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Long PM, Tighe SW, Driscoll HE, Fortner KA, Viapiano MS, Jaworski DM. Acetate supplementation as a means of inducing glioblastoma stem-like cell growth arrest. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1929-43. [PMID: 25573156 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary adult malignant brain tumor, is associated with a poor prognosis due, in part, to tumor recurrence mediated by chemotherapy and radiation resistant glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). The metabolic and epigenetic state of GSCs differs from their non-GSC counterparts, with GSCs exhibiting greater glycolytic metabolism and global hypoacetylation. However, little attention has been focused on the potential use of acetate supplementation as a therapeutic approach. N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAA), the primary storage form of brain acetate, and aspartoacylase (ASPA), the enzyme responsible for NAA catalysis, are significantly reduced in GBM tumors. We recently demonstrated that NAA supplementation is not an appropriate therapeutic approach since it increases GSC proliferation and pursued an alternative acetate source. The FDA approved food additive Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate, GTA) has been safely used for acetate supplementation therapy in Canavan disease, a leukodystrophy due to ASPA mutation. This study characterized the effects of GTA on the proliferation and differentiation of six primary GBM-derived GSCs relative to established U87 and U251 GBM cell lines, normal human cerebral cortical astrocytes, and murine neural stem cells. GTA reduced proliferation of GSCs greater than established GBM lines. Moreover, GTA reduced growth of the more aggressive mesenchymal GSCs greater than proneural GSCs. Although sodium acetate induced a dose-dependent reduction of GSC growth, it also reduced cell viability. GTA-mediated growth inhibition was not associated with differentiation, but increased protein acetylation. These data suggest that GTA-mediated acetate supplementation is a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit GSC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Long
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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302
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Womeldorff M, Gillespie D, Jensen RL. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and associated upstream and downstream proteins in the pathophysiology and management of glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 37:E8. [PMID: 25581937 DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an exceptionally poor patient outcome despite aggressive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. This aggressive phenotype may be associated with intratumoral hypoxia, which probably plays a key role in GBM tumor growth, development, and angiogenesis. A key regulator of cellular response to hypoxia is the protein hypoxia-inducible factor–1 (HIF-1). An examination of upstream hypoxic and nonhypoxic regulation of HIF-1 as well as a review of the downstream HIF-1– regulated proteins may provide further insight into the role of this transcription factor in GBM pathophysiology. Recent insights into upstream regulators that intimately interact with HIF-1 could provide potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this tumor. The same is potentially true for HIF-1–mediated pathways of glycolysis-, angiogenesis-, and invasion-promoting proteins. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between HIF-1, its upstream protein regulators, and its downstream transcribed genes in GBM pathogenesis could provide future treatment options for the care of patients with these tumors.
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303
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Agnihotri S, Zadeh G. Metabolic reprogramming in glioblastoma: the influence of cancer metabolism on epigenetics and unanswered questions. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:160-72. [PMID: 26180081 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining hallmark of glioblastoma is altered tumor metabolism. The metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis with reprogramming of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, regardless of oxygen availability, is a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. In addition to the Warburg effect, glioblastoma tumor cells also utilize the tricarboxylic acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation in a different capacity than normal tissue. Altered metabolic enzymes and their metabolites are oncogenic and not simply a product of tumor proliferation. Here we highlight the advantages of why tumor cells, including glioblastoma cells, require metabolic reprogramming and how tumor metabolism can converge on tumor epigenetics and unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Agnihotri
- MacFeeters-Hamilton Brain Tumor Centre, Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (S.A., G.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (G.Z)
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- MacFeeters-Hamilton Brain Tumor Centre, Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (S.A., G.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (G.Z)
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304
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Rajagopalan KN, Egnatchik RA, Calvaruso MA, Wasti AT, Padanad MS, Boroughs LK, Ko B, Hensley CT, Acar M, Hu Z, Jiang L, Pascual JM, Scaglioni PP, DeBerardinis RJ. Metabolic plasticity maintains proliferation in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficient cells. Cancer Metab 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 26137220 PMCID: PMC4487196 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) occupies a central node of intermediary metabolism, converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, thus committing carbon derived from glucose to an aerobic fate rather than an anaerobic one. Rapidly proliferating tissues, including human tumors, use PDH to generate energy and macromolecular precursors. However, evidence supports the benefits of constraining maximal PDH activity under certain contexts, including hypoxia and oncogene-induced cell growth. Although PDH is one of the most widely studied enzyme complexes in mammals, its requirement for cell growth is unknown. In this study, we directly addressed whether PDH is required for mammalian cells to proliferate. Results We genetically suppressed expression of the PDHA1 gene encoding an essential subunit of the PDH complex and characterized the effects on intermediary metabolism and cell proliferation using a combination of stable isotope tracing and growth assays. Surprisingly, rapidly dividing cells tolerated loss of PDH activity without major effects on proliferative rates in complete medium. PDH suppression increased reliance on extracellular lipids, and in some cell lines, reducing lipid availability uncovered a modest growth defect that could be completely reversed by providing exogenous-free fatty acids. PDH suppression also shifted the source of lipogenic acetyl-CoA from glucose to glutamine, and this compensatory pathway required a net reductive isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) flux to produce a source of glutamine-derived acetyl-CoA for fatty acids. By deleting the cytosolic isoform of IDH (IDH1), the enhanced contribution of glutamine to the lipogenic acetyl-CoA pool during PDHA1 suppression was eliminated, and growth was modestly suppressed. Conclusions Although PDH suppression substantially alters central carbon metabolism, the data indicate that rapid cell proliferation occurs independently of PDH activity. Our findings reveal that this central enzyme is essentially dispensable for growth and proliferation of both primary cells and established cell lines. We also identify the compensatory mechanisms that are activated under PDH deficiency, namely scavenging of extracellular lipids and lipogenic acetyl-CoA production from reductive glutamine metabolism through IDH1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40170-015-0134-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik N Rajagopalan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Robert A Egnatchik
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Maria A Calvaruso
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Ajla T Wasti
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Mahesh S Padanad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Lindsey K Boroughs
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Bookyung Ko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Christopher T Hensley
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Melih Acar
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Departments of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA ; Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA ; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
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305
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Shen H, Hau E, Joshi S, Dilda PJ, McDonald KL. Sensitization of Glioblastoma Cells to Irradiation by Modulating the Glucose Metabolism. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1794-804. [PMID: 26063767 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because radiotherapy significantly increases median survival in patients with glioblastoma, the modulation of radiation resistance is of significant interest. High glycolytic states of tumor cells are known to correlate strongly with radioresistance; thus, the concept of metabolic targeting needs to be investigated in combination with radiotherapy. Metabolically, the elevated glycolysis in glioblastoma cells was observed postradiotherapy together with upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and its target pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1). Dichloroacetate, a PDK inhibitor currently being used to treat lactic acidosis, can modify tumor metabolism by activating mitochondrial activity to force glycolytic tumor cells into oxidative phosphorylation. Dichloroacetate alone demonstrated modest antitumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of glioblastoma and has the ability to reverse the radiotherapy-induced glycolytic shift when given in combination. In vitro, an enhanced inhibition of clonogenicity of a panel of glioblastoma cells was observed when dichloroacetate was combined with radiotherapy. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that dichloroacetate sensitized glioblastoma cells to radiotherapy by inducing the cell-cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, reducing mitochondrial reserve capacity, and increasing the oxidative stress as well as DNA damage in glioblastoma cells together with radiotherapy. In vivo, the combinatorial treatment of dichloroacetate and radiotherapy improved the survival of orthotopic glioblastoma-bearing mice. In conclusion, this study provides the proof of concept that dichloroacetate can effectively sensitize glioblastoma cells to radiotherapy by modulating the metabolic state of tumor cells. These findings warrant further evaluation of the combination of dichloroacetate and radiotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shen
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hau
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Swapna Joshi
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre J Dilda
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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306
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Izquierdo-Garcia JL, Viswanath P, Eriksson P, Cai L, Radoul M, Chaumeil MM, Blough M, Luchman HA, Weiss S, Cairncross JG, Phillips JJ, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. IDH1 Mutation Induces Reprogramming of Pyruvate Metabolism. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2999-3009. [PMID: 26045167 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate but also elicits additional metabolic changes. Levels of both glutamate and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity have been shown to be affected in U87 glioblastoma cells or normal human astrocyte (NHA) cells expressing mutant IDH1, as compared with cells expressing wild-type IDH1. In this study, we show how these phenomena are linked through the effects of IDH1 mutation, which also reprograms pyruvate metabolism. Reduced PDH activity in U87 glioblastoma and NHA IDH1 mutant cells was associated with relative increases in PDH inhibitory phosphorylation, expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-3, and levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α. PDH activity was monitored in these cells by hyperpolarized (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C-MRS), which revealed a reduction in metabolism of hyperpolarized 2-(13)C-pyruvate to 5-(13)C-glutamate, relative to cells expressing wild-type IDH1. (13)C-MRS also revealed a reduction in glucose flux to glutamate in IDH1 mutant cells. Notably, pharmacological activation of PDH by cell exposure to dichloroacetate (DCA) increased production of hyperpolarized 5-(13)C-glutamate in IDH1 mutant cells. Furthermore, DCA treatment also abrogated the clonogenic advantage conferred by IDH1 mutation. Using patient-derived mutant IDH1 neurosphere models, we showed that PDH activity was essential for cell proliferation. Taken together, our results established that the IDH1 mutation induces an MRS-detectable reprogramming of pyruvate metabolism, which is essential for cell proliferation and clonogenicity, with immediate therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Izquierdo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Larry Cai
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Blough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Artee Luchman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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307
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Abstract
Impaired glucose homeostasis is one of the risk factors for causing metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancers. In glucose metabolism, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) mediates a major regulatory step, an irreversible reaction of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Tight control of PDC is critical because it plays a key role in glucose disposal. PDC activity is tightly regulated using phosphorylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1 to 4) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases (PDP1 and 2). PDKs and PDPs exhibit unique tissue expression patterns, kinetic properties, and sensitivities to regulatory molecules. During the last decades, the up-regulation of PDKs has been observed in the tissues of patients and mammals with metabolic diseases, which suggests that the inhibition of these kinases may have beneficial effects for treating metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the role of specific PDK isoenzymes on the induction of metabolic diseases and describes the effects of PDK inhibition on the prevention of metabolic diseases using pharmacological inhibitors. Based on these reports, PDK isoenzymes are strong therapeutic targets for preventing and treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsan, Korea
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308
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Goveia J, Stapor P, Carmeliet P. Principles of targeting endothelial cell metabolism to treat angiogenesis and endothelial cell dysfunction in disease. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1105-20. [PMID: 25063693 PMCID: PMC4197858 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is the orchestral conductor of blood vessel function. Pathological blood vessel formation (a process termed pathological angiogenesis) or the inability of endothelial cells (ECs) to perform their physiological function (a condition known as EC dysfunction) are defining features of various diseases. Therapeutic intervention to inhibit aberrant angiogenesis or ameliorate EC dysfunction could be beneficial in diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, respectively, but current strategies have limited efficacy. Based on recent findings that pathological angiogenesis and EC dysfunction are accompanied by EC-specific metabolic alterations, targeting EC metabolism is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how EC metabolism is altered in disease and discuss potential metabolic targets and strategies to reverse EC dysfunction and inhibit pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Stapor
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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309
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Hou X, Zhang L, Han L, Ge J, Ma R, Zhang X, Moley K, Schedl T, Wang Q. Differing roles of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases during mouse oocyte maturation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2319-29. [PMID: 25991547 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) modulate energy homeostasis in multiple tissues and cell types, under various nutrient conditions, through phosphorylation of the α subunit (PDHE1α, also known as PDHA1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. However, the roles of PDKs in meiotic maturation are currently unknown. Here, by undertaking knockdown and overexpression analysis of PDK paralogs (PDK1-PDK4) in mouse oocytes, we established the site-specificity of PDKs towards the phosphorylation of three serine residues (Ser232, Ser293 and Ser300) on PDHE1α. We found that PDK3-mediated phosphorylation of Ser293-PDHE1α results in disruption of meiotic spindle morphology and chromosome alignment and decreased total ATP levels, probably through inhibition of PDH activity. Unexpectedly, we discovered that PDK1 and PDK2 promote meiotic maturation, as their knockdown disturbs the assembly of the meiotic apparatus, without significantly altering ATP content. Moreover, phosphorylation of Ser232-PDHE1α was demonstrated to mediate PDK1 and PDK2 action in meiotic maturation, possibly through a mechanism that is distinct from PDH inactivation. These findings reveal that there are divergent roles of PDKs during oocyte maturation and indicate a new mechanism controlling meiotic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Juan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Rujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kelle Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim Schedl
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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310
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Molecular Connections between Cancer Cell Metabolism and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11055-86. [PMID: 25988385 PMCID: PMC4463690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially utilize glycolysis, instead of oxidative phosphorylation, for metabolism even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis, referred to as the “Warburg effect”, commonly exists in a variety of tumors. Recent studies further demonstrate that both genetic factors such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and microenvironmental factors such as spatial hypoxia and acidosis can regulate the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells. Reciprocally, altered cancer cell metabolism can modulate the tumor microenvironment which plays important roles in cancer cell somatic evolution, metastasis, and therapeutic response. In this article, we review the progression of current understandings on the molecular interaction between cancer cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discuss the implications of these interactions in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
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311
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Sun XR, Sun Z, Zhu Z, Guan HX, Li CY, Zhang JY, Zhang YN, Zhou H, Zhang HJ, Xu HM, Sun MJ. Expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase is an independent prognostic marker in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5336-5344. [PMID: 25954108 PMCID: PMC4419075 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and prognostic role of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS: This study included 265 patients (194 male, 71 female, mean age 59 years (range, 29-81 years) with GC who underwent curative surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from January 2006 to May 2007. All patients were followed up for more than 5 years. Patient-derived paraffin embedded GC specimens were collected for tissue microarrays (TMAs). We examined PDH expression by immunohistochemistry in TMAs containing tumor tissue and matched non-neoplastic mucosa. Immunoreactivity was evaluated independently by two researchers. Overall survival (OS) rates were determined using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Correlations with other clinicopathologic factors were evaluated by two-tailed χ2 tests or a two-tailed t-test. The Cox proportional-hazard model was used in univariate analysis and multivariate analysis to identify factors significantly correlated with prognosis.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that 35.47% of total cancer tissue specimens had cytoplasmic PDH staining. PDH expression was much higher in normal mucosa specimens (75.09%; P = 0.001). PDH expression was correlated with Lauren grade (70.77% in intestinal type vs 40.0% in diffuse type; P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (65.43% with no metastasis vs 51.09% with metastasis; P = 0.033), lymphatic invasion (61.62% with no invasion vs 38.81% with invasion; P = 0.002), histologic subtypes (70.77% in intestinal type vs 40.0% in diffuse type; P = 0.001) and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (39% in poorly differentiated vs 65.91% in well differentiated and 67.11% in moderately differentiated; P = 0.001) in GC. PDH expression in cancer tissue was significantly associated with higher OS (P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis adjusted for age, Lauren classification, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, histological type, tumor size, depth of invasion and lymphatic invasion showed that the PDH expression in GC was an independent prognostic factor for higher OS (HR = 0.608, 95%CI: 0.504-0.734, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that PDH expression is an independent prognostic factor in GC patients and that positive expression of PDH may be predictive of favorable outcomes.
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312
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Alifieris C, Trafalis DT. Glioblastoma multiforme: Pathogenesis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:63-82. [PMID: 25944528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Each year, about 5-6 cases out of 100,000 people are diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors, of which about 80% are malignant gliomas (MGs). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for more than half of MG cases. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite current multimodality treatment efforts including maximal surgical resection if feasible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, the median survival is short: only about 15months. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors has presented opportunities for newer therapies to evolve and an expectation of better control of this disease. Lately, efforts have been made to investigate tumor resistance, which results from complex alternate signaling pathways, the existence of glioma stem-cells, the influence of the blood-brain barrier as well as the expression of 0(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. In this paper, we review up-to-date information on MGs treatment including current approaches, novel drug-delivering strategies, molecular targeted agents and immunomodulative treatments, and discuss future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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313
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Sanzey M, Abdul Rahim SA, Oudin A, Dirkse A, Kaoma T, Vallar L, Herold-Mende C, Bjerkvig R, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Comprehensive analysis of glycolytic enzymes as therapeutic targets in the treatment of glioblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123544. [PMID: 25932951 PMCID: PMC4416792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major efforts have been put in anti-angiogenic treatment for glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive and highly vascularized brain tumor with dismal prognosis. However clinical outcome with anti-angiogenic agents has been disappointing and tumors quickly develop escape mechanisms. In preclinical GBM models we have recently shown that bevacizumab, a blocking antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, induces hypoxia in treated tumors, which is accompanied by increased glycolytic activity and tumor invasiveness. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of patient derived GBM cells including stem cell lines revealed a strong up-regulation of glycolysis-related genes in response to severe hypoxia. We therefore investigated the importance of glycolytic enzymes in GBM adaptation and survival under hypoxia, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that shRNA-mediated attenuation of glycolytic enzyme expression interfered with GBM growth under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in all cellular models. Using intracranial GBM xenografts we identified seven glycolytic genes whose knockdown led to a dramatic survival benefit in mice. The most drastic effect was observed for PFKP (PFK1, +21.8%) and PDK1 (+20.9%), followed by PGAM1 and ENO1 (+14.5% each), HK2 (+11.8%), ALDOA (+10.9%) and ENO2 (+7.2%). The increase in mouse survival after genetic interference was confirmed using chemical inhibition of PFK1 with clotrimazole. We thus provide a comprehensive analysis on the importance of the glycolytic pathway for GBM growth in vivo and propose PFK1 and PDK1 as the most promising therapeutic targets to address the metabolic escape mechanisms of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sanzey
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Siti Aminah Abdul Rahim
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anais Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Dirkse
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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314
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Perturbation of cellular oxidative state induced by dichloroacetate and arsenic trioxide for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:719-29. [PMID: 25982179 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rising and the outcome of current therapy, which has not changed significantly in the last 40 years, is suboptimal. Cellular oxidative state is a credible target to selectively eradicate AML cells, because it is a fundamental property of each cell that is sufficiently different between leukemic and normal cells, yet its aberrancy shared among different AML cells. To this end, we tested whether a short-time treatment of AML cells, including cells with FLT3-ITD mutation, with sub-lethal dose of dichloroacetate (DCA) (priming) followed by pharmacologic dose of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in presence of low-dose DCA could produce insurmountable level of oxidative damage that kill AML cells. Using cellular cytotoxicity, apoptotic and metabolic assays with both established AML cell lines and primary AML cells, we found that priming with DCA significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of ATO in AML cells in a synergistic manner. The combination decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as expression of Mcl-1 and GPx in primary AML cells more than either drug alone. One patient with AML whose disease was refractory to several lines of prior treatments was treated with this combination, and tolerated it well. These data suggest that targeting cellular redox balance in leukemia may provide a therapeutic option for AML patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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315
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Agnoletto C, Melloni E, Casciano F, Rigolin GM, Rimondi E, Celeghini C, Brunelli L, Cuneo A, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Sodium dichloroacetate exhibits anti-leukemic activity in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and synergizes with the p53 activator Nutlin-3. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4347-60. [PMID: 24962518 PMCID: PMC4147328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukemic activity of the mitochondria-targeting small molecule sodium dichloroacetate (DCA), used alone and in association with the small molecule inhibitor of the p53/MDM2 interaction Nutlin-3, was analyzed in primary B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) samples (n=22), normal peripheral blood cells (n=10) and in p53wild-type EHEB, JVM-2, JVM-3 B lymphoblastoid cell lines. DCA exhibited a dose-dependent anti-leukemic activity in both primary B-CLL and B leukemic cell lines with a functional p53 status and showed a synergistic cytotoxic activity when used in combination with Nutlin-3. At the molecular level, DCA positively regulated p53 activity, as documented by post-transcriptional modifications of p53 protein and synergized with Nutlin-3 in increasing the expression of the p53-target genes MDM2, PUMA, TIGAR and in particular p21. The potential role of p21 in mediating the DCA+Nutlin-3 anti-leukemic activity was underscored in knocking-down experiments. Indeed, transfection of leukemic cells with p21 siRNAs significantly decreased the DCA+Nutlin-3-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, our data emphasize that DCA is a molecule that merits to be further evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent for B-CLL, likely in combination with other therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. These two authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. These two authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Laura Brunelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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316
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Zhang SL, Hu X, Zhang W, Yao H, Tam KY. Development of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors in medicinal chemistry with particular emphasis as anticancer agents. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1112-9. [PMID: 25842042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer cells demonstrate a high rate of glucose consumption via glycolysis to provide intermediates for macromolecule biosynthesis. To accomplish this metabolic change, the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) is rapidly increased in cancer cells. Inhibition of PDKs could promote the function of mitochondria by increasing the oxidative metabolism of pyruvate, resulting in the death of cancer cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural information available for PDKs and their connections to known therapeutic effects. We then describe the development of small molecule PDK inhibitors in medicinal chemistry with particular emphasis as anticancer agents. Finally, directions for further development of PDK inhibitors as potential anticancer agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lin Zhang
- Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Huankai Yao
- Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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317
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Opie LH, Lopaschuk GD. What is good for the circulation also lessens cancer risk. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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318
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Chu QSC, Sangha R, Spratlin J, Vos LJ, Mackey JR, McEwan AJB, Venner P, Michelakis ED. A phase I open-labeled, single-arm, dose-escalation, study of dichloroacetate (DCA) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:603-10. [PMID: 25762000 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Preclinical evidence suggests dichloroacetate (DCA) can reverse the Warburg effect and inhibit growth in cancer models. This phase 1 study was undertaken to assess the safety, recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of oral DCA in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods Twenty-four patients with advanced solid malignancies were enrolled using a standard 3 + 3 protocol at a starting dose of 6.25 mg/kg twice daily (BID). Treatment on 28 days cycles was continued until progression, toxicity, or consent withdrawal. PK samples were collected on days 1 and 15 of cycle 1, and day 1 of subsequent cycles. PET imaging ((18) F-FDG uptake) was investigated as a potential biomarker of response. Results Twenty-three evaluable patients were treated with DCA at two doses: 6.25 mg/kg and 12.5 mg/kg BID (median of 2 cycles each). No DLTs occurred in the 6.25 mg/kg BID cohort so the dose was escalated. Three of seven patients had DLTs (fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea) at 12.5 mg/kg BID. Thirteen additional patients were treated at 6.25 mg/kg BID. Most toxicities were grade 1-2 with the most common being fatigue, neuropathy and nausea. No responses were observed and eight patients had stable disease. The DCA PK profile in cancer patients was consistent with previously published data. There was high variability in PK values and neuropathy among patients. Progressive increase in DCA trough levels and a trend towards decreased (18) F-FDG uptake with length of DCA therapy was observed. Conclusions The RP2D of oral DCA is 6.25 mg/kg BID. Toxicities will require careful monitoring in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy Siu-Chung Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Division of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada,
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319
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Bhat TA, Kumar S, Chaudhary AK, Yadav N, Chandra D. Restoration of mitochondria function as a target for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:635-43. [PMID: 25766095 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defective oxidative phosphorylation has a crucial role in the attenuation of mitochondrial function, which confers therapy resistance in cancer. Various factors, including endogenous heat shock proteins (HSPs) and exogenous agents such as dichloroacetate, restore respiratory and other physiological functions of mitochondria in cancer cells. Functional mitochondria might ultimately lead to the restoration of apoptosis in cancer cells that are refractory to current anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the key reasons contributing to mitochondria dysfunction in cancer cells and how restoration of mitochondrial function could be exploited for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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320
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MEIS1 regulates an HLF-oxidative stress axis in MLL-fusion gene leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:2544-52. [PMID: 25740828 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-599258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemias with MLL translocations are often found in infants and are associated with poor outcomes. The pathogenesis of MLL-fusion leukemias has been linked to upregulation of HOX/MEIS1 genes. The functions of the Hox/Meis1 complex in leukemia, however, remain elusive. Here, we used inducible Meis1-knockout mice coupled with MLL-AF9 knockin mice to decipher the mechanistic role of Meis1 in established MLL leukemia. We demonstrate that Meis1 is essential for maintenance of established leukemia. In addition, in both the murine model and human leukemia cells, we found that Meis1 loss led to increased oxidative stress, oxygen flux, and apoptosis. Gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) as a target gene of Meis1. Hypoxia or HLF expression reversed the oxidative stress, rescuing leukemia development in Meis1-deficient cells. Thus, the leukemia-promoting properties of Meis1 are at least partly mediated by a low-oxidative state, aided by HLF. These results suggest that stimulants of oxidative metabolism could have therapeutic potential in leukemia treatment.
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321
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Varshneya K, Carico C, Ortega A, Patil CG. The Efficacy of Ketogenic Diet and Associated Hypoglycemia as an Adjuvant Therapy for High-Grade Gliomas: A Review of the Literature. Cureus 2015; 7:e251. [PMID: 26180675 PMCID: PMC4494562 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, often referred to as a ketogenic diet (KD), has been suggested to reduce frequency and severity of chronic pediatric and adult seizures. A hypoglycemic state, perpetuated by administration of a KD, has been hypothesized as a potential aid to the current standard treatments of high-grade gliomas. Methods: To understand the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet as a therapy for malignant gliomas, studies analyzing components of a KD were reviewed. Both preclinical and clinical studies were included. The keywords “ketogenic diet, GBM, malignant glioma, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia” were utilized to search for both abstracts and full articles in English. Overall, 39 articles were found and included in this review. Results: Studies in animal models showed that a KD is able to control tumor growth and increase overall survival. Other pre-clinical studies have suggested that a KD sustains an environment in which tumors respond better to standard treatments, such as chemoradiation. In human cohorts, the KD was well tolerated. Quality of life was improved, compared to a standard, non-calorie or carbohydrate restricted diet. Hyperglycemia was independently associated with diminished survival. Conclusion: Recent clinical findings have demonstrated that induced hypoglycemia and ketogenic diet are tolerable and can potentially be an adjuvant to standard treatments, such as surgery and chemoradiation. Other findings have advocated for KD as a malignant cell growth inhibitor, and indicate that further studies analyzing larger cohorts of GBM patients treated with a KD are needed to determine the breadth of impact a KD can have on GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Varshneya
- Center for Neurosurgical Outcomes Research, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Christine Carico
- Center for Neurosurgical Outcomes Research, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Alicia Ortega
- Center for Neurosurgical Outcomes Research, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
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322
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Prabhu A, Sarcar B, Miller CR, Kim SH, Nakano I, Forsyth P, Chinnaiyan P. Ras-mediated modulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity regulates mitochondrial reserve capacity and contributes to glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1220-30. [PMID: 25712957 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though altered metabolism representing a hallmark of cancer was proposed nearly a century ago, recent technological advances have allowed investigators to continue uncovering a previously unrecognized complexity of metabolic programs that drive tumorigenesis beyond that of aerobic glycolysis. METHODS The bioenergetic state of a diverse panel of glioblastoma models, including isogenic lines derived from a genetically engineered adult astrocytic mouse model and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells, was determined at baseline and in stressed conditions. Mechanisms contributing to the discovered metabolic phenotypes were determined through molecular and chemical perturbation, and their biological consequences were evaluated in vivo and in patient samples. RESULTS Attenuated mitochondrial reserve capacity was identified as a common metabolic phenotype in glioblastoma lines. This phenotype was linked mechanistically with the capacity of Ras-mediated signaling to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity through downregulation of PDH phosphatase (PDP) expression. PDP1 repression was validated clinically in patient-derived samples, suggesting that aberrant cellular signaling typical of glioblastoma actively modulates PDH activity. This phenotype was reversed through both chemical and molecular perturbation. Restoration of PDH activity through stable expression of PDP1-impaired tumorigenic potential. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the central role that PDH regulation plays as a downstream consequence of aberrant signaling associated with gliomagenesis and the scientific rationale to continue to develop and test clinical strategies designed to activate PDH as a form of anticancer therapy in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Prabhu
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - Bhaswati Sarcar
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - Peter Forsyth
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
| | - Prakash Chinnaiyan
- Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.C.); Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (A.P., B.S., P.F., P.C.); Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.F.); Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (P.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.); Department of Neurologic Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S-H.K., I.N.)
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323
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Feng W, Gentles A, Nair RV, Huang M, Lin Y, Lee CY, Cai S, Scheeren FA, Kuo AH, Diehn M. Targeting unique metabolic properties of breast tumor initiating cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1734-45. [PMID: 24497069 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal stem cells from a variety of tissues display unique metabolic properties compared to their more differentiated progeny. However, relatively little is known about metabolic properties of cancer stem cells, also called tumor initiating cells (TICs). In this study we show that, analogous to some normal stem cells, breast TICs have distinct metabolic properties compared to nontumorigenic cancer cells (NTCs). Transcriptome profiling using RNA-Seq revealed TICs underexpress genes involved in mitochondrial biology and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic analyses revealed TICs preferentially perform glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation compared to NTCs. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated that decreased expression and activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (Pdh), a key regulator of oxidative phosphorylation, plays a critical role in promoting the proglycolytic phenotype of TICs. Metabolic reprogramming via forced activation of Pdh preferentially eliminated TICs both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings reveal unique metabolic properties of TICs and demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming represents a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Feng
- Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
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324
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Shen H, Decollogne S, Dilda PJ, Hau E, Chung SA, Luk PP, Hogg PJ, McDonald KL. Dual-targeting of aberrant glucose metabolism in glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:14. [PMID: 25652202 PMCID: PMC4324653 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. In contrast to some other tumor types, aberrant glucose metabolism is an important component of GBM growth and chemoresistance. Recent studies of human orthotopic GBM in mice and in situ demonstrated GBM cells rely on both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation for glucose catabolism. These observations suggest that the homeostasis of energy metabolism of GBM cells might be further disturbed by dual-inhibition of glucose metabolism. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the mechanisms of dual-targeting therapy in GBM cells. Methods Representative GBM cells (immortalized GBM cell lines and patient-derived GBM cells) and non-cancerous cells were treated with 4-(N-(S-penicillaminylacetyl)amino) phenylarsonous acid (PENAO), an in-house designed novel arsenic-based mitochondrial toxin, in combination with dichloroacetate (DCA), a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor. The efficacy of this combinatorial therapy was evaluated by MTS assay, clonogenic surviving assay and apoptotic assays. The underlying mechanisms of this dual-targeting treatment were unraveled by using mitochondrial membrane potential measurements, cytosol/mitochondrial ROS detection, western blotting, extracellular flux assay and mass spectrometry. Results As monotherapies, both PENAO and DCA induced proliferation arrest in a panel of GBM cell lines and primary isolates. PENAO inhibited oxygen consumption, induced oxidative stress and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, which in turn activated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. By combining DCA with PENAO, the two drugs worked synergistically to inhibit cell proliferation (but had no significant effect on non-cancerous cells), impair the clonogenicity, and induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. An oxidative stress of mitochondrial origin takes a prominent place in the mechanism by which the combination of PENAO and DCA induces cell death. Additionally, PENAO-induced oxidative damage was enhanced by DCA through glycolytic inhibition which in turn diminished acid production induced by PENAO. Moreover, DCA treatment also led to an alteration in the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of GBM cells, thereby leading to an increased cytosolic accumulation of PENAO. Conclusions The findings of this study shed a new light with respect to the dual-targeting of glucose metabolism in GBM cells and the innovative combination of PENAO and DCA shows promise in expanding GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shen
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Decollogne
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Pierre J Dilda
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Eric Hau
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia. .,Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
| | - Sylvia A Chung
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Peter P Luk
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Philip J Hogg
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Cure Brain Cancer Neuro-Oncology Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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325
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Catalán E, Charni S, Jaime P, Aguiló JI, Enríquez JA, Naval J, Pardo J, Villalba M, Anel A. MHC-I modulation due to changes in tumor cell metabolism regulates tumor sensitivity to CTL and NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e985924. [PMID: 25949869 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.985924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have a tendency to use glucose fermentation to obtain energy instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We demonstrated that this phenotype correlated with loss of ERK5 expression and with reduced MHC class I expression. Consequently, tumor cells could evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune surveillance, but also increase their sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cells. These outcomes were evaluated using two cellular models: leukemic EL4 cells and L929 transformed fibroblasts and their derived ρ° cell lines, which lack mitochondrial DNA. We have also used a L929 cell sub-line that spontaneously lost matrix attachment (L929dt), reminiscent of metastasis generation, that also downregulated MHC-I and ERK5 expression. MHC-I expression is lower in ρ° cells than in the parental cell lines, but they were equally sensitive to CTL. On the contrary, ρ° cells were more sensitive to activated NK cells than parental cells. On the other hand, L929dt cells were resistant to CTL and NK cells, showed reduced viability when forced to perform OXPHOS, and surviving cells increased MHC-I expression and became sensitive to CTL. The present results suggest that when the reduction in MHC-I levels in tumor cells due to glycolytic metabolism is partial, the increase in sensitivity to NK cells seems to predominate. However, when tumor cells completely lose MHC-I expression, the combination of treatments that increase OXPHOS with CTL-mediated immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catalán
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Seyma Charni
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Jaime
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Aguiló
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza and Dept. of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III; Melchor Fernandez Almagro ; Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
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326
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Emerging therapies and future directions in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:489-501. [PMID: 25840098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex obliterative vascular disease. It remains deadly despite an explosion of basic research over the past 20 years that identified myriads of potential therapeutic targets, few of which have been translated into early phase trials. Despite the agreement over the past decade that its pathogenesis is based on an antiapoptotic and proproliferative environment within the pulmonary arterial wall, and not vasoconstriction, all the currently approved therapies were developed and tested in PAH because of their vasodilatory properties. Numerous potential therapies identified in preclinical research fail to be translated in clinical research. Here we discuss 7 concepts that might help address the "translational gap" in PAH. These include: a need to approach the "pulmonary arteries-right ventricle unit" comprehensively and develop right ventricle-specific therapies for heart failure; the metabolic and inflammatory theories of PAH that put many "diverse" abnormalities under 1 mechanistic roof, allowing the identification of more effective targets and biomarkers; the realization that PAH might be a systemic disease with primary abnormalities in extrapulmonary tissues including the right ventricle, skeletal muscle, immune system, and perhaps bone marrow, shifting our focus toward more systemic targets; the realization that many heritable components of PAH have an epigenetic basis that can be therapeutically targeted; and novel approaches like cell therapy or devices that can potentially improve access to transplanted organs. This progress marks the entrance into a new and exciting stage in our understanding and ability to fight this mysterious deadly disease.
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327
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Baldock AL, Yagle K, Born DE, Ahn S, Trister AD, Neal M, Johnston SK, Bridge CA, Basanta D, Scott J, Malone H, Sonabend AM, Canoll P, Mrugala MM, Rockhill JK, Rockne RC, Swanson KR. Invasion and proliferation kinetics in enhancing gliomas predict IDH1 mutation status. Neuro Oncol 2015; 16:779-86. [PMID: 24832620 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas with a specific mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene have a better prognosis than gliomas with wild-type IDH1. METHODS Here we compare the IDH1 mutational status in 172 contrast-enhancing glioma patients with the invasion profile generated by a patient-specific mathematical model we developed based on MR imaging. RESULTS We show that IDH1-mutated contrast-enhancing gliomas were relatively more invasive than wild-type IDH1 for all 172 contrast-enhancing gliomas as well as the subset of 158 histologically confirmed glioblastomas. The appearance of this relatively increased, model-predicted invasive profile appears to be determined more by a lower model-predicted net proliferation rate rather than an increased model-predicted dispersal rate of the glioma cells. Receiver operator curve analysis of the model-predicted MRI-based invasion profile revealed an area under the curve of 0.91, indicative of a predictive relationship. The robustness of this relationship was tested by cross-validation analysis of the invasion profile as a predictive metric for IDH1 status. CONCLUSIONS The strong correlation between IDH1 mutation status and the MRI-based invasion profile suggests that use of our tumor growth model may lead to noninvasive clinical detection of IDH1 mutation status and thus lead to better treatment planning, particularly prior to surgical resection, for contrast-enhancing gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Baldock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Kevin Yagle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Donald E Born
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Sunyoung Ahn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Andrew D Trister
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Maxwell Neal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Sandra K Johnston
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Carly A Bridge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - David Basanta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Jacob Scott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Hani Malone
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Maciej M Mrugala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Jason K Rockhill
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
| | - Kristin R Swanson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Ilinois (A.L.B., C.B., R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (K.Y., S.A., M.N., S.K.J.); Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.E.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington (A.D.T., J.K.R.); Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (D.B., J.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York (H.M., A.M.S.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (P.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (M.M.M.); Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.C.R., K.R.S.); Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (K.R.S.)
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328
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Metabolic modulation of cancer: a new frontier with great translational potential. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:127-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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329
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Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Tumor Stem Cells in Central Nervous System Malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:167-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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330
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Mitochondrial energy metabolism and apoptosis regulation in glioblastoma. Brain Res 2015; 1595:127-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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331
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Ho N, Coomber BL. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression and metabolic changes following dichloroacetate exposure in anoxic human colorectal cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:73-81. [PMID: 25536473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a small molecule that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) to constrain the aerobic glycolytic pathway observed in many cancer cells and effectively kill them with limited cytotoxicity on normal cells. We previously showed that DCA induced a cytoprotective effect in different human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines under anoxic conditions. In this study, we investigated the molecular and metabolic changes that may be providing this cytoprotection. The expression profiles of PDK isoforms in SW480 and LS174T cells along with subsequent changes in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) phosphorylation were assessed following DCA exposure. Changes in mitochondrial activity and subsequent glucose consumption and lactate production were then examined. We show evidence of differential regulation in PDH phosphorylation between different human CRC cells leading to differences in mitochondrial activity following DCA exposure. However, these effects did not lead to significant changes in cellular metabolism nor growth. In conclusion, DCA may only be beneficial in treating a subset of tumor types based on their molecular profiles of different PDK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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332
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Byersdorfer CA. The role of Fatty Acid oxidation in the metabolic reprograming of activated t-cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:641. [PMID: 25566254 PMCID: PMC4270246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation represents a significant bioenergetic challenge for T-cells, which must undergo metabolic reprogramming to keep pace with increased energetic demands. This review focuses on the role of fatty acid metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, following T-cell activation. Based upon previous studies in the literature, as well as accumulating evidence in allogeneic cells, I propose a multi-step model of in vivo metabolic reprogramming. In this model, a primary determinant of metabolic phenotype is the ubiquity and duration of antigen exposure. The implications of this model, as well as the future challenges and opportunities in studying T-cell metabolism, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Alan Byersdorfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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333
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Elucidation of the interaction loci of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2·E3BP core with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and kinase 2 by H/D exchange mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 2014; 54:69-82. [PMID: 25436986 PMCID: PMC4295793 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The human pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex (PDC) comprises three
principal catalytic components for its mission: E1, E2, and E3. The
core of the complex is a strong subcomplex between E2 and an E3-binding
protein (E3BP). The PDC is subject to regulation at E1 by serine phosphorylation
by four kinases (PDK1–4), an inactivation reversed by the action
of two phosphatases (PDP1 and -2). We report H/D exchange mass spectrometric
(HDX-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies in the first
attempt to define the interaction loci between PDK1 and PDK2 with
the intact E2·E3BP core and their C-terminally truncated proteins.
While the three lipoyl domains (L1 and L2 on E2 and L3 on E3BP) lend
themselves to NMR studies and determination of interaction maps with
PDK1 and PDK2 at the individual residue level, HDX-MS allowed studies
of interaction loci on both partners in the complexes, PDKs, and other
regions of the E2·E3BP core, as well, at the peptide level. HDX-MS
suggested that the intact E2·E3BP core enhances the binding specificity
of L2 for PDK2 over PDK1, while NMR studies detected lipoyl domain
residues unique to interaction with PDK1 and PDK2. The E2·E3BP
core induced more changes on PDKs than any C-terminally truncated
protein, with clear evidence of greater plasticity of PDK1 than of
PDK2. The effect of L1L2S paralleled HDX-MS results obtained with
the intact E2·E3BP core; hence, L1L2S is an excellent candidate
with which to define interaction loci with these two PDKs. Surprisingly,
L3S′ induced moderate interaction with both PDKs according
to both methods.
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334
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XIE QI, ZHANG HANFANG, GUO YINGZI, WANG PENGYI, LIU ZHONGSHUNG, GAO HUADONG, XIE WEILI. Combination of Taxol® and dichloroacetate results in synergistically inhibitory effects on Taxol-resistant oral cancer cells under hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2935-40. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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335
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Nederlof R, Eerbeek O, Hollmann MW, Southworth R, Zuurbier CJ. Targeting hexokinase II to mitochondria to modulate energy metabolism and reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in heart. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2067-79. [PMID: 24032601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially bound hexokinase II (mtHKII) has long been known to confer cancer cells with their resilience against cell death. More recently, mtHKII has emerged as a powerful protector against cardiac cell death. mtHKII protects against ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in skeletal muscle and heart, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling, and is one of the major end-effectors through which ischaemic preconditioning protects against myocardial IR injury. Mechanisms of mtHKII cardioprotection against reperfusion injury entail the maintenance of regulated outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeability during ischaemia and reperfusion resulting in stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the prevention of OMM breakage and cytochrome C release, and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Increasing mtHK may also have important metabolic consequences, such as improvement of glucose-induced insulin release, prevention of acidosis through enhanced coupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Deficiencies in expression and distorted cellular signalling of HKII may contribute to the altered sensitivity of diabetes to cardiac ischaemic diseases. The interaction of HKII with the mitochondrion constitutes a powerful endogenous molecular mechanism to protect against cell death in almost all cell types examined (neurons, tumours, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, heart). The challenge now is to harness mtHKII in the treatment of infarction, stroke, elective surgery and transplantation. Remote ischaemic preconditioning, metformin administration and miR-155/miR-144 manipulations are potential means of doing just that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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336
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Nederlof R, Eerbeek O, Hollmann MW, Southworth R, Zuurbier CJ. Targeting hexokinase II to mitochondria to modulate energy metabolism and reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in heart. Br J Pharmacol 2014. [PMID: 24032601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12363];] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially bound hexokinase II (mtHKII) has long been known to confer cancer cells with their resilience against cell death. More recently, mtHKII has emerged as a powerful protector against cardiac cell death. mtHKII protects against ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in skeletal muscle and heart, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling, and is one of the major end-effectors through which ischaemic preconditioning protects against myocardial IR injury. Mechanisms of mtHKII cardioprotection against reperfusion injury entail the maintenance of regulated outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeability during ischaemia and reperfusion resulting in stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the prevention of OMM breakage and cytochrome C release, and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Increasing mtHK may also have important metabolic consequences, such as improvement of glucose-induced insulin release, prevention of acidosis through enhanced coupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Deficiencies in expression and distorted cellular signalling of HKII may contribute to the altered sensitivity of diabetes to cardiac ischaemic diseases. The interaction of HKII with the mitochondrion constitutes a powerful endogenous molecular mechanism to protect against cell death in almost all cell types examined (neurons, tumours, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, heart). The challenge now is to harness mtHKII in the treatment of infarction, stroke, elective surgery and transplantation. Remote ischaemic preconditioning, metformin administration and miR-155/miR-144 manipulations are potential means of doing just that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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337
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Hong SE, Shin KS, Lee YH, Seo SK, Yun SM, Choe TB, Kim HA, Kim EK, Noh WC, Kim JI, Hwang CS, Lee JK, Hwang SG, Jin HO, Park IC. Inhibition of S6K1 enhances dichloroacetate-induced cell death. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:1171-9. [PMID: 25471732 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The unique metabolic profile of cancer (aerobic glycolysis) is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer. Dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, has been shown to reverse glycolytic phenotype and induce mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) inhibition on DCA-induced cell death and the underlying mechanisms in breast cancer cells. METHODS Cell death was evaluated by annexin V and PI staining. The synergistic effects of DCA and PF4708671 were assessed by isobologram analysis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used for suppressing gene expression. The mRNA and protein levels were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS PF4708671, a selective inhibitor of S6K1, and knockdown of S6K1 with specific siRNA enhanced DCA-induced cell death. Interestingly, a combination of DCA/PF4708671 markedly reduced protein expression of a glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase 2 (HK2). Suppression of HK2 activity using specific siRNA and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) further enhanced cell sensitivity to DCA/PF4708671. Overexpression of Myc-tagged HK2 rescued cell death induced by DCA/PF4708671. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we propose that inhibition of S6K1, in combination with the glycolytic inhibitor, DCA, provides effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Hong
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea
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338
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Gerriets VA, Kishton RJ, Nichols AG, Macintyre AN, Inoue M, Ilkayeva O, Winter PS, Liu X, Priyadharshini B, Slawinska ME, Haeberli L, Huck C, Turka LA, Wood KC, Hale LP, Smith PA, Schneider MA, MacIver NJ, Locasale JW, Newgard CB, Shinohara ML, Rathmell JC. Metabolic programming and PDHK1 control CD4+ T cell subsets and inflammation. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:194-207. [PMID: 25437876 DOI: 10.1172/jci76012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CD4+ T cells results in rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector and regulatory subsets. CD4+ effector T cell (Teff) (Th1 and Th17) and Treg subsets are metabolically distinct, yet the specific metabolic differences that modify T cell populations are uncertain. Here, we evaluated CD4+ T cell populations in murine models and determined that inflammatory Teffs maintain high expression of glycolytic genes and rely on high glycolytic rates, while Tregs are oxidative and require mitochondrial electron transport to proliferate, differentiate, and survive. Metabolic profiling revealed that pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a key bifurcation point between T cell glycolytic and oxidative metabolism. PDH function is inhibited by PDH kinases (PDHKs). PDHK1 was expressed in Th17 cells, but not Th1 cells, and at low levels in Tregs, and inhibition or knockdown of PDHK1 selectively suppressed Th17 cells and increased Tregs. This alteration in the CD4+ T cell populations was mediated in part through ROS, as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment restored Th17 cell generation. Moreover, inhibition of PDHK1 modulated immunity and protected animals against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, decreasing Th17 cells and increasing Tregs. Together, these data show that CD4+ subsets utilize and require distinct metabolic programs that can be targeted to control specific T cell populations in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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339
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Meng T, Zhang D, Xie Z, Yu T, Wu S, Wyder L, Regenass U, Hilpert K, Huang M, Geng M, Shen J. Discovery and Optimization of 4,5-Diarylisoxazoles as Potent Dual Inhibitors of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase and Heat Shock Protein 90. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9832-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorenza Wyder
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Regenass
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Hilpert
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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340
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Abstract
Parmenter and colleagues identify molecular pathways by which BRAF-MAPK signaling regulates glycolysis in melanoma, suggesting novel approaches to target these metabolic dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Haq
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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341
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Paulin R, Dromparis P, Sutendra G, Gurtu V, Zervopoulos S, Bowers L, Haromy A, Webster L, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Michelakis ED. Sirtuin 3 deficiency is associated with inhibited mitochondrial function and pulmonary arterial hypertension in rodents and humans. Cell Metab 2014; 20:827-839. [PMID: 25284742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of mitochondrial function promoting proliferation and apoptosis suppression has been described in the pulmonary arteries and extrapulmonary tissues in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the cause of this metabolic remodeling is unknown. Mice lacking sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, have increased acetylation and inhibition of many mitochondrial enzymes and complexes, suppressing mitochondrial function. Sirt3KO mice develop spontaneous PAH, exhibiting previously described molecular features of PAH pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). In human PAH PASMC and rats with PAH, SIRT3 is downregulated, and its normalization with adenovirus gene therapy reverses the disease phenotype. A loss-of-function SIRT3 polymorphism, linked to metabolic syndrome, is associated with PAH in an unbiased cohort of 162 patients and controls. If confirmed in large patient cohorts, these findings may facilitate biomarker and therapeutic discovery programs in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Peter Dromparis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Vikram Gurtu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | | - Lyndsay Bowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Alois Haromy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Linda Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, IUCPQ Research Centre, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, IUCPQ Research Centre, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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342
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Warmoes MO, Locasale JW. Heterogeneity of glycolysis in cancers and therapeutic opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:12-21. [PMID: 25093285 PMCID: PMC4254151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Upregulated glycolysis, both in normoxic and hypoxic environments, is a nearly universal trait of cancer cells. The enormous difference in glucose metabolism offers a target for therapeutic intervention with a potentially low toxicity profile. The past decade has seen a steep rise in the development and clinical assessment of small molecules that target glycolysis. The enzymes in glycolysis have a highly heterogeneous nature that allows for the different bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling demands needed for various tissue functions. In cancers, these properties enable them to respond to the variable requirements of cell survival, proliferation and adaptation to nutrient availability. Heterogeneity in glycolysis occurs through the expression of different isoforms, posttranslational modifications that affect the kinetic and regulatory properties of the enzyme. In this review, we will explore this vast heterogeneity of glycolysis and discuss how this information might be exploited to better target glucose metabolism and offer possibilities for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O Warmoes
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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343
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Chromosomal instability causes sensitivity to metabolic stress. Oncogene 2014; 34:4044-55. [PMID: 25347746 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal INstability (CIN), a hallmark of cancer, refers to cells with an increased rate of gain or loss of whole chromosomes or chromosome parts. CIN is linked to the progression of tumors with poor clinical outcomes such as drug resistance. CIN can give tumors the diversity to resist therapy, but it comes at the cost of significant stress to tumor cells. To tolerate this, cancer cells must modify their energy use to provide adaptation against genetic changes as well as to promote their survival and growth. In this study, we have demonstrated that CIN induction causes sensitivity to metabolic stress. We show that mild metabolic disruption that does not affect normal cells, can lead to high levels of oxidative stress and subsequent cell death in CIN cells because they are already managing elevated stress levels. Altered metabolism is a differential characteristic of cancer cells, so our identification of key regulators that can exploit these changes to cause cell death may provide cancer-specific potential drug targets, especially for advanced cancers that exhibit CIN.
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344
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SIRT3 interactions with FOXO3 acetylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation mediate endothelial cell responses to hypoxia. Biochem J 2014; 464:157-68. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This article reports that hypoxia elicits SIRT3 to deacetylate FOXO3 in endothelial cells. This drives an increase in the expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, reduces accumulation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and thereby confers cellular capacity to adapt to hypoxia.
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345
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A role for the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier as a repressor of the Warburg effect and colon cancer cell growth. Mol Cell 2014; 56:400-413. [PMID: 25458841 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are typically subject to profound metabolic alterations, including the Warburg effect wherein cancer cells oxidize a decreased fraction of the pyruvate generated from glycolysis. We show herein that the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), composed of the products of the MPC1 and MPC2 genes, modulates fractional pyruvate oxidation. MPC1 is deleted or underexpressed in multiple cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. Cancer cells re-expressing MPC1 and MPC2 display increased mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, with no changes in cell growth in adherent culture. MPC re-expression exerted profound effects in anchorage-independent growth conditions, however, including impaired colony formation in soft agar, spheroid formation, and xenograft growth. We also observed a decrease in markers of stemness and traced the growth effects of MPC expression to the stem cell compartment. We propose that reduced MPC activity is an important aspect of cancer metabolism, perhaps through altering the maintenance and fate of stem cells.
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346
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Villalba M, Lopez-Royuela N, Krzywinska E, Rathore MG, Hipskind RA, Haouas H, Allende-Vega N. Chemical metabolic inhibitors for the treatment of blood-borne cancers. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:223-32. [PMID: 24237221 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113136660374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells, including leukemic cells, remodel their bioenergetic system in favor of aerobic glycolysis. This process is called "the Warburg effect" and offers an attractive pharmacological target to preferentially eliminate malignant cells. In addition, recent results show that metabolic changes can be linked to tumor immune evasion. Mouse models demonstrate the importance of this metabolic remodeling in leukemogenesis. Some leukemias, although treatable, remain incurable and resistance to chemotherapy produces an elevated percentage of relapse in most leukemia cases. Several groups have targeted the specific metabolism of leukemia cells in preclinical and clinical studies to improve the prognosis of these patients, i.e. using L-asparaginase to treat pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Additional metabolic drugs that are currently being used to treat other diseases or tumors could also be exploited for leukemia, based on preclinical studies. Finally, we discuss the potential use of several metabolic drugs in combination therapies, including immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) or immune cell-based therapies, to increase their efficacy and reduce side effects in the treatment of hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nerea Allende-Vega
- INSERM U1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, 80, avenue Augustin Fliche. 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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347
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Haugrud AB, Zhuang Y, Coppock JD, Miskimins WK. Dichloroacetate enhances apoptotic cell death via oxidative damage and attenuates lactate production in metformin-treated breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:539-50. [PMID: 25212175 PMCID: PMC4184194 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The unique metabolism of breast cancer cells provides interest in exploiting this phenomenon therapeutically. Metformin, a promising breast cancer therapeutic, targets complex I of the electron transport chain leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that eventually lead to cell death. Inhibition of complex I leads to lactate production, a metabolic byproduct already highly produced by reprogrammed cancer cells and associated with a poor prognosis. While metformin remains a promising cancer therapeutic, we sought a complementary agent to increase apoptotic promoting effects of metformin while attenuating lactate production possibly leading to greatly improved efficacy. Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a well-established drug used in the treatment of lactic acidosis which functions through inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) promoting mitochondrial metabolism. Our purpose was to examine the synergy and mechanisms by which these two drugs kill breast cancer cells. Cell lines were subjected to the indicated treatments and analyzed for cell death and various aspects of metabolism. Cell death and ROS production were analyzed using flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and cell counting methods. Images of cells were taken with phase contrast microscopy or confocal microscopy. Metabolism of cells was analyzed using the Seahorse XF24 analyzer, lactate assays, and pH analysis. We show that when DCA and metformin are used in combination, synergistic induction of apoptosis of breast cancer cells occurs. Metformin-induced oxidative damage is enhanced by DCA through PDK1 inhibition which also diminishes metformin promoted lactate production. We demonstrate that DCA and metformin combine to synergistically induce caspase-dependent apoptosis involving oxidative damage with simultaneous attenuation of metformin promoted lactate production. Innovative combinations such as metformin and DCA show promise in expanding breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Haugrud
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th St North, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA,
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348
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Keunen O, Taxt T, Grüner R, Lund-Johansen M, Tonn JC, Pavlin T, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP, Thorsen F. Multimodal imaging of gliomas in the context of evolving cellular and molecular therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:98-115. [PMID: 25078721 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of malignant gliomas relapse after surgery and standard radio-chemotherapy. Novel molecular and cellular therapies are thus being developed, targeting specific aspects of tumor growth. While histopathology remains the gold standard for tumor classification, neuroimaging has over the years taken a central role in the diagnosis and treatment follow up of brain tumors. It is used to detect and localize lesions, define the target area for biopsies, plan surgical and radiation interventions and assess tumor progression and treatment outcome. In recent years the application of novel drugs including anti-angiogenic agents that affect the tumor vasculature, has drastically modulated the outcome of brain tumor imaging. To properly evaluate the effects of emerging experimental therapies and successfully support treatment decisions, neuroimaging will have to evolve. Multi-modal imaging systems with existing and new contrast agents, molecular tracers, technological advances and advanced data analysis can all contribute to the establishment of disease relevant biomarkers that will improve disease management and patient care. In this review, we address the challenges of glioma imaging in the context of novel molecular and cellular therapies, and take a prospective look at emerging experimental and pre-clinical imaging techniques that bear the promise of meeting these challenges.
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349
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Sutendra G, Kinnaird A, Dromparis P, Paulin R, Stenson TH, Haromy A, Hashimoto K, Zhang N, Flaim E, Michelakis ED. A nuclear pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is important for the generation of acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation. Cell 2014; 158:84-97. [PMID: 24995980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA transcription, replication, and repair are regulated by histone acetylation, a process that requires the generation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA). Here, we show that all the subunits of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) are also present and functional in the nucleus of mammalian cells. We found that knockdown of nuclear PDC in isolated functional nuclei decreased the de novo synthesis of acetyl-CoA and acetylation of core histones. Nuclear PDC levels increased in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and in response to serum, epidermal growth factor, or mitochondrial stress; this was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in mitochondrial PDC levels, suggesting a translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Inhibition of nuclear PDC decreased acetylation of specific lysine residues on histones important for G1-S phase progression and expression of S phase markers. Dynamic translocation of mitochondrial PDC to the nucleus provides a pathway for nuclear acetyl-CoA synthesis required for histone acetylation and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Adam Kinnaird
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Peter Dromparis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Trevor H Stenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Alois Haromy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Kyoko Hashimoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Nancy Zhang
- nanoFAB Fabrication and Characterization Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Eric Flaim
- nanoFAB Fabrication and Characterization Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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350
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McCarty MF, Contreras F. Increasing Superoxide Production and the Labile Iron Pool in Tumor Cells may Sensitize Them to Extracellular Ascorbate. Front Oncol 2014; 4:249. [PMID: 25279352 PMCID: PMC4165285 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low millimolar concentrations of ascorbate are capable of inflicting lethal damage on a high proportion of cancer cells lines, yet leave non-transformed cell lines unscathed. Extracellular generation of hydrogen peroxide, reflecting reduction of molecular oxygen by ascorbate, has been shown to mediate this effect. Although some cancer cell lines express low catalase activity, this cannot fully explain the selective sensitivity of cancer cells to hydrogen peroxide. Ranzato and colleagues have presented evidence for a plausible new explanation of this sensitivity - a high proportion of cancers, via NADPH oxidase complexes or dysfunctional mitochondria, produce elevated amounts of superoxide. This superoxide, via a transition metal-catalyzed transfer of an electron to the hydrogen peroxide produced by ascorbate, can generate deadly hydroxyl radical (Haber-Weiss reaction). It thus can be predicted that concurrent measures which somewhat selectively boost superoxide production in cancers will enhance their sensitivity to i.v. ascorbate therapy. One way to achieve this is to increase the provision of substrate to cancer mitochondria. Measures which inhibit the constitutive hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity in cancers (such as salsalate and mTORC1 inhibitors, or an improvement of tumor oxygenation), or that inhibit the HIF-1-inducible pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (such as dichloroacetate), can be expected to increase pyruvate oxidation. A ketogenic diet should provide more lipid substrate for tumor mitochondria. The cancer-killing activity of 42°C hyperthermia is to some degree contingent on an increase in oxidative stress, likely of mitochondrial origin; reports that hydrogen peroxide synergizes with hyperthermia in killing cancer cells suggest that hyperthermia and i.v. ascorbate could potentiate each other's efficacy. A concurrent enhancement of tumor oxygenation might improve results by decreasing HIF-1 activity while increasing the interaction of ascorbic acid with oxygen. An increased pool of labile iron in cancer cells may contribute to the selective susceptibility of many cancers to i.v. ascorbate; antagonism of NF-kappaB activity with salicylate, and intravenous iron administration, could be employed to further elevate free iron in cancers.
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