301
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Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9042851. [PMID: 28691037 PMCID: PMC5485277 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9042851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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302
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Meena NP, Kimmel AR. Chemotactic network responses to live bacteria show independence of phagocytosis from chemoreceptor sensing. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28541182 PMCID: PMC5476428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspects of innate immunity derive from characteristics inherent to phagocytes, including chemotaxis toward and engulfment of unicellular organisms or cell debris. Ligand chemotaxis has been biochemically investigated using mammalian and model systems, but precision of chemotaxis towards ligands being actively secreted by live bacteria is not well studied, nor has there been systematic analyses of interrelationships between chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The genetic/molecular model Dictyostelium and mammalian phagocytes share mechanistic pathways for chemotaxis and phagocytosis; Dictyostelium chemotax toward bacteria and phagocytose them as food sources. We quantified Dictyostelium chemotaxis towards live gram positive and gram negative bacteria and demonstrate high sensitivity to multiple bacterially-secreted chemoattractants. Additive/competitive assays indicate that intracellular signaling-networks for multiple ligands utilize independent upstream adaptive mechanisms, but common downstream targets, thus amplifying detection at low signal propagation, but strengthening discrimination of multiple inputs. Finally, analyses of signaling-networks for chemotaxis and phagocytosis indicate that chemoattractant receptor-signaling is not essential for bacterial phagocytosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24627.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Netra Pal Meena
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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303
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Lim JJ, Grinstein S, Roth Z. Diversity and Versatility of Phagocytosis: Roles in Innate Immunity, Tissue Remodeling, and Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:191. [PMID: 28589095 PMCID: PMC5440456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a critical early event in the microbicidal response of neutrophils, is now appreciated to serve multiple functions in a variety of cell types. Professional phagocytes play a central role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogenic bacteria, fungi and malignant cells, and contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to lymphocytes. In addition, phagocytes play a part in tissue remodeling and maintain overall homeostasis by disposing of apoptotic cells, a task shared by non-professional phagocytes, often of epithelial origin. This functional versatility is supported by a vast array of receptors capable of recognizing a striking variety of foreign and endogenous ligands. Here we present an abbreviated overview of the different types of phagocytes, their varied modes of signaling and particle engulfment, and the multiple physiological roles of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziv Roth
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
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304
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Dumas F, Haanappel E. Lipids in infectious diseases - The case of AIDS and tuberculosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1636-1647. [PMID: 28535936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a central role in many infectious diseases. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and tuberculosis are two of the deadliest infectious diseases to have struck mankind. The pathogens responsible for these diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids and on lipid membrane properties to gain access to their host cells, to persist in them and ultimately to egress from their hosts. In this Review, we discuss the life cycles of these pathogens and the roles played by lipids and membranes. We then give an overview of therapies that target lipid metabolism, modulate host membrane properties or implement lipid-based drug delivery systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
| | - Evert Haanappel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
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305
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Surewaard BGJ, Kubes P. Measurement of bacterial capture and phagosome maturation of Kupffer cells by intravital microscopy. Methods 2017; 128:12-19. [PMID: 28522327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis to define how bacteria are killed by phagocytic cells. During phagocytosis, the microbe is localized to the phagolysosome where crucial defense mechanisms such as acidification and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are initiated. This process has extensively been studied in vitro, however many resident tissue phagocytes will phenotypically change upon isolation from their natural environment. Therefore, interrogation of phagocytosis and phagosomal function of cells in the context of their natural tissue environment enhances our understanding of the biological process in vivo. This article outlines a real-time intravital microscopy protocol that utilizes fluorescent dyes to study the process of phagocytosis, which reveals acidification and oxidation of individual bacteria inside host cells of living animals. The novelty of this technique exists in use of bacteria that are covalently labelled with the fluorescent dyes Oxyburst and pHrodo, which respectively report on oxidation or acidification. Intravital microscopy is applied to visualize the uptake and subsequent oxidation or acidification of reporter bacteria in the organ of interest. Fluorescently labelled antibodies can be used to counter stain for host immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, along with reference stains to identify all bacteria. Although these assays were originally developed to assess the uptake and survival ofStaphylococcus aureusin liver resident macrophages (Kupffer cells), this protocol may be adapted to investigate any bacterium-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas G J Surewaard
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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306
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Yin C, Argintaru D, Heit B. Rab17 mediates intermixing of phagocytosed apoptotic cells with recycling endosomes. Small GTPases 2017; 10:218-226. [PMID: 28471261 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1308852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis-the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells-is required for preventing the presentation of apoptotic cell-derived antigens. This process is regulated by Rab17-dependent sorting of efferocytosed cargos from the phagolysosome to recycling endosomes. In this study we demonstrate that Rab17 is rapidly recruited to efferosomes, followed by migration of the efferosome to the cell center where it intermixes with lysosomes and undergoes Rab17-dependent vesiculation. These efferosome-derived vesicles then traffic in a Rab17-dependent manner to the cell periphery, where they transfer cargo to recycling endosomes. Combined, our observations support a model wherein efferosomes migrate to the cell center to acquire degradative enzymes, followed by peripheral migration to prevent further phagolysosome maturation and to enable cargo transfer to recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yin
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Dean Argintaru
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
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307
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Chen J, Zhong MC, Guo H, Davidson D, Mishel S, Lu Y, Rhee I, Pérez-Quintero LA, Zhang S, Cruz-Munoz ME, Wu N, Vinh DC, Sinha M, Calderon V, Lowell CA, Danska JS, Veillette A. SLAMF7 is critical for phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells via Mac-1 integrin. Nature 2017; 544:493-497. [PMID: 28424516 DOI: 10.1038/nature22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells elude anti-tumour immunity through multiple mechanisms, including upregulated expression of ligands for inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors. Phagocytosis by macrophages plays a critical role in cancer control. Therapeutic blockade of signal regulatory protein (SIRP)-α, an inhibitory receptor on macrophages, or of its ligand CD47 expressed on tumour cells, improves tumour cell elimination in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that blockade of the SIRPα-CD47 checkpoint could be useful in treating human cancer. However, the pro-phagocytic receptor(s) responsible for tumour cell phagocytosis is(are) largely unknown. Here we find that macrophages are much more efficient at phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells, compared with non-haematopoietic tumour cells, in response to SIRPα-CD47 blockade. Using a mouse lacking the signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of homotypic haematopoietic cell-specific receptors, we determined that phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells during SIRPα-CD47 blockade was strictly dependent on SLAM family receptors in vitro and in vivo. In both mouse and human cells, this function required a single SLAM family member, SLAMF7 (also known as CRACC, CS1, CD319), expressed on macrophages and tumour cell targets. In contrast to most SLAM receptor functions, SLAMF7-mediated phagocytosis was independent of signalling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) adaptors. Instead, it depended on the ability of SLAMF7 to interact with integrin Mac-1 (refs 18, 19, 20) and utilize signals involving immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which macrophages engulf and destroy haematopoietic tumour cells. They also reveal a novel SAP adaptor-independent function for a SLAM receptor. Lastly, they suggest that patients with tumours expressing SLAMF7 are more likely to respond to SIRPα-CD47 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sabrin Mishel
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Inmoo Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Luis-Alberto Pérez-Quintero
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Mario-Ernesto Cruz-Munoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,School of Medicine, University of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico
| | - Ning Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) and Research Institute-MUHC (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Meenal Sinha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Virginie Calderon
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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308
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Nunes-Hasler P, Demaurex N. The ER phagosome connection in the era of membrane contact sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1513-1524. [PMID: 28432021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism through which innate immune cells ingest foreign material that is either destroyed or used to generate and present antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses. While a role for the ER during phagosome biogenesis has been recognized, whether fusion with ER cisternae or vesicular derivatives occurs has been the source of much contention. Membrane contact sites (MCS) are tight appositions between ER membranes and various organelles that coordinate multiple functions including localized signalling, lipid transfer and trafficking. The discovery that MCS form between the ER and phagosomes now begs the question of whether MCS play a role in connecting the ER to phagosomes under different contexts. In this review, we consider the implications of MCS between the ER and phagosomes during cross-presentation and infection with intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the similarities between these contacts and those between the ER and plasma membrane and acidic organelles such as endosomes and lysosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Contact Sites edited by Christian Ungermann and Benoit Kornmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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309
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Ba W, Nadif Kasri N. RhoGTPases at the synapse: An embarrassment of choice. Small GTPases 2017; 8:106-113. [PMID: 27492682 PMCID: PMC5464131 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1206352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent modifications in the strength of excitatory synapses are considered to be major cellular mechanisms that contribute to the plasticity of neuronal networks underlying learning and memory. Key mechanisms for the regulation of synaptic efficacy involve the dynamic changes in size and number of dendritic spines, as well as the synaptic incorporation and removal of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAr). As key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins play a critical role in synaptic development and plasticity. They shuttle between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound form under the regulation of dedicated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). More than 80 human GEFs and 70 GAPs have been identified, most of which are expressed in the brain with a specific spatial and temporal expression pattern. However, the function of most GEFs and GAPs in the brain has not been elucidated. In this review, we highlight the novel neuronal function of the synaptic RhoGAP ARHGAP12 and the ID-associated RhoGEF TRIO and further propose 3 possible approaches of neurons utilizing Rho GTPase regulatory proteins to accurately modulate synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ba
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - N. Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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310
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Kahr WHA, Pluthero FG, Elkadri A, Warner N, Drobac M, Chen CH, Lo RW, Li L, Li R, Li Q, Thoeni C, Pan J, Leung G, Lara-Corrales I, Murchie R, Cutz E, Laxer RM, Upton J, Roifman CM, Yeung RSM, Brumell JH, Muise AM. Loss of the Arp2/3 complex component ARPC1B causes platelet abnormalities and predisposes to inflammatory disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14816. [PMID: 28368018 PMCID: PMC5382316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), required for actin filament branching, has two ARPC1 component isoforms, with ARPC1B prominently expressed in blood cells. Here we show in a child with microthrombocytopenia, eosinophilia and inflammatory disease, a homozygous frameshift mutation in ARPC1B (p.Val91Trpfs*30). Platelet lysates reveal no ARPC1B protein and greatly reduced Arp2/3 complex. Missense ARPC1B mutations are identified in an unrelated patient with similar symptoms and ARPC1B deficiency. ARPC1B-deficient platelets are microthrombocytes similar to those seen in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome that show aberrant spreading consistent with loss of Arp2/3 function. Knockout of ARPC1B in megakaryocytic cells results in decreased proplatelet formation, and as observed in platelets from patients, increased ARPC1A expression. Thus loss of ARPC1B produces a unique set of platelet abnormalities, and is associated with haematopoietic/immune symptoms affecting cell lineages where this isoform predominates. In agreement with recent experimental studies, our findings suggest that ARPC1 isoforms are not functionally interchangeable. ARPC1B is a component of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), which is required for actin filament branching. Kahr et al. show that ARPC1B deficiency in humans is associated with severe multisystem disease that includes platelet abnormalities, eosinophilia, eczema and other indicators of immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H A Kahr
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Fred G Pluthero
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Abdul Elkadri
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Neil Warner
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Marko Drobac
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Chang Hua Chen
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Richard W Lo
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ling Li
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Ren Li
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Qi Li
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Jie Pan
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Irene Lara-Corrales
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Ryan Murchie
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Ernest Cutz
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Ronald M Laxer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Julia Upton
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Rae S M Yeung
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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311
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Zent CS, Elliott MR. Maxed out macs: physiologic cell clearance as a function of macrophage phagocytic capacity. FEBS J 2017; 284:1021-1039. [PMID: 27863012 PMCID: PMC5378628 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic clearance of host cells is important for eliminating dying cells and for the therapeutic clearance of antibody-targeted cells. As ubiquitous, motile and highly phagocytic immune cells, macrophages are principal players in the phagocytic removal of host cells throughout the body. In recent years, great strides have been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that control the recognition and phagocytosis of cells by macrophages. However, much less is known about the physical and metabolic constraints that govern the amount of cellular material macrophages can ingest and how these limitations affect the overall efficiency of host cell clearance in health and disease. In this review we will discuss, in the contexts of apoptotic cells and antibody-targeted malignant cells, how physical and metabolic factors associated with the internalization of host cells are relayed to the phagocytic machinery and how these signals can impact the overall efficiency of cell clearance. We also discuss how this information can be leveraged to increase cell clearance for beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Zent
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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312
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Horsthemke M, Bachg AC, Groll K, Moyzio S, Müther B, Hemkemeyer SA, Wedlich-Söldner R, Sixt M, Tacke S, Bähler M, Hanley PJ. Multiple roles of filopodial dynamics in particle capture and phagocytosis and phenotypes of Cdc42 and Myo10 deletion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7258-7273. [PMID: 28289096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage filopodia, finger-like membrane protrusions, were first implicated in phagocytosis more than 100 years ago, but little is still known about the involvement of these actin-dependent structures in particle clearance. Using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image filopodial dynamics in mouse resident Lifeact-EGFP macrophages, we show that filopodia, or filopodia-like structures, support pathogen clearance by multiple means. Filopodia supported the phagocytic uptake of bacterial (Escherichia coli) particles by (i) capturing along the filopodial shaft and surfing toward the cell body, the most common mode of capture; (ii) capturing via the tip followed by retraction; (iii) combinations of surfing and retraction; or (iv) sweeping actions. In addition, filopodia supported the uptake of zymosan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) particles by (i) providing fixation, (ii) capturing at the tip and filopodia-guided actin anterograde flow with phagocytic cup formation, and (iii) the rapid growth of new protrusions. To explore the role of filopodia-inducing Cdc42, we generated myeloid-restricted Cdc42 knock-out mice. Cdc42-deficient macrophages exhibited rapid phagocytic cup kinetics, but reduced particle clearance, which could be explained by the marked rounded-up morphology of these cells. Macrophages lacking Myo10, thought to act downstream of Cdc42, had normal morphology, motility, and phagocytic cup formation, but displayed markedly reduced filopodia formation. In conclusion, live-cell imaging revealed multiple mechanisms involving macrophage filopodia in particle capture and engulfment. Cdc42 is not critical for filopodia or phagocytic cup formation, but plays a key role in driving macrophage lamellipodial spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Horsthemke
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne C Bachg
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Groll
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Moyzio
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Müther
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Wedlich-Söldner
- the Institut für Zelldynamik und Bildgebung, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria, and
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter J Hanley
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany,
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313
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O'Connor RM, Stone EF, Wayne CR, Marcinkevicius EV, Ulgherait M, Delventhal R, Pantalia MM, Hill VM, Zhou CG, McAllister S, Chen A, Ziegenfuss JS, Grueber WB, Canman JC, Shirasu-Hiza MM. A Drosophila model of Fragile X syndrome exhibits defects in phagocytosis by innate immune cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:595-605. [PMID: 28223318 PMCID: PMC5350515 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome, the most common known monogenic cause of autism, results from the loss of FMR1, a conserved, ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein. Recent evidence suggests that Fragile X syndrome and other types of autism are associated with immune system defects. We found that Drosophila melanogaster Fmr1 mutants exhibit increased sensitivity to bacterial infection and decreased phagocytosis of bacteria by systemic immune cells. Using tissue-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown, we showed that Fmr1 plays a cell-autonomous role in the phagocytosis of bacteria. Fmr1 mutants also exhibit delays in two processes that require phagocytosis by glial cells, the immune cells in the brain: neuronal clearance after injury in adults and the development of the mushroom body, a brain structure required for learning and memory. Delayed neuronal clearance is associated with reduced recruitment of activated glia to the site of injury. These results suggest a previously unrecognized role for Fmr1 in regulating the activation of phagocytic immune cells both in the body and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M O'Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Elizabeth F Stone
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Charlotte R Wayne
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Emily V Marcinkevicius
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Matt Ulgherait
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Rebecca Delventhal
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Meghan M Pantalia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Vanessa M Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Clarice G Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | - Sophie McAllister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | - Anna Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | - Jennifer S Ziegenfuss
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Wesley B Grueber
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mimi M Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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314
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Wallace VJ, Cimbro R, Rubio FJ, Fortuno LV, Necarsulmer JC, Koivula PP, Henderson MJ, DeBiase LM, Warren BL, Harvey BK, Hope BT. Neurons Internalize Functionalized Micron-Sized Silicon Dioxide Microspheres. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1487-1499. [PMID: 28260198 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles have potential as neuron-specific delivery platforms and devices with many applications in neuroscience, pharmacology, and biomedicine. To date, most literature suggests that neurons are not phagocytic cells capable of internalizing microparticles larger than 0.5 μm. We report that neurons transport fluorescently labeled silica microspheres with diameters of 1-2 μm into neurons in vitro and in rat brain without having overt effects on cell viability. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal and electron microscopy, we first found that SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells internalized 1-μm silicon microspheres with surface charges of -70 mV (hydroxyl and carboxyl), -30 mV (amino), and +40 mV (ammonio). Uptake was rapid, within 2-4 h, and did not affect cell viability 48 h later. Flow cytometry assays indicate that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1- and 1.5-μm microspheres at the same rate over a 24-h incubation period. Electron microscopy confirms that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm microspheres. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that primary cortical neurons also internalized 1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm amino microspheres within 4 h. Finally, we injected 1-μm amino microspheres into rat striatum and found microspheres inside neurons. Overall, neurons can internalize microspheres up to 2 μm in diameter with a range of surface chemical groups and charges. These findings allow a host of neuroscience and neuroengineering applications including intracellular microdevices within neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica J Wallace
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Division of Rheumatology, Bayview Flow Cytometry Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Lowella V Fortuno
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Julie C Necarsulmer
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pyry P Koivula
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mark J Henderson
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Lindsay M DeBiase
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon L Warren
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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315
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Bergeron AC, Barker SE, Brothers KM, Prasad BC, Wheeler RT. Polyclonal anti-Candida antibody improves phagocytosis and overall outcome in zebrafish model of disseminated candidiasis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:69-78. [PMID: 27884707 PMCID: PMC6700731 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major cause of animal and plant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective biological therapeutics could complement current antifungal drugs, but understanding of their in vivo mechanisms has been hampered by technical barriers to intravital imaging of host-pathogen interactions. Here we characterize the fungal infection of zebrafish as a model to understand the mechanism-of-action for biological antifungal therapeutics through intravital imaging of these transparent animals. We find that non-specific human IgG enhances phagocytosis by zebrafish phagocytes in vivo. Polyclonal anti-Candida antibodies enhance containment of fungi in vivo and promote survival. Analysis suggests that early phagocytic containment is a strong prognostic indicator for overall survival. Although polyclonal anti-Candida antibodies protect against disease, this is not necessarily the case for individual monoclonal anti-Candida antibodies. Thus, the zebrafish appears to provide a useful model host for testing if a biological therapeutic promotes phagocytosis in vivo and enhances protection against candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Bergeron
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Sarah E Barker
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Kimberly M Brothers
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Brinda C Prasad
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
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316
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Rashidfarrokhi A, Richina V, Tafesse FG. Visualizing the Early Stages of Phagocytosis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28191879 DOI: 10.3791/54646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian body is equipped with various layers of mechanisms that help to defend itself from pathogen invasions. Professional phagocytes of the immune system - such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages - retain the innate ability to detect and clear such invading pathogens through phagocytosis1. Phagocytosis involves choreographed events of membrane reorganization and actin remodeling at the cell surface2,3. Phagocytes successfully internalize and eradicate foreign molecules only when all stages of phagocytosis are fulfilled. These steps include recognition and binding of the pathogen by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) residing at the cell surface, formation of phagocytic cup through actin-enriched membranous protrusions (pseudopods) to surround the particulate, and scission of the phagosome followed by phagolysosome maturation that results in the killing of the pathogen3,4. Imaging and quantification of various stages of phagocytosis is instrumental for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this cellular process. The present manuscript reports methods to study the different phases of phagocytosis. We describe a microscope-based approach to visualize and quantify the binding, phagocytic cup formation, and the internalization of particulate by phagocytes. As phagocytosis occurs when innate receptors on phagocytic cells encounter ligands on a target particle bigger than 0.5 µm, the assays we present here comprise the use of pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and other particulates such as zymosan and IgG-coated beads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard;
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317
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Lillico DME, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays provide new insights into channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:126-138. [PMID: 27984101 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) control various innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. This large immunoregulatory receptor family also consists of multiple receptor-types with variable signaling abilities that is dependent on their inherent or acquired tyrosine-containing cytoplasmic tail (CYT) regions. For example, IpLITR 2.6b associates with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adaptor molecule IpFcRγ-L, and when expressed in mammalian cells it activates phagocytosis using a similar profile of intracellular signaling mediators that also regulate the prototypical mammalian Fc receptor (FcR) phagocytic pathway. Alternatively, IpLITR 1.1b contains a long tyrosine-containing CYT with multifunctional capabilities including both inhibitory and stimulatory actions. Recently, we demonstrated that IpLITR 1.1b activates a unique phagocytic pathway involving the generation of multiple plasma membrane extensions that rapidly capture extracellular targets and secure them on the cell surface in phagocytic cup-like structures. Occasionally, these captured targets are completely engulfed albeit at a significantly lower rate than what was observed for IpLITR 2.6b. While this novel IpLITR 1.1b phagocytic activity is insensitive to classical blockers of phagocytosis, its distinct target capture and engulfment actions depend on the engagement of the actin polymerization machinery. However, it is not known how this protein translates target recognition into intracellular signaling events during this atypical mode of phagocytosis. Using imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays, the aims of this study were to specifically examine what regions of the IpLITR 1.1b CYT trigger phagocytosis and to establish what profile of intracellular signaling molecules likely participate in its actions. Our results show that in stably transfected AD293 cells, the membrane proximal and distal CYT segments of IpLITR 1.1b independently regulate its phagocytic activities. These CYT regions were also shown to differentially recruit various SH2 domain-containing intracellular mediators, which provides new information about the dynamic immunoregulatory abilities of IpLITR 1.1b. Overall, this work further advances our understanding of how certain immunoregulatory receptor-types link extracellular target binding events to the actin polymerization machinery during a non-classical mode of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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318
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French KC, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular vesicle docking at the cellular port: Extracellular vesicle binding and uptake. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:48-55. [PMID: 28104520 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a variety of biological molecules shed by cells, are increasingly becoming appreciated as a major form of cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, EVs have been shown to play important roles in several physiological processes, as well as diseases such as cancer. EVs dock on to the surfaces of recipient cells where they transmit signals from the cell surface and/or transfer their contents into cells to elicit functional responses. EV docking and uptake by cells represent critical, but poorly understood processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which EVs dock and transfer their contents to cells. Moreover, we highlight how these findings may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley C French
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States.
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319
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Fei C, Lillico DME, Hall B, Rieger AM, Stafford JL. Connected component masking accurately identifies the ratio of phagocytosed and cell-bound particles in individual cells by imaging flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2017; 91:372-381. [PMID: 28081295 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cell-mediated recognition, capture, and engulfment of large particulate targets such as bacteria is known as phagocytosis. This highly dynamic cellular process involves a series of steps including receptor-mediated target binding, phagocytic cup formation, pseudopod extension, and phagosome closure, which depend on distinct actin polymerization events. Using flow cytometry, precise determination of target locations relative to cell membranes (i.e., surface-bound vs. fully engulfed/internalized) during the phagocytic process is difficult to quantify. Here, we describe the application of new analysis features within the IDEAS® software to distinguish internalized and surface-bound particles on individual cells with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. Through the use of connected component masks, the accurate discrimination of surface-bound beads versus those internalized is clearly demonstrated. In addition, we were able to further analyze the ratio of beads that had been surface-bound or internalized within individual cells. This novel method of analyzing the phagocytic process provides more accurate determination of target-cell interactions that will assist in examination of the signalling events that occur during the various stages of phagocytosis. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Hall
- EMD Millipore, Amnis, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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320
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is the actin-driven internalization of solid particles, utilized by phagocytic immune cells to sequester potentially infectious microorganisms. Aided by the innate and adaptive immune system, the activation of various phagocytic receptors triggers a cascade of downstream signaling mediators that drive actin and plasma membrane remodeling. Modulation of these molecular players can lead to distinct changes in the capacity and rates of phagocytosis. Here, we present a fluorescence microscopy based technique to quantify phagocytosis using a macrophage-like cell line. We exemplify the technique through the phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized polystyrene beads. This method can be extended to other phagocytes and phagocytic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Choy
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B2K3.
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 2K3.
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321
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is the cellular internalization and sequestration of particulate matter into a `phagosome, which then matures into a phagolysosome. The phagolysosome then offers a specialized acidic and hydrolytic milieu that ultimately degrades the engulfed particle. In multicellular organisms, phagocytosis and phagosome maturation play two key physiological roles. First, phagocytic cells have an important function in tissue remodeling and homeostasis by eliminating apoptotic bodies, senescent cells and cell fragments. Second, phagocytosis is a critical weapon of the immune system, whereby cells like macrophages and neutrophils hunt and engulf a variety of pathogens and foreign particles. Not surprisingly, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to either block or alter phagocytosis and phagosome maturation, ultimately usurping the cellular machinery for their own survival. Here, we review past and recent discoveries that highlight how phagocytes recognize target particles, key signals that emanate after phagocyte-particle engagement, and how these signals help modulate actin-dependent remodeling of the plasma membrane that culminates in the release of the phagosome. We then explore processes related to early and late stages of phagosome maturation, which requires fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. We end this review by acknowledging that little is known about phagosome fission and even less is known about how phagosomes are resolved after particle digestion.
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322
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Veltman DM, Williams TD, Bloomfield G, Chen BC, Betzig E, Insall RH, Kay RR. A plasma membrane template for macropinocytic cups. eLife 2016; 5:e20085. [PMID: 27960076 PMCID: PMC5154761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a fundamental mechanism that allows cells to take up extracellular liquid into large vesicles. It critically depends on the formation of a ring of protrusive actin beneath the plasma membrane, which develops into the macropinocytic cup. We show that macropinocytic cups in Dictyostelium are organised around coincident intense patches of PIP3, active Ras and active Rac. These signalling patches are invariably associated with a ring of active SCAR/WAVE at their periphery, as are all examined structures based on PIP3 patches, including phagocytic cups and basal waves. Patch formation does not depend on the enclosing F-actin ring, and patches become enlarged when the RasGAP NF1 is mutated, showing that Ras plays an instructive role. New macropinocytic cups predominantly form by splitting from existing ones. We propose that cup-shaped plasma membrane structures form from self-organizing patches of active Ras/PIP3, which recruit a ring of actin nucleators to their periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe M Veltman
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Robert H Insall
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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323
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Solé-Domènech S, Cruz DL, Capetillo-Zarate E, Maxfield FR. The endocytic pathway in microglia during health, aging and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:89-103. [PMID: 27421577 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the main phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in the surveillance and maintenance of nervous tissue. During normal tissue homeostasis, microglia migrates within the CNS, phagocytose dead cells and tissue debris, and modulate synapse pruning and spine formation via controlled phagocytosis. In the event of an invasion by a foreign body, microglia are able to phagocytose the invading pathogen and process it proteolytically for antigen presentation. Internalized substrates are incorporated and sorted within the endocytic pathway and thereafter transported via complex vesicular routes. When targeted for degradation, substrates are delivered to acidic late endosomes and lysosomes. In these, the enzymatic degradation relies on pH and enzyme content. Endocytosis, sorting, transport, compartment acidification and degradation are regulated by complex signaling mechanisms, and these may be altered during aging and pathology. In this review, we discuss the endocytic pathway in microglia, with insight into the mechanisms controlling lysosomal biogenesis and pH regulation. We also discuss microglial lysosome function associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the mechanisms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) internalization and degradation. Finally, we explore some therapies currently being investigated to treat AD and their effects on microglial response to Aβ, with insight in those involving enhancement of lysosomal function.
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324
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Pérez-Flores G, Hernández-Silva C, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, De Las Peñas A, Castaño I, Arreola J, Pérez-Cornejo P. P2X7 from j774 murine macrophages acts as a scavenger receptor for bacteria but not yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:19-24. [PMID: 27833023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of extracellular ATP and Ca2+ on uptake of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli) and live yeast (Candida glabrata) by J774 macrophages to determine the role of endogenous P2X7 receptors in phagocytosis. Our findings show that phagocytosis of bio-particles coated with S. aureus or E. coli was blocked by ATP and the P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP, while yeast phagocytosis was not. A438079, an antagonist of P2X7 receptors, partially reverted the effects of ATP on bacterial phagocytosis. To determine if P2X7-mediated Ca2+ entry into macrophages was blocking the engulfment of bacteria, we measured phagocytic activity in the absence or presence of 2 mM extracellular Ca2+ with or without ATP. Ca2+, in the absence of ATP, was required for engulfment of E. coli and C. glabrata but not S. aureus. Adding ATP inhibited phagocytosis of S. aureus and E. coli regardless of Ca2+, suggesting that Ca2+ entry was not important for inhibiting phagocytosis. On the other hand, phagocytosis of normal or hyper-adherent C. glabrata mutants had an absolute requirement for extracellular Ca2+ due to yeast adhesion to macrophages mediated by Ca2+-dependent adhesion proteins. We conclude that unstimulated P2X7 from J774 cells act as scavenger receptor for the uptake of S. aureus and E. coli but not of yeast; Ca2+ entry via P2X7 receptors play no role in phagocytosis of S. aureus and E. coli; while the effect of Ca2+ on C. glabrata phagocytosis was mediated by the adhesins Epa1, Epa6 and Epa7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pérez-Flores
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Cd. Valles, SLP 79060, Mexico
| | - Cesar Hernández-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78210, Mexico
| | | | | | - Irene Castaño
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico
| | - Jorge Arreola
- Institute of Physics, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78290, Mexico
| | - Patricia Pérez-Cornejo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78210, Mexico.
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325
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Johannes L, Wunder C, Shafaq-Zadah M. Glycolipids and Lectins in Endocytic Uptake Processes. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:S0022-2836(16)30453-3. [PMID: 27984039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A host of endocytic processes has been described at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Their categorization has most commonly referenced cytosolic machinery, of which the clathrin coat has occupied a preponderant position. In what concerns intra-membrane constituents, the focus of interest has been on phosphatidylinositol lipids and their capacity to orchestrate endocytic events on the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane. The contribution of extracellular determinants to the construction of endocytic pits has received much less attention, depite the fact that (glyco)sphingolipids are exoplasmic leaflet fabric of membrane domains, termed rafts, whose contributions to predominantly clathrin-independent internalization processes is well recognized. Furthermore, sugar modifications on extracellular domains of proteins, and sugar-binding proteins, termed lectins, have also been linked to the uptake of endocytic cargoes at the plasma membrane. In this review, we first summarize these contributions by extracellular determinants to the endocytic process. We thus propose a molecular hypothesis - termed the GL-Lect hypothesis - on how GlycoLipids and Lectins drive the formation of compositional nanoenvrionments from which the endocytic uptake of glycosylated cargo proteins is operated via clathrin-independent carriers. Finally, we position this hypothesis within the global context of endocytic pathway proposals that have emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christian Wunder
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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326
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Oliveira LPG, Conte FL, Cardoso EDO, Conti BJ, Santiago KB, Golim MDA, Cruz MT, Sforcin JM. Immunomodulatory/inflammatory effects of geopropolis produced by Melipona fasciculata Smith in combination with doxorubicin on THP-1 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1551-1558. [PMID: 27747861 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Geopropolis (GEO) in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) reduced HEp-2 cells viability compared to GEO and DOX alone. A possible effect of this combination on the innate immunity could take place, and its effects were analysed on THP-1 cell - a human leukaemia monocytic cell line used as a model to study monocyte activity and macrophage activity, assessing cell viability, expression of cell markers and cytokine production. METHODS THP-1 cells were incubated with GEO, DOX and their combination. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, cell markers expression by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS GEO + DOX did not affect cell viability. GEO alone or in combination increased TLR-4 and CD80 but not HLA-DR and TLR-2 expression. GEO stimulated TNF-α production while DOX alone or in combination did not affect it. GEO alone or in combination inhibited IL-6 production. CONCLUSIONS GEO exerted a pro-inflammatory profile by increasing TLR-4 and CD80 expression and TNF-α production, favouring the activation of the immune/inflammatory response. GEO + DOX did not affect cell viability and presented an immunomodulatory action. Lower concentrations of DOX combined to GEO could be used in cancer patients, avoiding side effects and benefiting from the biological properties of GEO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Lopes Conte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno José Conti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Basso Santiago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Center for Neurosciences and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Maurício Sforcin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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327
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328
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Marie-Anaïs F, Mazzolini J, Bourdoncle P, Niedergang F. "Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM). J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27683961 DOI: 10.3791/54470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton that is the driving force for plasma membrane extension around the particle. In addition, efficient engulfment of large material relies on focal exocytosis of intracellular compartments. This process is highly dynamic and numerous molecular players have been described to have a role during phagocytic cup formation. The precise regulation in time and space of all of these molecules, however, remains elusive. In addition, the last step of phagosome closure has been very difficult to observe because inhibition by RNA interference or dominant negative mutants often results in stalled phagocytic cup formation. We have set up a dedicated experimental approach using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) combined with epifluorescence to monitor step by step the extension of pseudopods and their tips in a phagosome growing around a particle loosely bound to a coverslip. This method allows us to observe, with high resolution the very tips of the pseudopods and their fusion during closure of the phagosome in living cells for two different fluorescently tagged proteins at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Marie-Anaïs
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Julie Mazzolini
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Pierre Bourdoncle
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité;
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329
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Peotter JL, Phillips J, Tong T, Dimeo K, Gonzalez JM, Peters DM. Involvement of Tiam1, RhoG and ELMO2/ILK in Rac1-mediated phagocytosis in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:301-11. [PMID: 27539661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that an αvβ5 integrin/FAK- mediated pathway regulated the phagocytic properties of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. Here we demonstrate that this process is mediated by Rac-1 and a previously unreported signaling pathway that utilizes the Tiam1 as well as a novel ILK/RhoG/ELMO2 signaling pathway. Phagocytosis in both a TM-1 cell line and normal HTM cells was mediated by Rac1 and could be significantly decreased by >75% using the Rac1 inhibitor EHop-016. Knockdown of Rac1 in TM-1 cells also inhibited phagocytosis by 40% whereas overexpression of a constitutively active Rac1 or stimulation with PDGF increased phagocytosis by 83% and 32% respectively. Tiam1 was involved in regulating phagocytosis. Knockdown of Tiam1 inhibited phagocytosis by 72% while overexpression of Tiam1 C1199 increased phagocytosis by 75%. Other upstream effectors of Rac1 found to be involved included ELMO2, RhoG, and ILK. Knockdowns of ELMO2, ILK, and RhoG caused a reduction in phagocytosis by 51%, 55% and 46% respectively. In contrast, knockdown of Vav2 and Dock1 or overexpression of Vav2 Y159/172F did not cause a significant change in phagocytosis. These data suggest a novel link between Tiam1 and RhoG/ILK /ELMO2 pathway as upstream effectors of the Rac1-mediated phagocytic process in TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Peotter
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jenny Phillips
- The Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tiegang Tong
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kaylee Dimeo
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jose M Gonzalez
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donna M Peters
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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330
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Hill PB, Imai A. The immunopathogenesis of staphylococcal skin infections - A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:8-28. [PMID: 27865269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius are the major causes of bacterial skin disease in humans and dogs. These organisms can exist as commensals on the skin, but they can also cause severe or even devastating infections. The immune system has evolved mechanisms to deal with pathogenic microorganisms and has strategies to combat bacteria of this type. What emerges is a delicate "peace" between the opposing sides, but this balance can be disrupted leading to a full blown "war". In the ferocious battle that ensues, both sides attempt to get the upper hand, using strategies that are comparable to those used by modern day armies. In this review article, the complex interactions between the immune system and the organisms are described using such military analogies. The process is described in a sequential manner, starting with the invasion itself, and progressing to the eventual battlezone in which there are heavy casualties on both sides. By the end, the appearance of a simple pustule on the skin surface will take on a whole new meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Companion Animal Health Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia.
| | - A Imai
- Dermatology resident, Synergy Animal General Hospital, 815 Kishigami Kawaguchi, Saitama, 333-0823, Japan
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331
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Pan M, Xu X, Chen Y, Jin T. Identification of a Chemoattractant G-Protein-Coupled Receptor for Folic Acid that Controls Both Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis. Dev Cell 2016; 36:428-39. [PMID: 26906738 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic phagocytes search and destroy invading microorganisms via chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a professional phagocyte that chases bacteria through chemotaxis and engulfs them as food via phagocytosis. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known for detecting chemoattractants and directing cell migration, but their roles in phagocytosis are not clear. Here, we developed a quantitative phosphoproteomic technique to discover signaling components. Using this approach, we discovered the long sought after folic acid receptor, fAR1, in D. discoideum. We showed that the seven-transmembrane receptor fAR1 is required for folic acid-mediated signaling events. Significantly, we discovered that fAR1 is essential for both chemotaxis and phagocytosis of bacteria, thereby representing a chemoattractant GPCR that mediates not only chasing but also ingesting bacteria. We revealed that a phagocyte is able to internalize particles via a chemoattractant-mediated engulfment process. We propose that mammalian phagocytes may also use this mechanism to engulf and ingest bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Pan
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Xuehua Xu
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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332
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Charbonnier A, Sannier G, Dupré S. [Mission phagocytosis: how to fit the weapons to the target size]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:587-9. [PMID: 27406768 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163206021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- M1 Biologie Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Dupré
- Laboratoire de chimie physique, UMR8000, CNRS, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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333
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Ayala-Nunez NV, Hoornweg TE, van de Pol DPI, Sjollema KA, Flipse J, van der Schaar HM, Smit JM. How antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of dengue virus particles in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28768. [PMID: 27385443 PMCID: PMC4935958 DOI: 10.1038/srep28768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus (DENV) infection plays an important role in the exacerbation of DENV-induced disease. To understand how antibodies influence the fate of DENV particles, we explored the cell entry pathway of DENV in the absence and presence of antibodies in macrophage-like P388D1 cells. Recent studies unraveled that both mature and immature DENV particles contribute to ADE, hence, both particles were studied. We observed that antibody-opsonized DENV enters P388D1 cells through a different pathway than non-opsonized DENV. Antibody-mediated DENV entry was dependent on FcγRs, pH, Eps15, dynamin, actin, PI3K, Rab5, and Rab7. In the absence of antibodies, DENV cell entry was FcγR, PI3K, and Rab5-independent. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled particles revealed that actin-mediated membrane protrusions facilitate virus uptake. In fact, actin protrusions were found to actively search and capture antibody-bound virus particles distantly located from the cell body, a phenomenon that is not observed in the absence of antibodies. Overall, similar results were seen for antibody-opsonized standard and antibody-bound immature DENV preparations, indicating that the maturation status of the virus does not control the entry pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of DENV and trigger a novel mechanism of initial virus-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Ayala-Nunez
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tabitha E Hoornweg
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise P I van de Pol
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas A Sjollema
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacky Flipse
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M van der Schaar
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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334
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Rauch L, Hennings K, Trasak C, Röder A, Schröder B, Koch-Nolte F, Rivera-Molina F, Toomre D, Aepfelbacher M. Staphylococcus aureus recruits Cdc42GAP through recycling endosomes and the exocyst to invade human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2937-49. [PMID: 27311480 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation and invasion of the vascular endothelium by Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of sepsis and endocarditis. For endothelial cell invasion, S. aureus triggers actin polymerization through Cdc42, N-WASp (also known as WASL) and the Arp2/3 complex to assemble a phagocytic cup-like structure. Here, we show that after stimulating actin polymerization staphylococci recruit Cdc42GAP (also known as ARHGAP1) which deactivates Cdc42 and terminates actin polymerization in the phagocytic cups. Cdc42GAP is delivered to the invading bacteria on recycling endocytic vesicles in concert with the exocyst complex. When Cdc42GAP recruitment by staphylococci was prevented by blocking recycling endocytic vesicles or the exocyst complex, or when Cdc42 was constitutively activated, phagocytic cup closure was impaired and endothelial cell invasion was inhibited. Thus, to complete invasion of the endothelium, staphylococci reorient recycling endocytic vesicles to recruit Cdc42GAP, which terminates Cdc42-induced actin polymerization in phagocytic cups. Analogous mechanisms might govern other Cdc42-dependent cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Rauch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Kirsten Hennings
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Claudia Trasak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anja Röder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Barbara Schröder
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Institute for Biological Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Felix Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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335
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Balce DR, Rybicka JM, Greene CJ, Ewanchuk BW, Yates RM. Ligation of FcγR Alters Phagosomal Processing of Protein via Augmentation of NADPH Oxidase Activity. Traffic 2016; 17:786-802. [PMID: 27020146 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis and the reduction of disulfides, both major components of protein degradation, are profoundly influenced by phagosomal redox conditions in macrophages. We evaluated the activation of phagocytic receptors that are known to influence activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2), and its effect on phagosomal protein degradation. Population-based and single phagosome analyses of phagosomal chemistries in murine macrophages revealed that activation of NOX2 via the Fcγ receptor (FcγR) during phagocytosis decreased rates of proteolysis and disulfide reduction. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the inhibition of phagosomal proteolysis and disulfide reduction were dependent on NOX2, FcγR and protein kinase C (PKC)/spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling. In contrast, low levels of ROS production were observed following the phagocytosis of unopsonized beads, which resulted in higher rates of phagosomal proteolysis and disulfide reduction. Phagosomes displayed autonomy with respect to FcγR-mediated differences in NOX2 activation and proteolysis, as phagosomes containing unopsonized cargo retained low NOX2 activation and high proteolysis even in the presence of phagosomes containing IgG-opsonized cargo in the same macrophage. These results show that opsonization of phagocytic cargo results in vastly different phagosomal processing of proteins through the FcγR-triggered, PKC/Syk-dependent local assembly and activation of NOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joanna M Rybicka
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Catherine J Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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336
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Heinrich V. Controlled One-on-One Encounters between Immune Cells and Microbes Reveal Mechanisms of Phagocytosis. Biophys J 2016; 109:469-76. [PMID: 26244729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many challenges facing the battle against infectious disease, one quandary stands out. On the one hand, it is often unclear how well animal models and cell lines mimic human immune behavior. On the other hand, many core methods of cell and molecular biology cannot be applied to human subjects. For example, the profound susceptibility of neutropenic patients to infection marks neutrophils (the most abundant white blood cells in humans) as vital immune defenders. Yet because these cells cannot be cultured or genetically manipulated, there are gaps in our understanding of the behavior of human neutrophils. Here, we discuss an alternative, interdisciplinary strategy to dissect fundamental mechanisms of immune-cell interactions with bacteria and fungi. We show how biophysical analyses of single-live-cell/single-target encounters are revealing universal principles of immune-cell phagocytosis, while also dispelling misconceptions about the minimum required mechanistic determinants of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Heinrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
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337
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Kohler TP, Scholz A, Kiachludis D, Hammerschmidt S. Induction of Central Host Signaling Kinases during Pneumococcal Infection of Human THP-1 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:48. [PMID: 27200303 PMCID: PMC4844997 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a widespread colonizer of the mucosal epithelia of the upper respiratory tract of human. However, pneumococci are also responsible for numerous local as well as severe systemic infections, especially in children under the age of five and the elderly. Under certain conditions, pneumococci are able to conquer the epithelial barrier, which can lead to a dissemination of the bacteria into underlying tissues and the bloodstream. Here, specialized macrophages represent an essential part of the innate immune system against bacterial intruders. Recognition of the bacteria through different receptors on the surface of macrophages leads thereby to an uptake and elimination of bacteria. Accompanied cytokine release triggers the migration of leukocytes from peripheral blood to the site of infection, where monocytes differentiate into mature macrophages. The rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton during phagocytosis, resulting in the engulfment of bacteria, is thereby tightly regulated by receptor-mediated phosphorylation cascades of different protein kinases. The molecular cellular processes including the modulation of central protein kinases are only partially solved. In this study, the human monocytic THP-1 cell line was used as a model system to examine the activation of Fcγ and complement receptor-independent signal cascades during infection with S. pneumoniae. Pneumococci cultured either in chemically defined or complex medium showed no significant differences in pneumococcal phagocytosis by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiated THP-1 cells. Double immuno-fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assays demonstrated a time-dependent uptake and killing of S. pneumoniae 35A inside of macrophages. Infections of THP-1 cells in the presence of specific pharmacological inhibitors revealed a crucial role of actin polymerization and importance of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Protein kinase B (Akt) as well during bacterial uptake. The participation of essential host cell signaling kinases in pneumococcal phagocytosis was deciphered for the kinase Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 and phosphoimmunoblots showed an increased phosphorylation and thus activation upon infection with pneumococci. Taken together, this study deciphers host cell kinases in innate immune cells that are induced upon infection with pneumococci and interfere with bacterial clearance after phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Kohler
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemarie Scholz
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Delia Kiachludis
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
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338
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Marie-Anaïs F, Mazzolini J, Herit F, Niedergang F. Dynamin-Actin Cross Talk Contributes to Phagosome Formation and Closure. Traffic 2016; 17:487-99. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Marie-Anaïs
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8104; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - Julie Mazzolini
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8104; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Current address: Centre for Neuroregeneration; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Floriane Herit
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8104; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8104; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
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339
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Enzymatically-Processed Wheat Bran Enhances Macrophage Activity and Has in Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:188. [PMID: 27043618 PMCID: PMC4848657 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran is a rich source of dietary fiber, of which arabinoxylan is the most abundant non-starch polysaccharide. Arabinoxylan has been known to exert in vivo immunological activities. Based on prior findings, we pretreated wheat bran with enzymatic hydrolysis to increase the release of soluble arabinoxylan and investigated whether oral administration of wheat bran altered macrophage activity in a mouse model. After four weeks of treatment, we isolated peritoneal macrophages for phagocytic receptor analysis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory changes. In the second experiment, mice given wheat bran were intraperitoneally stimulated with LPS and serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined. The expression of SRA and CD36, and phagocytic activity increased (p < 0.05, respectively). Ex vivo stimulation of macrophages by LPS resulted in reduced surface expression of CD40 (p < 0.05) and decreased production of nitric oxide (p < 0.005), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.005), interleukin (IL)-6 (p < 0.01), and IL-12 (p < 0.05). Mice treated with wheat bran showed decreased levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05, respectively) and an increased level of serum anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p < 0.05) in response to intraperitoneal LPS. Enzymatically-processed wheat bran boosts macrophage phagocytic capacity possibly through up-regulation of scavenger receptors and confers anti-inflammatory effects, indicating its potential as an immuno-enhancing functional food.
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340
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Laopajon W, Takheaw N, Kasinrerk W, Pata S. Simultaneous flow cytometric measurement of antigen attachment to phagocytes and phagocytosis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:527-39. [PMID: 27019400 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1171780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current available assays cannot differentiate the stages of phagocytosis. We, therefore, established methods for concurrent detection of antigen attachment and engulfment by phagocyte using latex beads coated with lipopolysaccharide, rabbit IgG, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. The generated beads were incubated with whole blood at 37°C for 1 hr and stained with PE-Cy5.5 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. By flow cytometry, attachment and phagocytic processes could be detected, simultaneously. The established method is a valuable tool for diagnosis of phagocytic disorder and study of molecules involved in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witida Laopajon
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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341
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Siddiqui TA, Lively S, Schlichter LC. Complex molecular and functional outcomes of single versus sequential cytokine stimulation of rat microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:66. [PMID: 27009332 PMCID: PMC4806433 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the "professional" phagocytes of the CNS. Phagocytosis is crucial for normal CNS development and maintenance, but it can be either beneficial or detrimental after injury or disease. For instance, white matter damage releases myelin debris that must be cleared by microglia in order for re-myelination to occur. However, phagocytosis can also produce damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, microglia can acquire pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) activation states that affect cell functions. Although microglia are exposed to a changing cytokine environment after injury or disease, little is known about the molecular and functional consequences. Therefore, we applied several microglial activation paradigms, with or without myelin debris. We assessed (i) gene expression changes reflecting microglial activation and inflammatory states, and receptors and enzymes related to phagocytosis and ROS production, (ii) myelin phagocytosis and production of ROS, and (iii) expression and contributions of several ion channels that are considered potential targets for regulating microglial behavior. METHODS Primary rat microglia were exposed to cytokines, individually or sequentially. First, responses to individual M1 or M2 stimuli were compared: IFN-γ plus TNF-α ("I + T"; M1 activation), interleukin-4 (M2a/alternative activation), and interleukin-10 (M2c/acquired deactivation). Second, sequential cytokine addition was used to assess microglia repolarization and cell functions. The paradigms were M2a→M1, M2c→M1, M1→M2a, and M1→M2c. RESULTS M1 stimulation increased pro-inflammatory genes, phagocytosis, and ROS, as well as expression of Kv1.3, KCa3.1, and Kir2.1 channels. M2a stimulation increased anti-inflammatory genes, ROS production, and Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 expression. Myelin phagocytosis enhanced the M1 profile and dampened the M2a profile, and both phagocytosis and ROS production were dependent on NOX enzymes and Kir2.1 and CRAC channels. Importantly, microglia showed some capacity for re-polarization between M1 and M2a states, based on gene expression changes, myelin phagocytosis, and ROS production. CONCLUSIONS In response to polarizing and re-polarizing cytokine treatments, microglia display complex changes in gene transcription profiles, phagocytic capacity, NOX-mediated ROS production, and in ion channels involved in microglial activation. Because these changes might affect microglia-mediated CNS inflammation, they should be considered in future experimental, pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamjeed A Siddiqui
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Research Institute, Room 7KD-417, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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342
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Allen S, Liu YG, Scott E. Engineering nanomaterials to address cell-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:37-50. [PMID: 27135051 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder with a pathophysiology driven by both innate and adaptive immunity and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Vascular inflammation and accumulation of foam cells and their products induce maturation of atheromas, or plaques, which can rupture by metalloprotease action, leading to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Diverse immune cell populations participate in all stages of plaque maturation, many of which directly influence plaque stability and rupture via inflammatory mechanisms. Current clinical treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lowering serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using therapeutics such as statins, administration of antithrombotic drugs, and surgical intervention. Strategies that address cell-mediated inflammation are lacking, and consequently have recently become an area of considerable research focus. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantageous tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to target specific inflammatory cell populations, deliver therapeutics of wide-ranging solubilities and enhance analytical methods that include imaging and proteomics. Furthermore, the highly phagocytic nature of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a diverse cell population central to the initiation of immune responses and inflammation, make them particularly amenable to targeting and modulation by nanoscale particulates. Nanomaterials have therefore become essential components of vaccine formulations and treatments for inflammation-driven pathologies like autoimmunity, and present novel opportunities for immunotherapeutic treatments of CVD. Here, we review recent progress in the design and use of nanomaterials for therapeutic assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. We will focus on promising new approaches that utilize nanomaterials for cell-specific imaging, gene therapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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343
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Wong H, Jaumouillé V, Freeman S, Doodnauth S, Schlam D, Canton J, Mukovozov I, Saric A, Grinstein S, Robinson L. Chemokine Signaling Enhances CD36 Responsiveness toward Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins and Accelerates Foam Cell Formation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2859-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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344
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Li C, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Yang L. Role of the Retromer Complex in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:42. [PMID: 26973516 PMCID: PMC4772447 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex is a protein complex that plays a central role in endosomal trafficking. Retromer dysfunction has been linked to a growing number of neurological disorders. The process of intracellular trafficking and recycling is crucial for maintaining normal intracellular homeostasis, which is partly achieved through the activity of the retromer complex. The retromer complex plays a primary role in sorting endosomal cargo back to the cell surface for reuse, to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), or alternatively to specialized endomembrane compartments, in which the cargo is not subjected to lysosomal-mediated degradation. In most cases, the retromer acts as a core that interacts with associated proteins, including sorting nexin family member 27 (SNX27), members of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) receptor family, the major endosomal actin polymerization-promoting complex known as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and scar homolog (WASH), and other proteins. Some of the molecules carried by the retromer complex are risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Defects such as haplo-insufficiency or mutations in one or several units of the retromer complex lead to various pathologies. Here, we summarize the molecular architecture of the retromer complex and the roles of this system in intracellular trafficking related the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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345
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Billings EA, Lee CS, Owen KA, D'Souza RS, Ravichandran KS, Casanova JE. The adhesion GPCR BAI1 mediates macrophage ROS production and microbicidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra14. [PMID: 26838550 PMCID: PMC4894535 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The detection of microbes and initiation of an innate immune response occur through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are critical for the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of the cellular microbicidal machinery. In particular, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase complex is a critical component of the macrophage bactericidal machinery. We previously characterized brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a member of the adhesion family of G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as a PRR that mediates the selective phagocytic uptake of Gram-negative bacteria by macrophages. We showed that BAI1 promoted phagosomal ROS production through activation of the Rho family guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1, thereby stimulating NADPH oxidase activity. Primary BAI1-deficient macrophages exhibited attenuated Rac GTPase activity and reduced ROS production in response to several Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in impaired microbicidal activity. Furthermore, in a peritoneal infection model, BAI1-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to death by bacterial challenge because of impaired bacterial clearance. Together, these findings suggest that BAI1 mediates the clearance of Gram-negative bacteria by stimulating both phagocytosis and NADPH oxidase activation, thereby coupling bacterial detection to the cellular microbicidal machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Billings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Katherine A Owen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ryan S D'Souza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James E Casanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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346
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Yeo JC, Wall AA, Luo L, Stow JL. Sequential recruitment of Rab GTPases during early stages of phagocytosis. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2016; 6:e1140615. [PMID: 27217977 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2016.1140615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens and dead cells by macrophages is important for innate immunity and tissue maintenance. Multiple Rab family GTPases engage effector molecules to coordinate the early stages of phagocytosis, which include rapid changes in actin polymerization, membrane phospholipids, trafficking and the activation of receptors. Defining the spatiotemporal, sequential recruitment of these Rabs is critical for insights into how phagocytosis is initiated and coordinated. Here, we screened GFP-tagged Rabs expressed in fixed and live cells to identify and stratify those recruited to early phagocytic membranes at stages defined by phospholipid transitions. We propose a sequence of Rabs 35, 13, 8a, 8b, 27a, 10, and 31 that precedes and accompanies phagocytic cup closure, followed after closure by recruitment of endosomal Rabs 5a, 5b, 5c, 14, and 11. Reducing the expression of individual Rabs by siRNA knockdown, notably Rabs 35 and 13, disrupts phagocytosis prior to phagocytic cup closure, confirming a known role for Rab35 and revealing anew the involvement of Rab13. The results enhance our understanding of innate immune responses in macrophages by revealing the sequence of Rabs that initiates phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Yeo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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347
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Niedergang F, Di Bartolo V, Alcover A. Comparative Anatomy of Phagocytic and Immunological Synapses. Front Immunol 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26858721 PMCID: PMC4729869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of phagocytic cups and immunological synapses are crucial events of the innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively. They are triggered by distinct immune receptors and performed by different cell types. However, growing experimental evidence shows that a very close series of molecular and cellular events control these two processes. Thus, the tight and dynamic interplay between receptor signaling, actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and targeted vesicle traffic are all critical features to build functional phagosomes and immunological synapses. Interestingly, both phagocytic cups and immunological synapses display particular spatial and temporal patterns of receptors and signaling molecules, leading to the notion of “phagocytic synapse.” Here, we discuss both types of structures, their organization, and the mechanisms by which they are generated and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- U1016, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France; UMR 8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U1221, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U1221, INSERM, Paris, France
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348
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Steffen A, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Signalling Pathways Controlling Cellular Actin Organization. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 235:153-178. [PMID: 27757765 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for morphogenesis and virtually all types of cell shape changes. Reorganization is per definition driven by continuous disassembly and re-assembly of actin filaments, controlled by major, ubiquitously operating machines. These are specifically employed by the cell to tune its activities in accordance with respective environmental conditions or to satisfy specific needs.Here we sketch some fundamental signalling pathways established to contribute to the reorganization of specific actin structures at the plasma membrane. Rho-family GTPases are at the core of these pathways, and dissection of their precise contributions to actin reorganization in different cell types and tissues will thus continue to improve our understanding of these important signalling nodes. Furthermore, we will draw your attention to the emerging theme of actin reorganization on intracellular membranes, its functional relation to Rho-GTPase signalling, and its relevance for the exciting phenomenon autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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349
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Chapter Six - The Ubiquitin Network in the Control of EGFR Endocytosis and Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:225-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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350
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Madu UL, Ogundeji AO, Mochochoko BM, Pohl CH, Albertyn J, Swart CW, Allwood JW, Southam AD, Dunn WB, May RC, Sebolai OM. Cryptococcal 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acids Protect Cells Against Amoebal Phagocytosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1351. [PMID: 26696972 PMCID: PMC4673343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on a 3-hydroxy fatty acid that is secreted via cryptococcal capsular protuberances - possibly to promote pathogenesis and survival. Thus, we investigated the role of this molecule in mediating the fate of Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans and the related species C. gattii when predated upon by amoebae. We show that this molecule protects cells against the phagocytic effects of amoebae. C. neoformans UOFS Y-1378 (which produces 3-hydroxy fatty acids) was less sensitive toward amoebae compared to C. neoformans LMPE 046 and C. gattii R265 (both do not produce 3-hydroxy fatty acids) and addition of 3-hydroxy fatty acids to C. neoformans LMPE 046 and C. gattii R265 culture media, causes these strains to become more resistant to amoebal predation. Conversely, addition of aspirin (a 3-hydroxy fatty acid inhibitor) to C. neoformans UOFS Y-1378 culture media made cells more susceptible to amoebae. Our data suggest that this molecule is secreted at a high enough concentration to effect intracellular signaling within amoeba, which in turn, promotes fungal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uju L. Madu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Adepemi O. Ogundeji
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonang M. Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chantel W. Swart
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | | | - Warwick B. Dunn
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Robin C. May
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and the School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Olihile M. Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and the School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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