301
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Xia Y, Zhang R, Wang Z, Tian J, Chen X. Recent advances in high-performance fluorescent and bioluminescent RNA imaging probes. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2824-2843. [PMID: 28345687 PMCID: PMC5472208 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00675b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA plays an important role in life processes. Imaging of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) not only allows us to learn the formation and transcription of mRNAs and the biogenesis of miRNAs involved in various life processes, but also helps in detecting cancer. High-performance RNA imaging probes greatly expand our view of life processes and enhance the cancer detection accuracy. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art high-performance RNA imaging probes, including exogenous probes that can image RNA sequences with special modification and endogeneous probes that can directly image endogenous RNAs without special treatment. For each probe, we review its structure and imaging principle in detail. Finally, we summarize the application of mRNA and miRNA imaging probes in studying life processes as well as in detecting cancer. By correlating the structures and principles of various probes with their practical uses, we compare different RNA imaging probes and offer guidance for better utilization of the current imaging probes and the future design of higher-performance RNA imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China.
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302
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Lewandowski KT, Thiede R, Guido N, Daniel WL, Kang R, Guerrero-Zayas MI, Seeger MA, Wang XQ, Giljohann DA, Paller AS. Topically Delivered Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Targeted Gene Regulation for Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2027-2030. [PMID: 28502802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Thiede
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas Guido
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Seeger
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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303
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Hong CY, Wu SX, Li SH, Liang H, Chen S, Li J, Yang HH, Tan W. Semipermeable Functional DNA-Encapsulated Nanocapsules as Protective Bioreactors for Biosensing in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5389-5394. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Hong
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics,
Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Shu-Xian Wu
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Liang
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shan Chen
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Molecular
Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular
Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huang-Hao Yang
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology
for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy
and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular
Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular
Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics,
Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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304
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ko CH, Mirkin CA. The Impact of Protein Corona Formation on the Macrophage Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution of Spherical Nucleic Acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201603847. [PMID: 28196309 PMCID: PMC5493144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of serum protein adsorption on the biological fate of Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNAs) is investigated. Through a proteomic analysis, it is shown that G-quadruplexes templated on the surface of a gold nanoparticle in the form of SNAs mediate the formation of a protein corona that is rich in complement proteins relative to SNAs composed of poly-thymine (poly-T) DNA. Cellular uptake studies show that complement receptors on macrophage cells recognize the SNA protein corona, facilitating their internalization, and causing G-rich SNAs to accumulate in the liver and spleen more than poly-T SNAs in vivo. These results support the conclusion that nucleic acid sequence and architecture can mediate nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions and alter their cellular uptake and biodistribution properties and illustrate that nucleic acid sequence is an important parameter in the design of SNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Caroline H Ko
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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305
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Banga RJ, Meckes B, Narayan SP, Sprangers AJ, Nguyen ST, Mirkin CA. Cross-Linked Micellar Spherical Nucleic Acids from Thermoresponsive Templates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4278-4281. [PMID: 28207251 PMCID: PMC5493153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of micellar spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanostructures using Pluronic F127 as a thermoresponsive template is reported. These novel constructs are synthesized in a chemically straightforward process that involves intercalation of the lipid tails of DNA amphiphiles (CpG motifs for TLR-9 stimulation) into the hydrophobic regions of Pluronic F127 micelles, followed by chemical cross-linking and subsequent removal of non-cross-linked structures. The dense nucleic acid shell of the resulting cross-linked micellar SNA enhances their stability in physiological media and facilitates their rapid cellular internalization, making them effective TLR-9 immunomodulatory agents. These constructs underscore the potential of SNAs in regulating immune response and address the relative lack of stability of noncovalent constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham J Banga
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian Meckes
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Suguna P Narayan
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony J Sprangers
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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306
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307
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Papadia K. Targeted si-RNA with liposomes and exosomes (extracellular vesicles): How to unlock the potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:293-312. [PMID: 28163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of RNA interference therapeutics has been initiated 18 years ago, and the main bottleneck for translation of the technology into therapeutic products remains the delivery of functional RNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. In the present review article after an introduction about the theoretical basis of RNAi therapy and the main challenges encountered for its realization, an overview of the different types of delivery systems or carriers, used as potential systems to overcome RNAi delivery issues, will be provided. Characteristic examples or results obtained with the most promising systems will be discussed. Focus will be given mostly on the applications of liposomes or other types of lipid carriers, such as exosomes, towards improved delivery of RNAi to therapeutic targets. Finally the approach of integrating the advantages of these two vesicular systems, liposomes and exosomes, as a potential solution to realize RNAi therapy, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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308
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Wang Z, Li S, Zhang M, Ma Y, Liu Y, Gao W, Zhang J, Gu Y. Laser-Triggered Small Interfering RNA Releasing Gold Nanoshells against Heat Shock Protein for Sensitized Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600327. [PMID: 28251053 PMCID: PMC5323853 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of cancer cells to photothermal therapy is closely related to the overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are abnormally upregulated when cells are under lethal stresses. Common strategies that use small molecule inhibitors against HSPs to enhance hyperthermia effect lack spatial and temporal control of drug release, leading to unavoidable systemic toxicity. Herein, a versatile photothermal platform is developed which is composed of a hollow gold nanoshell core densely packed with small interfering RNAs against heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Upon near infrared light irradiation, the small interfering RNAs can detach from gold surface specifically and escape from endosomes for Hsp70 silencing. Meanwhile, the temperature increases for hyperthermia therapy due to the high photothermal efficiency of the nanoshells. Efficient downregulation of Hsp70 after light activation is achieved in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, the light-controlled dual functional nanosystem, with the effects of Hsp70 silencing and temperature elevation, results in sensitized photothermal therapy in nude mice model under mild temperature. This strategy smartly combines the localized photothermal therapy with controlled Hsp70 silencing, and has great potential for clinical translation with a simple and easily controlled structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Yi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Weidong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 24 Tongjia LaneGulou DistrictNanjing210009China
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309
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Banga RJ, Krovi SA, Narayan SP, Sprangers AJ, Liu G, Mirkin CA, Nguyen ST. Drug-Loaded Polymeric Spherical Nucleic Acids: Enhancing Colloidal Stability and Cellular Uptake of Polymeric Nanoparticles through DNA Surface-Functionalization. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:483-489. [PMID: 27931093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-sized (∼65 nm) doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were modified with oligonucleotides to form colloidally stable Dox-loaded polymeric spherical nucleic acid (Dox-PSNA) nanostructures in biological media. The nucleic acid shell facilitates the cellular uptake of Dox-PSNA, which results in in vitro cytotoxicity against SKOV3 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham J Banga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Sai Archana Krovi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Suguna P Narayan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Anthony J Sprangers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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310
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Abstract
Physiological characteristics of diseases bring about both challenges and opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Various drug delivery platforms have been devised ranging from macro- to micro- and further into the nanoscopic scale in the past decades. Recently, the favorable physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including long circulation, robust tissue and cell penetration attract broad interest, leading to extensive studies for therapeutic benefits. Accumulated knowledge about the physiological barriers that affect the in vivo fate of nanomedicine has led to more rational guidelines for tailoring the nanocarriers, such as size, shape, charge, and surface ligands. Meanwhile, progresses in material chemistry and molecular pharmaceutics generate a panel of physiological stimuli-responsive modules that are equipped into the formulations to prepare “smart” drug delivery systems. The capability of harnessing physiological traits of diseased tissues to control the accumulation of or drug release from nanomedicine has further improved the controlled drug release profiles with a precise manner. Successful clinical translation of a few nano-formulations has excited the collaborative efforts from the research community, pharmaceutical industry, and the public towards a promising future of smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujin Sun
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wenyan Ji
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Grace Wright
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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311
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Takahashi S, Tada R, Negishi Y, Aramaki Y. Mechanisms of Enhanced Antigen Delivery to Murine Dendritic Cells by the Cationic Liposomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2017.74007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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312
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene regulation has recently emerged as a promising strategy to silence genes that drive disease progression. RNAi is typically mediated by small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), which, upon delivery into the cell cytoplasm, trigger degradation of complementary messenger RNA molecules to halt production of their encoded proteins. While RNAi has enormous clinical potential, its in vivo utility has been hindered because siRNAs are rapidly degraded by nucleases, cannot passively enter cells, and are quickly cleared from the bloodstream. To overcome these delivery barriers, siRNAs can be conjugated to nanoparticles (NPs), which increase their stability and circulation time to enable in vivo gene regulation. Here, we present methods to conjugate siRNA duplexes to NPs with gold surfaces. Further, we describe how to quantify the resultant amount of siRNA sense and antisense strands loaded onto the NPs using a fluorescence-based assay. This method focuses on the attachment of siRNAs to 13 nm gold NPs, but it is adaptable to other types of nucleic acids and nanoparticles as discussed throughout the protocol.
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313
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Juks C, Lorents A, Arukuusk P, Langel Ü, Pooga M. Cell‐penetrating peptides recruit type A scavenger receptors to the plasma membrane for cellular delivery of nucleic acids. FASEB J 2016; 31:975-988. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600811r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Juks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Annely Lorents
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyInstitute of TechnologyUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyInstitute of TechnologyUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Department of NeurochemistryStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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314
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Chinen AB, Ferrer JR, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Relationships between Poly(ethylene glycol) Modifications on RNA-Spherical Nucleic Acid Conjugates and Cellular Uptake and Circulation Time. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2715-2721. [PMID: 27762539 PMCID: PMC5439959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Two synthetic approaches
that allow one to control PEG content
within spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) have been developed. One approach
begins with RNA-modified gold nanoparticles followed by a backfill
of PEG 2K alkanethiols, and the other involves co-adsorption of the
two entities on a gold nanoparticle template. These two methods have
been used to explore the role of PEG density on the chemical and biological
properties of RNA–SNAs. Such studies show that while increasing
the extent of PEGylation within RNA–SNAs extends their blood
circulation half-life in mice, it also results in decreased cellular
uptake. Modified ELISA assays show that constructs, depending upon
RNA and PEG content, have markedly different affinities for class
A scavenger receptors, the entities responsible, in part, for cellular
internalization of SNAs. In designing SNAs for therapeutic purposes,
these competing factors must be considered and appropriately adjusted
depending upon the desired use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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315
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Vistain LF, Rotz MW, Rathore R, Preslar AT, Meade TJ. Targeted delivery of gold nanoparticle contrast agents for reporting gene detection by magnetic resonance imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:160-3. [PMID: 26505558 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detection of protein expression by MRI requires a high payload of Gd(III) per protein binding event. Presented here is a targeted AuDNA nanoparticle capable of delivering several hundred Gd(III) chelates to the HaloTag reporter protein. Incubating this particle with HaloTag-expressing cells produced a 9.4 contrast-to-noise ratio compared to non-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Vistain
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Matthew W Rotz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Richa Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Adam T Preslar
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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316
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Wong AC, Wright DW. Size-Dependent Cellular Uptake of DNA Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5592-5600. [PMID: 27562251 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in nanomedicine, especially for intracellular imaging, photothermal therapy, and drug delivery, has necessitated the study of how functionalized AuNPs engage with living biological interfaces like the mammalian cell. Nanoparticle size, shape, surface charge, and surface functionality can affect the accumulation of functionalized AuNPs in cells. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrate that CaSki cells, a human cervical cancer cell line, internalize AuNPs functionalized with hairpin, single stranded, and double stranded DNA differently. Surface charge and DNA conformation are shown to have no effect on the cell-nanoparticle interaction. CaSki cells accumulate small DNA-AuNPs in greater quantities than large DNA-AuNPs, demonstrating that size is the major contributor to cellular uptake properties. These data suggest that DNA-AuNPs can be easily tailored through modulation of size to design functional AuNPs with optimal cellular uptake properties and enhanced performance in nanomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235-1822, USA
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235-1822, USA.
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317
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Yang H, Chen Z, Zhang L, Yung WY, Leung KCF, Chan HYE, Choi CHJ. Mechanism for the Cellular Uptake of Targeted Gold Nanorods of Defined Aspect Ratios. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5178-5189. [PMID: 27442290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of non-spherical nanoparticles such as photothermal therapy and molecular imaging require their efficient intracellular delivery, yet reported details on their interactions with the cell remain inconsistent. Here, the effects of nanoparticle geometry and receptor targeting on the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking are systematically explored by using C166 (mouse endothelial) cells and gold nanoparticles of four different aspect ratios (ARs) from 1 to 7. When coated with poly(ethylene glycol) strands, the cellular uptake of untargeted nanoparticles monotonically decreases with AR. Next, gold nanoparticles are functionalized with DNA oligonucleotides to target Class A scavenger receptors expressed by C166 cells. Intriguingly, cellular uptake is maximized at a particular AR: shorter nanorods (AR = 2) enter C166 cells more than nanospheres (AR = 1) and longer nanorods (AR = 4 or 7). Strikingly, long targeted nanorods align to the cell membrane in a near-parallel manner followed by rotating by ≈90° to enter the cell via a caveolae-mediated pathway. Upon cellular entry, targeted nanorods of all ARs predominantly traffic to the late endosome without progressing to the lysosome. The studies yield important materials design rules for drug delivery carriers based on targeted, anisotropic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yin Yung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
- Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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318
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Heuer-Jungemann A, El-Sagheer AH, Lackie PM, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Selective killing of cells triggered by their mRNA signature in the presence of smart nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16857-16861. [PMID: 27714148 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The design of nanoparticles that can selectively perform multiple roles is of utmost importance for the development of the next generation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. So far most research studies are focused on the customization of nanoparticulate carriers to maximize their drug loading, enhance their optical signature for tracking in cells or provide photo-responsive effects for therapeutic purposes. However, a vital requirement of the new generation of drug carriers must be the ability to deliver their payload selectively only to cells of interest rather than the majority of various cells in the vicinity. Here we show for the first time a new design of nanoparticulate drug carriers that can specifically distinguish different cell types based on their mRNA signature. These nanoparticles sense and efficiently kill model tumour cells by the delivery of an anti-cancer drug but retain their payload in cells lacking the specific mRNA target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK and Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, UK and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK.
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319
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Barnaby S, Perelman GA, Kohlstedt K, Chinen AB, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Design Considerations for RNA Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNAs). Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2124-31. [PMID: 27523252 PMCID: PMC5034328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are key components in many cellular processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth, aging, and death. RNA spherical nucleic acids (RNA-SNAs), which consist of dense shells of double-stranded RNA on nanoparticle surfaces, are powerful and promising therapeutic modalities because they confer advantages over linear RNA such as high cellular uptake and enhanced stability. Due to their three-dimensional shell of oligonucleotides, SNAs, in comparison to linear nucleic acids, interact with the biological environment in unique ways. Herein, the modularity of the RNA-SNA is used to systematically study structure-function relationships in order to understand how the oligonucleotide shell affects interactions with a specific type of biological environment, namely, one that contains serum nucleases. We use a combination of experiment and theory to determine the key architectural properties (i.e., sequence, density, spacer moiety, and backfill molecule) that affect how RNA-SNAs interact with serum nucleases. These data establish a set of design parameters for SNA architectures that are optimized in terms of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey
N. Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Grant A. Perelman
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kevin
L. Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alyssa B. Chinen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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320
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Da Sacco S, Thornton ME, Petrosyan A, Lavarreda‐Pearce M, Sedrakyan S, Grubbs BH, De Filippo RE, Perin L. Direct Isolation and Characterization of Human Nephron Progenitors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:419-433. [PMID: 28191781 PMCID: PMC5442819 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature nephrons originate from a small population of uninduced nephrogenic progenitor cells (NPs) within the cap mesenchyme. These cells are characterized by the coexpression of SIX2 and CITED1. Many studies on mouse models as well as on human pluripotent stem cells have advanced our knowledge of NPs, but very little is known about this population in humans, since it is exhausted before birth and strategies for its direct isolation are still limited. Here we report an efficient protocol for direct isolation of human NPs without genetic manipulation or stepwise induction procedures. With the use of RNA‐labeling probes, we isolated SIX2+CITED1+ cells from human fetal kidney for the first time. We confirmed their nephrogenic state by gene profiling and evaluated their nephrogenic capabilities in giving rise to mature renal cells. We also evaluated the ability to culture these cells without complete loss of SIX2 and CITED1 expression over time. In addition to defining the gene profile of human NPs, this in vitro system facilitates studies of human renal development and provides a novel tool for renal regeneration and bioengineering purposes. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:419–433
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Sacco
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Astgik Petrosyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria Lavarreda‐Pearce
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sargis Sedrakyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roger E. De Filippo
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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321
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Chu B, Wang H, Song B, Peng F, Su Y, He Y. Fluorescent and Photostable Silicon Nanoparticles Sensors for Real-Time and Long-Term Intracellular pH Measurement in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9235-42. [PMID: 27539306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors suitable for dynamic measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) fluctuations should feature the following properties: feeble cytotoxicity, wide-pH range response, and strong fluorescence coupled with good photostability, which are still remaining scanty to date. Herein, by functionalizing fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with pH-sensitive dopamine (DA) and pH-insensitive rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC), we present the first demonstration of fluorescent SiNPs-based sensors, simultaneously exhibiting minimal toxicity (cell viability of treated cells remains above 95% during 24-h treatment), sensitive fluorescent response to a broad pH range (∼4-10), and bright fluorescence coupled with robust photostability (∼9% loss of fluorescence intensity after 40 min continuous excitation; in contrast, fluorescence of Lyso-tracker is rapidly quenched in 5 min under the same experiment conditions). Taking advantage of these merits, we further employ the resultant fluorescent SiNPs sensors for the detection of lysosomal pH change mediated by nigericin in live HeLa and MCF-7 cells in long-term (e.g., 30 min) manners. Interestingly, two consecutive stages, i.e., alkalization lag phase and logarithmic growth phase, are observed based on recording the whole process of pH change, offering important information for understanding the dynamic process of pHi fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Houyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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322
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Shen Z, Loe DT, Awino JK, Kröger M, Rouge JL, Li Y. Self-assembly of core-polyethylene glycol-lipid shell (CPLS) nanoparticles and their potential as drug delivery vehicles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14821-14835. [PMID: 27452209 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein a new multifunctional formulation, referred to as a core-polyethylene glycol-lipid shell (CPLS) nanoparticle, has been proposed and studied in silico via large scale coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. A PEGylated core with surface tethered polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains is used as the starting configuration, where the free ends of the PEG chains are covalently bonded with lipid molecules (lipid heads). A complete lipid bilayer is formed at the surface of the PEGylated particle core upon addition of free lipids, driven by the hydrophobic properties of the lipid tails, leading to the formation of a CPLS nanoparticle. The self-assembly process is found to be sensitive to the grafting density and molecular weight of the tethered PEG chains, as well as the amount of free lipids added. At low grafting densities the assembly of CPLS nanoparticles cannot be accomplished. As demonstrated by simulations, a lipid bud/vesicle can be formed on the surface when an excess amount of free lipids is added at high grafting density. Therefore, the CPLS nanoparticles can only be formed under appropriate conditions of both PEG and free lipids. The CPLS nanoparticle has been recognized to be able to store a large quantity of water molecules, particularly with high molecular weight of PEG chains, indicating its capacity for carrying hydrophilic molecules such as therapeutic biomolecules or imaging agents. Under identical size and surface chemistry conditions of a liposome, it has been observed that the CPLS particle can be more efficiently wrapped by the lipid membrane, indicating its potential for a greater efficiency in delivering its hydrophilic cargo. As a proof-of-concept, the experimental realization of CPLS nanoparticles is explicitly demonstrated in this study. To test the capacity of the CPLS to store small molecule cargo a hydrophilic dye was successfully encapsulated in the particles' water soluble layer. The results of this study show the power and potential of simulation-driven approaches for guiding the design of more efficient nanomaterial delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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323
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Spherical nucleic acid targeting microRNA-99b enhances intestinal MFG-E8 gene expression and restores enterocyte migration in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31687. [PMID: 27538453 PMCID: PMC4990839 DOI: 10.1038/srep31687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) maintains the intestinal homeostasis by enhancing enterocyte migration and attenuating inflammation. We previously reported that sepsis is associated with down-regulation of intestinal MFG-E8 and impairment of enterocyte migration. Here, we showed that impairment of intestinal epithelial cell migration occurred in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic mice. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells (a murine macrophage-like cell line) with LPS increased expression of miR-99b, a microRNA that is predicted to target mouse MFG-E8 3′UTR. Using a luciferase assay, we showed that miR-99b mimic suppressed the activity of a reporter containing MFG-E8 3′UTR. This suggests the role of miR-99b in inhibition of MFG-E8 gene expression. In addition, we developed an anti-miR99b spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugate (SNA-NCanti-miR99b). Treatment of both naïve and LPS-challenged cells with SNA-NCanti-miR99b enhanced MFG-E8 expression in the cells. Administration of SNA-NCanti-miR99b rescued intestinal MFG-E8 expression in LPS-induced septic mice and attenuated LPS inhibitory effects on intestinal epithelial cell migration along the crypt-villus axis. Collectively, our study suggests that LPS represses MFG-E8 expression and disrupts enterocyte migration via a miR-99b dependent mechanism. Furthermore, this work shows that SNA-NCanti-miR99b is a novel nanoparticle-conjugate capable of rescuing MFG-E8 gene expression and maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis in sepsis.
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324
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Tan X, Lu X, Jia F, Liu X, Sun Y, Logan JK, Zhang K. Blurring the Role of Oligonucleotides: Spherical Nucleic Acids as a Drug Delivery Vehicle. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10834-7. [PMID: 27522867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are generally regarded as the payload in gene therapy, often requiring a carrier for intracellular delivery. With the recent discovery that spherical nucleic acids enter cells rapidly, we demonstrate that nucleic acids also have the potential to act as a delivery vehicle. Herein, we report an amphiphilic DNA-paclitaxel conjugate, which forms stable micellar nanoparticles in solution. The nucleic acid component acts as both a therapeutic payload for intracellular gene regulation and the delivery vehicle for the drug component. A bioreductively activated, self-immolative disulfide linker is used to tether the drug, allowing free drug to be released upon cell uptake. We found that the DNA-paclitaxel nanostructures enter cells ∼100 times faster than free DNA, exhibit increased stability against nuclease, and show nearly identical cytotoxicity as free drug. These nanostructures allow one to access a gene target and a drug target using only the payloads themselves, bypassing the need for a cocarrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xueguang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yehui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jessica K Logan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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325
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Kim Y, Ko SM, Nam JM. Protein-Nanoparticle Interaction-Induced Changes in Protein Structure and Aggregation. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1869-77. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Seoul National University; Department of Chemistry; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Sung Min Ko
- Seoul National University; Department of Chemistry; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Seoul National University; Department of Chemistry; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
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326
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Hydroxychloroquine-conjugated gold nanoparticles for improved siRNA activity. Biomaterials 2016; 90:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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327
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Samanta A, Medintz IL. Nanoparticles and DNA - a powerful and growing functional combination in bionanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9037-95. [PMID: 27080924 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Functionally integrating DNA and other nucleic acids with nanoparticles in all their different physicochemical forms has produced a rich variety of composite nanomaterials which, in many cases, display unique or augmented properties due to the synergistic activity of both components. These capabilities, in turn, are attracting greater attention from various research communities in search of new nanoscale tools for diverse applications that include (bio)sensing, labeling, targeted imaging, cellular delivery, diagnostics, therapeutics, theranostics, bioelectronics, and biocomputing to name just a few amongst many others. Here, we review this vibrant and growing research area from the perspective of the materials themselves and their unique capabilities. Inorganic nanocrystals such as quantum dots or those made from gold or other (noble) metals along with metal oxides and carbon allotropes are desired as participants in these hybrid materials since they can provide distinctive optical, physical, magnetic, and electrochemical properties. Beyond this, synthetic polymer-based and proteinaceous or viral nanoparticulate materials are also useful in the same role since they can provide a predefined and biocompatible cargo-carrying and targeting capability. The DNA component typically provides sequence-based addressability for probes along with, more recently, unique architectural properties that directly originate from the burgeoning structural DNA field. Additionally, DNA aptamers can also provide specific recognition capabilities against many diverse non-nucleic acid targets across a range of size scales from ions to full protein and cells. In addition to appending DNA to inorganic or polymeric nanoparticles, purely DNA-based nanoparticles have recently surfaced as an excellent assembly platform and have started finding application in areas like sensing, imaging and immunotherapy. We focus on selected and representative nanoparticle-DNA materials and highlight their myriad applications using examples from the literature. Overall, it is clear that this unique functional combination of nanomaterials has far more to offer than what we have seen to date and as new capabilities for each of these materials are developed, so, too, will new applications emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Samanta
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. and College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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328
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Sun W, Ji W, Hu Q, Yu J, Wang C, Qian C, Hochu G, Gu Z. Transformable DNA nanocarriers for plasma membrane targeted delivery of cytokine. Biomaterials 2016; 96:1-10. [PMID: 27131597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct delivery of cytokines using nanocarriers holds great promise for cancer therapy. However, the nanometric scale of the vehicles made them susceptible to size-dependent endocytosis, reducing the plasma membrane-associated apoptosis signaling. Herein, we report a tumor microenvironment-responsive and transformable nanocarrier for cell membrane targeted delivery of cytokine. This formulation is comprised of a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) degradable liposome as a shell, and complementary DNA nanostructures (designated as nanoclews) decorated with cytokines as the cores. Utilizing the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a model cytokine, we demonstrate that the TRAIL loaded DNA nanoclews are capable of transforming into nanofibers after PLA2 activation. The nanofibers with micro-scaled lengths efficiently present the loaded TRAIL to death receptors on the cancer cell membrane and amplified the apoptotic signaling with reduced TRAIL internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujin Sun
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wenyan Ji
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chenggen Qian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle Hochu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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329
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Liu J, Wang R, Ma D, Li Y, Wei C, Xi Z. Branch-PCR Constructed Stable shRNA Transcription Nanoparticles Have Long-Lasting RNAi Effect. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1038-42. [PMID: 26972444 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular process for gene silencing. Because of poor serum stability, transferring dsRNA directly into the target cells is a challenge. We report a facile and universal strategy to construct short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transcription nanoparticles with multiple shRNA transcription templates by PCR with flexible branched primers (branch-PCR). Compared with conventional linear shRNA transcription templates, these shRNA transcription nanoparticles show excellent stability against digestion by exonuclease III. Importantly, we found that our highly stable shRNA transcription nanoparticles can also be transcribed and thus induce efficient and long-lasting RNAi with picomolar activity in living mammalian cells. These chemically well-defined branch-PCR-generated stable shRNA transcription nanoparticles might facilitate RNAi delivery with a long-lasting RNAi effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Runyu Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dejun Ma
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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330
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Juliano RL. The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6518-48. [PMID: 27084936 PMCID: PMC5001581 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligonucleotide therapeutics field has seen remarkable progress over the last few years with the approval of the first antisense drug and with promising developments in late stage clinical trials using siRNA or splice switching oligonucleotides. However, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to their intracellular sites of action remains a major issue. This review will describe the biological basis of oligonucleotide delivery including the nature of various tissue barriers and the mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides. It will then examine a variety of current approaches for enhancing the delivery of oligonucleotides. This includes molecular scale targeted ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, antibody conjugates and small molecules that improve oligonucleotide delivery. The merits and liabilities of these approaches will be discussed in the context of the underlying basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Juliano
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy and UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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331
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Wang CC, Wu SM, Li HW, Chang HT. Biomedical Applications of DNA-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1052-62. [PMID: 26864481 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are useful for diagnostic and biomedical applications, mainly because of their ease in preparation and conjugation, biocompatibility, and size-dependent optical properties. However, bare AuNPs do not possess specificity for targets. AuNPs conjugated with DNA aptamers offer specificity for various analytes, such as proteins and small molecules/ions. Although DNA aptamers themselves have therapeutic and target-recognizing properties, they are susceptible to degradation in vivo. When DNA aptamers are conjugated to AuNPs, their stability and cell uptake efficiency both increase, making aptamer-AuNPs suitable for biomedical applications. Additionally, drugs can be efficiently conjugated with DNA aptamer-AuNPs to further enhance their therapeutic efficiency. This review focuses on the applications of DNA aptamer-based AuNPs in several biomedical areas, including anticoagulation, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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332
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Lock LL, Reyes CD, Zhang P, Cui H. Tuning Cellular Uptake of Molecular Probes by Rational Design of Their Assembly into Supramolecular Nanoprobes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3533-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lye Lin Lock
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Claudia D. Reyes
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Center
for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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333
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Kim J, Kim J, Jeong C, Kim WJ. Synergistic nanomedicine by combined gene and photothermal therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:99-112. [PMID: 26748259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, various nanomaterials with the ability for gene delivery or photothermal effect have been developed in the field of biomedicine. The therapeutic potential of these nanomaterials has raised considerable interests in their use in potential next-generation strategies for effective anticancer therapy. In particular, the advancement of novel nanomedicines utilizing both therapeutic strategies of gene delivery and photothermal effect has generated much optimism regarding the imminent development of effective and successful cancer treatments. In this review, we discuss current research progress with regard to combined gene and photothermal therapy. This review focuses on synergistic therapeutic systems combining gene regulation and photothermal ablation as well as logically designed nano-carriers aimed at enhancing the delivery efficiency of therapeutic genes using the photothermal effect. The examples detailed in this review provide insight to further our understanding of combinatorial gene and photothermal therapy, thus paving the way for the design of promising nanomedicines.
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334
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Simon L, Song K, Vande Stouwe C, Hollenbach A, Amedee A, Mohan M, Winsauer P, Molina P. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) Promotes Neuroimmune-Modulatory MicroRNA Profile in Striatum of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:192-213. [PMID: 26607731 PMCID: PMC4773048 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid administration before and after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-inoculation ameliorated disease progression and decreased inflammation in male rhesus macaques. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) did not increase viral load in brain tissue or produce additive neuropsychological impairment in SIV-infected macaques. To determine if the neuroimmunomodulation of Δ9-THC involved differential microRNA (miR) expression, miR expression in the striatum of uninfected macaques receiving vehicle (VEH) or Δ9-THC (THC) and SIV-infected macaques administered either vehicle (VEH/SIV) or Δ9-THC (THC/SIV) was profiled using next generation deep sequencing. Among the 24 miRs that were differentially expressed among the four groups, 16 miRs were modulated by THC in the presence of SIV. These 16 miRs were classified into four categories and the biological processes enriched by the target genes determined. Our results indicate that Δ9-THC modulates miRs that regulate mRNAs of proteins involved in 1) neurotrophin signaling, 2) MAPK signaling, and 3) cell cycle and immune response thus promoting an overall neuroprotective environment in the striatum of SIV-infected macaques. This is also reflected by increased Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression compared to the VEH/SIV group. Whether Δ9-THC-mediated modulation of epigenetic mechanisms provides neuroprotection in other regions of the brain and during chronic SIV-infection remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 1901 Perdido Street, Medical Education Building 7205, P7-3, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Keijing Song
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Curtis Vande Stouwe
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andrew Hollenbach
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Angela Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 3 Rivers Rd, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Peter Winsauer
- Department of Pharmacology; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Patricia Molina
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 1901 Perdido Street, Medical Education Building 7205, P7-3, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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335
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Sun M, Xu L, Ma W, Wu X, Kuang H, Wang L, Xu C. Hierarchical Plasmonic Nanorods and Upconversion Core-Satellite Nanoassemblies for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Combination Phototherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:898-904. [PMID: 26635317 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA-driven hierarchical core-satellite nanostructures with plasmonic gold nanorod dimers and upconversion nanoparticles are fabricated. Once the core-satellite structure is activated, combined photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy are carried out under the guidance of upconversion luminesce, T1 -weighted magnetic resonance, photoacoustics, and computed tomography imaging of tumors in vivo, which exhibit the multifunctional biological applications of the DNA-based self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhong Sun
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Libing Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
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336
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Abstract
The convergence of nanoscience and drug delivery has prompted the formation of the field of nanomedicine, one that exploits the novel physicochemical and biological properties of nanostructures for improved medical treatments and reduced side effects. Until recently, this nanostructure-mediated strategy considered the drug to be solely a biologically active compound to be delivered, and its potential as a molecular building unit remained largely unexplored. A growing trend within nanomedicine has been the use of drug molecules to build well-defined nanostructures of various sizes and shapes. This strategy allows for the creation of self-delivering supramolecular nanomedicines containing a high and fixed drug content. Through rational design of the number and type of the drug incorporated, the resulting nanostructures can be tailored to assume various morphologies (e.g. nanospheres, rods, nanofibers, or nanotubes) for a particular mode of administration such as systemic, topical, and local delivery. This review covers the recent advances in this rapidly developing field, with the aim of providing an in-depth evaluation of the exciting opportunities that this new field could create to improve the current clinical practice of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Andrew G. Cheetham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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337
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Lee DS, Qian H, Tay CY, Leong DT. Cellular processing and destinies of artificial DNA nanostructures. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4199-225. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a panoramic view of the many DNA nanotechnology applications in cells, mechanistic understanding of how and where their interactions occur and their subsequent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sheng Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Hang Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
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338
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Somasuntharam I, Yehl K, Carroll SL, Maxwell JT, Martinez MD, Che PL, Brown ME, Salaita K, Davis ME. Knockdown of TNF-α by DNAzyme gold nanoparticles as an anti-inflammatory therapy for myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2015; 83:12-22. [PMID: 26773660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme) functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to catalytically silence tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vivo as a potential therapeutic for myocardial infarction (MI). Using primary macrophages as a model, we demonstrated 50% knockdown of TNF-α, which was not attainable using Lipofectamine-based approaches. Local injection of DNAzyme conjugated to gold particles (AuNPs) in the rat myocardium yielded TNF-α knockdown efficiencies of 50%, which resulted in significant anti-inflammatory effects and improvement in acute cardiac function following MI. Our results represent the first example showing the use of DNAzyme AuNP conjugates in vivo for viable delivery and gene regulation. This is significant as TNF-α is a multibillion dollar drug target implicated in many inflammatory-mediated disorders, thus underscoring the potential impact of DNAzyme-conjugated AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthirai Somasuntharam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle Room 319, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kevin Yehl
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sheridan L Carroll
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mario D Martinez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pao-Lin Che
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Milton E Brown
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle Room 319, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Michael E Davis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Suite W200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle Room 319, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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339
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Juks C, Padari K, Margus H, Kriiska A, Etverk I, Arukuusk P, Koppel K, Ezzat K, Langel Ü, Pooga M. The role of endocytosis in the uptake and intracellular trafficking of PepFect14–nucleic acid nanocomplexes via class A scavenger receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:3205-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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340
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Zhu D, Pei H, Chao J, Su S, Aldalbahi A, Rahaman M, Wang L, Wang L, Huang W, Fan C, Zuo X. Poly-adenine-based programmable engineering of gold nanoparticles for highly regulated spherical DNAzymes. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18671-6. [PMID: 26498866 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme complexes are assembled at the two-dimensional lipid membrane or prearranged on three-dimensional scaffolding proteins to regulate their catalytic activity in cells. Inspired by nature, we have developed gold nanoparticle-based spherical DNAzymes (SNAzymes) with programmably engineered activities by exploiting poly-adenine (polyA)-Au interactions. In a SNAzyme, AuNPs serve as the metal core, which is decorated with a functional shell of DNAzymes. Conventional thiolated DNAzyme-based assembly leads to disordered structures with suppressed activity. In contrast, by using an anchoring block of polyA tails, we find that the activity of SNAzymes can be programmably regulated. By using a polyA30 tail, SNAzymes demonstrated remarkably enhanced binding affinity compared to the thiolated DNAzyme-based assembly (∼75-fold) or individual DNAzymes in the solution phase (∼10-fold). More significantly, this increased affinity is directly translated to the sensitivity improvement in the SNAzyme-based lead sensor. Hence, this design of SNAzymes may provide new opportunities for developing biosensors and bioimaging probes for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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341
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Brodin JD, Sprangers AJ, McMillan JR, Mirkin CA. DNA-Mediated Cellular Delivery of Functional Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14838-41. [PMID: 26587747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a strategy for creating a new class of protein transfection materials composed of a functional protein core chemically modified with a dense shell of oligonucleotides. These materials retain the native structure and catalytic ability of the hydrolytic enzyme β-galactosidase, which serves as the protein core, despite the functionalization of its surface with ∼25 DNA strands. The covalent attachment of a shell of oligonucleotides to the surface of β-galactosidase enhances its cellular uptake of by up to ∼280-fold and allows for the use of working concentrations as low as 100 pM enzyme. DNA-functionalized β-galactosidase retains its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic linkages once endocytosed, whereas equal concentrations of protein show little to no intracellular catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Brodin
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony J Sprangers
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Janet R McMillan
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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342
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Oligonucleotide therapeutics: chemistry, delivery and clinical progress. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2221-42. [PMID: 26510815 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics have the potential to become a third pillar of drug development after small molecules and protein therapeutics. However, the three approved oligonucleotide drugs over the past 17 years have not proven to be highly successful in a commercial sense. These trailblazer drugs have nonetheless laid the foundations for entire classes of drug candidates to follow. This review will examine further advances in chemistry that are earlier in the pipeline of oligonucleotide drug candidates. Finally, we consider the possible effect of delivery systems that may provide extra footholds to improve the potency and specificity of oligonucleotide drugs. Our overview focuses on strategies to imbue antisense oligonucleotides with more drug-like properties and their applicability to other nucleic acid therapeutics.
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343
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Zhang C, Hao L, Calabrese CM, Zhou Y, Choi CHJ, Xing H, Mirkin CA. Biodegradable DNA-Brush Block Copolymer Spherical Nucleic Acids Enable Transfection Agent-Free Intracellular Gene Regulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5360-8. [PMID: 26297167 PMCID: PMC4710492 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
By grafting multiple DNA strands onto one terminus of a polyester chain, a DNA-brush block copolymer that can assemble into micelle structure is constructed. These micelle spherical nucleic acids have a density of nucleic acids that is substantively higher than linear DNA block copolymer structures, which makes them effective cellular transfection and intracellular gene regulation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Colin M. Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Chung Hang J. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Hang Xing
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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344
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Qu Q, Ma X, Zhao Y. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to mitochondria using mesoporous silica nanoparticle nanocarriers. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16677-86. [PMID: 26400067 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A lot of investigations have been conducted using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) functionalized with different targeting ligands in order to deliver various hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to targeted cancer cells. However, the utilization of MSNPs to deliver drug molecules to targeted subcellular organelles has been rarely reported. In this work, we applied targeting ligand-conjugated MSNPs with an average diameter of 80 nm to deliver the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) to mitochondria. Triphenoylphosphonium (TPP) was functionalized on MSNPs as a mitochondria targeting ligand. Mitochondria targeting efficiency was demonstrated in HeLa cells by a co-localization study of mitochondria and functionalized MSNPs as well as by fluorescence analysis in isolated mitochondria. In addition, enhanced cancer cell killing efficacy was achieved when using DOX-loaded and TPP-functionalized MSNPs for mitochondria-targeted delivery. Lowered adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential were observed, demonstrating the mitochondria dysfunction caused by delivered DOX. The positive results indicate promising application potential of MSNPs in targeted subcellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Qu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore.
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345
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Chakraborty A, Jana NR. Clathrin to Lipid Raft-Endocytosis via Controlled Surface Chemistry and Efficient Perinuclear Targeting of Nanoparticle. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3688-97. [PMID: 26722743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle interacts with live cells depending on their surface chemistry, enters into cell via endocytosis, and is commonly trafficked to an endosome/lysozome that restricts subcellular targeting options. Here we show that nanoparticle surface chemistry can be tuned to alter their cell uptake mechanism and subcellular trafficking. Quantum dot based nanoprobes of 20-30 nm hydrodynamic diameters have been synthesized with tunable surface charge (between +15 mV to -25 mV) and lipophilicity to influence their cellular uptake processes and subcellular trafficking. It is observed that cationic nanoprobe electrostatically interacts with cell membrane and enters into cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. At lower surface charge (between +10 mV to -10 mV), the electrostatic interaction with cell membrane becomes weaker, and additional lipid raft endocytosis is initiated. If a lipophilic functional group is introduced on a weakly anionic nanoparticle surface, the uptake mechanism shifts to predominant lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. In particular, the zwitterionic-lipophilic nanoprobe has the unique advantage as it weakly interacts with anionic cell membrane, migrates toward lipid rafts for interaction through lipophilic functional group, and induces lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. While predominate or partial clathrin-mediated entry traffics most of the nanoprobes to lysozome, predominate lipid raft-mediated entry traffics them to perinuclear region, particularly to the Golgi apparatus. This finding would guide in designing appropriate nanoprobe for subcellular targeting and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Chakraborty
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nikhil R Jana
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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346
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Narayan SP, Choi CHJ, Hao L, Calabrese CM, Auyeung E, Zhang C, Goor OJ, Mirkin CA. The Sequence-Specific Cellular Uptake of Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4173-82. [PMID: 26097111 PMCID: PMC4560454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The sequence-dependent cellular uptake of spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates (SNAs) is investigated. This process occurs by interaction with class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. It is known that linear poly(guanine) (poly G) is a natural ligand for SR-A, and it has been proposed that interaction of poly G with SR-A is dependent on the formation of G-quadruplexes. Since G-rich oligonucleotides are known to interact strongly with SR-A, it is hypothesized that SNAs with higher G contents would be able to enter cells in larger amounts than SNAs composed of other nucleotides, and as such, cellular internalization of SNAs is measured as a function of constituent oligonucleotide sequence. Indeed, SNAs with enriched G content show the highest cellular uptake. Using this hypothesis, a small molecule (camptothecin) is chemically conjugated with SNAs to create drug-SNA conjugates and it is observed that poly G SNAs deliver the most camptothecin to cells and have the highest cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Our data elucidate important design considerations for enhancing the intracellular delivery of spherical nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguna P. Narayan
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chung Hang J. Choi
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Liangliang Hao
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Colin M. Calabrese
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evelyn Auyeung
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chuan Zhang
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Olga J.G.M. Goor
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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347
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Rewatkar PV, Parton RG, Parekh HS, Parat MO. Are caveolae a cellular entry route for non-viral therapeutic delivery systems? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:92-108. [PMID: 25579057 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel therapies increasingly relies on sophisticated delivery systems that allow the drug or gene expression-modifying agent of interest entry into cells. These systems can promote cellular targeting and/or entry, and they vary in size, charge, and functional group chemistry. Their optimization requires an in depth knowledge of the cellular routes of entry in normal and pathological states. Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that have the potential to undergo endocytosis. We critically review the literature exploring whether drug or nucleic acid delivery systems exploit and/or promote cellular entry via caveolae. A vast majority of studies employ pharmacological tools, co-localization experiments and very few make use of molecular tools. We provide clarification on how results of such studies should be interpreted and make suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana V Rewatkar
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, QLD 4072 Australia.
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Marie-Odile Parat
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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348
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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349
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Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated gene and siRNA delivery has been an appealing area to gene therapists when they attempt to treat the diseases by manipulating the genetic information in the target cells. However, the advances in materials science could not keep up with the demand for multifunctional nanomaterials to achieve desired delivery efficiency. Researchers have thus taken an alternative approach to incorporate various materials into single composite nanoparticle using different fabrication methods. This approach allows nanoparticles to possess defined nanostructures as well as multiple functionalities to overcome the critical extracellular and intracellular barriers to successful gene delivery. This chapter will highlight the advances of fabrication methods that have the most potential to translate nanoparticles from bench to bedside. Furthermore, a major class of composite nanoparticle-lipid-based composite nanoparticles will be classified based on the components and reviewed in details.
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350
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Abstract
We report a novel spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle conjugate, termed the Sticky-flare, which enables facile quantification of RNA expression in live cells and spatiotemporal analysis of RNA transport and localization. The Sticky-flare is capable of entering live cells without the need for transfection agents and recognizing target RNA transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. On recognition, the Sticky-flare transfers a fluorophore-conjugated reporter to the transcript, resulting in a turning on of fluorescence in a quantifiable manner and the fluorescent labeling of targeted transcripts. The latter allows the RNA to be tracked via fluorescence microscopy as it is transported throughout the cell. We use this novel nanoconjugate to analyze the expression level and spatial distribution of β-actin mRNA in HeLa cells and to observe the real-time transport of β-actin mRNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, we investigate the application of Sticky-flares for tracking transcripts that undergo more extensive compartmentalization by fluorophore-labeling U1 small nuclear RNA and observing its distribution in the nucleus of live cells.
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