301
|
Kumar V, Nadda G, Kumar S, Yadav SK. Transgenic Tobacco Overexpressing Tea cDNA Encoding Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase Induces Early Flowering and Provides Biotic Stress Tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65535. [PMID: 23823500 PMCID: PMC3688816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols contribute significantly to flavonoid content of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) are known to be key regulatory enzymes of flavan-3-ols biosynthesis. In this study, we have generated the transgenic tobacco overexpressing individually tea cDNA CsDFR and CsANR encoding for DFR and ANR to evaluate their influence on developmental and protective abilities of plant against biotic stress. The transgenic lines of CsDFR and CsANR produced early flowering and better seed yield. Both types of transgenic tobacco showed higher content of flavonoids than control. Flavan-3-ols such as catechin, epicatechin and epicatechingallate were found to be increased in transgenic lines. The free radical scavenging activity of CsDFR and CsANR transgenic lines was improved. Oxidative stress was observed to induce lesser cell death in transgenic lines compared to control tobacco plants. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing CsDFR and CsANR also showed resistance against infestation by a tobacco leaf cutworm Spodoptera litura. Results suggested that the overexpression of CsDFR and CsANR cDNA in tobacco has improved flavonoids content and antioxidant potential. These attributes in transgenic tobacco have ultimately improved their growth and development, and biotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gireesh Nadda
- HATS Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Ma R, Sun L, Chen X, Jiang R, Sun H, Zhao D. Proteomic changes in different growth periods of ginseng roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:20-32. [PMID: 23537955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, proteomics and biochemical variables have been employed to unravel the growth strategies for the different root growth periods of ginseng (Panax ginseng CA May., Araliaceae). Enzymatic activities and cellular contents, except for starch, related to defence and metabolism were significantly increased in the slow-growth period but decreased in the fast-growth period. Proteomic characterisation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) showed 83 differentially expressed spots; 62 spots were up-regulated and 21 spots were down-regulated in the slow-growth period when compared to the fast-growth period. The identification of these spots indicated that the major groups of differential proteins were associated with energy metabolism (37%) and defence (17%), which was consistent with the changes observed in the biochemical measurements. These results clearly demonstrate that ginseng stores energy during its fast-growth period to promote root elongation, whereas it expends energy to improve the synthesis of secondary metabolites and stress resistance during its slow-growth period. The levels of many proteins were changed during the conversion period from fast to slow growth, providing new insights into ginseng proteome evolution. The proposed hypothetical model explains the interaction of metabolic proteins associated with the growth strategies of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China; College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China.
| | - Xuenan Chen
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China; College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Hang Sun
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Stewart C, Vickery CR, Burkart MD, Noel JP. Confluence of structural and chemical biology: plant polyketide synthases as biocatalysts for a bio-based future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:365-372. [PMID: 23481348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Type III plant polyketide synthases (PKSs) biosynthesize a dazzling array of polyphenolic products that serve important roles in both plant and human health. Recent advances in structural characterization of these enzymes and new tools from the field of chemical biology have facilitated exquisite probing of plant PKS iterative catalysis. These tools have also been used to exploit type III PKSs as biocatalysts to generate new chemicals. Going forward, chemical, structural and biochemical analyses will provide an atomic resolution understanding of plant PKSs and will serve as a springboard for bioengineering and scalable production of valuable molecules in vitro, by fermentation and in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Stewart
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
304
|
Sotelo-Silveira M, Cucinotta M, Chauvin AL, Chávez Montes RA, Colombo L, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 is involved in Arabidopsis reproductive development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:779-99. [PMID: 23610218 PMCID: PMC3668070 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized communication between gametophytic and sporophytic tissue is crucial for successful reproduction, and hormones seem to have a prominent role in it. Here, we studied the role of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 enzyme during reproductive development. First, controlled pollination experiments indicate that CYP78A9 responds to fertilization. Second, while CYP78A9 overexpression can uncouple fruit development from fertilization, the cyp78a8 cyp78a9 loss-of-function mutant has reduced seed set due to outer ovule integument development arrest, leading to female sterility. Moreover, CYP78A9 has a specific expression pattern in inner integuments in early steps of ovule development as well as in the funiculus, embryo, and integuments of developing seeds. CYP78A9 overexpression did not change the response to the known hormones involved in flower development and fruit set, and it did not seem to have much effect on the major known hormonal pathways. Furthermore, according to previous predictions, perturbations in the flavonol biosynthesis pathway were detected in cyp78a9, cyp78a8 cyp78a9, and empty siliques (es1-D) mutants. However, it appeared that they do not cause the observed phenotypes. In summary, these results add new insights into the role of CYP78A9 in plant reproduction and present, to our knowledge, the first characterization of metabolite differences between mutants in this gene family.
Collapse
|
305
|
Hashiguchi T, Sakakibara Y, Hara Y, Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Akashi R, Liu MC, Suiko M. Identification and characterization of a novel kaempferol sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:829-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
306
|
Sukumar P, Legué V, Vayssières A, Martin F, Tuskan GA, Kalluri UC. Involvement of auxin pathways in modulating root architecture during beneficial plant-microorganism interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:909-19. [PMID: 23145472 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms known to produce auxin and auxin precursors form beneficial relationships with plants and alter host root development. Moreover, other signals produced by microorganisms affect auxin pathways in host plants. However, the precise role of auxin and auxin-signalling pathways in modulating plant-microbe interactions is unknown. Dissecting out the auxin synthesis, transport and signalling pathways resulting in the characteristic molecular, physiological and developmental response in plants will further illuminate upon how these intriguing inter-species interactions of environmental, ecological and economic significance occur. The present review seeks to survey and summarize the scattered evidence in support of known host root modifications brought about by beneficial microorganisms and implicate the role of auxin synthesis, transport and signal transduction in modulating beneficial effects in plants. Finally, through a synthesis of the current body of work, we present outstanding challenges and potential future research directions on studies related to auxin signalling in plant-microbe interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sukumar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
307
|
Lubbe A, Gude H, Verpoorte R, Choi YH. Seasonal accumulation of major alkaloids in organs of pharmaceutical crop Narcissus Carlton. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 88:43-53. [PMID: 23318143 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (L.) cv. Carlton is being cultivated as a main source of galanthamine from the bulbs. After galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine are the next most abundant alkaloids in this cultivar. Both these compounds are promising chemical scaffolds for potential anticancer drugs. For further research and drug development, a reliable supply of these compounds will be needed. In this study a field experiment was conducted to investigate the levels of galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine in plants of N. pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton. In a field experiment alkaloids in the bulbs, leaves and roots were analyzed by quantitative (1)H NMR to monitor the variations during the growing season. Major primary and secondary metabolites were identified in the various plant parts. Multivariate data analysis was performed on the (1)H NMR spectra to investigate how metabolites changed in the plant organs over time. The results show that the leaves have relatively high concentrations of the alkaloids before flowering. The bulbs had lower concentrations of the compounds of interest but would have a higher total yield of alkaloids due to bigger biomass. Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton represents a good source of galanthamine, and can potentially be a source of the other major alkaloids depending on choice of organ and harvest time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lubbe
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
308
|
Sellstedt A, Richau KH. Aspects of nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria, in particular free-living and symbiotic Frankia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:179-86. [PMID: 23461635 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of nitrogen-fixing properties among the Gram-positive Actinobacteria revealed that some species of Arthrobacter, Agromyces, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Micromonospora, Propionibacteria and Streptomyces have nitrogen-fixing capacity. This is also valid for Frankia that fix nitrogen both in free-living and in symbiotic conditions. Frankia symbiosis results from interaction between the Frankia bacteria and dicotyledonous plants, that is, actinorhiza. These plants, which are important in forestry and agroforestry, form, together with the legumes (Fabales), a single nitrogen-fixing clade. It has been shown that a receptor-like kinase gene, SymRK, is necessary for nodulation in actinorhizal plants as well as in legumes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Recently, the involvement of isoflavonoids as signal molecules during nodulation of an actinorhizal plant was shown. The genome sizes of three Frankia species, Frankia EANpec, ACN14a and CcI3, are different, revealing a relationship between genome size and geographical distribution. Recent genomic sequencing data of Frankia represent genomes from cluster I to IV, indicating that the genome of DgI is one of the smallest genomes in Frankia. In addition, nonsymbiotic Frankiales such as Acidothermus cellulolyticus, Blastococcus saxoobsidens, Geodermatophilus obscurus and Modestobacter marinus have a variety of genome sizes ranging from 2.4 to 5.57 Mb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, UPSC, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
309
|
Kusano M, Fukushima A. Current challenges and future potential of tomato breeding using omics approaches. BREEDING SCIENCE 2013; 63:31-41. [PMID: 23641179 PMCID: PMC3621443 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.63.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables in the world, improvements in the quality and yield of tomato are strongly required. For this purpose, omics approaches such as metabolomics and transcriptomics are used not only for basic research to understand relationships between important traits and metabolism but also for the development of next generation breeding strategies of tomato plants, because an increase in the knowledge improves the taste and quality, stress resistance and/or potentially health-beneficial metabolites and is connected to improvements in the biochemical composition of tomatoes. Such omics data can be applied to network analyses to potentially reveal unknown cellular regulatory networks in tomato plants. The high-quality tomato genome that was sequenced in 2012 will likely accelerate the application of omics strategies, including next generation sequencing for tomato breeding. In this review, we highlight the current studies of omics network analyses of tomatoes and other plant species, in particular, a gene coexpression network. Key applications of omics approaches are also presented as case examples to improve economically important traits for tomato breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Cytotoxic property of ultraviolet-induced rice phytoalexins to human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-3238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
311
|
Carvalhais LC, Dennis PG, Badri DV, Tyson GW, Vivanco JM, Schenk PM. Activation of the jasmonic acid plant defence pathway alters the composition of rhizosphere bacterial communities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56457. [PMID: 23424661 PMCID: PMC3570460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) signalling plays a central role in plant defences against necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects, which afflict both roots and shoots. This pathway is also activated following the interaction with beneficial microbes that may lead to induced systemic resistance. Activation of the JA signalling pathway via application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) alters the composition of carbon containing compounds released by roots, which are implicated as key determinants of rhizosphere microbial community structure. In this study, we investigated the influence of the JA defence signalling pathway activation in Arabidopsis thaliana on the structure of associated rhizosphere bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. Application of MeJA did not directly influence bulk soil microbial communities but significant changes in rhizosphere community composition were observed upon activation of the jasmonate signalling pathway. Our results suggest that JA signalling may mediate plant-bacteria interactions in the soil upon necrotrophic pathogen and herbivorous insect attacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia C Carvalhais
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
312
|
Flavonoids: their structure, biosynthesis and role in the rhizosphere, including allelopathy. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:283-97. [PMID: 23397456 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are biologically active low molecular weight secondary metabolites that are produced by plants, with over 10,000 structural variants now reported. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they interact with many diverse targets in subcellular locations to elicit various activities in microbes, plants, and animals. In plants, flavonoids play important roles in transport of auxin, root and shoot development, pollination, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and signalling of symbiotic bacteria in the legume Rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, they possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. In the plant, flavonoids are transported within and between plant tissues and cells, and are specifically released into the rhizosphere by roots where they are involved in plant/plant interactions or allelopathy. Released by root exudation or tissue degradation over time, both aglycones and glycosides of flavonoids are found in soil solutions and root exudates. Although the relative role of flavonoids in allelopathic interference has been less well-characterized than that of some secondary metabolites, we present classic examples of their involvement in autotoxicity and allelopathy. We also describe their activity and fate in the soil rhizosphere in selected examples involving pasture legumes, cereal crops, and ferns. Potential research directions for further elucidation of the specific role of flavonoids in soil rhizosphere interactions are considered.
Collapse
|
313
|
Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3540-55. [PMID: 23434657 PMCID: PMC3588057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, particularly flavonoids have been recently suggested as playing primary antioxidant functions in the responses of plants to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Furthermore, flavonoids are effective endogenous regulators of auxin movement, thus behaving as developmental regulators. Flavonoids are capable of controlling the development of individual organs and the whole-plant; and, hence, to contribute to stress-induced morphogenic responses of plants. The significance of flavonoids as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans has been recently questioned, based on the observation that the flavonoid concentration in plasma and most tissues is too low to effectively reduce ROS. Instead, flavonoids may play key roles as signaling molecules in mammals, through their ability to interact with a wide range of protein kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), that supersede key steps of cell growth and differentiation. Here we discuss about the relative significance of flavonoids as reducing agents and signaling molecules in plants and humans. We show that structural features conferring ROS-scavenger ability to flavonoids are also required to effectively control developmental processes in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Fini
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Phytotoxic effect of bioactive compounds isolated from Myrcia tomentosa (Myrtaceae) leaves. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
315
|
Characterization of regiospecific flavonoid 3′/5′-O-methyltransferase from tomato and its application in flavonoid biotransformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
316
|
Ghirardo A, Heller W, Fladung M, Schnitzler JP, Schroeder H. Function of defensive volatiles in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is tricked by the moth Tortrix viridana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:2192-207. [PMID: 22632165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The indirect defences of plants are comprised of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that among other things attract the natural enemies of insects. However, the actual extent of the benefits of HIPV emissions in complex co-evolved plant-herbivore systems is only poorly understood. The observation that a few Quercus robur L. trees constantly tolerated (T-oaks) infestation by a major pest of oaks (Tortrix viridana L.), compared with heavily defoliated trees (susceptible: S-oaks), lead us to a combined biochemical and behavioural study. We used these evidently different phenotypes to analyse whether the resistance of T-oaks to the herbivore was dependent on the amount and scent of HIPVs and/or differences in non-volatile polyphenolic leaf constituents (as quercetin-, kaempferol- and flavonol glycosides). In addition to non-volatile metabolic differences, typically defensive HIPV emissions differed between S-oaks and T-oaks. Female moths were attracted by the blend of HIPVs from S-oaks, showing significantly higher amounts of (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and (E)-β-ocimene and avoid T-oaks with relative high fraction of the sesquiterpenes α-farnesene and germacrene D. Hence, the strategy of T-oaks exhibiting directly herbivore-repellent HIPV emissions instead of high emissions of predator-attracting HIPVs of the S-oaks appears to be the better mechanism for avoiding defoliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
317
|
Aremu AO, Bairu MW, Novák O, Plačková L, Zatloukal M, Doležal K, Finnie JF, Strnad M, Van Staden J. Physiological responses and endogenous cytokinin profiles of tissue-cultured 'Williams' bananas in relation to roscovitine and an inhibitor of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (INCYDE) treatments. PLANTA 2012; 236:1775-90. [PMID: 22886380 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of supplementing either meta-topolin (mT) or N(6)-benzyladenine (BA) requiring cultures with roscovitine (6-benzylamino-2-[1(R)-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]amino-9-isopropylpurine), a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and N-glucosylation inhibitor, and INCYDE (2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine), an inhibitor of cytokinin (CK) degradation, on the endogenous CK profiles and physiology of banana in vitro was investigated. Growth parameters including multiplication rate and biomass were recorded after 42 days. Endogenous CK levels were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS while the photosynthetic pigment and phenolic contents were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The highest regeneration rate (93 %) was observed in BA + roscovitine while mT + INCYDE plantlets produced most shoots. Treatment with BA + roscovitine had the highest shoot length and biomass. Although not significant, there was a higher proanthocyanidin level in BA + roscovitine treatments compared to the control (BA). The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly higher in mT + roscovitine treatment than in the mT-treated regenerants. The presence of roscovitine and/or INCYDE had no significant effect on the photosynthetic pigments of the banana plantlets. Forty-seven aromatic and isoprenoid CKs categorized into nine CK-types were detected at varying concentrations. The presence of mT + roscovitine and/or INCYDE increased the levels of O-glucosides while 9-glucosides were higher in the presence of BA. Generally, the underground parts had higher CK levels than the aerial parts; however, the presence of INCYDE increased the level of CK quantified in the aerial parts. From a practical perspective, the use of roscovitine and INCYDE in micropropagation could be crucial in the alleviation of commonly observed in vitro-induced physiological abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
318
|
Bahrin LG, Jones PG, Hopf H. Tricyclic flavonoids with 1,3-dithiolium substructure. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1999-2003. [PMID: 23209535 PMCID: PMC3511035 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new 3-dithiocarbamic flavonoids has been accomplished by the reaction of the corresponding 2-hydroxyaryl dithiocarbamates with aminals. These flavonoids were obtained as a mixture of diastereoisomers, the anti isomer being the major one. The heterocyclization of these compounds provided novel tricyclic flavonoids bearing a 1,3-dithiolium-2-yl ring fused at the 3,4-carbon positions of the benzopyran moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian G Bahrin
- Department of Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Bv., RO-700506 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Hopf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
319
|
Pandey RP, Malla S, Simkhada D, Kim BG, Sohng JK. Production of 3-O-xylosyl quercetin in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1889-901. [PMID: 23053089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a flavonol aglycone, is one of the most abundant flavonoids with high medicinal value. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of quercetin are influenced by the type of sugars attached to the molecule. To efficiently diversify the therapeutic uses of quercetin, Escherichia coli was harnessed as a production factory by the installation of various plant and bacterial UDP-xylose sugar biosynthetic genes. The genes encoding for the UDP-xylose pathway enzymes phosphoglucomutase (nfa44530), glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (galU), UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (calS8), and UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (calS9) were overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) along with a glycosyltransferase (arGt-3) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, E. coli BL21(DE3)/∆pgi, E. coli BL21(DE3)/∆zwf, E. coli BL21(DE3)/∆pgi∆zwf, and E. coli BL21(DE3)/∆pgi∆zwf∆ushA mutants carrying the aforementioned UDP-xylose sugar biosynthetic genes and glycosyltransferase and the galU-integrated E. coli BL21(DE3)/∆pgi host harboring only calS8, calS9, and arGt-3 were constructed to enhance whole-cell bioconversion of exogeneously supplied quercetin into 3-O-xylosyl quercetin. Here, we report the highest production of 3-O-xylosyl quercetin with E. coli BL21 (DE3)/∆pgi∆zwf∆ushA carrying UDP-xylose sugar biosynthetic genes and glycosyltransferase. The maximum concentration of 3-O-xylosyl quercetin achieved was 23.78 mg/L (54.75 μM), representing 54.75 % bioconversion, which was an ~4.8-fold higher bioconversion than that shown by E. coli BL21 (DE3) with the same set of genes when the reaction was carried out in 5-mL culture tubes with 100 μM quercetin under optimized conditions. Bioconversion was further improved by 98 % when the reaction was scaled up in a 3-L fermentor at 36 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
320
|
Guglielmone HA, Nuñez-Montoya SC, Agnese AM, Pellizas CG, Cabrera JL, Donadio AC. Quercetin 3,7,3',4'-tetrasulphated isolated from Flaveria bidentis inhibits tissue factor expression in human monocyte. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1068-1071. [PMID: 22819449 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulphated esters of the flavonoids sulphated quercetin 3,7,3',4'-tetrasulphated (QTS) and quercetin 3-acetyl-7,3,4'-trisulphate (ATS), isolated from Flaveria bidentis, have demonstrated anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties. In this study, we examined if both compounds affected the expression of the procoagulant tissue factor (TF) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human monocyte. Monocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of each flavonoid (0.1-500 μM), followed by a 4h incubation with LPS in order to induce TF expression. Results of the TF expression showed different behaviors for the two flavonoids studied. A slight inhibitory effect on the TF expression was detected at a QTS concentration of 0.1 μM, but from 1 μM onwards a significant inhibitory effect that remained up to 500 μM could be observed. In contrast, ATS induced a poor inhibitory effect on TF expression at all concentrations tested. These results suggest that QTS has another antithrombotic property, to be added to its already renowned ability as an anticoagulant and antiplatelet compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Guglielmone
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
321
|
Bowerman PA, Ramirez MV, Price MB, Helm RF, Winkel BSJ. Analysis of T-DNA alleles of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:485. [PMID: 22947320 PMCID: PMC3526476 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flavonoid pathway is a long-standing and important tool for plant genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Numerous flavonoid mutants have been identified in Arabidopsis over the past several decades in a variety of ecotypes. Here we present an analysis of Arabidopsis lines of ecotype Columbia carrying T-DNA insertions in genes encoding enzymes of the central flavonoid pathway. We also provide a comprehensive summary of various mutant alleles for these structural genes that have been described in the literature to date in a wide variety of ecotypes. FINDINGS The confirmed knockout lines present easily-scorable phenotypes due to altered pigmentation of the seed coat (or testa). Knockouts for seven alleles for six flavonoid biosynthetic genes were confirmed by PCR and characterized by UPLC for altered flavonol content. CONCLUSION Seven mutant lines for six genes of the central flavonoid pathway were characterized in ecotype, Columbia. These lines represent a useful resource for integrating biochemical and physiological studies with genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, much of which has been, and continues to be, generated in the Columbia background.
Collapse
|
322
|
Schmidt A, Li C, Jones AD, Pichersky E. Characterization of a flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase in the trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites. PLANTA 2012; 236:839-849. [PMID: 22711283 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The glandular trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites accumulate the polymethylated flavonol aglycones, 3,7,3'-O-methyl myricetin, 3,7,3',5'-O-methyl myricetin, and 3,7,3',4',5'-O-methyl myricetin. Partially methylated flavonol aglycones and partially methylated flavonol glycones containing a methyl group at the 3 position have been previously reported from a variety of plants. The 3-O-methyltransferase (3-OMT) activity has been previously partially purified from plants, but a gene transcript encoding an enzyme capable of methylating flavonols at the 3 position has not yet been identified, nor have been such proteins purified and characterized. We previously identified two gene transcripts expressed in the glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites and showed that they encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin at the 3' and 5' and the 7 and 4' positions, respectively. Here we report the identification of gene transcripts expressed in S. lycopersicum (cultivated tomato) and in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes that encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin, and its partially methylated derivatives exclusively at the 3 position. The S. habrochaites gene transcript is preferentially expressed in the glandular trichomes and it encodes a protein with high similarity to the S. habrochaites, 3'/5' O-methyltransferase which is also present in glandular trichomes. Phylogenic analysis suggests that the 3-OMT activity has probably evolved from an ancestral 3'/5' methyltransferase activity. The discovery and characterization of 3-OMT provides a more complete picture of the series of reactions leading to highly methylated myricetin compounds in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schmidt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
323
|
Trapero A, Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Jimeno ML, Gómez MD, Gómez-Gómez L. Characterization of a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the formation of kaempferol and quercetin sophorosides in Crocus sativus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1335-54. [PMID: 22649274 PMCID: PMC3425182 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UGT707B1 is a new glucosyltransferase isolated from saffron (Crocus sativus) that localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleus of stigma and tepal cells. UGT707B1 transcripts were detected in the stigma tissue of all the Crocus species analyzed, but expression analysis of UGT707B1 in tepals revealed its absence in certain species. The analysis of the glucosylated flavonoids present in Crocus tepals reveals the presence of two major flavonoid compounds in saffron: kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, both of which were absent from the tepals of those Crocus species that did not express UGT707B1. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants constitutively expressing UGT707B1 under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter have been constructed and their phenotype analyzed. The transgenic lines displayed a number of changes that resembled those described previously in lines where flavonoid levels had been altered. The plants showed hyponastic leaves, a reduced number of trichomes, thicker stems, and flowering delay. Levels of flavonoids measured in extracts of the transgenic plants showed changes in the composition of flavonols when compared with wild-type plants. The major differences were observed in the extracts from stems and flowers, with an increase in 3-sophoroside flavonol glucosides. Furthermore, a new compound not detected in ecotype Columbia wild-type plants was detected in all the tissues and identified as kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside. These data reveal the involvement of UGT707B1 in the biosynthesis of flavonol-3-O-sophorosides and how significant changes in flavonoid homeostasis can be caused by the overproduction of a flavonoid-conjugating enzyme.
Collapse
|
324
|
Blanch M, Alvarez I, Sanchez-Ballesta MT, Escribano MI, Merodio C. Increasing catechin and procyanindin accumulation in high-CO2-treated Fragaria vesca strawberries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7489-7496. [PMID: 22783976 DOI: 10.1021/jf301547t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the impact of low temperature and high CO2 levels on flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins, synthesized via branched pathways from common precursors, in strawberries (Fragaria vesca L.). Flavonoids were identified with Q-TOF equipment and quantified by HPLC-quadrupole. Proanthocyanins B1 and B3 accumulated in CO2-treated strawberries, whereas in untreated (air) fruit, flavonoid production was redirected toward anthocyanin accumulation with a sharp decrease in catechin and procyanidin B3 levels. Moreover, in CO2-treated fruit, mainly in those with 20% CO2, anthocyanin accumulation did not decline. Due to its antifungal activity, catechin induction in CO2-treated strawberries could explain the capacity of high CO2 treatments to reduce fungal decay. Ascorbic acid content increased in 40% CO2-treated fruits, whereas in those treated with 20% CO2 an increase in flavonol content was observed. Despite these differences, similar antioxidant capacities were found in untreated and CO2-treated Mara de Bois strawberries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Blanch
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Security and ‡Unit Service of Analytical Techniques, Instrumentation and Microbiology (USTA), Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC) , Jose Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
325
|
Edwards JE, Brown PN, Talent N, Dickinson TA, Shipley PR. A review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 79:5-26. [PMID: 22608128 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1800s, natural health products that contain hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) have been used in North America for the treatment of heart problems such as hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. Traditionally, Native American tribes used hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) to treat gastrointestinal ailments and heart problems, and consumed the fruit as food. Hawthorn also has a long history of use in Europe and China for food, and in traditional medicine. Investigations of Crataegus spp. typically focus on the identification and quantification of flavonoids and anthocyanins, which have been shown to have pharmacological activity. The main flavonoids found in Crataegus spp. are hyperoside, vitexin, and additional glycosylated derivatives of these compounds. Reviewed herein are the botany, ethnobotany, and traditional use of hawthorn while focusing on the phytochemicals that have been reported in Crataegus species, and the variation in the described chemistry between individual species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Edwards
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
326
|
Abdel-Lateif K, Bogusz D, Hocher V. The role of flavonoids in the establishment of plant roots endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia and Frankia bacteria. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:636-41. [PMID: 22580697 PMCID: PMC3442858 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions including key roles at different levels of root endosymbioses. While there is a lot of information on the role of particular flavonoids in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, yet their exact role during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza and actinorhizal symbioses still remains unclear. Within the context of the latest data suggesting a common symbiotic signaling pathway for both plant-fungal and plant bacterial endosymbioses between legumes and actinorhiza-forming fagales, this mini-review highlights some of the recent studies on the three major types of root endosymbioses. Implication of the molecular knowledge of endosymbioses signaling and genetic manipulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway on the development of strategies for the transfer and optimization of nodulation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse; UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
327
|
Eudes A, George A, Mukerjee P, Kim JS, Pollet B, Benke PI, Yang F, Mitra P, Sun L, Cetinkol OP, Chabout S, Mouille G, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Balzergue S, Singh S, Holmes BM, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Lapierre C, Ralph J, Loqué D. Biosynthesis and incorporation of side-chain-truncated lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization and enhance saccharification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:609-20. [PMID: 22458713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is utilized as a renewable feedstock in various agro-industrial activities. Lignin is an aromatic, hydrophobic and mildly branched polymer integrally associated with polysaccharides within the biomass, which negatively affects their extraction and hydrolysis during industrial processing. Engineering the monomer composition of lignins offers an attractive option towards new lignins with reduced recalcitrance. The presented work describes a new strategy developed in Arabidopsis for the overproduction of rare lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization degree (DP). Biosynthesis of these 'DP reducers' is achieved by expressing a bacterial hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase-lyase (HCHL) in lignifying tissues of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. HCHL cleaves the propanoid side-chain of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA lignin precursors to produce the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes so that plant stems expressing HCHL accumulate in their cell wall higher amounts of hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Engineered plants with intermediate HCHL activity levels show no reduction in total lignin, sugar content or biomass yield compared with wild-type plants. However, cell wall characterization of extract-free stems by thioacidolysis and by 2D-NMR revealed an increased amount of unusual C₆C₁ lignin monomers most likely linked with lignin as end-groups. Moreover the analysis of lignin isolated from these plants using size-exclusion chromatography revealed a reduced molecular weight. Furthermore, these engineered lines show saccharification improvement of pretreated stem cell walls. Therefore, we conclude that enhancing the biosynthesis and incorporation of C₆C₁ monomers ('DP reducers') into lignin polymers represents a promising strategy to reduce lignin DP and to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
Xie Y, Xu D, Cui W, Shen W. Mutation of Arabidopsis HY1 causes UV-C hypersensitivity by impairing carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and the down-regulation of antioxidant defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3869-83. [PMID: 22419743 PMCID: PMC3388838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous pharmacological results confirmed that haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is involved in protection of cells against ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative damage in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seedlings, but there remains a lack of genetic evidence. In this study, the link between Arabidopsis thaliana HO-1 (HY1) and UV-C tolerance was investigated at the genetic and molecular levels. The maximum inducible expression of HY1 in wild-type Arabidopsis was observed following UV-C irradiation. UV-C sensitivity was not observed in ho2, ho3, and ho4 single and double mutants. However, the HY1 mutant exhibited UV-C hypersensitivity, consistent with the observed decreases in chlorophyll content, and carotenoid and flavonoid metabolism, as well as the down-regulation of antioxidant defences, thereby resulting in severe oxidative damage. The addition of the carbon monoxide donor carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2), in particular, and bilirubin (BR), two catalytic by-products of HY1, partially rescued the UV-C hypersensitivity, and other responses appeared in the hy1 mutant. Transcription factors involved in the synthesis of flavonoid or UV responses were induced by UV-C, but reduced in the hy1 mutant. Overall, the findings showed that mutation of HY1 triggered UV-C hypersensitivity, by impairing carotenoid and flavonoid synthesis and antioxidant defences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenbiao Shen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
329
|
Mathys J, De Cremer K, Timmermans P, Van Kerckhove S, Lievens B, Vanhaecke M, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. Genome-Wide Characterization of ISR Induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma hamatum T382 Against Botrytis cinerea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:108. [PMID: 22661981 PMCID: PMC3362084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the molecular basis of the induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma hamatum T382 against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea B05-10 was unraveled by microarray analysis both before (ISR-prime) and after (ISR-boost) additional pathogen inoculation. The observed high numbers of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are involved. By focusing on pathways instead of genes, a holistic picture of the mechanisms underlying ISR emerged. In general, a close resemblance is observed between ISR-prime and systemic acquired resistance, the systemic defense response that is triggered in plants upon pathogen infection leading to increased resistance toward secondary infections. Treatment with T. hamatum T382 primes the plant (ISR-prime), resulting in an accelerated activation of the defense response against B. cinerea during ISR-boost and a subsequent moderation of the B. cinerea induced defense response. Microarray results were validated for representative genes by qRT-PCR. The involvement of various defense-related pathways was confirmed by phenotypic analysis of mutants affected in these pathways, thereby proving the validity of our approach. Combined with additional anthocyanin analysis data these results all point to the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in T. hamatum T382-induced ISR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janick Mathys
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Pieter Timmermans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research InstituteSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Consortium for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (CIMB), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven AssociationSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mieke Vanhaecke
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Resende FA, Vilegas W, dos Santos LC, Varanda EA. Mutagenicity of flavonoids assayed by bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test. Molecules 2012; 17:5255-68. [PMID: 22565478 PMCID: PMC6268182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutagenicity of ten flavonoids was assayed by the Ames test, in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA102, with the aim of establishing hydroxylation pattern-mutagenicity relationship profiles. The compounds assessed were: quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, fisetin, chrysin, galangin, flavone, 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 7-hydroxyflavone. In the Ames assay, quercetin acted directly and its mutagenicity increased with metabolic activation. In the presence of S9 mix, kaempferol and galangin were mutagenic in the TA98 strain and kaempferol showed signs of mutagenicity in the other strains. The absence of hydroxyl groups, as in flavone, only signs of mutagenicity were shown in strain TA102, after metabolization and, among monohydroxylated flavones (3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 7-hydroxyflavone), the presence of hydroxyl groups only resulted in minor changes. Luteolin and fisetin also showed signs of mutagenicity in strain TA102. Finally, chrysin, which has only two hydroxy groups, at the 5-OH and 7-OH positions, also did not induce mutagenic activity in any of the bacterial strains used, under either activation condition. All the flavonoids were tested at concentrations varying from 2.6 to 30.7 nmol/plate for galangin and 12.1 to 225.0 nmol/plate for other flavonoids. In light of the above, it is necessary to clarify the conditions and the mechanisms that mediate the biological effects of flavonoids before treating them as therapeutical agents, since some compounds can be biotransformed into more genotoxic products; as is the case for galangin, kaempferol and quercetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Aparecida Resende
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara CEP 14801-902, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Experimental Campus of Sao Vicente, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Sao Vicente CEP 11350-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara CEP 14800-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara CEP 14800-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara CEP 14801-902, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
331
|
De Martino L, Mencherini T, Mancini E, Aquino RP, De Almeida LFR, De Feo V. In vitro phytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of selected flavonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5406-5419. [PMID: 22754304 PMCID: PMC3382788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of flavonoids involved in plant-plant interactions and their mechanisms of action are poor and, moreover, the structural characteristics required for these biological activities are scarcely known. The objective of this work was to study the possible in vitro phytotoxic effects of 27 flavonoids on the germination and early radical growth of Raphanus sativus L. and Lepidium sativum L., with the aim to evaluate the possible structure/activity relationship. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the same compounds was also evaluated. Generally, in response to various tested flavonoids, germination was only slightly affected, whereas significant differences were observed in the activity of the various tested flavonoids against radical elongation. DPPH test confirms the antioxidant activity of luteolin, quercetin, catechol, morin, and catechin. The biological activity recorded is discussed in relation to the structure of compounds and their capability to interact with cell structures and physiology. No correlation was found between phytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (T.M.); (E.M.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Teresa Mencherini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (T.M.); (E.M.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Emilia Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (T.M.); (E.M.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (T.M.); (E.M.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Rolim De Almeida
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP-Campu de Botucatu Distrito de Rubião Júnior, S/N, 18.618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (T.M.); (E.M.); (R.P.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-089-969751; Fax: +39-089-969602
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Chobot V, Hadacek F. Exploration of pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities of the flavonoid myricetin. Redox Rep 2012; 16:242-7. [PMID: 22195992 DOI: 10.1179/1351000211y.0000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flavonoids are ubiquitous phenolic plant metabolites. Many of them are well known for their pro- and antioxidant properties. Myricetin has been reported to be either a potent antioxidant or a pro-oxidant depending on the conditions. The reaction conditions for the pro- and antioxidant activities were therefore investigated using variations of the deoxyribose degradation assay systems. METHODS The deoxyribose degradation assay systems were conducted as follows; H(2)O(2)/Fe(III)/ascorbic acid, H(2)O(2)/Fe(III), Fe(III)/ascorbic acid, and Fe(III). Each system was carried out in two variants, FeCl(3) (iron ions added as FeCl(3)) and FeEDTA (iron added in complex with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). RESULTS When ascorbic acid was present, myricetin showed antioxidant properties, especially when it occurred in complex with iron. In ascorbic acid-free systems, pro-oxidant activities prevailed, which where enhanced if iron was in complex with EDTA. DISCUSSION Myricetin's antioxidant activity depends on both the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and iron ions chelation properties. The pro-oxidative properties are caused by reduction of molecular oxygen to ROS and iron(III) to iron(II). Myricetin is able to substitute for ascorbic acid albeit less efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Chobot
- Department of Chemical Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
333
|
Yin R, Messner B, Faus-Kessler T, Hoffmann T, Schwab W, Hajirezaei MR, von Saint Paul V, Heller W, Schäffner AR. Feedback inhibition of the general phenylpropanoid and flavonol biosynthetic pathways upon a compromised flavonol-3-O-glycosylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2465-78. [PMID: 22249996 PMCID: PMC3346215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols, phenylalanine-derived secondary metabolites, have protective and regulatory functions in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, they are consecutively glycosylated at their 3-OH and 7-OH groups. UGT78D1 and UGT78D2 are the major flavonol 3-O-glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis leaves. The ugt78d1 ugt78d2 double mutant, which was strongly compromised in the initial 3-O-glycosylation, showed a severe and specific repression of flavonol biosynthesis, retaining only one-third of the wild-type level. This metabolic phenotype was associated with a repressed transcription of several flavonol biosynthetic genes including the committed step chalcone synthase [(CHS) or TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4)]. Furthermore, the committed step of the upstream, general phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was down-regulated in its enzyme activity and in the transcription of the flavonol-related PAL1 and PAL2. However, a complete blocking of flavonoid biosynthesis at CHS released PAL inhibition in a tt4 ugt78d1 ugt78d2 line. PAL activity was even enhanced in the flavonol synthase 1 mutant, which compromises the final formation of flavonol aglycones. The dependence of the PAL feedback inhibition on flavonols was confirmed by chemical complementation of tt4 ugt78d1 ugt78d2 using naringenin, a downstream flavonoid intermediate, which restored the PAL repression. Although aglycones were not analytically detectable, this study provides genetic evidence for a novel, flavonol-dependent feedback inhibition of the flavonol biosynthetic pathway and PAL. It was conditioned by the compromised flavonol-3-O-conjugation and a decrease in flavonol content, yet dependent on a residual, flavonol synthase 1 (FLS1)-related capacity to form flavonol aglycones. Thus, this regulation would not react to a reduced metabolic flux into flavonol biosynthesis, but it might prevent the accumulation of non-glycosylated, toxic flavonols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruohe Yin
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Messner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Molecular Plant Nutrition, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Veronica von Saint Paul
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Fukushima A, Nishizawa T, Hayakumo M, Hikosaka S, Saito K, Goto E, Kusano M. Exploring tomato gene functions based on coexpression modules using graph clustering and differential coexpression approaches. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1487-502. [PMID: 22307966 PMCID: PMC3343727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.188367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gene-to-gene coexpression analysis provides fundamental information and is a promising approach for predicting unknown gene functions in plants. We investigated various associations in the gene expression of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to predict unknown gene functions in an unbiased manner. We obtained more than 300 microarrays from publicly available databases and our own hybridizations, and here, we present tomato coexpression networks and coexpression modules. The topological characteristics of the networks were highly heterogenous. We extracted 465 total coexpression modules from the data set by graph clustering, which allows users to divide a graph effectively into a set of clusters. Of these, 88% were assigned systematically by Gene Ontology terms. Our approaches revealed functional modules in the tomato transcriptome data; the predominant functions of coexpression modules were biologically relevant. We also investigated differential coexpression among data sets consisting of leaf, fruit, and root samples to gain further insights into the tomato transcriptome. We now demonstrate that (1) duplicated genes, as well as metabolic genes, exhibit a small but significant number of differential coexpressions, and (2) a reversal of gene coexpression occurred in two metabolic pathways involved in lycopene and flavonoid biosynthesis. Independent experimental verification of the findings for six selected genes was done using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our findings suggest that differential coexpression may assist in the investigation of key regulatory steps in metabolic pathways. The approaches and results reported here will be useful to prioritize candidate genes for further functional genomics studies of tomato metabolism.
Collapse
|
335
|
Bueno JM, Ramos-Escudero F, Sáez-Plaza P, Muñoz AM, José Navas M, Asuero AG. Analysis and Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanin Pigments. Part I: General Considerations Concerning Polyphenols and Flavonoids. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.632312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
336
|
Jin F, Zhang N, Tan C, Gao D, Zhang C, Liu F, Chen Z, Gao C, Liu H, Li S, Jiang Y. 2′-Chloro-4′-aminoflavone Derivatives Selectively Targeting Hepatocarcinoma Cells: Convenient Synthetic Process, G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Triggers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
337
|
Arase S, Kasai M, Kanazawa A. In planta assays involving epigenetically silenced genes reveal inhibition of cytosine methylation by genistein. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:10. [PMID: 22424588 PMCID: PMC3362751 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosine methylation is involved in epigenetic control of gene expression in a wide range of organisms. An increasing number of examples indicate that changing the frequency of cytosine methylation in the genome is a feasible tool to engineer novel traits in plants. Although demethylating effects of compounds have been analyzed in human cultured cells in terms of suppressing cancer, their effect in plant cells has not been analyzed extensively. Here, we developed in planta assay systems to detect inhibition of cytosine methylation using plants that contain a transgene transcriptionally silenced by an epigenetic mechanism. RESULTS Seeds of two transgenic plants were used: a petunia line that has been identified as a revertant of the co-suppression of the chalcone synthase-A (CHS-A) gene and contains CHS-A transgenes whose transcription is repressed; Nicotiana benthamiana plants that contain the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene whose transcription is repressed through virus-induced transcriptional gene silencing. Seeds of these plants were sown on a medium that contained a demethylating agent, either 5-azacytidine or trichostatin A, and the restoration of the transcriptionally active state of the transgene was detected in seedlings. Using these systems, we found that genistein, a major isoflavonoid compound, inhibits cytosine methylation, thus restoring transgene transcription. Genistein also restored the transcription of an epigenetically silenced endogenous gene in Arabidopsis plants. CONCLUSIONS Our assay systems allowed us to assess the inhibition of cytosine methylation, in particular of maintenance of methylation, by compounds in plant cells. These results suggest a novel role of flavonoids in plant cells and that genistein is useful for modifying the epigenetic state of plant genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Arase
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Megumi Kasai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Kanazawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Ballizany WL, Hofmann RW, Jahufer MZZ, Barrett BA. Multivariate associations of flavonoid and biomass accumulation in white clover (Trifolium repens) under drought. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:167-177. [PMID: 32480771 DOI: 10.1071/fp11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important pasture legume in temperate regions, but growth is often strongly reduced under summer drought. Cloned individuals from a full-sib progeny of a pair cross between two phenotypically distinct white clover populations were exposed to water deficit in pots under outdoor conditions for 9 weeks, while control pots were maintained at field capacity. Water deficit decreased leaf water potential by more than 50% overall, but increased the levels of the flavonol glycosides of quercetin (Q) and the ratio of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (QKR) by 111% and by 90%, respectively. Water deficit reduced dry matter (DM) by 21%, with the most productive genotypes in the controls showing the greatest proportional reduction. The full-sib progeny displayed a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio by 53% under water deficit. Drought-induced changes in plant morphology were associated with changes in Q, but not kaempferol (K) glycosides. The genotypes with high QKR levels reduced their DM production least under water deficit and increased their Q glycoside levels and QKR most. These data show, at the individual genotype level, that increased Q glycoside accumulation in response to water deficit stress can be positively associated with retaining higher levels of DM production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter L Ballizany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Rainer W Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - M Z Zulfiqhar Jahufer
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, PO Box 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brent A Barrett
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, PO Box 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are the most widely prescribed class of psychoactive drugs in current therapeutic use, despite the important unwanted side effects that they produce, such as sedation, myorelaxation, ataxia, amnesia, and ethanol and barbiturate potentiation and tolerance. They exert their therapeutic effects via binding to the benzodiazepine binding site of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors, and allosterically modulating the chloride flux through the ion channel complex. First isolated from plants used as tranquilizers in folkloric medicine, some natural flavonoids have been shown to possess selective affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site with a broad spectrum of central nervous system effects. Since the initial search for alternative benzodiazepine ligands amongst the flavonoids, a list of successful synthetic derivatives has been generated with enhanced activities. This review provides an update on research developments that have established the activity of natural and synthetic flavonoids on GABA type A receptors. Flavonoids are prominent drugs in the treatment of mental disorders, and can also be used as tools to study modulatory sites at GABA type A receptors and to develop GABA type A selective agents further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Wasowski
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Marder
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Han RM, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Reaction dynamics of flavonoids and carotenoids as antioxidants. Molecules 2012; 17:2140-60. [PMID: 22354191 PMCID: PMC6268464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17022140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and carotenoids with rich structural diversity are ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom. Flavonoids, and especially their glycosides, are more hydrophilic than most carotenoids. The interaction of flavonoids with carotenoids occurs accordingly at water/lipid interfaces and has been found important for the functions of flavonoids as antioxidants in the water phase and especially for the function of carotenoids as antioxidants in the lipid phase. Based on real-time kinetic methods for the fast reactions between (iso)flavonoids and radicals of carotenoids, antioxidant synergism during protection of unsaturated lipids has been found to depend on: (i) the appropriate distribution of (iso)flavonoids at water/lipid interface, (ii) the difference between the oxidation potentials of (iso)flavonoid and carotenoid and, (iii) the presence of electron-withdrawing groups in the carotenoid for facile electron transfer. For some (unfavorable) combinations of (iso)flavonoids and carotenoids, antioxidant synergism is replaced by antagonism, despite large potential differences. For contact with the lipid phase, the lipid/water partition coefficient is of importance as a macroscopic property for the flavonoids, while intramolecular rotation towards coplanarity upon oxidation by the carotenoid radical cation has been identified by quantum mechanical calculations to be an important microscopic property. For carotenoids, anchoring in water/lipid interface by hydrophilic groups allow the carotenoids to serve as molecular wiring across membranes for electron transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Zhongguancun Street, No. 59, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (R.-M.H.); (J.-P.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6251-6604; Fax: +86-10-6251-6444
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Zhongguancun Street, No. 59, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (R.-M.H.); (J.-P.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6251-6604; Fax: +86-10-6251-6444
| | - Leif H. Skibsted
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
341
|
Serrano M, Kanehara K, Torres M, Yamada K, Tintor N, Kombrink E, Schulze-Lefert P, Saijo Y. Repression of sucrose/ultraviolet B light-induced flavonoid accumulation in microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:408-22. [PMID: 22080602 PMCID: PMC3252079 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.183459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) leads to the generation of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. It has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal MAMPs causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. However, the functional significance of this MTI-associated signaling output remains unknown. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR act as the pattern recognition receptors for the bacterial MAMP epitopes flg22 (of flagellin) and elf18 (of elongation factor [EF]-Tu), respectively. Here, we reveal that reactive oxygen species spiking and callose deposition are dispensable for the repression of flavonoid accumulation by both pattern recognition receptors. Importantly, FLS2-triggered activation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes and bacterial basal defenses are enhanced in transparent testa4 plants that are devoid of flavonoids, providing evidence for a functional contribution of flavonoid repression to MTI. Moreover, we identify nine small molecules, of which eight are structurally unrelated, that derepress flavonoid accumulation in the presence of flg22. These compounds allowed us to dissect the FLS2 pathway. Remarkably, one of the identified compounds uncouples flavonoid repression and PR gene activation from the activation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and callose deposition, corroborating a close link between the former two outputs. Together, our data imply a model in which MAMP-induced repression of flavonoid accumulation serves a role in removing the inherent inhibitory action of flavonoids on an MTI signaling branch.
Collapse
|
342
|
Liu CM. A bold step toward 2012: JIPB's 2011 Editorial Board Meeting report. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:916-919. [PMID: 22099164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
343
|
Fazakaş LA, Naşcu-Briciu RD, Sârbu C. A COMPARATIVE STUDY CONCERNING THE IMAGE ANALYSIS IN THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FLUORESCENT COMPOUNDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Alexandru Fazakaş
- a Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Costel Sârbu
- a Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
344
|
Gupta N, Sharma SK, Rana JC, Chauhan RS. Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes vis-à-vis rutin content variation in different growth stages of Fagopyrum species. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2117-2123. [PMID: 21872967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat is one of the field crops with the highest concentration of rutin, an important flavonoid of medicinal value. Two species of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum, are the major sources of rutin. Seeds of latter contain 40-50× higher rutin compared to the former. The physiological and molecular bases of rutin content variation between Fagopyrum species are not known. The current study investigated the differences in rutin content in seeds and in other tissues and growth stages of two Fagopyrum species, and also correlated those differences with the expression of flavonoid pathway genes. The analysis of rutin content dynamics at different growth stages, S1-S9 (from seed germination to mature seed formation) of Fagopyrum species revealed that rutin content was higher during seedling stages of F. tataricum (3.5 to 4.6-fold) compared to F. esculentum and then increased exponentially from stages S3 to S6 (different leaf maturing stages and inflorescence) of F. esculentum, whereas it fluctuated in F. tataricum. The rutin content was highest in the inflorescence stage (S6) of both species, with a relatively higher biosynthesis and accumulation during post-flowering stages of F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum. The expression of flavonoid pathway genes, through qRT-PCR, in different growth stages vis-à-vis rutin content variation showed differential expression for four genes, PAL, CHS, CHI and FLS with the amounts of transcripts relatively higher in F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum, thereby, correlating these genes with the biosynthesis and accumulation of rutin. The expression of PAL was highest, 7.69 and 8.96-fold in Stages 2 (seedling stage) and 9 (fully developed seeds) of F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum, respectively. The expression of the CHS gene correlated with the rutin content because it was highest in the flowers (S6) and fully developed seeds (S9) of both Fagopyrum species, with relatively higher transcript amounts (2.13 and 3.19-fold, respectively) in F. tataricum (IC-329457) compared to F. esculentum (IC-540858). This study provides useful information on molecular and physiological dynamics of rutin biosynthesis and accumulation in Fagopyrum species and the correlation of expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes with the rutin content can be useful in planning for genetic improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173234, HP, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
345
|
Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonols: old compounds for old roles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1225-33. [PMID: 21880658 PMCID: PMC3197460 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New roles for flavonoids, as developmental regulators and/or signalling molecules, have recently been proposed in eukaryotic cells exposed to a wide range of environmental stimuli. In plants, these functions are actually restricted to flavonols, the ancient and widespread class of flavonoids. In mosses and liverworts, the whole set of genes for flavonol biosynthesis - CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS and F3'H - has been detected. The flavonol branch pathway has remained intact for millions of years, and is almost exclusively involved in the responses of plants to a wide array of stressful agents, despite the fact that evolution of flavonoid metabolism has produced >10 000 structures. SCOPE Here the emerging functional roles of flavonoids in the responses of present-day plants to different stresses are discussed based on early, authoritative views of their primary functions during the colonization of land by plants. Flavonols are not as efficient as other secondary metabolites in absorbing wavelengths in the 290-320 nm spectral region, but display the greatest potential to keep stress-induced changes in cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis under control, and to regulate the development of individual organs and the whole plant. Very low flavonol concentrations, as probably occurred in early terrestrial plants, may fully accomplish these regulatory functions. CONCLUSIONS During the last two decades the routine use of genomic, chromatography/mass spectrometry and fluorescence microimaging techniques has provided new insights into the regulation of flavonol metabolism as well as on the inter- and intracellular distribution of stress-responsive flavonols. These findings offer new evidence on how flavonols may have performed a wide array of functional roles during the colonization of land by plants. In our opinion this ancient flavonoid class is still playing the same old and robust roles in present-day plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Sezione Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Gao ZM, Li CL, Peng ZH. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from a normalized cDNA library of young leaf from Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2045-57. [PMID: 21713530 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) belongs to Dendrocalamus genus, Bambusease tribe, Bambusoideae subfamily, Poaceae family. It is a representative species of clumping bamboo, and a principal commercial species for various construction purposes using mature culms and for human consumption using young shoots. A normalized cDNA library was constructed from young leaves of Ma bamboo and 9,574 high-quality ESTs were generated, from which 5,317 unigenes including 1,502 contigs and 3,815 singletons were assembled. The unigenes were assigned into different gene ontology (GO) categories and summarized into 13 broad biologically functional groups according to similar functional characteristics or cellular roles by BLAST search against public databases. Eight hundred and ninety-one unigenes were assigned by KO identifiers and mapped to six KEGG biochemical pathways. The transcripts involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as cytochrome 450, flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase, and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase were well represented by 14 unigenes in the unigene set. The candidate genes involved in phytohormone metabolism, signal transduction and encoding cell wall-associated receptor kinases were also identified. Sixty-seven unigenes related to plant resistance (R) genes, including RPP genes, RGAs and RDL/RF genes, were discovered. These results will provide genome-wide knowledge about the molecular physiology of Ma bamboo young leaves and tools for advanced studies of molecular mechanism underlying leaf growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z M Gao
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, 100102, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Brahmachari G, Mandal NC, Jash SK, Roy R, Mandal LC, Mukhopadhyay A, Behera B, Majhi S, Mondal A, Gangopadhyay A. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of two flavonoids isolated from limnophila plants. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1139-51. [PMID: 21674786 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial potential of two bioflavonoids, i.e., 5,7-dihydroxy-4',6,8-trimethoxyflavone (1) and 5,6-dihydroxy-4',7,8-trimethoxyflavone (2), isolated from Limnophila heterophylla Benth. and L. indica (Linn.) Druce (Scrophulariaceae), respectively, were evaluated against the microbial strains Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Alternaria solani, and Candida albicans. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate but broad antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and also against the fungal pathogens. Moreover, the mechanism of action of 1 and 2 on the cellular functions or structures of some of the microorganisms was studied. Compound 1 showed a bactericidal effect against E. coli and S. aureus (MICs of 200 and 250 μg/ml, resp.), while compound 2 was found to effectively kill B. subtilis by cell lysis. The growth of A. solani and C. albicans was inhibited by compounds 1 and 2, respectively. The effects of the flavonoids on the cellular structures and the carbohydrate metabolic pathways were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the treated cells and by assessing the specific activity of key enzymes of the pathways, respectively. At sublethal doses, they enhanced the activity of gluconeogenic fructose bisphosphatase, but decreased the activity of phosphofructokinase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, the key enzymes of the EmbdenMeyerhofParnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
348
|
|
349
|
Auguy F, Abdel-Lateif K, Doumas P, Badin P, Guerin V, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Activation of the isoflavonoid pathway in actinorhizal symbioses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:690-696. [PMID: 32480924 DOI: 10.1071/fp11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of flavonoids in the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. and the actinomycete Frankia. Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis: chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), isoflavone reductase (IFR), flavonoid-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were identified from a unigene database and gene expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) during the nodulation time course. Results showed that FLS and F3'5'H transcripts accumulated in mature nodules whereas CHI and IFR transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia. Comparison of IFR and CHI expression in inoculated plants and in control plants cultivated with or without nitrogen confirmed that early expression of IFR is specifically linked to symbiosis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pablo Badin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vanessa Guerin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
350
|
Vandeputte OM, Kiendrebeogo M, Rasamiravaka T, Stévigny C, Duez P, Rajaonson S, Diallo B, Mol A, Baucher M, El Jaziri M. The flavanone naringenin reduces the production of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2120-2132. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary screening of the Malagasy plant Combretum albiflorum for compounds attenuating the production of quorum sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factors in bacteria led to the identification of active fractions containing flavonoids. In the present study, several flavonoids belonging to the flavone, flavanone, flavonol and chalcone structural groups were screened for their capacity to reduce the production of QS-controlled factors in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO1). Flavanones (i.e. naringenin, eriodictyol and taxifolin) significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin and elastase in P. aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth. Consistently, naringenin and taxifolin reduced the expression of several QS-controlled genes (i.e. lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, lasA, lasB, phzA1 and rhlA) in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Naringenin also dramatically reduced the production of the acylhomoserine lactones N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), which is driven by the lasI and rhlI gene products, respectively. In addition, using mutant strains deficient for autoinduction (ΔlasI and ΔrhlI) and LasR- and RhlR-based biosensors, it was shown that QS inhibition by naringenin not only is the consequence of a reduced production of autoinduction compounds but also results from a defect in the proper functioning of the RlhR–C4-HSL complex. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom, flavonoids are known for their numerous and determinant roles in plant physiology, plant development and in the success of plant–rhizobia interactions, but, as shown here, some of them also have a role as inhibitors of the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by interfering with QS mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M. Vandeputte
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tsiry Rasamiravaka
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanda Rajaonson
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Billo Diallo
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|