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Karakhanova S, Mosl B, Harig S, von Ahn K, Fritz J, Schmidt J, Jäger D, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Influence of interferon-alpha combined with chemo (radio) therapy on immunological parameters in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4104-25. [PMID: 24608924 PMCID: PMC3975387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas is particularly poor. A combination of chemotherapy with immunotherapy could be an option for treatment of pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to perform an immunomonitoring of 17 patients with pancreatic cancer from the CapRI-2 study, and tumor-bearing mice treated with combination of chemo (radio) therapies with interferon-2α. Low doses of interferon-2α led to a decrease in total leukocyte and an increase in monocyte counts. Furthermore, we observed a positive effect of interferon-2α therapy on the dendritic cells and NK (natural killer) cell activation immediately after the first injection. In addition, we recorded an increased amount of interferon-γ and IL-10 in the serum following the interferon-2α therapy. These data clearly demonstrate that pancreatic carcinoma patients also show an immunomodulatory response to interferon-2α therapy. Analysis of immunosuppressive cells in the Panc02 orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer revealed an accumulation of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells in spleens and tumors of the mice treated with interferon-2α and 5-fluorouracil. The direct effect of the drugs on myeloid-derived suppressor cells was also registered in vitro. These data expose the importance of immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by combined chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Beate Mosl
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Harig
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Katharina von Ahn
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Fritz
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jan Schmidt
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jäger
- National Centre for Tumor Disease, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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302
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Burke JD, Platanias LC, Fish EN. Beta interferon regulation of glucose metabolism is PI3K/Akt dependent and important for antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3. J Virol 2014; 88:3485-95. [PMID: 24403577 PMCID: PMC3957914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02649-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An effective type I interferon (IFN)-mediated immune response requires the rapid expression of antiviral proteins that are necessary to inhibit viral replication and virus spread. We provide evidence that IFN-β regulates metabolic events important for the induction of a rapid antiviral response: IFN-β decreases the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), coincident with an increase in intracellular ATP. Our studies reveal a biphasic IFN-β-inducible uptake of glucose by cells, mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and IFN-β-inducible regulation of GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface. Additionally, we provide evidence that IFN-β-regulated glycolytic metabolism is important for the acute induction of an antiviral response during infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Last, we demonstrate that the antidiabetic drug metformin enhances the antiviral potency of IFN-β against CVB3 both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings highlight an important role for IFN-β in modulating glucose metabolism during a virus infection and suggest that the use of metformin in combination with IFN-β during acute virus infection may result in enhanced antiviral responses. IMPORTANCE Type I interferons (IFN) are critical effectors of an antiviral response. These studies describe for the first time a role for IFN-β in regulating metabolism--glucose uptake and ATP production--to meet the energy requirements of a robust cellular antiviral response. Our data suggest that IFN-β regulates glucose metabolism mediated by signaling effectors similarly to activation by insulin. Interference with IFN-β-inducible glucose metabolism diminishes the antiviral response, whereas treatment with metformin, a drug that increases insulin sensitivity, enhances the antiviral potency of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Burke
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - L. C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E. N. Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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303
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Abstract
Constitutive expression of interferons (IFNs) and activation of their signaling pathways have pivotal roles in host responses to malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. IFNs are induced by the innate immune system and in tumors through stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and through other signaling pathways in response to specific cytokines. Although in the oncologic context IFNs have been thought of more as exogenous pharmaceuticals, the autocrine and paracrine actions of endogenous IFNs probably have even more critical effects on neoplastic disease outcomes. Through high-affinity cell surface receptors, IFNs modulate transcriptional signaling, leading to regulation of more than 2,000 genes with varying patterns of temporal expression. Induction of the gene products by both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated STAT1 after ligand binding results in alterations in tumor cell survival, inhibition of angiogenesis, and augmentation of actions of T, natural killer (NK), and dendritic cells. The interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature can be a favorable biomarker of immune response but, in a seemingly paradoxical finding, a specific subset of the full ISG signature indicates an unfavorable response to DNA-damaging interventions such as radiation. IFNs in the tumor microenvironment thus can alter the emergence, progression, and regression of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjoo Cheon
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Ernest C Borden
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - George R Stark
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
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304
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Kaur S, Kroczynska B, Sharma B, Sassano A, Arslan AD, Majchrzak-Kita B, Stein BL, McMahon B, Altman JK, Su B, Calogero RA, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Critical roles for Rictor/Sin1 complexes in interferon-dependent gene transcription and generation of antiproliferative responses. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6581-6591. [PMID: 24469448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide evidence that type I IFN-induced STAT activation is diminished in cells with targeted disruption of the Rictor gene, whose protein product is a key element of mTOR complex 2. Our studies show that transient or stable knockdown of Rictor or Sin1 results in defects in activation of elements of the STAT pathway and reduced STAT-DNA binding complexes. This leads to decreased expression of several IFN-inducible genes that mediate important biological functions. Our studies also demonstrate that Rictor and Sin1 play essential roles in the generation of the suppressive effects of IFNα on malignant erythroid precursors from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Altogether, these findings provide evidence for critical functions for Rictor/Sin1 complexes in type I IFN signaling and the generation of type I IFN antineoplastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kaur
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Barbara Kroczynska
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Bhumika Sharma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Antonella Sassano
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ahmet Dirim Arslan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Beata Majchrzak-Kita
- Toronto Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Brady L Stein
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Brandon McMahon
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 8 Turin, Italy
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
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305
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Ilkow CS, Swift SL, Bell JC, Diallo JS. From scourge to cure: tumour-selective viral pathogenesis as a new strategy against cancer. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003836. [PMID: 24453963 PMCID: PMC3894191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour mutations corrupt cellular pathways, and accumulate to disrupt, dysregulate, and ultimately avoid mechanisms of cellular control. Yet the very changes that tumour cells undergo to secure their own growth success also render them susceptible to viral infection. Enhanced availability of surface receptors, disruption of antiviral sensing, elevated metabolic activity, disengagement of cell cycle controls, hyperactivation of mitogenic pathways, and apoptotic avoidance all render the malignant cell environment highly supportive to viral replication. The therapeutic use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) with a natural tropism for infecting and subsequently lysing tumour cells is a rapidly progressing area of cancer research. While many OVs exhibit an inherent degree of tropism for transformed cells, this can be further promoted through pharmacological interventions and/or the introduction of viral mutations that generate recombinant oncolytic viruses adapted to successfully replicate only in a malignant cellular environment. Such adaptations that augment OV tumour selectivity are already improving the therapeutic outlook for cancer, and there remains tremendous untapped potential for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S. Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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306
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Schiavoni G, Mattei F, Gabriele L. Type I Interferons as Stimulators of DC-Mediated Cross-Priming: Impact on Anti-Tumor Response. Front Immunol 2013; 4:483. [PMID: 24400008 PMCID: PMC3872318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of potent tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses is a fundamental objective in anticancer therapeutic strategies. This event requires that antigen-presenting cells present tumor-associated antigens (Ag) on their MHC class-I molecule, in a process termed cross-presentation. Dendritic cells (DC) are particularly keen on this task and can induce the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells, when exposed to danger or inflammatory signals that stimulate their activation. Type I interferons (IFN-I), a family of long-known immunostimulatory cytokines, have been proven to produce optimal activation signal for DC-induced cross-priming. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidences have suggested that IFN-I-stimulated cross-priming by DC against tumor-associated Ag is a key mechanism for cancer immunosurveillance and may be usefully exploited to boost anti-tumor CD8+ T-cell responses. Here, we will review the cross-presentation properties of different DC subsets, with special focus on cell-associated and tumor Ag, and discuss how IFN-I can modify this function, with the aim of identifying more specific and effective strategies for improving anticancer responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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307
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Wilson EB, Brooks DG. Decoding the complexity of type I interferon to treat persistent viral infections. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:634-40. [PMID: 24216022 PMCID: PMC3864553 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a broad family of cytokines that are central to the innate immune response. These proteins have long been appreciated for the critical roles they play in restraining viral infections and shaping antiviral immune responses. However, in recent years there has been increased awareness of the immunosuppressive actions of these proteins as well. Although there are many current therapeutic applications to manipulate IFN-I pathways, we have limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these therapies are actually functioning. In this review, we highlight the diversity and temporal impact of IFN-I signaling, discuss the current therapeutic uses of IFN-I, and explore the strategy of blocking IFN-I to alleviate immune dysfunction in persistent virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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308
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Vitour D, Doceul V, Ruscanu S, Chauveau E, Schwartz-Cornil I, Zientara S. Induction and control of the type I interferon pathway by Bluetongue virus. Virus Res 2013; 182:59-70. [PMID: 24211608 PMCID: PMC7114367 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A general review describing the current knowledge on the type I IFN pathway. Description of several mechanisms evolved by viruses to counteract this antiviral response. An up-to-date review on the interaction of BTV and the type I IFN pathway in vivo and in vitro. Description of the cellular sensors involved in the induction of IFN-α/β synthesis upon BTV infection in haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells. Description of the strategies evolved by BTV to counteract this cellular antiviral response.
The innate immune response is the first line of defence against viruses, involving the production of type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines that control the infection. It also shapes the adaptive immune response generated by both T and B cells. Production of type I IFN occurs both in vivo and in vitro in response to Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne virus. However, the mechanisms responsible for the production of IFN-β in response to BTV remained unknown until recently and are still not completely understood. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the identification of cellular sensors and signalling pathways involved in this process. The RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) were shown to be involved in the expression of IFN-β as well as in the control of BTV infection in non-haematopoietic cells. In contrast, induction of IFN-α/β synthesis in sheep primary plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) required the MyD88 adaptor independently of the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), as well as the kinases dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK). As type I IFN is essential for the establishment of an antiviral cellular response, most of viruses have elaborated counteracting mechanisms to hinder its action. This review also addresses the ability of BTV to interfere with IFN-β synthesis and the recent findings describing the non-structural viral protein NS3 as a powerful antagonist of the host cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vitour
- UMR1161 ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Virginie Doceul
- UMR1161 ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Suzana Ruscanu
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Emilie Chauveau
- UMR1161 ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR1161 ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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309
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Akita H, Ishii S, Miura N, Shaheen SM, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Kaji N, Baba Y, Harashima H. A DNA microarray-based analysis of immune-stimulatory and transcriptional responses of dendritic cells to KALA-modified nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8979-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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310
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Hillyer P, Raviv N, Gold DM, Dougherty D, Liu J, Johnson TR, Graham BS, Rabin RL. Subtypes of type I IFN differentially enhance cytokine expression by suboptimally stimulated CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3197-208. [PMID: 24030809 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human type I interferons (IFNs) include IFN-β and 12 subtypes of IFN-α. During viral infection, infiltrating memory CD4(+) T cells are exposed to IFNs, but their impact on memory T-cell function is poorly understood. To address this, we pretreated PBMCs with different IFNs for 16 h before stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B and measured cytokine expression by flow cytometry. IFN-α8 and -α10 most potently enhanced expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4. Potency among the subtypes differed most at doses between 10 and 100 U/mL. While enhancement of IL-2 and IL-4 correlated with the time of preincubation with type I IFN, IFN-γ production was enhanced best when IFN-α was added immediately preceding or simultaneously with T-cell stimulation. Comparison of T-cell responses to multiple doses of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B and to peptide libraries from RSV or CMV demonstrated that IFN-α best enhanced cytokine expression when CD4(+) T cells were suboptimally stimulated. We conclude that type I IFNs enhance Th1 and Th2 function with dose dependency and subtype specificity, and best when T-cell stimulation is suboptimal. While type I IFNs may beneficially enhance CD4(+) T-cell memory responses to vaccines or viral pathogens, they may also enhance the function of resident Th2 cells and exacerbate allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Hillyer
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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311
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Sun X, Sui Q, Zhang C, Tian Z, Zhang J. Targeting blockage of STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells augments NK cell functions via reverse hepatocellular carcinoma-induced immune suppression. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2885-96. [PMID: 24107450 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 is an important transcriptional factor for cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although evidence suggests a positive role for STAT3 in cancer, the inhibitory effects of tumor STAT3 on natural killer (NK) cell functions in human hepatocellular carcinoma are unclear. In this study, we found that blocking STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells enhanced NK-cell antitumor function. In the case of STAT3-blocked hepatocellular carcinoma cells, NKG2D ligands were upregulated, which promoted recognition by NK cells. Importantly, the cytokine profile of hepatocellular carcinoma cells was altered; in particular, TGF-β and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression was reduced, and type I interferon (IFN) was induced, thus facilitating NK-cell activation. Indeed, the cytotoxicity of NK cells treated with supernatant from STAT3-blocked hepatocellular carcinoma cells was augmented, with a concomitant elevation of molecules associated with NK cytolysis. Further experiments confirmed that the recovery of NK cells depended on the downregulation of TGF-β and upregulation of type I IFN derived from STAT3-blocked hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These findings demonstrated a pivotal role for STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma-mediated NK-cell dysfunction, and highlighted the importance of STAT3 blockade for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy, which could restore NK-cell cytotoxicity in addition to its direct influence on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Sun
- Corresponding Author: Jian Zhang, Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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312
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IFN-γ-driven intratumoral microenvironment exhibits superior prognostic effect compared with an IFN-α-driven microenvironment in patients with colon carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1897-1909. [PMID: 24121019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ are cytokines with potent immunomodulating and anti-tumor activities. It is unknown which of the two IFNs may be more potent in the regulation of an anti-tumorigenic response in colorectal carcinoma or whether both cytokines cooperate. We, therefore, established human myxovirus resistance protein A and human guanylate-binding protein-1 as markers for the differential detection of IFN-α- and IFN-γ-driven tumor micromilieus, respectively. In vitro studies with different cultures of tumor cells from colorectal carcinoma and stroma cells showed that the expression of myxovirus resistance protein A was exclusively induced by IFN-α, whereas guanylate-binding protein-1 was strongly induced by IFN-γ and only weakly by IFN-α. This expression pattern was used to distinguish cell activation caused by the two cytokines in a clinical cohort of patients with colon carcinoma (n = 378). Patients with primary tumors expressing only guanylate-binding protein-1 exhibited the highest cancer-specific 5-year survival (94.0%, P = 0.006) compared with those expressing both factors (90.3%, P = 0.006), myxovirus resistance protein A alone (83.5%, P = 0.096), or none (72.8%). Our study describes a successful proof-of-principle approach that complex cytokine interaction networks can be dissected in human tissues and demonstrates that an IFN-γ-driven tumor microenvironment exhibits a superior prognostic effect compared with an IFN-α-driven tumor microenvironment in colon carcinoma.
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313
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Synergistic re-activation of epigenetically silenced genes by combinatorial inhibition of DNMTs and LSD1 in cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75136. [PMID: 24040395 PMCID: PMC3765366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic gene silencing, mediated by aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation and repressive histone modifications, is a hallmark of cancer. Although heritable, the dynamic nature and potential reversibility through pharmacological interventions make such aberrations attractive targets. Since cancers contain multiple epigenetic abnormalities, combining therapies that target different defects could potentially enhance their individual efficacies. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), FDA-approved drug for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, can inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) upon incorporation into the DNA of dividing cells, resulting in global demethylation. More recently, the first histone demethylase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which demethylates both histone and non-histone substrates, has become a new target for epigenetic therapy. Using, clorgyline, an LSD1 inhibitor (LSD1i) to treat cancer cell lines, we show that clorgyline employs two mechanisms of action depending on the cell type: it can either induce global DNA demethylation or inhibit LSD1-driven H3K4me2 and H3K4me1 demethylation to establish an active chromatin configuration. We also investigate the therapeutic efficacy of combining 5-Aza-CdR with clorgyline and determine that this combinatorial treatment has synergistic effects on reactivating aberrantly silenced genes by enriching H3K4me2 and H3K4me1. Many of the reactivated genes are categorized as cancer testis antigens or belong to the interferon-signaling pathway, suggesting potential implications for immunotherapy. Together, our results demonstrate that combinatorial treatment consisting of a DNMT inhibitor (DNMTi) and an LSD1i have enhanced therapeutic values and could improve the efficacy of epigenetic therapy.
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314
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Siegfried A, Berchtold S, Manncke B, Deuschle E, Reber J, Ott T, Weber M, Kalinke U, Hofer MJ, Hatesuer B, Schughart K, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabe de Angelis M, Weber F, Hornef MW, Autenrieth IB, Bohn E. IFIT2 is an effector protein of type I IFN-mediated amplification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α secretion and LPS-induced endotoxin shock. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3913-21. [PMID: 24014876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN signaling amplifies the secretion of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α or IL-6 and might thus contribute to the high mortality associated with Gram-negative septic shock in humans. The underlying molecular mechanism, however, is ill defined. In this study, we report the generation of mice deficient in IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (Ifit2) and demonstrate that Ifit2 is a critical signaling intermediate for LPS-induced septic shock. Ifit2 expression was significantly upregulated in response to LPS challenge in an IFN-α receptor- and IFN regulatory factor (Irf)9-dependent manner. Also, LPS induced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was significantly enhanced in the presence of Ifit2. In accordance, Ifit2-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and reduced mortality in an endotoxin shock model. Investigation of the underlying signal transduction events revealed that Ifit2 upregulates Irf3 phosphorylation. In the absence of Irf3, reduced Ifn-β mRNA expression and Ifit2 protein expression after LPS stimulation was found. Also, Tnf-α and Il-6 secretion but not Tnf-α and Il-6 mRNA expression levels were reduced. Thus, IFN-stimulated Ifit2 via enhanced Irf3 phosphorylation upregulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. It thereby amplifies LPS-induced cytokine production and critically influences the outcome of endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Siegfried
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Eberhard Karl Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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315
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) regulated genes (an IFN signature) has been reported in blood and tissue cells from patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases. We review the possible mechanisms behind the IFN signature as well as clinical and therapeutic consequences of this observation. RECENT FINDINGS Autoantigens from dying cells trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells to a continuous synthesis of type I IFN, which is promoted by natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. A growing number of genes connected to type I IFN production and response associates with an increased susceptibility to autoimmunity. Besides type I IFN, type III IFN (IFN-λ) may contribute to the IFN signature. In SLE and primary Sjögren's syndrome, a prominent IFN signature is connected to an active disease, whereas in rheumatoid arthritis the IFN signature defines a disease subset with poor clinical outcome and treatment failure to B-cell depleting therapy. Several therapies aiming to inhibit the IFN signature are in clinical trials and early data suggest clinical benefits without major safety problems. SUMMARY The observed IFN signature in several autoimmune diseases is a biomarker of active disease and is investigated as a tool when selecting treatment for individual patients.
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Sjöstrand M, Ambrosi A, Brauner S, Sullivan J, Malin S, Kuchroo VK, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M. Expression of the Immune Regulator Tripartite-Motif 21 Is Controlled by IFN Regulatory Factors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3753-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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317
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ISG15 inhibits IFN-α-resistant liver cancer cell growth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:570909. [PMID: 24024201 PMCID: PMC3762208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/570909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide. Interferon-α (IFN-α) has been widely used in the treatment of HCC, but patients eventually develop resistance. ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein transcriptionally regulated by IFN-α which shows antivirus and antitumor activities. However, the exact role of ISG15 is unknown. In the present study, we showed that IFN-α significantly induced ISG15 expression but failed to induce HepG2 cell apoptosis, whereas transient overexpression of ISG15 dramatically increased HepG2 cell apoptosis. ISG15 overexpression increased overall protein ubiquitination, which was not observed in cells with IFN-α-induced ISG15 expression, suggesting that IFN-α treatment not only induced the expression of ISG15 but also inhibited ISG15-mediated ubiquitination. The tumor suppressor p53 and p21 proteins are the key regulators of cell survival and death in response to stress signals such as DNA damage. We showed that p53 or p21 is only up regulated in HepG2 cells ectopically expressing ISG15, but not in the presence of IFN-α-induced ISG15. Our results suggest that ISG15 overexpression could be developed into a powerful gene-therapeutic tool for treating IFN-α-resistant HCC.
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318
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Parlato S, Bruni R, Fragapane P, Salerno D, Marcantonio C, Borghi P, Tataseo P, Ciccaglione AR, Presutti C, Romagnoli G, Bozzoni I, Belardelli F, Gabriele L. IFN-α regulates Blimp-1 expression via miR-23a and miR-125b in both monocytes-derived DC and pDC. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72833. [PMID: 23977359 PMCID: PMC3745402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) have emerged as crucial mediators of cellular signals controlling DC differentiation and function. Human DC differentiated from monocytes in the presence of IFN-α (IFN-α DC) show a partially mature phenotype and a special capability of stimulating CD4+ T cell and cross-priming CD8+ T cells. Likewise, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) are blood DC highly specialized in the production of IFN-α in response to viruses and other danger signals, whose functional features may be shaped by IFN-I. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms stimulated by IFN-α in driving human monocyte-derived DC differentiation and performed parallel studies on peripheral unstimulated and IFN-α-treated pDC. A specific miRNA signature was induced in IFN-α DC and selected miRNAs, among which miR-23a and miR-125b, proved to be negatively associated with up-modulation of Blimp-1 occurring during IFN-α-driven DC differentiation. Of note, monocyte-derived IFN-α DC and in vitro IFN-α-treated pDC shared a restricted pattern of miRNAs regulating Blimp-1 expression as well as some similar phenotypic, molecular and functional hallmarks, supporting the existence of a potential relationship between these DC populations. On the whole, these data uncover a new role of Blimp-1 in human DC differentiation driven by IFN-α and identify Blimp-1 as an IFN-α-mediated key regulator potentially accounting for shared functional features between IFN-α DC and pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Parlato
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fragapane
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Salerno
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Borghi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tataseo
- Transfusional Medicine and Molecular Biology Laboratory, ASL, Avezzano-Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Presutti
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romagnoli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Belardelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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319
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A single immunization with MVA expressing GnGc glycoproteins promotes epitope-specific CD8+-T cell activation and protects immune-competent mice against a lethal RVFV infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2309. [PMID: 23875044 PMCID: PMC3708870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen causing an important disease in ruminants often transmitted to humans after epizootic outbreaks in African and Arabian countries. To help combat the spread of the disease, prophylactic measures need to be developed and/or improved. Methodology/Principal Findings In this work, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vectored vaccines against Rift Valley fever in mice. These recombinant vaccines encoded either of two components of the Rift Valley fever virus: the viral glycoproteins (Gn/Gc) or the nucleoprotein (N). Following lethal challenge with live RVFV, mice immunized with a single dose of the rMVA-Gn/Gc vaccine showed no viraemia or clinical manifestation of disease, but mounted RVFV neutralizing antibodies and glycoprotein specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Neither DNA-Gn/Gc alone nor a heterologous prime-boost immunization schedule (DNA-Gn/Gc followed by rMVAGn/Gc) was better than the single rMVA-Gn/Gc immunization schedule with regards to protective efficacy. However, the rMVA-Gn/Gc vaccine failed to protect IFNAR−/− mice upon lethal RVFV challenge suggesting a role for innate responses in protection against RVFV. Despite induction of high titer antibodies against the RVFV nucleoprotein, the rMVA-N vaccine, whether in homologous or heterologous prime-boost schedules with the corresponding recombinant DNA vaccine, only conferred partial protection to RVFV challenge. Conclusions/Significance Given the excellent safety profile of rMVA based vaccines in humans and animals, our data supports further development of rMVA-Gn/Gc as a vaccine strategy that can be used for the prevention of Rift Valley fever in both humans and livestock. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important disease of ruminants that affects most African and Arabian Peninsula countries where domestic livestock is the basis for subsistence in rural areas. The disease is caused by a bunyavirus that can be transmitted by close contact with infected animals or through the bite of infected mosquitoes thus facilitating the spread of the virus. Safer and practical methods to control virus spread are demanded in order to prevent both human and animal disease after disease outbreaks. The efficacy of a recombinant modified poxvirus vector (the vaccinia modified Ankara virus (rMVA)) and/or DNA-based vaccines in a mouse infection model has been investigated. A single immunization with a rMVA encoding the virus envelope glycoproteins provided sufficient immunity to protect mice against a lethal dose of RVFV. The immune mechanisms underlying the protection were also investigated. A number of specific immune CD8+-T cells could be activated in the presence of at least three different glycoprotein epitopes. On the other hand, the protective effect of the vaccine was found only in immune competent mice since in mice lacking IFN-type-I responses the vaccine was not efficient.
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320
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Pertsovskaya I, Abad E, Domedel-Puig N, Garcia-Ojalvo J, Villoslada P. Transient oscillatory dynamics of interferon beta signaling in macrophages. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:59. [PMID: 23837526 PMCID: PMC3711797 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) activates the immune response through the type I IFN signaling pathway. IFN-beta is important in the response to pathogen infections and is used as a therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. The mechanisms of self-regulation and control of this pathway allow precise and environment-dependent response of the cells in different conditions. Here we analyzed type I IFN signaling in response to IFN-beta in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 by RT-PCR, ELISA and xMAP assays. The experimental results were interpreted by means of a theoretical model of the pathway. Results Phosphorylation of the STAT1 protein (pSTAT1) and mRNA levels of the pSTAT1 inhibitor SOCS1 displayed an attenuated oscillatory behavior after IFN-beta activation. In turn, mRNA levels of the interferon regulatory factor IRF1 grew rapidly in the first 50–90 minutes after stimulation until a maximum value, and started to decrease slowly around 200–250 min. The analysis of our kinetic model identified a significant role of the negative feedback from SOCS1 in driving the observed damped oscillatory dynamics, and of the positive feedback from IRF1 in increasing STAT1 basal levels. Our study shows that the system works as a biological damped relaxation oscillator based on a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation network centered on STAT1. Moreover, a bifurcation analysis identified translocation of pSTAT1 dimers to the nucleus as a critical step for regulating the dynamics of type I IFN pathway in the first steps, which may be important in defining the response to IFN-beta therapy. Conclusions The immunomodulatory effect of IFN-beta signaling in macrophages takes the form of transient oscillatory dynamics of the JAK-STAT pathway, whose specific relaxation properties determine the lifetime of the cellular response to the cytokine.
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321
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Kearney S, Delgado C, Lenz LL. Differential effects of type I and II interferons on myeloid cells and resistance to intracellular bacterial infections. Immunol Res 2013; 55:187-200. [PMID: 22983898 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type I and II interferons (IFNs) play important roles in regulating immune responses during viral and bacterial infections and in the context of autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. These two IFN types bind to distinct cell surface receptors that are expressed by nearly all cells to trigger signal transduction events and elicit diverse cellular responses. In some cases, type I and II IFNs trigger similar cellular responses, while in other cases, the IFNs have unique or antagonistic effects on host cells. Negative regulators of IFN signaling also modulate cellular responses to the IFNs and play important roles in maintaining immunological homeostasis. In this review, we provide an overview of how IFNs stimulate cellular responses. We discuss the disparate effects of type I and II IFNs on host resistance to certain intracellular bacterial infections and provide an overview of models that have been proposed to account for these disparate effects. Mechanisms of antagonistic cross talk between type I and II IFNs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci Kearney
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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323
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Zhao J, Fan YC, Sun FK, Zhao ZH, Wang LY, Hu LH, Yin YP, Li T, Gao S, Wang K. Peripheral type I interferon receptor correlated with oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:405-14. [PMID: 23663046 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) has been involved in the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Oxidative stress is also associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and might contribute to the structure and function of protein synthesis including the IFNAR family. This study was aimed to determine the possible associations between oxidative stress and peripheral IFNAR expression in chronic HBV infection. Fifty-four CHB patients and 31 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients were consecutively collected, as well as 11 healthy subjects as controls. Expression levels of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes were measured by flow cytometry. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2c mRNA were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of plasma-soluble IFNAR and oxidative stress parameters, including xanthine oxidase (XOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequencies of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly increased in CHB and LC patients than in healthy controls. Expression levels of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2c mRNA and plasma-soluble IFNAR level in CHB and LC patients were upregulated compared with healthy controls. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IFNAR2 in monocytes of CHB patients was higher than that in LC patients. Levels of plasma XOD, MDA, and GST were significantly increased in CHB and LC patients compared with healthy controls. Meanwhile, GSH and GSH-Px in CHB and LC patients were decreased than that in healthy controls. Furthermore, plasma MDA, GSH, and GST levels in CHB patients were higher than that in LC patients. In CHB patients, plasma GST level was negatively correlated with MFI of IFNAR2 in lymphocytes. Our results suggested that oxidative stress play an important role in the regulation of IFNAR in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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324
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Kong L, Liu K, Zhang YZ, Jin M, Wu BR, Wang WZ, Li W, Nan YM, Chen YH. Downregulation of TIPE2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-013-9435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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325
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Identification and utility of innate immune system evasion mechanisms of ASFV. Virus Res 2013; 173:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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326
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Human herpesvirus 6A partially suppresses functional properties of DC without viral replication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58122. [PMID: 23526966 PMCID: PMC3590851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is a common virus with a worldwide distribution that has been associated with multiple sclerosis. Whether HHV-6A can replicate in dendritic cells (DC) and how the infection might modulate the functional properties of the cell are currently not well known and need further investigations. Here, we show that a non-productive infection of HHV-6A in DC leads to the up-regulation of HLA-ABC, via autocrine IFN-α signaling, as well as the up-regulation of HLA-DR and CD86. However, HHV-6A exposure reduces IL-8 secretion by DC and their capacity to stimulate allogenic T cell proliferation. The ability to suppress DC functions important for activation of innate and adaptive immune responses might be one successful strategy by which HHV-6A avoids the induction of appropriate host defense mechanisms, and thus facilitating persistent infection.
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327
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Fung KY, Mangan NE, Cumming H, Horvat JC, Mayall JR, Stifter S, De Weerd N, Roisman LC, Rossjohn J, Robertson S, Schjenken J, Parker B, Gargett C, Nguyen HPT, Carr DJ, Hansbro PM, Hertzog PJ. Interferon-ε protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection. Science 2013; 339:1088-92. [PMID: 23449591 PMCID: PMC3617553 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system senses pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that signal to induce effector cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFNs). We characterized IFN-ε as a type I IFN because it signaled via the Ifnar1 and Ifnar2 receptors to induce IFN-regulated genes. In contrast to other type I IFNs, IFN-ε was not induced by known PRR pathways; instead, IFN-ε was constitutively expressed by epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and was hormonally regulated. Ifn-ε-deficient mice had increased susceptibility to infection of the FRT by the common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) herpes simplex virus 2 and Chlamydia muridarum. Thus, IFN-ε is a potent antipathogen and immunoregulatory cytokine that may be important in combating STIs that represent a major global health and socioeconomic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yee Fung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Cumming
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sebastian Stifter
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole De Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laila C Roisman
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Robinson Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Schjenken
- Robinson Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda Parker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Gargett
- Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong PT Nguyen
- Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kohanbash G, Okada H. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in gliomas and glioma-development. Immunol Invest 2013; 41:658-79. [PMID: 23017140 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.689591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that inhibit anti-tumor immunity through a variety of mechanisms. Malignant gliomas are heavily infiltrated by myeloid cells, some of which appear to share biological functions of MDSCs. Our data with mouse de novo gliomas indicate critical roles of these cells in glioma development. This review summarizes the current understanding of MDSC biology in gliomas and discusses therapeutic interventions that can safely reverse the suppressive effects of MDSCs. The insight gained from these findings may lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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329
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Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Grob JJ, Algarra SM, Mohr P, Hansson J, Hauschild A. Adjuvant interferon alfa in malignant melanoma: An interdisciplinary and multinational expert review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 85:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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330
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Harper MS, Barrett BS, Smith DS, Li SX, Gibbert K, Dittmer U, Hasenkrug KJ, Santiago ML. IFN-α treatment inhibits acute Friend retrovirus replication primarily through the antiviral effector molecule Apobec3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1583-90. [PMID: 23315078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic administration of IFN-α in clinical trials significantly reduced HIV-1 plasma viral load and human T-lymphotropic virus type I proviral load in infected patients. The mechanism may involve the concerted action of multiple antiretroviral effectors collectively known as "restriction factors," which could vary in relative importance according to the magnitude of transcriptional induction. However, direct genetic approaches to identify the relevant IFN-α restriction factors will not be feasible in humans in vivo. Meanwhile, mice encode an analogous set of restriction factor genes and could be used to obtain insights on how IFN-α could inhibit retroviruses in vivo. As expected, IFN-α treatment of mice significantly upregulated the transcription of multiple restriction factors including Tetherin/BST2, SAMHD1, Viperin, ISG15, OAS1, and IFITM3. However, a dominant antiretroviral factor, Apobec3, was only minimally induced. To determine whether Apobec3 was necessary for direct IFN-α antiretroviral action in vivo, wild-type and Apobec3-deficient mice were infected with Friend retrovirus, then treated with IFN-α. Treatment of infected wild-type mice with IFN-α significantly reduced acute plasma viral load 28-fold, splenic proviral load 5-fold, bone marrow proviral load 14-fold, and infected bone marrow cells 7-fold, but no inhibition was observed in Apobec3-deficient mice. These findings reveal that IFN-α inhibits acute Friend retrovirus infection primarily through the antiviral effector Apobec3 in vivo, demonstrate that transcriptional induction levels did not predict the mechanism of IFN-α-mediated control, and highlight the potential of the human APOBEC3 proteins as therapeutic targets against pathogenic retrovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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331
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Rusinova I, Forster S, Yu S, Kannan A, Masse M, Cumming H, Chapman R, Hertzog PJ. Interferome v2.0: an updated database of annotated interferon-regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:D1040-6. [PMID: 23203888 PMCID: PMC3531205 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferome v2.0 (http://interferome.its.monash.edu.au/interferome/) is an update of an earlier version of the Interferome DB published in the 2009 NAR database edition. Vastly improved computational infrastructure now enables more complex and faster queries, and supports more data sets from types I, II and III interferon (IFN)-treated cells, mice or humans. Quantitative, MIAME compliant data are collected, subjected to thorough, standardized, quantitative and statistical analyses and then significant changes in gene expression are uploaded. Comprehensive manual collection of metadata in v2.0 allows flexible, detailed search capacity including the parameters: range of -fold change, IFN type, concentration and time, and cell/tissue type. There is no limit to the number of genes that can be used to search the database in a single query. Secondary analysis such as gene ontology, regulatory factors, chromosomal location or tissue expression plots of IFN-regulated genes (IRGs) can be performed in Interferome v2.0, or data can be downloaded in convenient text formats compatible with common secondary analysis programs. Given the importance of IFN to innate immune responses in infectious, inflammatory diseases and cancer, this upgrade of the Interferome to version 2.0 will facilitate the identification of gene signatures of importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Rusinova
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sam Forster
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Simon Yu
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anitha Kannan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marion Masse
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Helen Cumming
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ross Chapman
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash e-Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Kolli D, Bao X, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus antagonism of innate immune responses. Viruses 2012; 4:3551-71. [PMID: 23223197 PMCID: PMC3528279 DOI: 10.3390/v4123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens. Epidemiological studies indicate that hMPV is a significant human respiratory pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is associated with respiratory illnesses in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Interferon (IFN) represents a major line of defense against virus infection, and in response, viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit IFN production as well as IFN signaling. Although the strategies of IFN evasion are similar, the specific mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses inhibit IFN responses are quite diverse. In this review, we will present an overview of the strategies that hMPV uses to subvert cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells, the major target of infection, as well as in primary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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333
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Valentine L, Potts R, Premenko-Lanier M. CD8+ T cell-derived IFN-γ prevents infection by a second heterologous virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5841-8. [PMID: 23136204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infection is often associated with dysfunctional immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can establish acute or chronic infections in mice and is widely used as a model for persistent virus infections in humans. Mice infected with LCMV develop a transient defect in Ag-specific immunity against heterologous viral infection. Although it has been proposed that LCMV infection induces an immunosuppressed state within the host, our data show that infected mice successfully clear vaccinia virus through a mechanism that involves CD8(+) T cell-derived IFN-γ. This observation demonstrates that chronic LCMV infection does not impair protective immunity against heterologous viral challenge. Rather, a natural sterilizing immunity is induced following a primary infection that prevents a secondary infection. Our findings suggest a need to re-evaluate current thoughts about the immune suppression that might occur during a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valentine
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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334
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Genetics of SLE: functional relevance for monocytes/macrophages in disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:582352. [PMID: 23227085 PMCID: PMC3511832 DOI: 10.1155/2012/582352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in the last 5 years have greatly facilitated our understanding of how the dysregulation of diverse components of the innate immune system contributes to pathophysiology of SLE. A role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of SLE was first proposed as early as the 1980s following the discovery that SLE macrophages were defective in their ability to clear apoptotic cell debris, thus prolonging exposure of potential autoantigens to the adaptive immune response. More recently, there is an emerging appreciation of the contribution both monocytes and macrophages play in orchestrating immune responses with perturbations in their activation or regulation leading to immune dysregulation. This paper will focus on understanding the relevance of genes identified as being associated with innate immune function of monocytes and macrophages and development of SLE, particularly with respect to their role in (1) immune complex (IC) recognition and clearance, (2) nucleic acid recognition via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream signalling, and (3) interferon signalling. Particular attention will be paid to the functional consequences these genetic associations have for disease susceptibility or pathogenesis.
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335
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Differential pathological and immune responses in newly weaned ferrets are associated with a mild clinical outcome of pandemic 2009 H1N1 infection. J Virol 2012; 86:13187-201. [PMID: 23055557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01456-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Young children are typically considered a high-risk group for disease associated with influenza virus infection. Interestingly, recent clinical reports suggested that young children were the smallest group of cases with severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm) influenza virus infection. Here we established a newly weaned ferret model for the investigation of H1N1pdm infection in young age groups compared to adults. We found that young ferrets had a significantly milder fever and less weight loss than adult ferrets, which paralleled the mild clinical symptoms in the younger humans. Although there was no significant difference in viral clearance, disease severity was associated with pulmonary pathology, where newly weaned ferrets had an earlier pathology improvement. We examined the immune responses associated with protection of the young age group during H1N1pdm infection. We found that interferon and regulatory interleukin-10 responses were more robust in the lungs of young ferrets. In contrast, myeloperoxidase and major histocompatibility complex responses were persistently higher in the adult lungs; as well, the numbers of inflammation-prone granulocytes were highly elevated in the adult peripheral blood. Importantly, we observed that H1N1pdm infection triggered formation of lung structures that resembled inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALTs) in young ferrets which were associated with high levels of homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CXCL13, but these were not seen in the adult ferrets with severe disease. These results may be extrapolated to a model of the mild disease seen in human children. Furthermore, these mechanistic analyses provide significant new insight into the developing immune system and effective strategies for intervention and vaccination against respiratory viruses.
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336
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Es-Saad S, Tremblay N, Baril M, Lamarre D. Regulators of innate immunity as novel targets for panviral therapeutics. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:622-8. [PMID: 23017246 PMCID: PMC7102864 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) have long been used as an immunomodulatory therapy for a large array of acute and chronic viral infections. However, IFN therapies have been plagued by severe side effects. The discovery of pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) rejuvenated the interest for immunomodulatory therapies. The successes obtained with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in activating immune cells and as adjuvant for prophylactic vaccines against different viruses paved the way to targeted immunomodulatory therapy. Better characterization of pathogen-induced immune disorders and newly discovered regulators of innate immunity have now the potential to specifically withdraw prevailing subversion mechanisms and to transform antiviral treatments by introducing panviral therapeutics with less adverse effects than IFN therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Es-Saad
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tremblay
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Baril
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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337
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Bronson PG, Chaivorapol C, Ortmann W, Behrens TW, Graham RR. The genetics of type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:530-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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338
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Hertzog PJ. Overview. Type I interferons as primers, activators and inhibitors of innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:471-3. [PMID: 22648073 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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339
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Sun W, Sun Y, Lin H, Yan B, Shi G. Dysregulation of the type I interferon system in adult‐onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis has a potential contribution to the development of interstitial lung disease. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:1236-44. [PMID: 23013528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Sun
- The Division of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y.C. Sun
- The Division of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H. Lin
- The Division of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B. Yan
- The Division of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - G.X. Shi
- The Division of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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340
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Bidwell BN, Slaney CY, Withana NP, Forster S, Cao Y, Loi S, Andrews D, Mikeska T, Mangan NE, Samarajiwa SA, de Weerd NA, Gould J, Argani P, Möller A, Smyth MJ, Anderson RL, Hertzog PJ, Parker BS. Silencing of Irf7 pathways in breast cancer cells promotes bone metastasis through immune escape. Nat Med 2012; 18:1224-31. [PMID: 22820642 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis is a key determinant of long-term patient survival. By comparing the transcriptomes of primary and metastatic tumor cells in a mouse model of spontaneous bone metastasis, we found that a substantial number of genes suppressed in bone metastases are targets of the interferon regulatory factor Irf7. Restoration of Irf7 in tumor cells or administration of interferon led to reduced bone metastases and prolonged survival time. In mice deficient in the interferon (IFN) receptor or in natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cell responses, metastasis was accelerated, indicating that Irf7-driven suppression of metastasis was reliant on IFN signaling to host immune cells. We confirmed the clinical relevance of these findings in over 800 patients in which high expression of Irf7-regulated genes in primary tumors was associated with prolonged bone metastasis-free survival. This gene signature may identify patients that could benefit from IFN-based therapies. Thus, we have identified an innate immune pathway intrinsic to breast cancer cells, the suppression of which restricts immunosurveillance to enable metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Bidwell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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341
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Diez D, Goto S, Fahy JV, Erle DJ, Woodruff PG, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. Network analysis identifies a putative role for the PPAR and type 1 interferon pathways in glucocorticoid actions in asthmatics. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:27. [PMID: 22713245 PMCID: PMC3408345 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors that affects ~300 million people worldwide, leading to ~250,000 deaths annually. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-known therapeutics that are used extensively to suppress airway inflammation in asthmatics. The airway epithelium plays an important role in the initiation and modulation of the inflammatory response. While the role of GCs in disease management is well understood, few studies have examined the holistic effects on the airway epithelium. METHODS Gene expression data were used to generate a co-transcriptional network, which was interrogated to identify modules of functionally related genes. In parallel, expression data were mapped to the human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in order to identify modules with differentially expressed genes. A common pathways approach was applied to highlight genes and pathways functionally relevant and significantly altered following GC treatment. RESULTS Co-transcriptional network analysis identified pathways involved in inflammatory processes in the epithelium of asthmatics, including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and PPAR signaling pathways. Analysis of the PPI network identified RXRA, PPARGC1A, STAT1 and IRF9, among others genes, as differentially expressed. Common pathways analysis highlighted TLR and PPAR signaling pathways, providing a link between general inflammatory processes and the actions of GCs. Promoter analysis identified genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) and PPAR pathways as well as highlighted the interferon pathway as a target of GCs. CONCLUSIONS Network analyses identified known genes and pathways associated with inflammatory processes in the airway epithelium of asthmatics. This workflow illustrated a hypothesis generating experimental design that integrated multiple analysis methods to produce a weight-of-evidence based approach upon which future focused studies can be designed. In this case, results suggested a mechanism whereby GCs repress TLR-mediated interferon production via upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway. These results highlight the role of interferons in asthma and their potential as targets of future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Diez
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomics, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Goto
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - John V Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David J Erle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Åsa M Wheelock
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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342
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Killian M. Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. AIDS Res Ther 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22606989 PMCID: PMC3514335 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the major mechanism for degrading long-lived intracellular proteins and organelles, is essential for eukaryotic cell homeostasis. Autophagy also defends the cell against invasion by microorganisms and has important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Increasingly evident is that HIV-1 replication is dependent on select components of autophagy. Fittingly, HIV-1 proteins are able to modulate autophagy to maximize virus production. At the same time, HIV-1 proteins appear to disrupt autophagy in uninfected cells, thereby contributing to CD4+ cell death and HIV-1 pathogenesis. These observations allow for new approaches for the treatment and possibly the prevention of HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on the relationship between autophagy and HIV-1 infection. Discussed is how autophagy plays dual roles in HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 disease progression.
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343
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de Weerd NA, Nguyen T. The interferons and their receptors--distribution and regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:483-91. [PMID: 22410872 PMCID: PMC7165917 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) were originally described over 50 years ago, identified by their ability to confer viral resistance to cells. We now know that they are much more than just anti-viral cytokines collectively having roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses, in tumor surveillance and defense, and modulation of immune cell function. Three types of IFN have now been described, simply referred to as type I, II and III. Distinguishable by the unique receptors that they rely on for signal transduction, the three types of IFN have specific and varied roles in the maintenance of human health and defense against pathogens. In mounting an IFN-mediated immune response, the human body has developed the ability to regulate IFN-mediated signal transduction. Like all cytokines, the ability of a cell to respond to IFN is completely dependent on the presence of its cognate receptor on the surface of the target cell. Thus, one of the major mechanisms used by the human body to regulate the strength and duration of the IFN response is through regulation of receptor levels, thereby altering the cytokine-specific responsiveness of the target cell. This review will discuss the receptor system utilized by the type I IFNs and compare it with that of the type II and III IFNs, which also regulate immune responses through controlling receptor level on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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344
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Wang LCS, Lynn RC, Cheng G, Alexander E, Kapoor V, Moon EK, Sun J, Fridlender ZG, Isaacs SN, Thorne SH, Albelda SM. Treating tumors with a vaccinia virus expressing IFNβ illustrates the complex relationships between oncolytic ability and immunogenicity. Mol Ther 2012; 20:736-48. [PMID: 22008913 PMCID: PMC3321606 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since previous work using a nonreplicating adenovirus-expressing mouse interferon-β (Ad.mIFNβ) showed promising preclinical activity, we postulated that a vector-expressing IFNβ at high levels that could also replicate would be even more beneficial. Accordingly a replication competent, recombinant vaccinia viral vector-expressing mIFNβ (VV.mIFNβ) was tested. VV.mIFNβ-induced antitumor responses in two syngeneic mouse flank models of lung cancer. Although VV.mIFNβ had equivalent in vivo efficacy in both murine tumor models, the mechanisms of tumor killing were completely different. In LKRM2 tumors, viral replication was minimal and the tumor killing mechanism was due to activation of immune responses through induction of a local inflammatory response and production of antitumor CD8 T-cells. In contrast, in TC-1 tumors, the vector replicated well, induced an innate immune response, but antitumor activity was primarily due to a direct oncolytic effect. However, the VV.mIFNβ vector was able to augment the efficacy of an antitumor vaccine in the TC-1 tumor model in association with increased numbers of infiltrating CD8 T-cells. These data show the complex relationships between oncolytic viruses and the immune system which, if understood and harnessed correctly, could potentially be used to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel C Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guanjun Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward Alexander
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edmund K Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart N Isaacs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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345
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Naik S, Nace R, Federspiel MJ, Barber GN, Peng KW, Russell SJ. Curative one-shot systemic virotherapy in murine myeloma. Leukemia 2012; 26:1870-8. [PMID: 22425894 PMCID: PMC3411853 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current therapy for multiple myeloma is complex and prolonged. Antimyeloma drugs are combined in induction, consolidation and/or maintenance protocols to destroy bulky disease, then suppress or eradicate residual disease. Oncolytic viruses have the potential to mediate both tumor debulking and residual disease elimination, but this curative paradigm remains unproven. Here we engineered an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus to minimize its neurotoxicity, enhance induction of antimyeloma immunity, and facilitate noninvasive monitoring of its intratumoral spread. Using high resolution imaging, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the intravenously administered virus extravasates from tumor blood vessels in immunocompetent myeloma-bearing mice, nucleating multiple intratumoral infectious centers which expand rapidly and necrose at their centers, ultimately coalescing to cause extensive tumor destruction. This oncolytic tumor debulking phase lasts only for 72 hours after virus administration, and is completed before antiviral antibodies become detectable in the bloodstream. Anti-myeloma T cells, cross-primed as the virus-infected cells provoke an antiviral immune response, then eliminate residual uninfected myeloma cells. The study establishes a curative oncolytic paradigm for multiple myeloma where direct tumor debulking and immune eradication of minimal disease are mediated by a single intravenous dose of a single therapeutic agent. Clinical translation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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346
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Intact interferon signaling in peripheral blood leukocytes of high-grade osteosarcoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:941-7. [PMID: 22402907 PMCID: PMC3362707 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
High-grade osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with an overall survival rate of about 60 percent. The recently closed European and American Osteosarcoma Study Group (EURAMOS)-1 trial investigates the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with or without interferon-α. It is however unknown whether the interferon-signaling pathways in immune cells of osteosarcoma patients are functional. We studied the molecular and functional effects of interferon treatment on peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes of osteosarcoma patients, both in vivo and ex vivo. In contrast to other tumor types, in osteosarcoma, interferon signaling as determined by the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 at residue 701 was intact in immune cell subsets of 33 osteosarcoma patients as compared to 19 healthy controls. Also, cytolytic activity of interferon-α stimulated natural killer cells against allogeneic (n = 7 patients) and autologous target cells (n = 3 patients) was not impaired. Longitudinal monitoring of three osteosarcoma patients on interferon-α monotherapy revealed a relative increase in the CD16-positive subpopulation of monocytes during treatment. Since interferon signaling is intact in immune cells of osteosarcoma patients, there is a potential for indirect immunological effects of interferon-α treatment in osteosarcoma.
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347
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Abstract
Production of type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is a common cellular response to virus infection. IFN-α/β has a dual role in combating infection, triggering innate antiviral mechanisms and stimulating the generation of an adaptive immune response. This review focuses on the effects of IFN-α/β on one particular immune cell type, the T cell, and the impact of IFN-α/β-mediated signalling in T cells on the immune response. The critical role of T-cell responsiveness to IFN-α/β for the generation of productive T-cell responses after infections with certain viruses in vivo is discussed in the context of in vitro experiments investigating the mechanisms by which IFN-α/β modifies T-cell function. These studies reveal complex effects of IFN-α/β on T cells, with the consequences of exposure to IFN-α/β depending on the context of other signals received by the T cell.
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348
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Binjawadagi B, Linhares D, Murtaugh MP, Renukaradhya GJ. Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions. Virol J 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 22340040 PMCID: PMC3298799 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes chronic, economically devastating disease in pigs of all ages. Frequent mutations in the viral genome result in viruses with immune escape mutants. Irrespective of regular vaccination, control of PRRSV remains a challenge to swine farmers. In PRRSV-infected pigs, innate cytokine IFN-α is inhibited and the adaptive arm of the immunity is delayed. To elucidate both cellular and innate cytokine responses at very early stages of PRRSV infection, seven weeks old pigs maintained on a commercial pig farm were infected and analyzed. RESULTS One pig in a pen containing 25 pigs was PRRSV infected and responses from this pig and one penmate were assessed two days later. All the infected and a few of the contact neighbor pigs were viremic. At day 2 post-infection, approximately 50% of viremic pigs had greater than 50% reduction in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and nearly a 1-fold increase in IFN-α production was detected in blood of a few pigs. Enhanced secretion of IL-4 (in ~90%), IL-12 (in ~40%), and IL-10 (in ~20%) (but not IFN-γ) in PRRSV infected pigs was observed. In addition, reduced frequency of myeloid cells, CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells, and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells and upregulated frequency of lymphocytes bearing natural T regulatory cell phenotype were detected in viremic pigs. Interestingly, all viremic contact pigs also had comparable immune cell modulations. CONCLUSION Replicating PRRSV in both infected and contact pigs was found to be responsible for rapid modulation in NK cell-meditated cytotoxicity and alteration in the production of important immune cytokines. PRRSV-induced immunological changes observed simultaneously at both cellular and cytokine levels early post-infection appear to be responsible for the delay in generation of adaptive immunity. As the study was performed in pigs maintained under commercial environmental conditions, this study has practical implications in design of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, 44691, USA
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Martinez O, Leung LW, Basler CF. The role of antigen-presenting cells in filoviral hemorrhagic fever: gaps in current knowledge. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:416-28. [PMID: 22333482 PMCID: PMC3299938 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are highly lethal zoonotic agents of concern as emerging pathogens and potential bioweapons. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, are targets of filovirus infection in vivo. Infection of these cell types has been proposed to contribute to the inflammation, activation of coagulation cascades and ineffective immune responses characteristic of filovirus hemorrhagic fever. However, many aspects of filovirus–APC interactions remain to be clarified. Among the unanswered questions: What determines the ability of filoviruses to replicate in different APC subsets? What are the cellular signaling pathways that sense infection and lead to production of copious quantities of cytokines, chemokines and tissue factor? What are the mechanisms by which innate antiviral responses are disabled by these viruses, and how may these mechanisms contribute to inadequate adaptive immunity? A better understanding of these issues will clarify the pathogenesis of filoviral hemorrhagic fever and provide new avenues for development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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350
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Wang BX, Fish EN. The yin and yang of viruses and interferons. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:190-7. [PMID: 22321608 PMCID: PMC7106503 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs)-α/β are critical effectors of the innate immune response to virus infections. Through activation of the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR), they induce expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins capable of suppressing viral replication and promoting viral clearance. Many highly pathogenic viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade an IFN response and the balance between the robustness of the host immune response and viral antagonistic mechanisms determines whether or not the virus is cleared. Here, we discuss IFNs as broad-spectrum antivirals for treatment of acute virus infections. In particular, they are useful for treatment of re-emerging virus infections, where direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have limited utility due to DAA-resistant mutations, and for newly emerging virus strains in which the time to vaccine availability precludes vaccination at the onset of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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