301
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Mitochondrial junctions with cellular organelles: Ca 2+ signalling perspective. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1181-1192. [PMID: 29982949 PMCID: PMC6060751 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular organelles form multiple junctional complexes with one another and the emerging research area dealing with such structures and their functions is undergoing explosive growth. A new research journal named “Contact” has been recently established to facilitate the development of this research field. The current consensus is to define an organellar junction by the maximal distance between the participating organelles; and the gap of 30 nm or less is considered appropriate for classifying such structures as junctions or membrane contact sites. Ideally, the organellar junction should have a functional significance, i.e. facilitate transfer of calcium, sterols, phospholipids, iron and possibly other substances between the organelles (Carrasco and Meyer in Annu Rev Biochem 80:973–1000, 2011; Csordas et al. in Trends Cell Biol 28:523–540, 2018; Phillips and Voeltz in Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 17:69–82, 2016; Prinz in J Cell Biol 205:759–769, 2014). It is also important to note that the junction is not just a result of a random organelle collision but have active and specific formation, stabilisation and disassembly mechanisms. The nature of these mechanisms and their role in physiology/pathophysiology are the main focus of an emerging research field. In this review, we will briefly describe junctional complexes formed by cellular organelles and then focus on the junctional complexes that are formed by mitochondria with other organelles and the role of these complexes in regulating Ca2+ signalling.
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302
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Cohen S, Valm AM, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Interacting organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:84-91. [PMID: 30006038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are organized into membrane-bound organelles. These organelles communicate with one another through vesicular trafficking pathways and membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are sites of close apposition between two or more organelles that play diverse roles in the exchange of metabolites, lipids and proteins. Organelle interactions at MCSs also are important for organelle division and biogenesis. For example, the division of several organelles, including mitochondria and endosomes, seem to be regulated by contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, the biogenesis of autophagosomes and peroxisomes involves contributions from the ER and multiple other cellular compartments. Thus, organelle-organelle interactions allow cells to alter the shape and activities of their membrane-bound compartments, allowing them to cope with different developmental and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alex M Valm
- University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
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303
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Cantó C. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Shaping Metabolic Adaptation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:129-167. [PMID: 30072090 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite their classic bean-shaped depiction, mitochondria have very different aspects in each cell type. From long filamentous structures to punctuated small round organelles. These shapes can dynamically change in response to nutrients and in situations of metabolic disease. However, why do mitochondria adapt different shapes and how is this determined? In this review, we will aim to understand different visions on how metabolic cues influence mitochondrial shape and vice-versa. This response can be dramatically different between tissues and cells, as illustrated by a large array of genetically engineered mouse models reported to date. We will use these models to understand the role of different mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Cantó
- Nestle Institute of Health Sciences NIHS, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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304
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Association of mitofusin 2 methylation and essential hypertension: a case-control study in a Chinese population. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:605-613. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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305
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Xi Y, Feng D, Tao K, Wang R, Shi Y, Qin H, Murphy MP, Yang Q, Zhao G. MitoQ protects dopaminergic neurons in a 6-OHDA induced PD model by enhancing Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial fusion via activation of PGC-1α. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2859-2870. [PMID: 29842922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Although mitochondrial dysfunction is the critical factor in the pathogenesis of PD, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood, and as a result, effective medical interventions are lacking. Mitochondrial fission and fusion play important roles in the maintenance of mitochondrial function and cell viability. Here, we investigated the effects of MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced in vitro and in vivo PD models. We observed that 6-OHDA enhanced mitochondrial fission by decreasing the expression of Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1 as well as by increasing the expression of Drp1 in the dopaminergic (DA) cell line SN4741. Notably, MitoQ treatment particularly upregulated the Mfn2 protein and mRNA levels and promoted mitochondrial fusion in the presence of 6-OHDA in a Mfn2-dependent manner. In addition, MitoQ also stabilized mitochondrial morphology and function in the presence of 6-OHDA, which further suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as ameliorated mitochondrial fragmentation and cellular apoptosis. Moreover, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) was attributed to the upregulation of Mfn2 induced by MitoQ. Consistent with these findings, administration of MitoQ in 6-OHDA-treated mice significantly rescued the decrease of Mfn2 expression and the loss of DA neurons in the SNc. Taken together, our findings suggest that MitoQ protects DA neurons in a 6-OHDA induced PD model by activating PGC-1α to enhance Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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306
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van Vliet AR, Sassano ML, Agostinis P. The Unfolded Protein Response and Membrane Contact Sites: Tethering as a Matter of Life and Death? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515256418770512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most extensive organelle of the eukaryotic cell and constitutes the major site of protein and lipid synthesis and regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. To exert these functions properly, the ER network is shaped in structurally and functionally distinct domains that dynamically remodel in response to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Moreover, the ER establishes a tight communication with virtually all organelles of the cell through specific subdomains called membrane contact sites. These contact sites allow preferential, nonvesicular channeling of key biological mediators including lipids and Ca2+ between organelles and are harnessed by the ER to interface with and coregulate a variety of organellar functions that are vital to maintain homeostasis. When ER homeostasis is lost, a condition that triggers the activation of an evolutionarily conserved pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR), the ER undergoes rapid remodeling. These dynamic changes in ER morphology are functionally coupled to the modulation or formation of contact sites with key organelles, such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane, which critically regulate cell fate decisions of the ER-stressed cells. Certain components of the UPR have been shown to facilitate the formation of contact sites through various mechanisms including remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we discuss old and emerging evidence linking the UPR machinery to contact site formation in mammalian cells and discuss their important role in cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. van Vliet
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Livia Sassano
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
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307
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McLelland GL, Goiran T, Yi W, Dorval G, Chen CX, Lauinger ND, Krahn AI, Valimehr S, Rakovic A, Rouiller I, Durcan TM, Trempe JF, Fon EA. Mfn2 ubiquitination by PINK1/parkin gates the p97-dependent release of ER from mitochondria to drive mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:32866. [PMID: 29676259 PMCID: PMC5927771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance as signaling hubs, the function of mitochondria-ER contact sites in mitochondrial quality control pathways remains unexplored. Here we describe a mechanism by which Mfn2, a mitochondria-ER tether, gates the autophagic turnover of mitochondria by PINK1 and parkin. Mitochondria-ER appositions are destroyed during mitophagy, and reducing mitochondria-ER contacts increases the rate of mitochondrial degradation. Mechanistically, parkin/PINK1 catalyze a rapid burst of Mfn2 phosphoubiquitination to trigger p97-dependent disassembly of Mfn2 complexes from the outer mitochondrial membrane, dissociating mitochondria from the ER. We additionally demonstrate that a major portion of the facilitatory effect of p97 on mitophagy is epistatic to Mfn2 and promotes the availability of other parkin substrates such as VDAC1. Finally, we reconstitute the action of these factors on Mfn2 and VDAC1 ubiquitination in a cell-free assay. We show that mitochondria-ER tethering suppresses mitophagy and describe a parkin-/PINK1-dependent mechanism that regulates the destruction of mitochondria-ER contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian-Luca McLelland
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Goiran
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wei Yi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Dorval
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carol X Chen
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadine D Lauinger
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea I Krahn
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sepideh Valimehr
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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308
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Morciano G, Marchi S, Morganti C, Sbano L, Bittremieux M, Kerkhofs M, Corricelli M, Danese A, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Wieckowski MR, Bultynck G, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Role of Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes in Calcium Regulation in Cancer-Specific Settings. Neoplasia 2018; 20:510-523. [PMID: 29626751 PMCID: PMC5916088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) are highly specialized subcellular compartments that are shaped by ER subdomains juxtaposed to mitochondria but are biochemically distinct from pure ER and pure mitochondria. MAMs are enriched in enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and transport, channels for calcium transfer, and proteins with oncogenic/oncosuppressive functions that modulate cell signaling pathways involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. The term "cancer" denotes a group of disorders that result from uncontrolled cell growth driven by a mixture of genetic and environmental components. Alterations in MAMs are thought to account for the onset as well as the progression and metastasis of cancer and have been a focus of investigation in recent years. In this review, we present the current state of the art regarding MAM-resident proteins and their relevance, alterations, and deregulating functions in different types of cancer from a cell biology and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S.: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Morganti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luigi Sbano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mart Bittremieux
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Dept. Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 1 Box 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn Kerkhofs
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Dept. Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 1 Box 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariangela Corricelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Dept. Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 1 Box 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S.: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy; CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.
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309
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Csordás G, Weaver D, Hajnóczky G. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Contactology: Structure and Signaling Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:523-540. [PMID: 29588129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar contacts are increasingly recognized as central to the control of cellular behavior. These contacts, which typically involve a small fraction of the endomembrane surface, are local communication hubs that resemble synapses. We propose the term contactology to denote the analysis of interorganellar contacts. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria were recognized several decades ago; major roles in ion and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics have been established, while others continue to emerge. The functional diversity of ER-mitochondrial (ER-mito) contacts is mirrored in their structural heterogeneity, with subspecialization likely supported by multiple, different linker-forming protein structures. The nanoscale size of the contacts has made studying their structure, function, and dynamics difficult. This review focuses on the structure of the ER-mito contacts, methods for studying them, and the roles of contacts in Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csordás
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David Weaver
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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310
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Hirabayashi Y, Kwon SK, Paek H, Pernice WM, Paul MA, Lee J, Erfani P, Raczkowski A, Petrey DS, Pon LA, Polleux F. ER-mitochondria tethering by PDZD8 regulates Ca 2+ dynamics in mammalian neurons. Science 2018; 358:623-630. [PMID: 29097544 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces between organelles are emerging as critical platforms for many biological responses in eukaryotic cells. In yeast, the ERMES complex is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria tether composed of four proteins, three of which contain a SMP (synaptotagmin-like mitochondrial-lipid binding protein) domain. No functional ortholog for any ERMES protein has been identified in metazoans. Here, we identified PDZD8 as an ER protein present at ER-mitochondria contacts. The SMP domain of PDZD8 is functionally orthologous to the SMP domain found in yeast Mmm1. PDZD8 was necessary for the formation of ER-mitochondria contacts in mammalian cells. In neurons, PDZD8 was required for calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake by mitochondria after synaptically induced Ca2+-release from ER and thereby regulated cytoplasmic Ca2+ dynamics. Thus, PDZD8 represents a critical ER-mitochondria tethering protein in metazoans. We suggest that ER-mitochondria coupling is involved in the regulation of dendritic Ca2+ dynamics in mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hunki Paek
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wolfgang M Pernice
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maëla A Paul
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jinoh Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Parsa Erfani
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ashleigh Raczkowski
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center (NYSBC), New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Donald S Petrey
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liza A Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. .,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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311
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Rieusset J. The role of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites in the control of glucose homeostasis: an update. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29523782 PMCID: PMC5844895 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The contact sites that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms with mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), are a hot topic in biological research, and both their molecular determinants and their numerous roles in several signaling pathways are is continuously evolving. MAMs allow the exchange between both organelles of lipids, calcium (Ca2+), and likely reactive oxygen species, allowing adaptations of both cellular bioenergetics and cell fate depending of cellular needs or stresses. Therefore, it is not surprising that MAMs affect cellular metabolism. Nevertheless, recent arguments suggest that MAMs could also act as key hub of hormonal and/or nutrient signaling in several insulin-sensitive tissues, pointing a specific role of MAMs in the control of glucose homeostasis. Here, I provide a brief review and update on current key signaling roles of the MAMs in the control of glucose homeostasis in both health and metabolic diseases. Particularly, the relevance of ER-mitochondria miscommunication in the disruption of glucose homeostasis is analyzed in details in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and beta cells of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, Unité Mixte de Recherche INSERM U-1060 et INRA U-1397, Université Lyon 1, Oullins, 69600, France.
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312
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Delprat B, Maurice T, Delettre C. Wolfram syndrome: MAMs' connection? Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:364. [PMID: 29511163 PMCID: PMC5840383 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmarks of which associate with diabetes, optic atrophy, and deafness. Other symptoms may be identified in some but not all patients. Prognosis is poor, with death occurring around 35 years of age. To date, no treatment is available. WS was first described as a mitochondriopathy. However, the localization of the protein on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane challenged this hypothesis. ER contacts mitochondria to ensure effective Ca2+ transfer, lipids transfer, and apoptosis within stabilized and functionalized microdomains, termed “mitochondria-associated ER membranes” (MAMs). Two types of WS are characterized so far and Wolfram syndrome type 2 is due to mutation in CISD2, a protein mostly expressed in MAMs. The aim of the present review is to collect evidences showing that WS is indeed a mitochondriopathy, with established MAM dysfunction, and thus share commonalities with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as metabolic diseases, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Delprat
- INSERM UMR-S1198, 34095, Montpellier, France. .,University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM UMR-S1198, 34095, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Delettre
- University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1051, Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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313
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Ljubojevic-Holzer S. The Secret of the Kissing Cousins: an ER-mitochondrial tethering protein regulates Ca2+ crosstalk in mammalian neurons. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:e17-e18. [PMID: 29481649 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036, Graz, Austria
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314
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Gómez-Suaga P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, González-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Niso-Santano M. ER-mitochondria signaling in Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29497039 PMCID: PMC5832754 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria form close physical contacts with a specialized domain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). This association constitutes a key signaling hub to regulate several fundamental cellular processes. Alterations in ER-mitochondria signaling have pleiotropic effects on a variety of intracellular events resulting in mitochondrial damage, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ER stress and defects in lipid metabolism and autophagy. Intriguingly, many of these cellular processes are perturbed in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, increasing evidence highlights that ER-mitochondria signaling contributes to these diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, for which effective mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Several PD-related proteins localize at mitochondria or MAM and have been shown to participate in ER-mitochondria signaling regulation. Likewise, PD-related mutations have been shown to damage this signaling. Could ER-mitochondria associations be the link between pathogenic mechanisms involved in PD, providing a common mechanism? Would this provide a pharmacological target for treating this devastating disease? In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of ER-mitochondria signaling and the recent evidence concerning damage to this signaling in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - José M Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosa A González-Polo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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315
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Mitofusin 2: from functions to disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:330. [PMID: 29491355 PMCID: PMC5832425 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles whose functions are essential for cell viability. Within the cell, the mitochondrial network is continuously remodeled through the balance between fusion and fission events. Moreover, it dynamically contacts other organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum, with which it enterprises an important functional relationship able to modulate several cellular pathways. Being mitochondria key bioenergetics organelles, they have to be transported to all the specific high-energy demanding sites within the cell and, when damaged, they have to be efficiently removed. Among other proteins, Mitofusin 2 represents a key player in all these mitochondrial activities (fusion, trafficking, turnover, contacts with other organelles), the balance of which results in the appropriate mitochondrial shape, function, and distribution within the cell. Here we review the structural and functional properties of Mitofusin 2, highlighting its crucial role in several cell pathways, as well as in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, cardiomyopathies, and cancer.
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316
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Redox crosstalk at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites (MCS) uses toxic waste to deliver messages. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29491367 PMCID: PMC5832433 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular redox reactions housed within mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of each organelle to the total cellular ROS production is considerable, but varies between cell types and also over time. Redox-regulatory enzymes are thought to assemble at a “redox triangle” formed by mitochondria, peroxisomes and the ER, assembling “redoxosomes” that sense ROS accumulations and redox imbalances. The redoxosome enzymes use ROS, potentially toxic by-products made by some redoxosome members themselves, to transmit inter-compartmental signals via chemical modifications of downstream proteins and lipids. Interestingly, important components of the redoxosome are ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, identifying ER oxidative protein folding as a key ROS producer and controller of the tri-organellar membrane contact sites (MCS) formed at the redox triangle. At these MCS, ROS accumulations could directly facilitate inter-organellar signal transmission, using ROS transporters. In addition, ROS influence the flux of Ca2+ ions, since many Ca2+ handling proteins, including inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), SERCA pumps or regulators of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) are redox-sensitive. Fine-tuning of these redox and ion signaling pathways might be difficult in older organisms, suggesting a dysfunctional redox triangle may accompany the aging process.
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317
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Kerkhofs M, Bittremieux M, Morciano G, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Parys JB, Bultynck G. Emerging molecular mechanisms in chemotherapy: Ca 2+ signaling at the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29491433 PMCID: PMC5832420 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inter-organellar communication often takes the form of Ca2+ signals. These Ca2+ signals originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate different cellular processes like metabolism, fertilization, migration, and cell fate. A prime target for Ca2+ signals are the mitochondria. ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer is possible through the existence of mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), ER structures that are in the proximity of the mitochondria. This creates a micro-domain in which the Ca2+ concentrations are manifold higher than in the cytosol, allowing for rapid mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In the mitochondria, the Ca2+ signal is decoded differentially depending on its spatiotemporal characteristics. While Ca2+ oscillations stimulate metabolism and constitute pro-survival signaling, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload results in apoptosis. Many chemotherapeutics depend on efficient ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling to exert their function. However, several oncogenes and tumor suppressors present in the MAMs can alter Ca2+ signaling in cancer cells, rendering chemotherapeutics ineffective. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that connect ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer, tumor suppressors and oncogenes at the MAMs, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Kerkhofs
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mart Bittremieux
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jan B Parys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Leuven, Belgium.
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318
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Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in diseases of motor and sensory neurons: a broken relationship? Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:333. [PMID: 29491369 PMCID: PMC5832431 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases revealed that multiple molecular mechanisms contribute to pathological changes in neurons. A large fraction of these alterations can be linked to dysfunction in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, affecting metabolism and secretion of lipids and proteins, calcium homeostasis, and energy production. Remarkably, these organelles are interacting with each other at specialized domains on the ER called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). These membrane structures rely on the interaction of several complexes of proteins localized either at the mitochondria or at the ER interface and serve as an exchange platform of calcium, metabolites, and lipids, which are critical for the function of both organelles. In addition, recent evidence indicates that MAMs also play a role in the control of mitochondria dynamics and autophagy. MAMs thus start to emerge as a key element connecting many changes observed in neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the role of MAMs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, two neurodegenerative diseases particularly affecting neurons with long projecting axons. We will discuss how defects in MAM signaling may impair neuronal calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, ER function, and autophagy, leading eventually to axonal degeneration. The possible impact of MAM dysfunction in glial cells, which may affect the capacity to support neurons and/or axons, will also be described. Finally, the possible role of MAMs as an interesting target for development of therapeutic interventions aiming at delaying or preventing neurodegeneration will be highlighted.
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319
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Liu Y, Leslie PL, Jin A, Itahana K, Graves LM, Zhang Y. p32 regulates ER stress and lipid homeostasis by down-regulating GCS1 expression. FASEB J 2018; 32:3892-3902. [PMID: 29465311 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a major role in the development of many metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. p32 is a multicompartmental protein involved in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and glucose oxidation. p32 ablation is associated with resistance to age-associated and diet-induced obesity through a mechanism that remains largely unknown. Here, we show that p32 promotes lipid biosynthesis by modulating fatty acid-induced ER stress. We found that p32 interacts with endoplasmic reticulum-anchored enzyme mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase I (GCS1), an ER lumen-anchored glucosidase that is essential for the processing of N-linked glycoproteins, and reduces GCS1 in a lysosome-dependent manner. We demonstrate that increased GCS1 expression alleviates fatty acid-induced ER stress and is critical for suppressing ER stress-associated lipogenic gene activation, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of Srebp1, Fasn, and Acc. Consistently, suppression of p32 leads to increased GCS1 expression and alleviates fatty acid-induced ER stress, resulting in reduced lipid accumulation. Thus, p32 and GCS1 are regulators of ER function and lipid homeostasis and are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.-Liu, Y., Leslie, P. L., Jin, A., Itahana, K., Graves, L. M., Zhang, Y. p32 regulates ER stress and lipid homeostasis by down-regulating GCS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Patrick L Leslie
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Aiwen Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Koji Itahana
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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320
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TOM70 Sustains Cell Bioenergetics by Promoting IP3R3-Mediated ER to Mitochondria Ca 2+ Transfer. Curr Biol 2018; 28:369-382.e6. [PMID: 29395920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a protein complex that is essential for the post-translational import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Among its subunits, TOM70 and TOM20 are only transiently associated with the core complex, suggesting their possible additional roles within the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Here, by using different mammalian cell lines, we demonstrate that TOM70, but not TOM20, clusters in distinct OMM foci, frequently overlapping with sites in which the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts mitochondria. Functionally, TOM70 depletion specifically impairs inositol trisphosphates (IP3)-linked ER to mitochondria Ca2+ transfer. This phenomenon is dependent on the capacity of TOM70 to interact with IP3-receptors and favor their functional recruitment close to mitochondria. Importantly, the reduced constitutive Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria, observed in TOM70-depleted cells, dampens mitochondrial respiration, affects cell bioenergetics, induces autophagy, and inhibits proliferation. Our data reveal a hitherto unexpected role for TOM70 in pro-survival ER-mitochondria communication, reinforcing the view that the ER-mitochondria signaling platform is a key regulator of cell fate.
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321
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Zhao J, Wu X, Wu D, Yu Y, Yu Y, Wang Y, Fu Q, Zhang J, Yao K. Embryonic Surface Ectoderm-specific Mitofusin 2 Conditional Knockout Induces Congenital Cataracts in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1522. [PMID: 29367651 PMCID: PMC5784114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial mutations can result in mitochondrial dysfunction or stochastic oxidative damage. Cumulative mitochondrial damage is an important factor in age-related disorders, such as cataracts and macular degeneration. Mfn2 mediates the fusion of mitochondria and contribute to the dynamic balance between fusion and fission that determines mitochondria morphology. We report here that conditional loss of Mfn2 function in the head surface ectoderm leads to a range of congenital eye defects, including small, opacified lens and small eyeball in the most severe phenotypes. The Le-Cre transgenic mouse line and Mfn2 flox mouse line were used in this study to generate Mfn2 conditional knockout mice. Our study revealed Mfn2 gene function in lens development and addressed the relationship between the mitochondria and lens transparency. Conditional loss of Mfn2 affected lens epithelium cell proliferation, apoptosis and ultrastructure of mitochondria. We conclude that proper development of the lens and lens transparency depend on normal Mfn2 gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyue Zhao
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,The Department of ophthalmology of the 4th Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110005, China
| | - Xinwei Wu
- The Department of ophthalmology of the 4th Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110005, China
| | - Danhong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yinhui Yu
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yibo Yu
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yao Wang
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- The Department of ophthalmology of the 4th Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110005, China
| | - Ke Yao
- The Department of ophthalmology, Eye center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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322
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Nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial diseases caused by instability of mitochondrial DNA. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:43-57. [PMID: 29344903 PMCID: PMC5799321 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are defined by a respiratory chain dysfunction and in most of the cases manifest as multisystem disorders with predominant expression in muscles and nerves and may be caused by mutations in mitochondrial (mtDNA) or nuclear (nDNA) genomes. Most of the proteins involved in respiratory chain function are nuclear encoded, although 13 subunits of respiratory chain complexes (together with 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs necessary for their translation) encoded by mtDNA are essential for cell function. nDNA encodes not only respiratory chain subunits but also all the proteins responsible for mtDNA maintenance, especially those involved in replication, as well as other proteins necessary for the transcription and copy number control of this multicopy genome. Mutations in these genes can cause secondary instability of the mitochondrial genome in the form of depletion (decreased number of mtDNA molecules in the cell), vast multiple deletions or accumulation of point mutations which in turn leads to mitochondrial diseases inherited in a Mendelian fashion. The list of genes involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance is long, and still incomplete.
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323
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Sequential forward and reverse transport of the Na + Ca 2+ exchanger generates Ca 2+ oscillations within mitochondria. Nat Commun 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29323106 PMCID: PMC5765001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ homoeostasis regulates aerobic metabolism and cell survival. Ca2+ flux into mitochondria is mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) channel whereas Ca2+ export is often through an electrogenic Na+–Ca2+ exchanger. Here, we report remarkable functional versatility in mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchange under conditions where mitochondria are depolarised. Following physiological stimulation of cell-surface receptors, mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchange initially operates in reverse mode, transporting cytosolic Ca2+ into the matrix. As matrix Ca2+ rises, the exchanger reverts to its forward mode state, extruding Ca2+. Transitions between reverse and forward modes generate repetitive oscillations in matrix Ca2+. We further show that reverse mode Na+–Ca2+ activity is regulated by the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2. Our results demonstrate that reversible switching between transport modes of an ion exchanger molecule generates functionally relevant oscillations in the levels of the universal Ca2+ messenger within an organelle. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homoeostasis is tightly regulated and export of Ca2+ is mediated by an Na+Ca2+ exchanger. Here authors show that in depolarised mitochondria the exchanger initially operates in reverse mode, transporting cytosolic Ca2+ into the matrix before it reverts to its forward mode state.
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324
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Corazao-Rozas P, Guerreschi P, André F, Gabert PE, Lancel S, Dekiouk S, Fontaine D, Tardivel M, Savina A, Quesnel B, Mortier L, Marchetti P, Kluza J. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation controls cancer cell's life and death decisions upon exposure to MAPK inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39473-39485. [PMID: 27250023 PMCID: PMC5129946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although MAPK pathway inhibitors are becoming a promising anticancer strategy, they are insufficient to fully eliminate cancer cells and their long-term efficacy is strikingly limited in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas. It is well established that BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) hamper glucose uptake before the apparition of cell death. Here, we show that BRAFi induce an extensive restructuring of mitochondria including an increase in mitochondrial activity and biogenesis associated with mitochondrial network remodeling. Furthermore, we report a close interaction between ER and mitochondria in melanoma exposed to BRAFi. This physical connection facilitates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake after its release from the ER. Interestingly, Mfn2 silencing disrupts the ER–mitochondria interface, intensifies ER stress and exacerbates ER stress-induced apoptosis in cells exposed to BRAFi in vitro and in vivo. This mitochondrial control of ER stress-mediated cell death is similar in both BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma cells exposed to MEK inhibitors. This evidence reinforces the relevance in combining MAPK pathway inhibitors with mitochondriotropic drugs to improve targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Corazao-Rozas
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Guerreschi
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Fanny André
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre-Elliott Gabert
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Steve Lancel
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, Lille, France
| | - Salim Dekiouk
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Fontaine
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Bioimaging Center, Lille Nord de France-Campus HU, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - Bruno Quesnel
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Mortier
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Marchetti
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France.,Centre de Bio-Pathologie, Plate-forme de Biothérapie, Banque de Tissus, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérome Kluza
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Lille, France
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325
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Filadi R, Greotti E, Pizzo P. Highlighting the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria connection: Focus on Mitofusin 2. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:42-51. [PMID: 29309902 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrial network are two highly interconnected cellular structures. By proteinaceous tethers, specialized membrane domains of the ER are tightly associated with the outer membrane of mitochondria, allowing the assembly of signaling platforms where different cell functions take place or are modulated, such as lipid biosynthesis, Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis. The ER-mitochondria coupling is highly dynamic and contacts between the two organelles can be modified in their number, extension and thickness by different stimuli. Importantly, several pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic syndromes show alterations in this feature, underlining the key role of ER-mitochondria crosstalk in cell physiology. In this contribution, we will focus on one of the major modulator of ER-mitochondria apposition, Mitofusin 2, discussing the structure of the protein and its debated role on organelles tethering. Moreover, we will critically describe different techniques commonly used to investigate this crucial issue, highlighting their advantages, drawbacks and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, 35121, Italy.
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326
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Bano D, Ankarcrona M. Beyond the critical point: An overview of excitotoxicity, calcium overload and the downstream consequences. Neurosci Lett 2018; 663:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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327
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Thornton C, Jones A, Nair S, Aabdien A, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:812-830. [PMID: 29265370 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, resulting from asphyxia during birth, affects 2-3 in every 1000 term infants and depending on severity, brings about life-changing neurological consequences or death. This hypoxic-ischaemia (HI) results in a delayed neural energy failure during which the majority of brain injury occurs. Currently, there are limited treatment options and additional therapies are urgently required. Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a focal point in injury development in the immature brain. Not only do mitochondria become permeabilised, but recent findings implicate perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion), mitophagy and biogenesis. Mitoprotective therapies may therefore offer a new avenue of intervention for babies who suffer lifelong disabilities due to birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Jones
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Afra Aabdien
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences & Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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328
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Harmon M, Larkman P, Hardingham G, Jackson M, Skehel P. A Bi-fluorescence complementation system to detect associations between the Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17467. [PMID: 29234100 PMCID: PMC5727038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Close contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane facilitate efficient transfer of lipids between the organelles and coordinate Ca2+ signalling and stress responses. Changes to this coupling is associated with a number of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and motor neuron disease. The distance between the two membranes at regions of close apposition is below the resolution of conventional light microscopy, which makes analysis of these interactions challenging. Here we describe a new bifluorescence complementation (BiFC) method that labels a subset of ER-mitochondrial associations in fixed and living cells. The total number of ER-mitochondria associations detected by this approach increases in response to tunicamycin-induced ER stress, serum deprivation or reduced levels of mitofusin 2 (MFN2). This method will facilitate the analysis of dynamic interactions between the ER and mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harmon
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Philip Larkman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mandy Jackson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Paul Skehel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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329
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SPLICS: a split green fluorescent protein-based contact site sensor for narrow and wide heterotypic organelle juxtaposition. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:1131-1145. [PMID: 29229997 PMCID: PMC5988678 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact sites are discrete areas of organelle proximity that coordinate essential physiological processes across membranes, including Ca2+ signaling, lipid biosynthesis, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, tools to easily image inter-organelle proximity over a range of distances in living cells and in vivo are lacking. Here we report a split-GFP-based contact site sensor (SPLICS) engineered to fluoresce when organelles are in proximity. Two SPLICS versions efficiently measured narrow (8–10 nm) and wide (40–50 nm) juxtapositions between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, documenting the existence of at least two types of contact sites in human cells. Narrow and wide ER–mitochondria contact sites responded differently to starvation, ER stress, mitochondrial shape modifications, and changes in the levels of modulators of ER–mitochondria juxtaposition. SPLICS detected contact sites in soma and axons of D. rerio Rohon Beard (RB) sensory neurons invivo, extending its use to analyses of organelle juxtaposition in the whole animal.
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330
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Chandhok G, Lazarou M, Neumann B. Structure, function, and regulation of mitofusin-2 in health and disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:933-949. [PMID: 29068134 PMCID: PMC6446723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly migrate, fuse, and divide to regulate their shape, size, number, and bioenergetic function. Mitofusins (Mfn1/2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), are key regulators of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in these molecules are associated with severe neurodegenerative and non-neurological diseases pointing to the importance of functional mitochondrial dynamics in normal cell physiology. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics, which has raised interest in defining the physiological roles of key regulators of fusion and fission and led to the identification of additional functions of Mfn2 in mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of Mfn2 as well as its regulation in different tissues, and also discuss the consequences of aberrant Mfn2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Chandhok
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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331
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Nagashima S, Takada T, Yanagi S. Mitochondrial quality control by mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL/MARCH5. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017. [PMID: 28626116 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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332
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Muallem S, Chung WY, Jha A, Ahuja M. Lipids at membrane contact sites: cell signaling and ion transport. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1893-1904. [PMID: 29030479 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between organelles is essential to coordinate cellular functions and the cell's response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Organellar communication occurs at membrane contact sites (MCSs), where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is tethered to cellular organelle membranes by specific tether proteins and where lipid transfer proteins and cell signaling proteins are located. MCSs have many cellular functions and are the sites of lipid and ion transfer between organelles and generation of second messengers. This review discusses several aspects of MCSs in the context of lipid transfer, formation of lipid domains, generation of Ca2+ and cAMP second messengers, and regulation of ion transporters by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Woo Young Chung
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Archana Jha
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malini Ahuja
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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333
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Shinjo S, Jiang S, Nameta M, Suzuki T, Kanai M, Nomura Y, Goda N. Disruption of the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) plays a central role in palmitic acid–induced insulin resistance. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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334
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Erpapazoglou Z, Mouton-Liger F, Corti O. From dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling to neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:171-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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335
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Wu S, Lu Q, Wang Q, Ding Y, Ma Z, Mao X, Huang K, Xie Z, Zou MH. Binding of FUN14 Domain Containing 1 With Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor in Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes Maintains Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function in Hearts in Vivo. Circulation 2017; 136:2248-2266. [PMID: 28942427 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) is a highly conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein. The aim of this study is to examine whether FUNDC1 modulates the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), mitochondrial morphology, and function in cardiomyocytes and intact hearts. METHODS The impacts of FUNDC1 on MAMs formation and cardiac functions were studied in mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes, in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Fundc1 gene knockout (Fundc1f/Y/CreαMyHC+/- ), and in the cardiac tissues of the patients with heart failure. RESULTS In mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes and intact hearts, FUNDC1 was localized in MAMs by binding to ER-resided inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate type 2 receptor (IP3R2). Fundc1 ablation disrupted MAMs and reduced the levels of IP3R2 and Ca2+ in both mitochondria and cytosol, whereas overexpression of Fundc1 increased the levels of IP3R2 and Ca2+ in both mitochondria and cytosol. Consistently, Fundc1 ablation increased Ca2+ levels in ER, whereas Fundc1 overexpression lowered ER Ca2+ levels. Further, Fundc1 ablation in cardiomyocytes elongated mitochondria and compromised mitochondrial functions. Mechanistically, we found that Fundc1 ablation-induced reduction of intracellular Ca2+ levels suppressed mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1) expression and mitochondrial fission by reducing the binding of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the Fis1 promoter. Fundc1f/Y/CreαMyHC+/- mice but not their littermate control mice (Fundc1wt/Y/CreαMyHC+/- ) exhibited cardiac dysfunction. The ligation of the left ventricle artery of Fundc1f/Y/CreαMyHC+/- mice caused more severe cardiac dysfunction than those in sham-treated Fundc1f/Y/CreαMyHC+/- mice. Finally, we found that the FUNDC1/MAMs/CREB/Fis1 signaling axis was significantly suppressed in patients with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that FUNDC1 binds to IP3R2 to modulate ER Ca2+ release into mitochondria and cytosol. Further, a disruption of the FUNDC1 and IP3R2 interaction lowers the levels of Ca2+ in mitochondria and cytosol, both of which instigate aberrant mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Qilong Wang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Zejun Ma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Xiaoxiang Mao
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Kai Huang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.)
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.).
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (S.W., Q.L., Q.W., Y.D., Z.M., Z.X., M.-H.Z.). Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China (X.M., K.H.).
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336
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Zheng L, Bernard-Marissal N, Moullan N, D'Amico D, Auwerx J, Moore DJ, Knott G, Aebischer P, Schneider BL. Parkin functionally interacts with PGC-1α to preserve mitochondria and protect dopaminergic neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:582-598. [PMID: 28053050 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), it is important to determine the functional interactions between factors linked to the disease. Parkin is associated with autosomal recessive early-onset PD, and controls the transcription of PGC-1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. These two factors functionally interact to regulate the turnover and quality of mitochondria, by increasing both mitophagic activity and mitochondria biogenesis. In cortical neurons, co-expressing PGC-1α and Parkin increases the number of mitochondria, enhances maximal respiration, and accelerates the recovery of the mitochondrial membrane potential following mitochondrial uncoupling. PGC-1α enhances Mfn2 transcription, but also leads to increased degradation of the Mfn2 protein, a key ubiquitylation target of Parkin on mitochondria. In vivo, Parkin has significant protective effects on the survival and function of nigral dopaminergic neurons in which the chronic expression of PGC-1α is induced. Ultrastructural analysis shows that these two factors together control the density of mitochondria and their interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum. These results highlight the combined effects of Parkin and PGC-1α in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in dopaminergic neurons. These two factors synergistically control the quality and function of mitochondria, which is important for the survival of neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Norman Moullan
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darren J Moore
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Graham Knott
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Electron Microscopy, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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337
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Wang W, Fernandez-Sanz C, Sheu SS. Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics by the non-canonical roles of mitochondrial dynamics proteins in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1991-2001. [PMID: 28918113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancement in mitochondrial research has significantly extended our knowledge on the role and regulation of mitochondria in health and disease. One important breakthrough is the delineation of how mitochondrial morphological changes, termed mitochondrial dynamics, are coupled to the bioenergetics and signaling functions of mitochondria. In general, it is believed that fusion leads to an increased mitochondrial respiration efficiency and resistance to stress-induced dysfunction while fission does the contrary. This concept seems not applicable to adult cardiomyocytes. The mitochondria in adult cardiomyocytes exhibit fragmented morphology (tilted towards fission) and show less networking and movement as compared to other cell types. However, being the most energy-demanding cells, cardiomyocytes in the adult heart possess vast number of mitochondria, high level of energy flow, and abundant mitochondrial dynamics proteins. This apparent discrepancy could be explained by recently identified new functions of the mitochondrial dynamics proteins. These "non-canonical" roles of mitochondrial dynamics proteins range from controlling inter-organelle communication to regulating cell viability and survival under metabolic stresses. Here, we summarize the newly identified non-canonical roles of mitochondrial dynamics proteins. We focus on how these fission and fusion independent roles of dynamics proteins regulate mitochondrial bioenergetics. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms, unique intracellular location, and the cardiovascular disease relevance of these non-canonical roles of the dynamics proteins. We propose that future studies are warranted to differentiate the canonical and non-canonical roles of dynamics proteins and to identify new approaches for the treatment of heart diseases. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Celia Fernandez-Sanz
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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338
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Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Hall AR, White IJ, Cooper J, Fan Q, Ong SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Cabrera-Fuentes H, Chinda K, Chakraborty B, Dorn GW, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Assessing the effects of mitofusin 2 deficiency in the adult heart using 3D electron tomography. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13437. [PMID: 28904083 PMCID: PMC5599868 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mitofusin 2 (MFN2) deficiency, on mitochondrial morphology and the mitochondria-junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR) complex in the adult heart, have been previously investigated using 2D electron microscopy, an approach which is unable to provide a 3D spatial assessment of these imaging parameters. Here, we use 3D electron tomography to show that MFN2-deficient mitochondria are larger in volume, more elongated, and less rounded; have fewer mitochondria-jSR contacts, and an increase in the distance between mitochondria and jSR, when compared to WT mitochondria. In comparison to 2D electron microscopy, 3D electron tomography can provide further insights into mitochondrial morphology and the mitochondria-jSR complex in the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Hall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cooper
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hector Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Gerald W Dorn
- Centre for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
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339
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A membrane-inserted structural model of the yeast mitofusin Fzo1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10217. [PMID: 28860650 PMCID: PMC5578988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitofusins are large transmembrane GTPases of the dynamin-related protein family, and are required for the tethering and fusion of mitochondrial outer membranes. Their full-length structures remain unknown, which is a limiting factor in the study of outer membrane fusion. We investigated the structure and dynamics of the yeast mitofusin Fzo1 through a hybrid computational and experimental approach, combining molecular modelling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in a lipid bilayer with site-directed mutagenesis and in vivo functional assays. The predicted architecture of Fzo1 improves upon the current domain annotation, with a precise description of the helical spans linked by flexible hinges, which are likely of functional significance. In vivo site-directed mutagenesis validates salient aspects of this model, notably, the long-distance contacts and residues participating in hinges. GDP is predicted to interact with Fzo1 through the G1 and G4 motifs of the GTPase domain. The model reveals structural determinants critical for protein function, including regions that may be involved in GTPase domain-dependent rearrangements.
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340
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Liu Y, Zhu X. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:21. [PMID: 28852477 PMCID: PMC5567882 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are tubular organelles with a characteristic “network structure” that facilitates the formation of inter-organellar connections. As a result, mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), a subdomain of the ER that is tightly linked to and communicates with mitochondria, serve multiple physiological functions including lipid synthesis and exchange, calcium signaling, bioenergetics, and apoptosis. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that the abnormality and dysfunction of MAMs have been involved in various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. This review will focus on the architecture and function of MAMs and its involvement in the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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341
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Carreras-Sureda A, Pihán P, Hetz C. Calcium signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum: fine-tuning stress responses. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:24-31. [PMID: 29054537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium signaling is implicated in a myriad of coordinated cellular processes. The ER calcium content is tightly regulated as it allows a favorable environment for protein folding, in addition to operate as a major reservoir for fast and specific release of calcium. Altered ER homeostasis impacts protein folding, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a rescue mechanism to restore proteostasis. ER calcium release impacts mitochondrial metabolism and also fine-tunes the threshold to undergo apoptosis under chronic stress. The global coordination between UPR signaling and energetic demands takes place at mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), specialized subdomains mediating interorganelle communication. Here we discuss current models explaining the functional relationship between ER homeostasis and various cellular responses to coordinate proteostasis and metabolic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Pihán
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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342
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Sassano ML, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P. Mitochondria-Associated Membranes As Networking Platforms and Regulators of Cancer Cell Fate. Front Oncol 2017; 7:174. [PMID: 28868254 PMCID: PMC5563315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tight cross talk between two essential organelles of the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, is spatially and functionally regulated by specific microdomains known as the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). MAMs are hot spots of Ca2+ transfer between the ER and mitochondria, and emerging data indicate their vital role in the regulation of fundamental physiological processes, chief among them mitochondria bioenergetics, proteostasis, cell death, and autophagy. Moreover, and perhaps not surprisingly, it has become clear that signaling events regulated at the ER-mitochondria intersection regulate key processes in oncogenesis and in the response of cancer cells to therapeutics. ER-mitochondria appositions have been shown to dynamically recruit oncogenes and tumor suppressors, modulating their activity and protein complex formation, adapt the bioenergetic demand of cancer cells and to regulate cell death pathways and redox signaling in cancer cells. In this review, we discuss some emerging players of the ER-mitochondria contact sites in mammalian cells, the key processes they regulate and recent evidence highlighting the role of MAMs in shaping cell-autonomous and non-autonomous signals that regulate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Livia Sassano
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander R. van Vliet
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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343
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Spontaneous activation of a MAVS-dependent antiviral signaling pathway determines high basal interferon-β expression in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 111:102-113. [PMID: 28822807 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is a leading cause of sudden death in young adults as the limited turnover of cardiac myocytes renders the heart particularly vulnerable to viral damage. Viruses induce an antiviral type I interferon (IFN-α/β) response in essentially all cell types, providing an immediate innate protection. Cardiac myocytes express high basal levels of IFN-β to help pre-arm them against viral infections, however the mechanism underlying this expression remains unclear. Using primary cultures of murine cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, we demonstrate here that the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway is spontaneously activated in unstimulated cardiac myocytes but not cardiac fibroblasts or skeletal muscle cells. Results suggest that MAVS association with the mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM) is a determinant of high basal IFN-β expression, and demonstrate that MAVS is essential for spontaneous high basal expression of IFN-β in cardiac myocytes and the heart. Together, results provide the first mechanism for spontaneous high expression of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β in a poorly replenished and essential cell type.
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344
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Mitochondrial fission and fusion. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1725-1735. [PMID: 27913683 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission and fusion have been recognized as critical processes in the health of mitochondria and cells. Two decades of studies have generated a great deal of information about mitochondrial fission and fusion; however, still much needs to be understood for the basic molecular mechanisms of these important cellular processes. The core protein factors for mitochondrial fission and fusion are dynamin proteins that possess membrane-remodeling properties. This short review covers a recent development and understanding of the mechanisms by which these mechanochemical enzymes mediate mitochondrial fission and fusion.
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345
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Szymański J, Janikiewicz J, Michalska B, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Perrone M, Ziółkowski W, Duszyński J, Pinton P, Dobrzyń A, Więckowski MR. Interaction of Mitochondria with the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Plasma Membrane in Calcium Homeostasis, Lipid Trafficking and Mitochondrial Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071576. [PMID: 28726733 PMCID: PMC5536064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying organelles in isolation has been proven to be indispensable for deciphering the underlying mechanisms of molecular cell biology. However, observing organelles in intact cells with the use of microscopic techniques reveals a new set of different junctions and contact sites between them that contribute to the control and regulation of various cellular processes, such as calcium and lipid exchange or structural reorganization of the mitochondrial network. In recent years, many studies focused their attention on the structure and function of contacts between mitochondria and other organelles. From these studies, findings emerged showing that these contacts are involved in various processes, such as lipid synthesis and trafficking, modulation of mitochondrial morphology, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and Ca2+ handling. In this review, we focused on the physical interactions of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane and summarized present knowledge regarding the role of mitochondria-associated membranes in calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Szymański
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bernadeta Michalska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Patalas-Krawczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Wiesław Ziółkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz R Więckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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346
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Chakrabarty Y, Bhattacharyya SN. Leishmania donovani restricts mitochondrial dynamics to enhance miRNP stability and target RNA repression in host macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2091-2105. [PMID: 28539410 PMCID: PMC5509422 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the tiny regulatory RNAs, form complexes with Argonaute (Ago) proteins and inhibit gene expression in metazoan cells. While studying parasite-invaded macrophages, we identify a unique mode of gene regulation in which the parasite Leishmania donovani (Ld) causes mitochondrial depolarization, reduces mitochondrial dynamics, and restricts turnover of cellular microRNA ribonucleoprotein (miRNP) complexes in infected host cells. This leads to increased stability of miRNPs along with elevated levels of Ago2-bound cytokine mRNA in Ld-infected macrophages. Thus the increase of miRNP stability in Ld-infected cells curtails production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are otherwise detrimental for survival of the parasite within the infected macrophages. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is accompanied by reduced juxtaposition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as endosomes. This is likely coupled with enhanced sequestration and stabilization of ER- associated miRNPs observed in infected macrophage cells. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a membrane protein implicated in ER-mitochondria tethering, also shows reduced expression in Ld-infected cells. A mitochondrial role in Ld-induced alteration of miRNA activity and stability is further corroborated by impaired compartmentalization and stabilization of miRNP components in Mfn2-depleted mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogaditya Chakrabarty
- RNA Biology Research Laboratories, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratories, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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347
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Demetriadou A, Drousiotou A, Petrou PP. The “sweet” side of ER-mitochondria contact sites. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5595418 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1329787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regions at which the ER and mitochondria come into close proximity, known as ER-mitochondria contact sites provide essential platforms for the exchange of molecules between the two organelles and the coordination of various fundamental cellular processes. In addition to the well-established role of ER-mitochondria interfaces in calcium and lipid crosstalk, emerging evidence supports that a proper communication between ER and mitochondria is critical for the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and the initiation of autophagy. Within this context, our recent data indicate that glycogen is targeted to ER-mitochondria contacts through the Stbd1 protein, a proposed autophagy receptor for glycogen. Glycogen-bound Stbd1 influences ER-mitochondria tethering and the morphology of the mitochondrial network. We here suggest possible roles of glycogen recruitment to ER-mitochondria contact sites. Stbd1-mediated targeting of glycogen to ER-mitochondria junctions could represent a mechanism through which glycogen is sequestered into autophagosomes for lysosomal degradation, a process described as glycogen autophagy or glycophagy. Additionally, we discuss a possible mechanism which links the observed effects of Stbd1 on mitochondrial morphology with the previously reported impact of nutrient availability on mitochondrial dynamics. In this model we propose that glycogen-bound Stbd1 signals nutrient status to ER-mitochondria junctions resulting in adaptations in the morphology of the mitochondrial network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Demetriadou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anthi Drousiotou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Petros P. Petrou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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348
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van Vliet AR, Garg AD, Agostinis P. Coordination of stress, Ca2+, and immunogenic signaling pathways by PERK at the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol Chem 2017; 397:649-56. [PMID: 26872313 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main coordinator of intracellular Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, and folding. The ER is also implicated in the formation of contact sites with other organelles and structures, including mitochondria, plasma membrane (PM), and endosomes, thereby orchestrating through interorganelle signaling pathways, a variety of cellular responses including Ca2+ homeostasis, metabolism, and cell death signaling. Upon loss of its folding capacity, incited by a number of stress signals including those elicited by various anticancer therapies, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is launched to restore ER homeostasis. The ER stress sensor protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) is a key mediator of the UPR and its role during ER stress has been largely recognized. However, growing evidence suggests that PERK may govern signaling pathways through UPR-independent functions. Here, we discuss emerging noncanonical roles of PERK with particular relevance for the induction of danger or immunogenic signaling and interorganelle communication.
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349
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Paillusson S, Gomez-Suaga P, Stoica R, Little D, Gissen P, Devine MJ, Noble W, Hanger DP, Miller CCJ. α-Synuclein binds to the ER-mitochondria tethering protein VAPB to disrupt Ca 2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial ATP production. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:129-149. [PMID: 28337542 PMCID: PMC5486644 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is strongly linked to Parkinson’s disease but the molecular targets for its toxicity are not fully clear. However, many neuronal functions damaged in Parkinson’s disease are regulated by signalling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. This signalling involves close physical associations between the two organelles that are mediated by binding of the integral ER protein vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) to the outer mitochondrial membrane protein, protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51). VAPB and PTPIP51 thus act as a scaffold to tether the two organelles. Here we show that α-synuclein binds to VAPB and that overexpression of wild-type and familial Parkinson’s disease mutant α-synuclein disrupt the VAPB-PTPIP51 tethers to loosen ER–mitochondria associations. This disruption to the VAPB-PTPIP51 tethers is also seen in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from familial Parkinson’s disease patients harbouring pathogenic triplication of the α-synuclein gene. We also show that the α-synuclein induced loosening of ER–mitochondria contacts is accompanied by disruption to Ca2+ exchange between the two organelles and mitochondrial ATP production. Such disruptions are likely to be particularly damaging to neurons that are heavily dependent on correct Ca2+ signaling and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paillusson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Patricia Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Radu Stoica
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Daniel Little
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Diane P Hanger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Christopher C J Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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350
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Newman LE, Schiavon CR, Turn RE, Kahn RA. The ARL2 GTPase regulates mitochondrial fusion from the intermembrane space. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2017; 7:e1340104. [PMID: 28944094 PMCID: PMC5602422 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2017.1340104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential, dynamic organelles that regularly undergo both fusion and fission in response to cellular conditions, though mechanisms of the regulation of their dynamics are incompletely understood. We provide evidence that increased activity of the small GTPase ARL2 is strongly correlated with an increase in fusion, while loss of ARL2 activity results in a decreased rate of mitochondrial fusion. Strikingly, expression of activated ARL2 can partially restore the loss of fusion resulting from deletion of either mitofusin 1 (MFN1) or mitofusin 2 (MFN2), but not deletion of both. We only observe the full effects of ARL2 on mitochondrial fusion when it is present in the intermembrane space (IMS), as constructs driven to the matrix or prevented from entering mitochondria are essentially inactive in promoting fusion. Thus, ARL2 is the first regulatory (small) GTPase shown to act inside mitochondria or in the fusion pathway. Finally, using high-resolution, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), we find that ARL2 and mitofusin immunoreactivities present as punctate staining along mitochondria that share a spatial convergence in fluorescence signals. Thus, we propose that ARL2 plays a regulatory role in mitochondrial fusion, acting from the IMS and requiring at least one of the mitofusins in their canonical role in fusion of the outer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Newman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara R. Schiavon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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