanisms; one clade evolved extreme dimorphism through the exaggeration of a widely shared, potentially ancestral, developmental strategy whereas the other clade evolved a novel developmental strategy not observed elsewhere in the genus. Together, our analyses indicate that both shared and derived features of development contribute to macroevolutionary patterns of morphological diversity among Anolis lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
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322
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Boell L, Pallares LF, Brodski C, Chen Y, Christian JL, Kousa YA, Kuss P, Nelsen S, Novikov O, Schutte BC, Wang Y, Tautz D. Exploring the effects of gene dosage on mandible shape in mice as a model for studying the genetic basis of natural variation. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 223:279-87. [PMID: 23563729 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-013-0443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mandible shape in the mouse is a complex trait that is influenced by many genetic factors. However, little is known about the action of single genes on adult mandible shape so far, since most developmentally relevant genes are already required during embryogenesis, i.e., knockouts lead to embryonic death or severe deformations, before the mandible is fully formed. We employ here a geometric morphometric approach to identify subtle phenotypic differences caused by dosage effects of candidate genes. We use mouse strains with specific gene modifications (knockouts and knockins) to compare heterozygous animals with controls from the same stock, which is expected to be equivalent to a change of gene expression of the respective locus. Such differences in expression level are also likely to occur as part of the natural variation. We focus on Bmp pathway genes (Bmp4, its antagonist Noggin, and combinations of Bmp5-7 genotypes), but include also two other developmental control genes suspected to affect mandible development in some way (Egfr and Irf6). In addition, we study the effects of Hoxd13, as well as an extracellular matrix constituent (Col2a1). We find that subtle but significant shape differences are caused by differences in gene dosage of several of these genes. The changes seen for Bmp4 and Noggin are partially compatible with the action of these genes known from birds and fish. We find significant shape changes also for Hoxd13, although this gene has so far only been implicated in skeletal patterning processes of the limbs. Comparing the effect sizes of gene dosage changes to the variation found in natural populations of mice as well as quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects on mandible shape, we find that the effect sizes caused by gene dosage changes are at the lower end of the spectrum of natural variation, but larger than the average additive effects found in QTL studies. We conclude that studying gene dosage effects have the potential to provide new insights into aspects of craniofacial development, variation, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionsbiologie, August-Thienemann-str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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323
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Debat V, Peronnet F. Asymmetric flies: the control of developmental noise in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:70-7. [PMID: 23519089 PMCID: PMC3732334 DOI: 10.4161/fly.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
What are the sources of phenotypic variation and which factors shape this variation are fundamental questions of developmental and evolutionary biology. Despite this simple formulation and intense research, controversy remains. Three points are particularly discussed: (1) whether adaptive developmental mechanisms buffering variation exist at all; (2) if yes, do they involve specific genes and processes, i.e., different from those involved in the development of the traits that are buffered?; and (3) whether different mechanisms specifically buffer the various sources of variation, i.e., genetic, environmental and stochastic, or whether a generalist process buffers them all at once. We advocate that experimental work integrating different levels of analysis will improve our understanding of the origin of phenotypic variation and thus help answering these contentious questions. In this paper, we first survey the current views on these issues, highlighting potential sources of controversy. We then focus on the stochastic part of phenotypic variation, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, and on current knowledge about the genetic basis of developmental stability. We report our recent discovery that an individual gene, Cyclin G, plays a central role-adaptive or not-in developmental stability in Drosophila. ( 1) We discuss the implications of this discovery on the regulation of organ size and shape, and finally point out open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB, Département Systématique et Evolution, Paris, France.
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324
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Ivanović A, Üzüm N, Wielstra B, Olgun K, Litvinchuk SN, Kalezić ML, Arntzen JW. Is mitochondrial DNA divergence of Near Eastern crested newts (Triturus karelinii group) reflected by differentiation of skull shape? ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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325
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Weinberg SM, Parsons TE, Fogel MR, Walter CP, Conrad AL, Nopoulos P. Corpus callosum shape is altered in individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1002-7. [PMID: 23532928 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) have altered brain structure compared with healthy controls. Preliminary evidence suggests that the corpus callosum may be dysmorphic in orofacial clefting; however, this midline brain structure has not been systematically assessed in this population. The goal of the present study was to carry out a morphometric assessment of the corpus callosum and its relationship to cognitive performance in a well-characterized patient cohort with orofacial cleft. Midline brain images were obtained from previously collected MRI scans of 24 CL/P subjects and 40-adult-male controls. Eight landmarks on the corpus callosum were digitized on each image and their x,y coordinate locations saved. A geometric morphometrics analysis was applied to the landmark coordinate data to test for shape differences across groups. The relationship between corpus callosum shape and IQ was explored with nonparametric correlation coefficients. Results revealed significant differences in mean corpus callosum shape between CL/P cases and controls (P = 0.029). The CL/P corpus callosum was characterized by increased overall convexity resulting from a superior and posterior displacement. Within CL/P cases, increased corpus callosum shape dysmorphology was moderately correlated with reduced performance IQ (r = 0.546). These results provide additional evidence that midline brain changes may be an important part of the orofacial cleft phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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326
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Anderson PSL, Friedman M, Ruta M. Late to the table: diversification of tetrapod mandibular biomechanics lagged behind the evolution of terrestriality. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:197-208. [PMID: 23526337 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of digit-bearing tetrapods in the Middle to Late Devonian (ca. 393-360 Mya) and their subsequent invasion of land represent a classic case of a major evolutionary radiation driven by new ecological opportunities. In this and other examples, exploration of new eco-space is hypothesized to correlate with functional innovation and adaptive divergence of phenotypes. Simultaneous changes in all morphofunctional systems are rare in major evolutionary transitions and may be non-existent. Here, we focus on the mandibles of early tetrapods and their kin as a model system to test whether shifts in functional innovation were coeval with some major events in tetrapod history. To this end, we quantified mechanical variation in the mandibles of tetrapodomorphs ranging in age from Early Devonian to earliest Permian. Biomechanical disparity is stable from the Devonian to the Early Pennsylvanian, even though the origin of weight-bearing, digited limbs, and the initial phases of the colonization of land occurred during this interval. An appreciable increase in functional variation is detected in the latest Pennsylvanian and earliest Permian, when stem and crown amniotes began to explore new regions of mechanical morphospace, a pattern partly attributable to the origin of herbivory. We find no difference in the rate of functional change between tetrapodomorph "fish" and early digited tetrapods, although two independent shifts are detected among Devonian stem tetrapods more crownward than Acanthostega. Instead, the most profound shifts in evolutionary rate are nested well within the tetrapod crown and are associated with amniotes (particularly diadectomorphs and some synapsids). The substantial temporal gap between the origin of postcranial features associated with terrestriality, such as limbs with functional elbow/knee and wrist/ankle joints capable of weight-bearing, and the onset of divergence in jaw biomechanics provides a compelling example of "functional modularity" during a major adaptive radiation.
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327
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Wilson LAB. Allometric disparity in rodent evolution. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:971-84. [PMID: 23610638 PMCID: PMC3631408 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, allometric trajectories for 51 rodent species, comprising equal representatives from each of the major clades (Ctenohystrica, Muroidea, Sciuridae), are compared in a multivariate morphospace (=allometric space) to quantify magnitudes of disparity in cranial growth. Variability in allometric trajectory patterns was compared to measures of adult disparity in each clade, and dietary habit among the examined species, which together encapsulated an ecomorphological breadth. Results indicate that the evolution of allometric trajectories in rodents is characterized by different features in sciurids compared with muroids and Ctenohystrica. Sciuridae was found to have a reduced magnitude of inter-trajectory change and growth patterns with less variation in allometric coefficient values among members. In contrast, a greater magnitude of difference between trajectories and an increased variation in allometric coefficient values was evident for both Ctenohystrica and muroids. Ctenohystrica and muroids achieved considerably higher adult disparities than sciurids, suggesting that conservatism in allometric trajectory modification may constrain morphological diversity in rodents. The results provide support for a role of ecology (dietary habit) in the evolution of allometric trajectories in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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328
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Bo W, Wang Z, Xu F, Fu G, Sui Y, Wu W, Zhu X, Yin D, Yan Q, Wu R. Shape mapping: genetic mapping meets geometric morphometrics. Brief Bioinform 2013; 15:571-81. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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329
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Christians JK, de Zwaan DR, Fung SHY. Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) affects bone size and shape and contributes to natural variation in postnatal growth in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56260. [PMID: 23457539 PMCID: PMC3574143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) is a protease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and is receiving increasing attention for its roles in pregnancy and postnatal growth. The goals of the present study were to characterize the effects of PAPP-A2 deletion on bone size and shape in mice at 10 weeks of age, and to determine whether Pappa2 is the gene responsible for a previously-identified quantitative trait locus (QTL) contributing to natural variation in postnatal growth in mice. Mice homozygous for constitutive PAPP-A2 deletion were lighter than wild-type littermates, and had smaller mandible dimensions and shorter skull, humerus, femur, tibia, pelvic girdle, and tail bone. Furthermore, PAPP-A2 deletion reduced mandible dimensions and the lengths of the skull, femur, pelvic girdle, and tail bone more than would be expected due to the effect on body mass. In addition to its effects on bone size, PAPP-A2 deficiency also altered the shape of the mandible and pelvic girdle, as assessed by geometric morphometrics. Mice homozygous for the PAPP-A2 deletion had less deep mandibles, and pelvic girdles with a more feminine shape. Using a quantitative complementation test, we confirmed that Pappa2 is responsible for the effects of the previously-identified QTL, demonstrating that natural variation in the Pappa2 gene contributes to variation in postnatal growth in mice. If similar functional variation in the Pappa2 gene exists in other species, effects of this variation on the shape of the pelvic girdle might explain the previously-reported associations between Pappa2 SNPs and developmental dysplasia of the hip in humans, and birthing in cattle.
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330
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Ribeiro MM, de Andrade SC, de Souza AP, Line SRP. The role of modularity in the evolution of primate postcanine dental formula: integrating jaw space with patterns of dentition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:622-9. [PMID: 23408596 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of a phenotype into modules or developmental fields, which are semiautonomous units in development and function, seems to be one of the strategies to increase the capacity to produce phenotypic variation. In mammals the upper dentition is formed on two distinct developmental units, wherein incisors are formed on the primary palate, which is derived from the embryonic frontonasal process, and the other teeth (canine, premolar, and molar) are formed on the alveolar bone, which is derived from the maxillary process (termed herein as PALATE2). The aim of the present work was to analyze the variations in size and number of premolar and molar teeth in primate dentition and to correlate these morphometrical parameters with the relative size of these tooth classes with respect to PALATE2. Furthermore, we seek to understand to what extent the changes in the relative size of premolar and molar fields can influence the size of each tooth within its respective field, and how these parameters connect with the variations in the dental formula that occurred during primate evolution. The data presented here not only indicate that premolar and molar fields can be seen as submodules of a larger and hierarchically superior module (i.e., PALATE2) but also present quantitative parameters that allow us to understand how variations in the relative size of premolar and molar teeth connect with the variations in the dental formula that occurred during primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Ribeiro
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, 13414-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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331
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Tomašević Kolarov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’ University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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332
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Abstract
Summary
The past decades have seen mounting evidence that parasites alter their host’s behaviour in ways that benefit transmission, based on differences in the expression of behavioural traits between infected and control individuals, or on significant correlations between trait expression and infection levels. The multidimensional nature of host manipulation has only recently been recognised: parasites do not target single host traits, but instead suites of interrelated traits. Here, I use recent research on animal personality (behavioural differences among individuals consistent across time and situations) and behavioural syndromes (correlations at the population level among distinct behavioural traits, or between the same trait expressed in different contexts) to provide a framework from which simple testable patterns of host behavioural changes can be predicted. Following infection, a manipulative parasite could (i) change the temporal consistency of its host’s behavioural responses, (ii) change the slope of a host reaction norm, i.e. the way host behavioural traits are expressed as a function of an environmental gradient, or (iii) decouple two or more host behavioural traits and/or change the way in which they correlate with each other. Two case studies involving trematode parasites and their freshwater hosts are used to provide empirical illustrations of the above scenarios. These clearly illustrate the full richness of behavioural alterations induced by parasites, and how these effects would go unnoticed using the classical trait-by-trait comparisons of mean values between parasitised and non-parasitised individuals. However, the power of animal personality and behavioural syndromes to inform research on host manipulation by parasites will only be fully realised when underlying mechanisms are elucidated and linked to their phenotypic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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333
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Rosell JA, Olson ME, Aguirre-Hernández R, Sánchez-Sesma FJ. Ontogenetic modulation of branch size, shape, and biomechanics produces diversity across habitats in the Bursera simaruba clade of tropical trees. Evol Dev 2012; 14:437-49. [PMID: 22947317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Organismal size and shape inseparably interact with tissue biomechanical properties. It is therefore essential to understand how size, shape, and biomechanics interact in ontogeny to produce morphological diversity. We estimated within species branch length-diameter allometries and reconstructed the rates of ontogenetic change along the stem in mechanical properties across the simaruba clade in the tropical tree genus Bursera, measuring 376 segments from 97 branches in nine species in neotropical dry to rain forest. In general, species with stiffer materials had longer, thinner branches, which became stiffer more quickly in ontogeny than their counterparts with more flexible materials. We found a trend from short stature and flexible tissues to tall statures and stiff tissues across an environmental gradient of increasing water availability, likely reflecting a water storage-mechanical support tradeoff. Ontogenetic variation in size, shape, and mechanics results in diversity of habits, for example, rapid length extension, sluggish diameter expansion, and flexible tissues results in a liana, as in Bursera instabilis. Even species of similar habit exhibited notable changes in tissue mechanical properties with increasing size, illustrating the inseparable relationship between organismal proportions and their tissue mechanics in the ontogeny and evolution of morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta A Rosell
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, Mexico
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334
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Hopkins MJ, Lidgard S. Evolutionary mode routinely varies among morphological traits within fossil species lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20520-5. [PMID: 23184976 PMCID: PMC3528549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209901109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revitalized interest in methods for detecting evolutionary modes in both fossil sequences and phylogenies. Most of these studies examine single size or shape traits, often implicitly assuming that single phenotypic traits are adequate representations of species-level change. We test the validity of this assumption by tallying the frequency with which traits vary in evolutionary mode within fossil species lineages. After fitting models of directional change, unbiased random walk, and stasis to a dataset of 635 traits across 153 species lineages, we find that within the majority of lineages, evolutionary mode varies across traits and the likelihood of conflicting within-lineage patterns increases with the number of traits analyzed. In addition, single traits may show variation in evolutionary mode even in situations where the overall morphological evolution of the lineage is dominated by one type of mode. These quantified, stratigraphically based findings validate the idea that morphological patterns of mosaic evolution are pervasive across groups of organisms throughout Earth's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Hopkins
- Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
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335
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Savriama Y, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Klingenberg CP. Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape: dissecting components of symmetric and asymmetric variation in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:945-954. [PMID: 22988918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry is an important feature of floral structure, and floral symmetries are diverse and often complex. We use a new morphometric approach for analysing shapes with complex types of symmetry, which partitions shape variation into a component of symmetric variation and different components of asymmetry. This approach, based on the mathematical theory of symmetry groups, can be used for landmark configurations with any type of symmetry and is therefore promising as a general framework for morphometric analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry. We demonstrate this approach by quantifying floral shape variation in a wild population of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). Flowers of this species are disymmetric, so that the symmetry in the left-right and adaxial-abaxial directions can be considered separately and in combination. Both principal component analysis and Procrustes ANOVA indicate that symmetric variation accounts for most of the total variance and that adaxial-abaxial asymmetry is the dominant component of fluctuating asymmetry. Each component is associated with specific patterns of shape variation. These results illustrate the potential of the new method and suggest new areas for future research. The new morphometric approach is promising for further analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry in evolutionary and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Savriama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- UMR 7205 CP 50 Entomologie/service Hyménoptères, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences St. Albert Hall, Rm 272 St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - José María Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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336
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Quantitative genetic analysis of subspecific differences in body shape in the snail-feeding carabid beetle Damaster blaptoides. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 110:86-93. [PMID: 23073391 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A dimorphic pattern of macrocephalic (wide, short) and stenocephalic (narrow, long) body shapes is observed in snail-feeding carabid beetles globally. The former exhibits high performance in crushing snail shells with powerful jaws, whereas the latter specializes in eating snails' soft body directly by inserting the head into the shell. In the snail-feeding species Damaster blaptoides, the subspecies D. b. capito has a wide, short forebody, and D. b. fortunei has a narrow, long forebody. They exhibit distinct morphologies despite their geographic and phylogenetic proximity. To examine the genetic basis of the morphological differences between these two subspecies, we conducted quantitative genetic analyses by crossing these subspecies and producing F(1) and backcross hybrids. The hybrids had body shapes intermediate between the parental subspecies. The variation between wide, short and narrow, long forebodies was based on negative genetic correlations between width and length of the head and thorax. Between one and eight genetic factors were involved in the morphological differences between subspecies. We suggest that the morphological integration of forebody parts in a small number of loci has facilitated the marked morphological diversification between subspecies of D. blaptoides.
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337
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Exploration of the genetic organization of morphological modularity on the mouse mandible using a set of interspecific recombinant congenic strains between C57BL/6 and mice of the Mus spretus species. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:1257-68. [PMID: 23050236 PMCID: PMC3464118 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphological integration and modularity within semi-autonomous modules are essential mechanisms for the evolution of morphological traits. However, the genetic makeup responsible for the control of variational modularity is still relatively unknown. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that the genetic variation for mandible shape clustered into two morphogenetic components: the alveolar group and the ascending ramus. We used the mouse as a model system to investigate genetics determinants of mandible shape. To do this, we used a combination of geometric morphometric tools and a set of 18 interspecific recombinant congenic strains (IRCS) derived from the distantly related species, Mus spretus SEG/Pas and Mus musculus C57BL/6. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis comparing mandible morphometry between the C57BL/6 and the IRCSs identified 42 putative SEG/Pas segments responsible for the genetic variation. The magnitude of the QTL effects was dependent on the proportion of SEG/Pas genome inherited. Using a multivariate correlation coefficient adapted for modularity assessment and a two-block partial least squares analysis to explore the morphological integration, we found that these QTL clustered into two well-integrated morphogenetic groups, corresponding to the ascending ramus and the alveolar region. Together, these results provide evidence that the mouse mandible is subjected to genetic coordination in a modular manner.
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338
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Jojić V, Blagojević J, Vujošević M. Two-module organization of the mandible in the yellow-necked mouse: a comparison between two different morphometric approaches. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2489-500. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Jojić
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - J. Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - M. Vujošević
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
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339
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Florio AM, Ingram CM, Rakotondravony HA, Louis EE, Raxworthy CJ. Detecting cryptic speciation in the widespread and morphologically conservative carpet chameleon (Furcifer lateralis) of Madagascar. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1399-414. [PMID: 22686488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Species delimitation within recently evolved groups can be challenging because species may be difficult to distinguish morphologically. Following the General Lineage Concept, we apply a multiple evidence approach to assess species limits within the carpet chameleon Furcifer lateralis, which is endemic to Madagascar and exported in large numbers for the pet trade. Cryptic speciation within F. lateralis was considered likely because this species (1) has a vast distribution, (2) occupies exceptionally diverse habitats and (3) exhibits subtle regional differences in morphology. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using nuclear and mitochondrial genes recovered three well-supported clades corresponding with geography. Morphological results based on canonical variates analysis show that these clades exhibit subtle differences in head casque morphology. Ecological niche modelling results found that these phylogenetic groups also occupy unique environmental space and exhibit patterns of regional endemism typical of other endemic reptiles. Combined, our findings provide diverse yet consistent evidence for the existence of three species. Consequently, we elevate the subspecies F. lateralis major to species rank and name a new species distributed in northern and western Madagascar. Initial ecological divergence, associated with speciation of F. lateralis in humid eastern habitat, fits the Ecographic Constraint model for species diversification in Madagascar. By contrast, the second speciation event provides some support for the Riverine Barrier model, with the Mangoky River possibly causing initial isolation between species. These findings thus support two contrasting models of speciation within closely related species and demonstrate the utility of applying a combined-evidence approach for detecting cryptic speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Florio
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.
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340
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Nieman BJ, Blank MC, Roman BB, Henkelman RM, Millen KJ. If the skull fits: magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for combined analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:992-1002. [PMID: 22947655 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00093.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain and skull develop concurrently in a coordinated manner, consistently producing a brain and skull that fit tightly together. It is common that abnormalities in one are associated with related abnormalities in the other. However, this is not always the case. A complete characterization of the relationship between brain and skull phenotypes is necessary to understand the mechanisms that cause them to be coordinated or divergent and to provide perspective on the potential diagnostic or prognostic significance of brain and skull phenotypes. We demonstrate the combined use of magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Co-registration of brain and skull images allows comparison of the relationship between phenotypes in the brain and those in the skull. We observe a close fit between the brain and skull of two genetic mouse models that both show abnormal brain and skull phenotypes. Application of these three-dimensional image analyses in a broader range of mouse mutants will provide a map of the relationships between brain and skull phenotypes generally and allow characterization of patterns of similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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341
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Abstract
Geometric morphometrics comprises tools for measuring and analyzing shape as captured by an entire set of landmark configurations. Many interesting questions in evolutionary, genetic, and developmental research, however, are only meaningful at a local level, where a focus on "parts" or "traits" takes priority over properties of wholes. To study variational properties of such traits, current approaches partition configurations into subsets of landmarks which are then studied separately. This approach is unable to fully capture both variational and spatial characteristics of these subsets because interpretability of shape differences is context-dependent. Landmarks omitted from a partition usually contain information about that partition's shape. We present an interpolation-based approach that can be used to model shape differences at a local, infinitesimal level as a function of information available globally. This approach belongs in a large family of methods that see shape differences as continuous "fields" spanning an entire structure, for which landmarks serve as reference parameters rather than as data. We show, via analyses of simulated and real data, how interpolation models provide a more accurate representation of regional shapes than partitioned data. A key difference of this interpolation approach from current morphometric practice is that one must assume an explicit interpolation model, which in turn implies a particular kind of behavior of the regions between landmarks. This choice presents novel methodological challenges, but also an opportunity to incorporate and test biomechanical models that have sought to explain tissue-level processes underlying the generation of morphological shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio J. Márquez
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ryan Cabeen
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roger P. Woods
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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342
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Labonne G, Laffont R, Renvoise E, Jebrane A, Labruere C, Chateau‐Smith C, Navarro N, Montuire S. When less means more: evolutionary and developmental hypotheses in rodent molars. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2102-2111. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Labonne
- Laboratoire Paléobiodiversité et Evolution de l'EPHE Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
| | - R. Laffont
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
| | - E. Renvoise
- Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Jebrane
- Institut mathématique de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 5584 Dijon France
| | - C. Labruere
- Institut mathématique de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 5584 Dijon France
| | | | - N. Navarro
- Laboratoire Paléobiodiversité et Evolution de l'EPHE Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
| | - S. Montuire
- Laboratoire Paléobiodiversité et Evolution de l'EPHE Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences Université de Bourgogne Dijon France
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343
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Renaud S, Alibert P, Auffray JC. Modularity as a source of new morphological variation in the mandible of hybrid mice. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:141. [PMID: 22873779 PMCID: PMC3506452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hybridization is often seen as a process dampening phenotypic differences accumulated between diverging evolutionary units. For a complex trait comprising several relatively independent modules, hybridization may however simply generate new phenotypes, by combining into a new mosaic modules inherited from each parental groups and parts intermediate with respect to the parental groups. We tested this hypothesis by studying mandible size and shape in a set of first and second generation hybrids resulting from inbred wild-derived laboratory strains documenting two subspecies of house mice, Musmusculus domesticus and Musmusculus musculus. Phenotypic variation of the mandible was divided into nested partitions of developmental, evolutionary and functional modules. Results The size and shape of the modules were differently influenced by hybridization. Some modules seemed to be the result of typical additive effects with hybrids intermediate between parents, some displayed a pattern expected in the case of monogenic dominance, whereas in other modules, hybrids were transgressive. The result is interpreted as the production of novel mandible morphologies. Beyond this modularity, modules in functional interaction tended to display significant covariations. Conclusions Modularity emerges as a source of novel morphological variation by its simple potential to combine different parts of the parental phenotypes into a novel offspring mosaic of modules. This effect is partly counterbalanced by bone remodeling insuring an integration of the mosaic mandible into a functional ensemble, adding a non-genetic component to the production of transgressive phenotypes in hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Renaud
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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344
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Billet G, Hautier L, Asher RJ, Schwarz C, Crumpton N, Martin T, Ruf I. High morphological variation of vestibular system accompanies slow and infrequent locomotion in three-toed sloths. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3932-9. [PMID: 22859594 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicircular canals (SCs), part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, are directly involved in the detection of angular motion of the head for maintaining balance, and exhibit adaptive patterns for locomotor behaviour. Consequently, they are generally believed to show low levels of intraspecific morphological variation, but few studies have investigated this assumption. On the basis of high-resolution computed tomography, we present here, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive study of the pattern of variation of the inner ear with a focus on Xenarthra. Our study demonstrates that extant three-toed sloths show a high level of morphological variation of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. Especially, the variation in shape, relative size and angles of their SCs greatly differ from those of other, faster-moving taxa within Xenarthra and Placentalia in general. The unique pattern of variation in three-toed sloths suggests that a release of selection and/or constraints on their organ of balance is associated with the observed wide range of phenotypes. This release is coincident with their slow and infrequent locomotion and may be related, among other possible factors, to a reduced functional demand for a precise sensitivity to movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Billet
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Konopka JK, Scott IM, McNeil JN. Costs of insecticide resistance in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:872-877. [PMID: 22812124 DOI: 10.1603/ec11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other life-history traits. In this study, we compared the larval and pupal developmental times, pupal mass wing surface area and wing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in insecticide resistant and control strains of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), collected from apple (Malus spp.) orchards in central Canada. Resistant strains had significantly longer larval developmental times and lower pupal masses compared with the susceptible strain. Although the forewings of resistant moths were smaller in resistant than control strain, no difference in wing FA was detected. Longer developmental times could increase exposure time to natural enemies, and reduced adult size could affect longevity and total reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Konopka
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Shoval O, Sheftel H, Shinar G, Hart Y, Ramote O, Mayo A, Dekel E, Kavanagh K, Alon U. Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space. Science 2012; 336:1157-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1217405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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348
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McCAIRNS RJS, BERNATCHEZ L. Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1097-112. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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349
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CORSE EMMANUEL, NEVE GABRIEL, SINAMA MELTHIDE, PECH NICOLAS, COSTEDOAT CAROLINE, CHAPPAZ REMI, GILLES ANDRE. Plasticity of ontogenetic trajectories in cyprinids: a source of evolutionary novelties. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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350
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Paternoster L, Zhurov AI, Toma AM, Kemp JP, St Pourcain B, Timpson NJ, McMahon G, McArdle W, Ring SM, Smith GD, Richmond S, Evans DM. Genome-wide association study of three-dimensional facial morphology identifies a variant in PAX3 associated with nasion position. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:478-85. [PMID: 22341974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial morphology is highly heritable, but little is known about which genetic variants influence normal facial variation in the general population. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with normal facial variation in a population-based cohort of 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. 3D high-resolution images were obtained with two laser scanners, these were merged and aligned, and 22 landmarks were identified and their x, y, and z coordinates used to generate 54 3D distances reflecting facial features. 14 principal components (PCs) were also generated from the landmark locations. We carried out genome-wide association analyses of these distances and PCs in 2,185 adolescents and attempted to replicate any significant associations in a further 1,622 participants. In the discovery analysis no associations were observed with the PCs, but we identified four associations with the distances, and one of these, the association between rs7559271 in PAX3 and the nasion to midendocanthion distance (n-men), was replicated (p = 4 × 10(-7)). In a combined analysis, each G allele of rs7559271 was associated with an increase in n-men distance of 0.39 mm (p = 4 × 10(-16)), explaining 1.3% of the variance. Independent associations were observed in both the z (nasion prominence) and y (nasion height) dimensions (p = 9 × 10(-9) and p = 9 × 10(-10), respectively), suggesting that the locus primarily influences growth in the yz plane. Rare variants in PAX3 are known to cause Waardenburg syndrome, which involves deafness, pigmentary abnormalities, and facial characteristics including a broad nasal bridge. Our findings show that common variants within this gene also influence normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, UK.
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