301
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Endocytosis: At the Crossroads of Pattern Recognition Immune Receptors and Pathogen Effectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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302
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Zhang Z, Thomma BPHJ. Structure-function aspects of extracellular leucine-rich repeat-containing cell surface receptors in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1212-23. [PMID: 23718712 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants exploit several types of cell surface receptors for perception of extracellular signals, of which the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (eLRR)-containing receptors form the major class. Although the function of most plant eLRR receptors remains unclear, an increasing number of these receptors are shown to play roles in innate immunity and a wide variety of developmental processes. Recent efforts using domain swaps, gene shuffling analyses, site-directed mutagenesis, interaction studies, and crystallographic analyses resulted in the current knowledge on ligand binding and the mechanism of activation of plant eLRR receptors. This review provides an overview of eLRR receptor research, specifically summarizing the recent understanding of interactions among plant eLRR receptors, their co-receptors and corresponding ligands. The functions of distinct eLRR receptor domains, and their role in structure, ligand perception and multimeric complex formation are discussed. [Figure: see text] Bart P.H.J. Thomma (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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303
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Wu Y, Zhou JM. Receptor-like kinases in plant innate immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1271-86. [PMID: 24308571 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ a highly effective surveillance system to detect potential pathogens, which is critical for the success of land plants in an environment surrounded by numerous microbes. Recent efforts have led to the identification of a number of immune receptors and components of immune receptor complexes. It is now clear that receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are key pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) for microbe- and plant-derived molecular patterns that are associated with pathogen invasion. RLKs and RLPs involved in immune signaling belong to large gene families in plants and have undergone lineage specific expansion. Molecular evolution and population studies on phytopathogenic molecular signatures and their receptors have provided crucial insight into the co-evolution between plants and pathogens. [Figure: see text] Jian-Min Zhou (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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304
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Gusberti M, Gessler C, Broggini GAL. RNA-Seq analysis reveals candidate genes for ontogenic resistance in Malus-Venturia pathosystem. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78457. [PMID: 24223809 PMCID: PMC3817206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogenic scab resistance in apple leaves and fruits is a horizontal resistance against the plant pathogen Venturia inaequalis and is expressed as a decrease in disease symptoms and incidence with the ageing of the leaves. Several studies at the biochemical level tried to unveil the nature of this resistance; however, no conclusive results were reported. We decided therefore to investigate the genetic origin of this phenomenon by performing a full quantitative transcriptome sequencing and comparison of young (susceptible) and old (ontogenic resistant) leaves, infected or not with the pathogen. Two time points at 72 and 96 hours post-inoculation were chosen for RNA sampling and sequencing. Comparison between the different conditions (young and old leaves, inoculated or not) should allow the identification of differentially expressed genes which may represent different induced plant defence reactions leading to ontogenic resistance or may be the cause of a constitutive (uninoculated with the pathogen) shift toward resistance in old leaves. Differentially expressed genes were then characterised for their function by homology to A. thaliana and other plant genes, particularly looking for genes involved in pathways already suspected of appertaining to ontogenic resistance in apple or other hosts, or to plant defence mechanisms in general. IN THIS WORK, FIVE CANDIDATE GENES PUTATIVELY INVOLVED IN THE ONTOGENIC RESISTANCE OF APPLE WERE IDENTIFIED: a gene encoding an "enhanced disease susceptibility 1 protein" was found to be down-regulated in both uninoculated and inoculated old leaves at 96 hpi, while the other four genes encoding proteins (metallothionein3-like protein, lipoxygenase, lipid transfer protein, and a peroxidase 3) were found to be constitutively up-regulated in inoculated and uninoculated old leaves. The modulation of the five candidate genes has been validated using the real-time quantitative PCR. Thus, ontogenic resistance may be the result of the corresponding up- and down-regulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gusberti
- Institute of Integrative Biology Zürich, Plant Pathology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cesare Gessler
- Institute of Integrative Biology Zürich, Plant Pathology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni A. L. Broggini
- Institute of Integrative Biology Zürich, Plant Pathology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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305
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Zhang W, Fraiture M, Kolb D, Löffelhardt B, Desaki Y, Boutrot FF, Tör M, Zipfel C, Gust AA, Brunner F. Arabidopsis receptor-like protein30 and receptor-like kinase suppressor of BIR1-1/EVERSHED mediate innate immunity to necrotrophic fungi. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4227-41. [PMID: 24104566 PMCID: PMC3877809 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective plant defense strategies rely in part on the perception of non-self determinants, so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors leading to MAMP-triggered immunity. Plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens with a broad host range is complex and yet not well understood. Particularly, it is unclear if resistance to necrotrophs involves pattern recognition receptors. Here, we partially purified a novel proteinaceous elicitor called sclerotinia culture filtrate elicitor1 (SCFE1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that induces typical MAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of natural genetic variation revealed five Arabidopsis accessions (Mt-0, Lov-1, Lov-5, Br-0, and Sq-1) that are fully insensitive to the SCFE1-containing fraction. We used a forward genetics approach and mapped the locus determining SCFE1 sensitivity to receptor-like protein30 (RLP30). We also show that SCFE1-triggered immune responses engage a signaling pathway dependent on the regulatory receptor-like kinases brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BIR1-1/evershed (SOBIR1/EVR). Mutants of RLP30, BAK1, and SOBIR1 are more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum and the related fungus Botrytis cinerea. The presence of an elicitor in S. sclerotiorum evoking MAMP-triggered immune responses and sensed by RLP30/SOBIR1/BAK1 demonstrates the relevance of MAMP-triggered immunity in resistance to necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Malou Fraiture
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Mahmut Tör
- National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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306
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Cole SJ, Diener AC. Diversity in receptor-like kinase genes is a major determinant of quantitative resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. matthioli. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:172-184. [PMID: 23790083 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. matthioli (FOM) is a polygenic trait in Arabidopsis thaliana. RFO3 is one of six quantitative trait loci accounting for the complete resistance of accession Columbia-0 (Col-0) and susceptibility of accession Taynuilt-0 (Ty-0). We find that Col-0 and Ty-0 alleles of RFO3 are representative of two common variants in wild Arabidopsis accessions, that resistance and susceptibility to FOM are ancestral features of the two variants and that resistance from RFO3 is unrivalled by other genes in a genome-wide survey of diversity in accessions. A single receptor-like kinase (RLK) gene in Col-0 is responsible for the resistance of RFO3, although the susceptible Ty-0 allele codes for two RLK homologs. Expression of RFO3 is highest in vascular tissue, which F. oxysporum infects, and root-expressed RFO3 restricts FOM infection of the vascular system. RFO3 confers specific resistance to FOM and provides no resistance to two other crucifer-infecting F. oxysporum pathogens. RFO3's identity, expression and specificity suggest that RFO3 represents diversity in pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) genes. The characteristics of RFO3 and the previously published RFO1 suggest that diversity in RLK PRRs is a major determinant of quantitative resistance in wild plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Cole
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrew C Diener
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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307
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Witzel K, Hanschen FS, Schreiner M, Krumbein A, Ruppel S, Grosch R. Verticillium suppression is associated with the glucosinolate composition of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71877. [PMID: 24039726 PMCID: PMC3764120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum is able to penetrate the root of a number of plant species and spread systemically via the xylem. Fumigation of Verticillium contaminated soil with Brassica green manure is used as an environmentally friendly method for crop protection. Here we present a study focused on the potential role of glucosinolates and their breakdown products of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in suppressing growth of V. longisporum. For this purpose we analysed the glucosinolate composition of the leaves and roots of a set of 19 key accessions of A. thaliana. The effect of volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products on the in vitro growth of the pathogen was tested by exposing the fungus to hydrated lyophilized plant tissue. Volatiles released from leaf tissue were more effective than from root tissue in suppressing mycelial growth of V. longisporum. The accessions varied in their efficacy, with the most effective suppressing mycelial growth by 90%. An analysis of glucosinolate profiles and their enzymatic degradation products revealed a correlation between fungal growth inhibition and the concentration of alkenyl glucosinolates, particularly 2-propenyl (2Prop) glucosinolate, respectively its hydrolysis products. Exposure of the fungus to purified 2Prop glucosinolate revealed that its suppressive activity was correlated with its concentration. Spiking of 2Prop glucosinolate to leaf material of one of the least effective A. thaliana accessions led to fungal growth suppression. It is suggested that much of the inhibitory effect observed for the tested accessions can be explained by the accumulation of 2Prop glucosinolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Franziska S. Hanschen
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Silke Ruppel
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Department of Plant Health, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
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308
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Stukenbrock EH. Evolution, selection and isolation: a genomic view of speciation in fungal plant pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:895-907. [PMID: 23782262 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
895 I. 895 II. 896 III. 898 IV. 900 V. 902 VI. 904 VII. 905 905 References 905 SUMMARY: Speciation of fungal plant pathogens has been associated with host jumps, host domestication, clonal divergence, and hybridization. Although we have substantial insight into the speciation histories of several important plant pathogens, we still know very little about the underlying genetics of reproductive isolation. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, and nonfungal model systems illustrate that reproductive barriers can evolve by different mechanisms, including genetic incompatibilities between neutral and adaptive substitutions, reinforcement selection, and chromosomal rearrangements. Advances in genome sequencing and sequence analyses provide a new framework to identify those traits that have driven the divergence of populations or caused reproductive isolation between species of fungal plant pathogens. These traits can be recognized based on signatures of strong divergent selection between species or through the association of allelic combination conferring hybrid inferiority. Comparative genome analyses also provide information about the contribution of genome rearrangements to speciation. This is particularly relevant for species of fungal pathogens with extreme levels of genomic rearrangements and within-species genome plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holtgrewe Stukenbrock
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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309
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Manners JM. Cross-kingdom gene transfer facilitates the evolution of virulence in fungal pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:151-158. [PMID: 23849122 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The constant interaction between plants and their pathogens has resulted in the evolution of a diverse array of microbial infection strategies. It is increasingly evident that horizontal acquisition of new virulence functions in fungi is one of the evolutionary processes that maintain pathogens' competitive edge over host plants. Genome analyses of fungi are pointing towards this phenomenon being particularly prevalent in the subphylum Pezizomycota. While the extent of cross-kingdom gene transfer can be determined with existing genomic tools and databases, so far very few horizontally transmitted genes have been functionally characterised, and an understanding of their physiological roles in virulence has been determined for even fewer genes. Understanding the evolutionary selection pressures that drive the retention of acquired genes in particular fungal lineages is important, as it will undoubtedly reveal new insights into both fungal virulence mechanisms and corresponding plant defence processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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310
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Zhang Z, van Esse HP, van Damme M, Fradin EF, Liu CM, Thomma BPHJ. Ve1-mediated resistance against Verticillium does not involve a hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:719-27. [PMID: 23710897 PMCID: PMC6638679 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen effectors by plant immune receptors leads to the activation of immune responses that often include a hypersensitive response (HR): rapid and localized host cell death surrounding the site of attempted pathogen ingress. We have demonstrated previously that the recognition of the Verticillium dahliae effector protein Ave1 by the tomato immune receptor Ve1 triggers an HR in tomato and tobacco. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that tomato Ve1 provides Verticillium resistance in Arabidopsis upon Ave1 recognition. In this study, we investigated whether the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 in Arabidopsis results in an HR, which could facilitate a forward genetics screen. Surprisingly, we found that the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 does not induce an HR in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that an HR may occur as a consequence of Ve1/Ave1-induced immune signalling in tomato and tobacco, but is not absolutely required for Verticillium resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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311
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Liu SY, Chen JY, Wang JL, Li L, Xiao HL, Adam SM, Dai XF. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a specific secreted protein from highly virulent defoliating Verticillium dahliae. Gene 2013; 529:307-16. [PMID: 23891822 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt diseases in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. Previous research has demonstrated that the secretome plays an important role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In this study, the specific secreted protein gene (VdSSP1) in highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae strain VDG1 was cloned, and considered to be a secreted protein by signal peptide activity assay. VdSSP1 deletion mutants in VDG1 significantly compromised virulence, and the fungal growth decreased in media with pectin and starch as carbon sources. Pathogenicity and carbon utilization were restored upon complementation of the VdSSP1 deletion strains or low virulence non-defoliating strain VDG2, which lacks VdSSP1. It is indicated that the virulence role of VdSSP1 is associated with plant cell wall degradation. In conclusion, our data suggested that VdSSP1 is a secreted protein that is engaged in the pathogenicity of the highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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312
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Armijos Jaramillo VD, Vargas WA, Sukno SA, Thon MR. New insights into the evolution and structure of Colletotrichum plant-like subtilisins (CPLSs). Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e25727. [PMID: 24563701 PMCID: PMC3917961 DOI: 10.4161/cib.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Colletotrichum plant-like subtilisins (CPLSs) are a family of proteins found only in species of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum. CPLSs have high similarity to plant subtilisins and our previous work has shown that they were acquired by an ancient horizontal gene transfer event from plants. The rapid growth of sequence data in public databases enabled us to reexamine the structure and evolution of the CPLSs. A new plant subtilisin structural model aided us in refining the tertiary structure of CPLSs. Also, new information about protein interactions of plant subtilisin has provided new insights into the putative function of CPLSs. The availability of new genome sequences of members of the genus Colletotrichum gave us the opportunity to further validate our hypothesis that the CPLSs are unique to the Colletotrichum lineage. Together, this information furthers our knowledge of the potential role of the CPLSs in pathogenicity and the role of HGT in the genome evolution of plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio D Armijos Jaramillo
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Universidad de Salamanca; Villamayor, Spain
| | - Walter A Vargas
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Universidad de Salamanca; Villamayor, Spain ; Current affiliation: Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos-CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas-UNR; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Serenella A Sukno
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Universidad de Salamanca; Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R Thon
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Universidad de Salamanca; Villamayor, Spain
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313
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Jakse J, Cerenak A, Radisek S, Satovic Z, Luthar Z, Javornik B. Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to Verticillium wilt and yield parameters in hop (Humulus lupulus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:1431-43. [PMID: 23423654 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt (VW) can cause substantial yield loss in hop particularly with the outbreaks of the lethal strain of Verticillium albo-atrum. To elucidate genetic control of VW resistance in hop, an F1 mapping population derived from a cross of cultivar Wye Target, with the predicted genetic basis of resistance, and susceptible male breeding line BL2/1 was developed to assess wilting symptoms and to perform QTL mapping. The genetic linkage map, constructed with 203 markers of various types using a pseudo-testcross strategy, formed ten major linkage groups (LG) of the maternal and paternal maps, covering 552.98 and 441.1 cM, respectively. A significant QTL for VW resistance was detected at LOD 7 on a single chromosomal region on LG03 of both parental maps, accounting for 24.2-26.0 % of the phenotypic variance. QTL analysis for alpha-acid content and yield parameters was also performed on this map. QTLs for these traits were also detected and confirmed our previously detected QTLs in a different pedigree and environment. The work provides the basis for exploration of QTL flanking markers for possible use in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jakse
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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314
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Doehlemann G, Hemetsberger C. Apoplastic immunity and its suppression by filamentous plant pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1001-1016. [PMID: 23594392 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial plant pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to enter plant hosts and cause disease. In particular, biotrophic pathogens, which parasitize living plant tissue, establish sophisticated interactions in which they modulate the plant's metabolism to their own good. The prime decision, whether or not a pathogen can accommodate itself in its host tissue, is made during the initial phase of infection. At this stage, the plant immune system recognizes conserved molecular patterns of the invading microbe, which initiate a set of basal immune responses. Induced plant defense proteins, toxic compounds and antimicrobial proteins encounter a broad arsenal of pathogen-derived virulence factors that aim to disarm host immunity. Crucial regulatory processes and protein-protein interactions take place in the apoplast, that is, intercellular spaces, plant cell walls and defined host-pathogen interfaces which are formed between the plant cytoplasm and the specialized infection structures of many biotrophic pathogens. This article aims to provide an insight into the most important principles and components of apoplastic plant immunity and its modulation by filamentous microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Doehlemann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemetsberger
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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315
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Jehle AK, Lipschis M, Albert M, Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani V, Fürst U, Mueller K, Felix G. The receptor-like protein ReMAX of Arabidopsis detects the microbe-associated molecular pattern eMax from Xanthomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2330-40. [PMID: 23898033 PMCID: PMC3723629 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of their immune system, plants have pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Here, we identified a PRR of Arabidopsis thaliana with specificity for the bacterial MAMP eMax from xanthomonads. Response to eMax seems to be restricted to the Brassicaceae family and also varied among different accessions of Arabidopsis. In crosses between sensitive accessions and the insensitive accession Shakhdara, eMax perception mapped to receptor-like protein1 (RLP1). Functional complementation of rlp1 mutants required gene constructs that code for a longer version of RLP1 that we termed ReMAX (for receptor of eMax). ReMAX/RLP1 is a typical RLP with structural similarity to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RLP Eix2, which detects fungal xylanase as a MAMP. Attempts to demonstrate receptor function by interfamily transfer of ReMAX to Nicotiana benthamiana were successful after using hybrid receptors with the C-terminal part of ReMAX replaced by that of Eix2. These results show that ReMAX determines specificity for eMax. They also demonstrate hybrid receptor technology as a promising tool to overcome problems that impede interfamily transfer of PRRs to enhance pathogen detection in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Albert
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Fürst
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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316
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Robatzek S, Wirthmueller L. Mapping FLS2 function to structure: LRRs, kinase and its working bits. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:671-81. [PMID: 23053766 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane-localised FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor is an important component of plant immunity against potentially pathogenic bacteria, acting to recognise the conserved flg22 peptide of flagellin. FLS2 shares the common structure of transmembrane receptor kinases with a receptor-like ectodomain composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and an active intracellular kinase domain. Upon ligand binding, FLS2 dimerises with the regulatory LRR-receptor kinase BRI1-associated kinase 1, which in turn triggers downstream signalling cascades. Although lacking crystal structure data, recent advances have been made in our understanding of flg22 recognition based on structural and functional analyses of FLS2. These studies have revealed critical regions/residues of FLS2 and post-translational modifications that regulate the abundance and activity of this receptor. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the structural mechanism of the FLS2-flg22 interaction and subsequent receptor-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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317
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Receptor-like kinase SOBIR1/EVR interacts with receptor-like proteins in plant immunity against fungal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10010-5. [PMID: 23716655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant immune system is activated by microbial patterns that are detected as nonself molecules. Such patterns are recognized by immune receptors that are cytoplasmic or localized at the plasma membrane. Cell surface receptors are represented by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) that frequently contain extracellular leucine-rich repeats and an intracellular kinase domain for activation of downstream signaling, as well as receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that lack this signaling domain. It is therefore hypothesized that RLKs are required for RLPs to activate downstream signaling. The RLPs Cf-4 and Ve1 of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mediate resistance to the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Verticillium dahliae, respectively. Despite their importance, the mechanism by which these immune receptors mediate downstream signaling upon recognition of their matching ligand, Avr4 and Ave1, remained enigmatic. Here we show that the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana RLK Suppressor Of BIR1-1/Evershed (SOBIR1/EVR) and its close homolog S. lycopersicum (Sl)SOBIR1-like interact in planta with both Cf-4 and Ve1 and are required for the Cf-4- and Ve1-mediated hypersensitive response and immunity. Tomato SOBIR1/EVR interacts with most of the tested RLPs, but not with the RLKs FLS2, SERK1, SERK3a, BAK1, and CLV1. SOBIR1/EVR is required for stability of the Cf-4 and Ve1 receptors, supporting our observation that these RLPs are present in a complex with SOBIR1/EVR in planta. We show that SOBIR1/EVR is essential for RLP-mediated immunity and propose that the protein functions as a regulatory RLK of this type of cell-surface receptors.
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318
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Shen Y, Diener AC. Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to fusarium oxysporum 2 implicates tyrosine-sulfated peptide signaling in susceptibility and resistance to root infection. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003525. [PMID: 23717215 PMCID: PMC3662643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including RFO2, account for the strong resistance of accession Columbia-0 (Col-0) and relative susceptibility of Taynuilt-0 (Ty-0) to the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis matthioli. We find that RFO2 corresponds to diversity in receptor-like protein (RLP) genes. In Col-0, there is a tandem pair of RLP genes: RFO2/At1g17250 confers resistance while RLP2 does not. In Ty-0, the highly diverged RFO2 locus has one RLP gene conferring weaker resistance. While the endogenous RFO2 makes a modest contribution to resistance, transgenic RFO2 provides strong pathogen-specific resistance. The extracellular leucine-rich repeats (eLRRs) in RFO2 and RLP2 are interchangeable for resistance and remarkably similar to eLRRs in the receptor-like kinase PSY1R, which perceives tyrosine-sulfated peptide PSY1. Reduced infection in psy1r and mutants of related phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor genes PSKR1 and PSKR2 shows that tyrosine-sulfated peptide signaling promotes susceptibility. The related eLRRs in RFO2 and PSY1R are not interchangeable; and expression of the RLP nPcR, in which eLRRs in RFO2 are replaced with eLRRs in PSY1R, results in constitutive resistance. Counterintuitively, PSY1 signaling suppresses nPcR because psy1r nPcR is lethal. The fact that PSK signaling does not similarly affect nPcR argues that PSY1 signaling directly downregulates the expression of nPcR. Our results support a speculative but intriguing model to explain RFO2's role in resistance. We propose that F. oxysporum produces an effector that inhibits the normal negative feedback regulation of PSY1R, which stabilizes PSY1 signaling and induces susceptibility. However, RFO2, acting as a decoy receptor for PSY1R, is also stabilized by the effector and instead induces host immunity. Overall, the quantitative resistance of RFO2 is reminiscent of the better-studied monogenic resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Shen
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Diener
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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319
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de Jonge R, Bolton MD, Kombrink A, van den Berg GCM, Yadeta KA, Thomma BPHJ. Extensive chromosomal reshuffling drives evolution of virulence in an asexual pathogen. Genome Res 2013; 23:1271-82. [PMID: 23685541 PMCID: PMC3730101 DOI: 10.1101/gr.152660.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual recombination drives genetic diversity in eukaryotic genomes and fosters adaptation to novel environmental challenges. Although strictly asexual microorganisms are often considered as evolutionary dead ends, they comprise many devastating plant pathogens. Presently, it remains unknown how such asexual pathogens generate the genetic variation that is required for quick adaptation and evolution in the arms race with their hosts. Here, we show that extensive chromosomal rearrangements in the strictly asexual plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae establish highly dynamic lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions that act as a source for genetic variation to mediate aggressiveness. We show that such LS regions are greatly enriched for in planta-expressed effector genes encoding secreted proteins that enable host colonization. The LS regions occur at the flanks of chromosomal breakpoints and are enriched for retrotransposons and other repetitive sequence elements. Our results suggest that asexual pathogens may evolve by prompting chromosomal rearrangements, enabling rapid development of novel effector genes. Likely, chromosomal reshuffling can act as a general mechanism for adaptation in asexually propagating organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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320
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Abstract
Compared to those of dicot-infecting bacteria, the available genome sequences of bacteria that infect wheat and barley are limited. Herein, we report the draft genome sequences of four pseudomonads originally isolated from these cereals. These genome sequences provide a useful resource for comparative analyses within the genus and for cross-kingdom analyses of plant pathogenesis.
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321
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Tran VT, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Timpner C, Braus GH. Molecular diagnosis to discriminate pathogen and apathogen species of the hybrid Verticillium longisporum on the oilseed crop Brassica napus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4467-83. [PMID: 23229565 PMCID: PMC3647090 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cruciferous fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum represents an allodiploid hybrid with long spores and almost double the amount of nuclear DNA compared to other Verticillium species. V. longisporum evolved at least three times by hybridization. In Europe, virulent A1xD1 and avirulent A1xD3 hybrids were isolated from the oilseed crop Brassica napus. Parental A1 or D1 species are yet unknown whereas the D3 lineage represents Verticillium dahliae. Eleven V. longisporum isolates from Europe or California corresponding to hybrids A1xD1 or A1xD3 were compared. A single characteristic type of nuclear ribosomal DNA could be assigned to each hybrid lineage. The two avirulent A1xD3 isolates carried exclusively D3 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) which corresponds to V. dahliae. The rDNA of all nine A1xD1 isolates is identical but distinct from D3 and presumably originates from A1. Both hybrid lineages carry two distinct isogene pairs of four conserved regulatory genes corresponding to either A1 or D1/D3. D1 and D3 paralogues differ in several single nucleotide polymorphisms. Southern hybridization patterns confirmed differences between the A1 and D1/D3 isogenes and resulted in similar patterns for D1 and D3. Distinct signatures of the Verticillium transcription activator (VTA)2 regulatory isogene pair allow identification of V. longisporum hybrids by a single polymerase chain reaction and the separation from haploid species as V. dahliae or Verticillium albo-atrum. The combination between VTA2 signature and rDNA type identification represents an attractive diagnostic tool to discriminate allodiploid from haploid Verticillia and to distinguish between A1xD1 and A1xD3 hybrids which differ in their virulence towards B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tuan Tran
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Timpner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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322
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Zhang H, Wang S. Rice versus Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: a unique pathosystem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:188-95. [PMID: 23466254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a devastating disease of rice worldwide. The qualitative or pathogen race-specific resistance to this pathogen conferred by major disease resistance (MR) genes has been widely used in rice improvement. Accumulating genetic and molecular data have revealed that the molecular mechanisms of rice qualitative resistance to Xoo are largely different from those of qualitative resistance in other plant-pathogen pathosystems. In this review, we focus on the unique features of rice qualitative resistance to Xoo based on MR genes that have been identified and characterized. The distinctiveness of the rice-Xoo interaction provides a unique pathosystem to elucidate the diverse molecular mechanisms in plant qualitative resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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323
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Yadeta KA, J. Thomma BPH. The xylem as battleground for plant hosts and vascular wilt pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:97. [PMID: 23630534 PMCID: PMC3632776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilts are among the most destructive plant diseases that occur in annual crops as well as in woody perennials. These diseases are generally caused by soil-borne bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes that infect through the roots and enter the water-conducting xylem vessels where they proliferate and obstruct the transportation of water and minerals. As a consequence, leaves wilt and die, which may lead to impairment of the whole plant and eventually to death of the plant. Cultural, chemical, and biological measures to control this group of plant pathogens are generally ineffective, and the most effective control strategy is the use of genetic resistance. Owing to the fact that vascular wilt pathogens live deep in the interior of their host plants, studies into the biology of vascular pathogens are complicated. However, to design novel strategies to combat vascular wilt diseases, understanding the (molecular) biology of vascular pathogens and the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense against these pathogens is crucial. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on interactions of vascular wilt pathogens with their host plants, with emphasis on host defense responses against this group of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koste A. Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
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324
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Armijos Jaramillo VD, Vargas WA, Sukno SA, Thon MR. Horizontal transfer of a subtilisin gene from plants into an ancestor of the plant pathogenic fungal genus Colletotrichum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59078. [PMID: 23554975 PMCID: PMC3598655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum contains a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that produce enormous economic losses around the world. The effect of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has not been studied yet in these organisms. Inter-Kingdom HGT into fungal genomes has been reported in the past but knowledge about the HGT between plants and fungi is particularly limited. We describe a gene in the genome of several species of the genus Colletotrichum with a strong resemblance to subtilisins typically found in plant genomes. Subtilisins are an important group of serine proteases, widely distributed in all of the kingdoms of life. Our hypothesis is that the gene was acquired by Colletotrichum spp. through (HGT) from plants to a Colletotrichum ancestor. We provide evidence to support this hypothesis in the form of phylogenetic analyses as well as a characterization of the similarity of the subtilisin at the primary, secondary and tertiary structural levels. The remarkable level of structural conservation of Colletotrichum plant-like subtilisin (CPLS) with plant subtilisins and the differences with the rest of Colletotrichum subtilisins suggests the possibility of molecular mimicry. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HGT event would have occurred approximately 150–155 million years ago, after the divergence of the Colletotrichum lineage from other fungi. Gene expression analysis shows that the gene is modulated during the infection of maize by C. graminicola suggesting that it has a role in plant disease. Furthermore, the upregulation of the CPLS coincides with the downregulation of several plant genes encoding subtilisins. Based on the known roles of subtilisins in plant pathogenic fungi and the gene expression pattern that we observed, we postulate that the CPLSs have an important role in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Danilo Armijos Jaramillo
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Spain
| | - Walter Alberto Vargas
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Spain
| | - Serenella Ana Sukno
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Spain
- * E-mail:
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325
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Santhanam P, van Esse HP, Albert I, Faino L, Nürnberger T, Thomma BPHJ. Evidence for functional diversification within a fungal NEP1-like protein family. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:278-86. [PMID: 23051172 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0222-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we functionally analyzed the gene family encoding necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLP) of the vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We show that the composition of the NLP gene family varies little among V. dahliae isolates. The cytotoxic activity of NLP family members of a tomato-pathogenic V. dahliae strain was determined, demonstrating that only two of the seven NLP induced plant cell death. The genes encoding these cytotoxic NLP were found to be induced in V. dahliae upon colonization of tomato. Interestingly, targeted deletion of either of the two genes in V. dahliae significantly compromised virulence on tomato as well as on Arabidopsis plants, whereas deletion of only one of the two genes affected virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. This could be attributed to differential induction of the two NLP genes in V. dahliae upon N. benthamiana colonization, revealing that the in planta induction of NLP genes varies between plant hosts. Intriguingly, one of the NLP genes appears to also affect vegetative growth and conidiospore production, because the corresponding deletion strain produced significantly fewer conidiospores and developed extensive aerial mycelium. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the expanded V. dahliae NLP family shows functional diversification, revealing not only differential cytotoxicity between family members but also that the cytotoxic NLP play a role in vegetative growth and asexual reproduction in addition to their contribution to virulence.
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326
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Gan P, Ikeda K, Irieda H, Narusaka M, O'Connell RJ, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Kubo Y, Shirasu K. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the hemibiotrophic stage shift of Colletotrichum fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1236-1249. [PMID: 23252678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens represent a group of agronomically significant disease-causing agents that grow first on living tissue and then cause host death in later, necrotrophic growth. Among these, Colletotrichum spp. are devastating pathogens of many crops. Identifying expanded classes of genes in the genomes of phytopathogenic Colletotrichum, especially those associated with specific stages of hemibiotrophy, can provide insights on how these pathogens infect a large number of hosts. The genomes of Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects cucurbits and Nicotiana benthamiana, and C. gloeosporioides, which infects a wide range of crops, were sequenced and analyzed, focusing on features with potential roles in pathogenicity. Regulation of C. orbiculare gene expression was investigated during infection of N. benthamiana using a custom microarray. Genes expanded in both genomes compared to other fungi included sequences encoding small, secreted proteins (SSPs), secondary metabolite synthesis genes, proteases and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Many SSP and secondary metabolite synthesis genes were upregulated during initial stages of host colonization, whereas the necrotrophic stage of growth is characterized by upregulation of sequences encoding degradative enzymes. Hemibiotrophy in C. orbiculare is characterized by distinct stage-specific gene expression profiles of expanded classes of potential pathogenicity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gan
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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327
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Schmidt SM, Houterman PM, Schreiver I, Ma L, Amyotte S, Chellappan B, Boeren S, Takken FLW, Rep M. MITEs in the promoters of effector genes allow prediction of novel virulence genes in Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:119. [PMID: 23432788 PMCID: PMC3599309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici (Fol) has accessory, lineage-specific (LS) chromosomes that can be transferred horizontally between strains. A single LS chromosome in the Fol4287 reference strain harbors all known Fol effector genes. Transfer of this pathogenicity chromosome confers virulence to a previously non-pathogenic recipient strain. We hypothesize that expression and evolution of effector genes is influenced by their genomic context. RESULTS To gain a better understanding of the genomic context of the effector genes, we manually curated the annotated genes on the pathogenicity chromosome and identified and classified transposable elements. Both retro- and DNA transposons are present with no particular overrepresented class. Retrotransposons appear evenly distributed over the chromosome, while DNA transposons tend to concentrate in large chromosomal subregions. In general, genes on the pathogenicity chromosome are dispersed within the repeat landscape. Effector genes are present within subregions enriched for DNA transposons. A miniature Impala (mimp) is always present in their promoters. Although promoter deletion studies of two effector gene loci did not reveal a direct function of the mimp for gene expression, we were able to use proximity to a mimp as a criterion to identify new effector gene candidates. Through xylem sap proteomics we confirmed that several of these candidates encode proteins secreted during plant infection. CONCLUSIONS Effector genes in Fol reside in characteristic subregions on a pathogenicity chromosome. Their genomic context allowed us to develop a method for the successful identification of novel effector genes. Since our approach is not based on effector gene similarity, but on unique genomic features, it can easily be extended to identify effector genes in Fo strains with different host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schmidt
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Current address: Fachgebiet Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisong Ma
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Amyotte
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, 40546-0312, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Biju Chellappan
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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328
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Santhanam P, Thomma BPHJ. Verticillium dahliae Sge1 differentially regulates expression of candidate effector genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:249-256. [PMID: 22970788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-12-0198-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt diseases in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. However, thus far, only few V. dahliae effectors have been identified, and regulators of pathogenicity remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the V. dahliae homolog of Sge1, a transcriptional regulator that was previously implicated in pathogenicity and effector gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum. We show that V. dahliae Sge1 (VdSge1) is required for radial growth and production of asexual conidiospores, because VdSge1 deletion strains display reduced radial growth and reduced conidia production. Furthermore, we show that VdSge1 deletion strains have lost pathogenicity on tomato. Remarkably, VdSge1 is not required for induction of Ave1, the recently identified V. dahliae effector that activates resistance mediated by the Ve1 immune receptor in tomato. Further assessment of the role of VdSge1 in the induction of the nine most highly in-planta-induced genes that encode putative effectors revealed differential activity. Although the expression of one putative effector gene in addition to Ave1 was not affected by VdSge1 deletion, VdSge1 appeared to be required for the expression of six putative effector genes, whereas two of the putative effectors genes were found to be negatively regulated by VdSge1. In conclusion, our data suggest that VdSge1 differentially regulates V. dahliae effector gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Santhanam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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329
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Zhang Z, Fradin E, de Jonge R, van Esse HP, Smit P, Liu CM, Thomma BPHJ. Optimized agroinfiltration and virus-induced gene silencing to study Ve1-mediated Verticillium resistance in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:182-90. [PMID: 22991998 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0161-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen effectors by plant immune receptors often leads to the activation of a hypersensitive response (HR), which is a rapid and localized cell death of plant tissue surrounding the site at which recognition occurs. Due to its particular amenability to transient assays for functional genetics, tobacco is a model for immune signaling in the Solanaceae plant family. Here, we show that coexpression of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immune receptor Ve1 and the corresponding Verticillium effector protein Ave1 leads to HR only in particular tobacco species. Whereas HR is obtained in Nicotiana tabacum, no such response is obtained in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, our analysis revealed an endogenous Ve1 ortholog in Nicotiana glutinosa, as expression of Ave1 in absence of Ve1 induced a HR, and N. glutinosa was found to be resistant against race 1 Verticillium dahliae. We furthermore report the establishment of virus-induced gene silencing in N. tabacum for functional analysis of Ve1 signaling. Collectively, our data show that N. tabacum can be used as a model plant to study Ve1-mediated immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ben C, Toueni M, Montanari S, Tardin MC, Fervel M, Negahi A, Saint-Pierre L, Mathieu G, Gras MC, Noël D, Prospéri JM, Pilet-Nayel ML, Baranger A, Huguet T, Julier B, Rickauer M, Gentzbittel L. Natural diversity in the model legume Medicago truncatula allows identifying distinct genetic mechanisms conferring partial resistance to Verticillium wilt. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:317-32. [PMID: 23213135 PMCID: PMC3528038 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a major threat to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and many other crops. The model legume Medicago truncatula was used as a host for studying resistance and susceptibility to Verticillium albo-atrum. In addition to presenting well-established genetic resources, this wild plant species enables to investigate biodiversity of the response to the pathogen and putative crosstalk between disease and symbiosis. Symptom scoring after root inoculation and modelling of disease curves allowed assessing susceptibility levels in recombinant lines of three crosses between susceptible and resistant lines, in a core collection of 32 lines, and in mutants affected in symbiosis with rhizobia. A GFP-expressing V. albo-atrum strain was used to study colonization of susceptible plants. Symptoms and colonization pattern in infected M. truncatula plants were typical of Verticillium wilt. Three distinct major quantitative trait loci were identified using a multicross, multisite design, suggesting that simple genetic mechanisms appear to control Verticillium wilt resistance in M. truncatula lines A17 and DZA45.5. The disease functional parameters varied largely in lines of the core collection. This biodiversity with regard to disease response encourages the development of association genetics and ecological approaches. Several mutants of the resistant line, impaired in different steps of rhizobial symbiosis, were affected in their response to V. albo-atrum, which suggests that mechanisms involved in the establishment of symbiosis or disease might have some common regulatory control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Ben
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Maoulida Toueni
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sara Montanari
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Magalie Fervel
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | - Azam Negahi
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Noël
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | | | - Marie-Laure Pilet-Nayel
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Baranger
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Huguet
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bernadette Julier
- INRA, UR 4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, BP 80006, 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Martina Rickauer
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Newman MA, Sundelin T, Nielsen JT, Erbs G. MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:139. [PMID: 23720666 PMCID: PMC3655273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens. Preformed defences include for example the cell wall and cuticle, which act as physical barriers to microbial colonization. The plant immune system is composed of surveillance systems that perceive several general microbe elicitors, which allow plants to switch from growth and development into a defense mode, rejecting most potentially harmful microbes. The elicitors are essential structures for pathogen survival and are conserved among pathogens. The conserved microbe-specific molecules, referred to as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs), are recognized by the plant innate immune systems pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). General elicitors like flagellin (Flg), elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Ax21 (Activator of XA21-mediated immunity in rice), fungal chitin, and β-glucans from oomycetes are recognized by plant surface localized PRRs. Several of the MAMPs and their corresponding PRRs have, in recent years, been identified. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding important MAMPs from bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, their structure, the plant PRRs that recognizes them, and how they induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Newman
- *Correspondence: Mari-Anne Newman, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. e-mail:
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332
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Zhang B, Yang Y, Chen T, Yu W, Liu T, Li H, Fan X, Ren Y, Shen D, Liu L, Dou D, Chang Y. Island cotton Gbve1 gene encoding a receptor-like protein confers resistance to both defoliating and non-defoliating isolates of Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51091. [PMID: 23251427 PMCID: PMC3519487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae could significantly reduce cotton yield. Here, we cloned a tomato Ve homologous gene, Gbve1, from an island cotton cultivar that is resistant to Verticillium wilt. We found that the Gbve1 gene was induced by V. dahliae and by phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, but not by abscisic acid. The induction of Gbve1 in resistant cotton was quicker and stronger than in Verticillium-susceptible upland cotton following V. dahliae inoculation. Gbve1 promoter-driving GUS activity was found exclusively in the vascular bundles of roots and stems of transgenic Arabidopsis. Virus-induced silencing of endogenous genes in resistant cotton via targeting a fragment of the Gbve1 gene compromised cotton resistance to V. dahliae. Furthermore, we transformed the Gbve1 gene into Arabidopsis and upland cotton through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of the Gbve1 gene endowed transgenic Arabidopsis and upland cotton with resistance to high aggressive defoliating and non-defoliating isolates of V. dahliae. And HR-mimic cell death was observed in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Our results demonstrate that the Gbve1 gene is responsible for resistance to V. dahliae in island cotton and can be used for breeding cotton varieties that are resistant to Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianzi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wengui Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongzhe Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youhong Chang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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333
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Bombarely A, Rosli HG, Vrebalov J, Moffett P, Mueller LA, Martin GB. A draft genome sequence of Nicotiana benthamiana to enhance molecular plant-microbe biology research. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1523-30. [PMID: 22876960 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0148-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is a widely used model plant species for the study of fundamental questions in molecular plant-microbe interactions and other areas of plant biology. This popularity derives from its well-characterized susceptibility to diverse pathogens and, especially, its amenability to virus-induced gene silencing and transient protein expression methods. Here, we report the generation of a 63-fold coverage draft genome sequence of N. benthamiana and its availability on the Sol Genomics Network for both BLAST searches and for downloading to local servers. The estimated genome size of N. benthamiana is 3 Gb (gigabases). The current assembly consists of approximately 141,000 scaffolds, spanning 2.6 Gb with 50% of the genome sequence contained within scaffolds >89 kilobases. Of the approximately 16,000 N. benthamiana unigenes available in GenBank, >90% are represented in the assembly. The usefulness of the sequence was demonstrated by the retrieval of N. benthamiana orthologs for 24 immunity-associated genes from other species including Ago2, Ago7, Bak1, Bik1, Crt1, Fls2, Pto, Prf, Rar1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. The sequence will also be useful for comparative genomics in the Solanaceae family as shown here by the discovery of microsynteny between N. benthamiana and tomato in the region encompassing the Pto and Prf genes.
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334
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Stukenbrock EH, Bataillon T. A population genomics perspective on the emergence and adaptation of new plant pathogens in agro-ecosystems. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002893. [PMID: 23028308 PMCID: PMC3460620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva H Stukenbrock
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
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335
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Gardiner DM, McDonald MC, Covarelli L, Solomon PS, Rusu AG, Marshall M, Kazan K, Chakraborty S, McDonald BA, Manners JM. Comparative pathogenomics reveals horizontally acquired novel virulence genes in fungi infecting cereal hosts. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002952. [PMID: 23028337 PMCID: PMC3460631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative analyses of pathogen genomes provide new insights into how pathogens have evolved common and divergent virulence strategies to invade related plant species. Fusarium crown and root rots are important diseases of wheat and barley world-wide. In Australia, these diseases are primarily caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum. Comparative genomic analyses showed that the F. pseudograminearum genome encodes proteins that are present in other fungal pathogens of cereals but absent in non-cereal pathogens. In some cases, these cereal pathogen specific genes were also found in bacteria associated with plants. Phylogenetic analysis of selected F. pseudograminearum genes supported the hypothesis of horizontal gene transfer into diverse cereal pathogens. Two horizontally acquired genes with no previously known role in fungal pathogenesis were studied functionally via gene knockout methods and shown to significantly affect virulence of F. pseudograminearum on the cereal hosts wheat and barley. Our results indicate using comparative genomics to identify genes specific to pathogens of related hosts reveals novel virulence genes and illustrates the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of plant infecting fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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336
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Faino L, de Jonge R, Thomma BP. The transcriptome of Verticillium dahliae-infected Nicotiana benthamiana determined by deep RNA sequencing. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1065-9. [PMID: 22899084 PMCID: PMC3489628 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt disease is caused by fungi of the Verticillium genus that occur on a wide range of host plants, including Solanaceous species such as tomato and tobacco. Currently, the well characterized Ve1 gene of tomato is the only Verticillium wilt resistance gene cloned. During experiments to identify the Verticillium molecule that activates Ve1 resistance in tomato, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of Verticillium-infected Nicotiana benthamiana was performed. In total, over 99% of the obtained reads were derived from N. benthamiana. Here, we report the assembly and annotation of the N. benthamiana transcriptome. In total, 142,738 transcripts > 100 bp were obtained, amounting to a total transcriptome size of 38.7 Mbp, which is comparable to the Arabidopsis transcriptome. About 30,282 transcripts could be annotated based on homology to Arabidopsis genes. By assembly of the N. benthamiana transcriptome, we provide a catalogue of transcripts of a Solanaceous model plant under pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Faino
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P.H.J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics; Wageningen, The Netherlands
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337
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Liebrand TW, Smit P, Abd-El-Haliem A, de Jonge R, Cordewener JH, America AH, Sklenar J, Jones AM, Robatzek S, Thomma BP, Tameling WI, Joosten MH. Endoplasmic reticulum-quality control chaperones facilitate the biogenesis of Cf receptor-like proteins involved in pathogen resistance of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1819-33. [PMID: 22649272 PMCID: PMC3425215 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cf proteins are receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that mediate resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to the foliar pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. These transmembrane immune receptors, which carry extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are subjected to posttranslational glycosylation, perceive effectors of the pathogen and trigger a defense response that results in plant resistance. To identify proteins required for the functionality of these RLPs, we performed immunopurification of a functional Cf-4-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by mass spectrometry. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) heat shock protein70 binding proteins (BiPs) and lectin-type calreticulins (CRTs), which are chaperones involved in ER-quality control, were copurifying with Cf-4-enhanced green fluorescent protein. The tomato and N. benthamiana genomes encode four BiP homologs and silencing experiments revealed that these BiPs are important for overall plant viability. For the three tomato CRTs, virus-induced gene silencing targeting the plant-specific CRT3a gene resulted in a significantly compromised Cf-4-mediated defense response and loss of full resistance to C. fulvum. We show that upon knockdown of CRT3a the Cf-4 protein accumulated, but the pool of Cf-4 protein carrying complex-type N-linked glycans was largely reduced. Together, our study on proteins required for Cf function reveals an important role for the CRT ER chaperone CRT3a in the biogenesis and functionality of this type of RLP involved in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W.H. Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Patrick Smit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | | | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Jan H.G. Cordewener
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Antoine H.P. America
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Jan Sklenar
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Alexandra M.E. Jones
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Bart P.H.J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Wladimir I.L. Tameling
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
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Monaghan J, Zipfel C. Plant pattern recognition receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:349-57. [PMID: 22705024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of innate immunity is the ability to recognize and respond to potential pathogens in a highly sensitive and specific manner. In plants, the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) elicits a defense programme known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Although only a handful of PAMP-PRR pairs have been defined, all known PRRs are modular transmembrane proteins containing ligand-binding ectodomains. It is becoming clear that PRRs do not act alone but rather function as part of multi-protein complexes at the plasma membrane. Recent studies describing the molecular interactions and protein modifications that occur between PRRs and their regulatory proteins have provided important mechanistic insight into how plants avoid infection and achieve immunity.
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