301
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Han C, Nie Y, Lian H, Liu R, He F, Huang H, Hu S. Acute inflammation stimulates a regenerative response in the neonatal mouse heart. Cell Res 2015; 25:1137-51. [PMID: 26358185 PMCID: PMC4650627 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac injury in neonatal 1-day-old mice stimulates a regenerative response characterized by reactive cardiomyocyte proliferation, which is distinguished from the fibrotic repair process in adults. Acute inflammation occurs immediately after heart injury and has generally been believed to exert a negative effect on heart regeneration by promoting scar formation in adults; however, little is known about the role of acute inflammation in the cardiac regenerative response in neonatal mice. Here, we show that acute inflammation induced cardiomyocyte proliferation after apical intramyocardial microinjection of immunogenic zymosan A particles into the neonatal mouse heart. We also found that cardiac injury-induced regenerative response was suspended after immunosuppression in neonatal mice, and that cardiomyocytes could not be reactivated to proliferate after neonatal heart injury in the absence of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the major downstream effector of IL-6 signaling, decreased reactive cardiomyocyte proliferation after apical resection. Our results indicate that acute inflammation stimulates the regenerative response in neonatal mouse heart, and suggest that modulation of inflammatory signals might have important implications in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hong Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
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302
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Giacca M, Zacchigna S. Harnessing the microRNA pathway for cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:68-74. [PMID: 26431632 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence over the last few years has indicated that the rate of cardiomyocyte proliferation, and thus the extent of cardiac renewal, is under the control of the microRNA network. Several microRNAs (e.g. miR-1) regulate expansion of the cardiomyocyte pool and its terminal differentiation during the embryonic life; some not only promote cardiomyocyte proliferation but also their de-differentiation towards an embryonic cell phenotype (e.g. the miR-302/367 cluster); a few others are involved in the repression of cardiomyocyte proliferation occurring suddenly after birth (e.g. the miR-15 family); others again are not physiologically involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte turnover, but nevertheless are able to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration when delivered exogenously (e.g. miR-199a-3p). With a few exceptions, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-proliferative effect of these microRNAs, most of which appear to act at the level of already differentiated cardiomyocytes, remain to be thoroughly elucidated. The possibility of harnessing the miRNA network to achieve cardiac regeneration paves the way to exciting therapeutic applications. This could be achieved by either administering miRNA mimics or inhibitors, or transducing the heart with viral vectors expressing miRNA-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratories, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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303
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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304
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Mannaerts I, Leite SB, Verhulst S, Claerhout S, Eysackers N, Thoen LFR, Hoorens A, Reynaert H, Halder G, van Grunsven LA. The Hippo pathway effector YAP controls mouse hepatic stellate cell activation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:679-88. [PMID: 25908270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cell activation is a wound-healing response to liver injury. However, continued activation of stellate cells during chronic liver damage causes excessive matrix deposition and the formation of pathological scar tissue leading to fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. The importance of sustained stellate cell activation for this pathological process is well recognized, and several signalling pathways that can promote stellate cell activation have been identified, such as the TGFβ-, PDGF-, and LPS-dependent pathways. However, the mechanisms that trigger and drive the early steps in activation are not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified the Hippo pathway and its effector YAP as a key pathway that controls stellate cell activation. YAP is a transcriptional co-activator and we found that it drives the earliest changes in gene expression during stellate cell activation. Activation of stellate cells in vivo by CCl4 administration to mice or activation in vitro caused rapid activation of YAP as revealed by its nuclear translocation and by the induction of YAP target genes. YAP was also activated in stellate cells of human fibrotic livers as evidenced by its nuclear localization. Importantly, knockdown of YAP expression or pharmacological inhibition of YAP prevented hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro and pharmacological inhibition of YAP impeded fibrogenesis in mice. CONCLUSIONS YAP activation is a critical driver of hepatic stellate cell activation and inhibition of YAP presents a novel approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sofie Claerhout
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, and KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Eysackers
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lien F R Thoen
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Anne Hoorens
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Reynaert
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, and KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium.
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305
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Noritake K, Aki T, Funakoshi T, Unuma K, Uemura K. Direct Exposure to Ethanol Disrupts Junctional Cell-Cell Contact and Hippo-YAP Signaling in HL-1 Murine Atrial Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136952. [PMID: 26317911 PMCID: PMC4552866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct exposure of cardiomyocytes to ethanol causes cardiac damage such as cardiac arrythmias and apoptotic cell death. Cardiomyocytes are connected to each other through intercalated disks (ID), which are composed of a gap junction (GJ), adherens junction, and desmosome. Changes in the content as well as the subcellular localization of connexin43 (Cx43), the main component of the cardiac GJ, are reportedly involved in cardiac arrythmias and subsequent damage. Recently, the hippo-YAP signaling pathway, which links cellular physical status to cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, has been implicated in cardiac homeostasis under physiological as well as pathological conditions. This study was conducted to explore the possible involvement of junctional intercellular communication, mechanotransduction through cytoskeletal organization, and the hippo-YAP pathway in cardiac damage caused by direct exposure to ethanol. HL-1 murine atrial cardiac cells were used since these cells retain cardiac phenotypes through ID formation and subsequent synchronous contraction. Cells were exposed to 0.5-2% ethanol; significant apoptotic cell death was observed after exposure to 2% ethanol for 48 hours. A decrease in Cx43 levels was already observed after 3 hours exposure to 2% ethanol, suggesting a rapid degradation of this protein. Upon exposure to ethanol, Cx43 translocated into lysosomes. Cellular cytoskeletal organization was also dysregulated by ethanol, as demonstrated by the disruption of myofibrils and intermediate filaments. Coinciding with the loss of cell-cell adherence, decreased phosphorylation of YAP, a hippo pathway effector, was also observed in ethanol-treated cells. Taken together, the results provide evidence that cells exposed directly to ethanol show 1) impaired cell-cell adherence/communication, 2) decreased cellular mechanotransduction by the cytoskeleton, and 3) a suppressed hippo-YAP pathway. Suppression of hippo-YAP pathway signaling should be effective in maintaining cellular homeostasis in cardiomyocytes exposed to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Noritake
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Unuma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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306
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A miR-130a-YAP positive feedback loop promotes organ size and tumorigenesis. Cell Res 2015; 25:997-1012. [PMID: 26272168 PMCID: PMC4559818 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ size determination is one of the most intriguing unsolved mysteries in biology. Aberrant activation of the major effector and transcription co-activator YAP in the Hippo pathway causes drastic organ enlargement in development and underlies tumorigenesis in many human cancers. However, how robust YAP activation is achieved during organ size control remains elusive. Here we report that the YAP signaling is sustained through a novel microRNA-dependent positive feedback loop. miR-130a, which is directly induced by YAP, could effectively repress VGLL4, an inhibitor of YAP activity, thereby amplifying the YAP signals. Inhibition of miR-130a reversed liver size enlargement induced by Hippo pathway inactivation and blocked YAP-induced tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the Drosophila Hippo pathway target bantam functionally mimics miR-130a by repressing the VGLL4 homolog SdBP/Tgi. These findings reveal an evolutionarily conserved positive feedback mechanism underlying robustness of the Hippo pathway in size control and tumorigenesis.
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307
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Mahmoud AI, O'Meara CC, Gemberling M, Zhao L, Bryant DM, Zheng R, Gannon JB, Cai L, Choi WY, Egnaczyk GF, Burns CE, Burns CG, MacRae CA, Poss KD, Lee RT. Nerves Regulate Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Heart Regeneration. Dev Cell 2015; 34:387-99. [PMID: 26256209 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Some organisms, such as adult zebrafish and newborn mice, have the capacity to regenerate heart tissue following injury. Unraveling the mechanisms of heart regeneration is fundamental to understanding why regeneration fails in adult humans. Numerous studies have revealed that nerves are crucial for organ regeneration, thus we aimed to determine whether nerves guide heart regeneration. Here, we show using transgenic zebrafish that inhibition of cardiac innervation leads to reduction of myocyte proliferation following injury. Specifically, pharmacological inhibition of cholinergic nerve function reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation in the injured hearts of both zebrafish and neonatal mice. Direct mechanical denervation impairs heart regeneration in neonatal mice, which was rescued by the administration of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and nerve growth factor (NGF) recombinant proteins. Transcriptional analysis of mechanically denervated hearts revealed a blunted inflammatory and immune response following injury. These findings demonstrate that nerve function is required for both zebrafish and mouse heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Long Zhao
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph B Gannon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wen-Yee Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory F Egnaczyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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308
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Chen CH, Sereti KI, Wu BM, Ardehali R. Translational aspects of cardiac cell therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1757-72. [PMID: 26119413 PMCID: PMC4549027 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has been intensely studied for over a decade as a potential treatment for ischaemic heart disease. While initial trials using skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow cells and peripheral blood stem cells showed promise in improving cardiac function, benefits were found to be short-lived likely related to limited survival and engraftment of the delivered cells. The discovery of putative cardiac ‘progenitor’ cells as well as the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells has led to the delivery of cells potentially capable of electromechanical integration into existing tissue. An alternative strategy involving either direct reprogramming of endogenous cardiac fibroblasts or stimulation of resident cardiomyocytes to regenerate new myocytes can potentially overcome the limitations of exogenous cell delivery. Complimentary approaches utilizing combination cell therapy and bioengineering techniques may be necessary to provide the proper milieu for clinically significant regeneration. Clinical trials employing bone marrow cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells have demonstrated safety of catheter based cell delivery, with suggestion of limited improvement in ventricular function and reduction in infarct size. Ongoing trials are investigating potential benefits to outcome such as morbidity and mortality. These and future trials will clarify the optimal cell types and delivery conditions for therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Konstantina-Ioanna Sereti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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309
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Multiobjective triclustering of time-series transcriptome data reveals key genes of biological processes. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:200. [PMID: 26108437 PMCID: PMC4480927 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exploratory analysis of multi-dimensional high-throughput datasets, such as microarray gene expression time series, may be instrumental in understanding the genetic programs underlying numerous biological processes. In such datasets, variations in the gene expression profiles are usually observed across replicates and time points. Thus mining the temporal expression patterns in such multi-dimensional datasets may not only provide insights into the key biological processes governing organs to grow and develop but also facilitate the understanding of the underlying complex gene regulatory circuits. Results In this work we have developed an evolutionary multi-objective optimization for our previously introduced triclustering algorithm δ-TRIMAX. Its aim is to make optimal use of δ-TRIMAX in extracting groups of co-expressed genes from time series gene expression data, or from any 3D gene expression dataset, by adding the powerful capabilities of an evolutionary algorithm to retrieve overlapping triclusters. We have compared the performance of our newly developed algorithm, EMOA- δ-TRIMAX, with that of other existing triclustering approaches using four artificial dataset and three real-life datasets. Moreover, we have analyzed the results of our algorithm on one of these real-life datasets monitoring the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) into mature cardiomyocytes. For each group of co-expressed genes belonging to one tricluster, we identified key genes by computing their membership values within the tricluster. It turned out that to a very high percentage, these key genes were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology categories or KEGG pathways that fitted very well to the biological context of cardiomyocytes differentiation. Conclusions EMOA- δ-TRIMAX has proven instrumental in identifying groups of genes in transcriptomic data sets that represent the functional categories constituting the biological process under study. The executable file can be found at http://www.bioinf.med.uni-goettingen.de/fileadmin/download/EMOA-delta-TRIMAX.tar.gz. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0635-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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310
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development. A properly sized and functional heart is vital throughout the entire lifespan. Loss of cardiomyocytes because of injury or diseases leads to heart failure, which is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, regenerative potential of the adult heart is limited. The Hippo pathway is a recently identified signaling cascade that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in organ size control by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, regulating fates of stem/progenitor cells, and in some circumstances, limiting cell size. Interestingly, research indicates a key role of this pathway in regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart size. Inactivation of the Hippo pathway or activation of its downstream effector, the Yes-associated protein transcription coactivator, improves cardiac regeneration. Several known upstream signals of the Hippo pathway such as mechanical stress, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and oxidative stress are known to play critical roles in cardiac physiology. In addition, Yes-associated protein has been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte fate through multiple transcriptional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss current findings on the roles and mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in heart development, injury, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Li Li
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
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311
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RNA mimics as therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: a paradigm shift. Mol Ther 2015; 23:984-986. [PMID: 26022627 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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312
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Morikawa Y, Zhang M, Heallen T, Leach J, Tao G, Xiao Y, Bai Y, Li W, Willerson JT, Martin JF. Actin cytoskeletal remodeling with protrusion formation is essential for heart regeneration in Hippo-deficient mice. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra41. [PMID: 25943351 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart regenerates poorly, and damage commonly leads to heart failure. Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade that regulates organ size during development and prevents adult mammalian cardiomyocyte regeneration by inhibiting the transcriptional coactivator Yap, which also responds to mechanical signaling in cultured cells to promote cell proliferation. To identify Yap target genes that are activated during cardiomyocyte renewal and regeneration, we performed Yap chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and mRNA expression profiling in Hippo signaling-deficient mouse hearts. We found that Yap directly regulated genes encoding cell cycle progression proteins, as well as genes encoding proteins that promote F-actin polymerization and that link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Included in the latter group were components of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, a large molecular complex that, when defective, results in muscular dystrophy in humans. Cardiomyocytes near the scar tissue of injured Hippo signaling-deficient mouse hearts showed cellular protrusions suggestive of cytoskeletal remodeling. The hearts of mdx mutant mice, which lack functional dystrophin and are a model for muscular dystrophy, showed impaired regeneration and cytoskeleton remodeling, but normal cardiomyocyte proliferation, after injury. Our data showed that, in addition to genes encoding cell cycle progression proteins, Yap regulated genes that enhance cytoskeletal remodeling. Thus, blocking the Hippo pathway input to Yap may tip the balance so that Yap responds to mechanical changes associated with heart injury to promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - John Leach
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - James F Martin
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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313
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ERBB2 triggers mammalian heart regeneration by promoting cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:627-38. [PMID: 25848746 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The murine neonatal heart can regenerate after injury through cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation, although this capacity markedly diminishes after the first week of life. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) administration has been proposed as a strategy to promote cardiac regeneration. Here, using loss- and gain-of-function genetic tools, we explore the role of the NRG1 co-receptor ERBB2 in cardiac regeneration. NRG1-induced CM proliferation diminished one week after birth owing to a reduction in ERBB2 expression. CM-specific Erbb2 knockout revealed that ERBB2 is required for CM proliferation at embryonic/neonatal stages. Induction of a constitutively active ERBB2 (caERBB2) in neonatal, juvenile and adult CMs resulted in cardiomegaly, characterized by extensive CM hypertrophy, dedifferentiation and proliferation, differentially mediated by ERK, AKT and GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathways. Transient induction of caERBB2 following myocardial infarction triggered CM dedifferentiation and proliferation followed by redifferentiation and regeneration. Thus, ERBB2 is both necessary for CM proliferation and sufficient to reactivate postnatal CM proliferative and regenerative potentials.
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314
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Plouffe SW, Hong AW, Guan KL. Disease implications of the Hippo/YAP pathway. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:212-22. [PMID: 25702974 PMCID: PMC4385444 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is important for controlling organ size and tissue homeostasis. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster, the core components of the Hippo pathway are highly conserved in mammals. The Hippo pathway can be modulated by a wide range of stimuli, including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, changes in the actin cytoskeleton, cell-cell contact, and cell polarity. When activated, the Hippo pathway functions as a tumor suppressor to limit cell growth. However, dysregulation by genetic inactivation of core pathway components or amplification or gene fusion of its downstream effectors results in increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis and differentiation. Unsurprisingly, this can lead to tissue overgrowth, tumorigenesis, and many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Audrey W Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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315
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Gemberling M, Karra R, Dickson AL, Poss KD. Nrg1 is an injury-induced cardiomyocyte mitogen for the endogenous heart regeneration program in zebrafish. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25830562 PMCID: PMC4379493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart regeneration is limited in adult mammals but occurs naturally in adult zebrafish through the activation of cardiomyocyte division. Several components of the cardiac injury microenvironment have been identified, yet no factor on its own is known to stimulate overt myocardial hyperplasia in a mature, uninjured animal. In this study, we find evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1), previously shown to have mitogenic effects on mammalian cardiomyocytes, is sharply induced in perivascular cells after injury to the adult zebrafish heart. Inhibition of Erbb2, an Nrg1 co-receptor, disrupts cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to injury, whereas myocardial Nrg1 overexpression enhances this proliferation. In uninjured zebrafish, the reactivation of Nrg1 expression induces cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, overt muscle hyperplasia, epicardial activation, increased vascularization, and causes cardiomegaly through persistent addition of wall myocardium. Our findings identify Nrg1 as a potent, induced mitogen for the endogenous adult heart regeneration program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Ravi Karra
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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316
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Functional study of TREK-1 potassium channels during rat heart development and cardiac ischemia using RNAi techniques. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:142-50. [PMID: 24705172 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To explore the physiological and pathological significance of the 2-pore domain potassium channel TWIK-related K(+) (TREK)-1 in rat heart, its expression and role during heart development and cardiac ischemia were investigated. In the former study, the ventricles of Sprague Dawley rats were collected from embryo day 19 to postnatal 18 months and examined for mRNA and protein expression of TREK-1. It was found that both increased during development, reached a maximum at postnatal day 28, and remained higher at postnatal day 3 through to postnatal 18 months. In the latter study, protein expression of TREK-1 was examined after initiation of acute heart ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. TREK-1 expression was found to be increased in the endocardium but unchanged in the epicardium. In primary cultured rat neonatal ventricular myocytes subjected to hypoxia (oxygen-glucose deprivation), TREK-1 expression was increased. In cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes, silencing of the TREK-1 gene by lentivirus delivery of the short-hairpin RNAs, L-sh-492 and L-sh-605, was found to promote their viability and number. In addition, both short-hairpin RNA provided protection against hypoxia-induced injury to cardiomyocytes in vitro. These results suggest that TREK-1 plays an important role in neonatal rat heart development and downregulation of TREK-1 may provide protection against ischemic injury. It seems that TREK-1 is a potential drug target for treatment of acute heart ischemia.
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317
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Wataru Kimura
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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318
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Abstract
A microRNA cluster that targets the Hippo pathway can reintroduce terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle, promoting heart regeneration (Tian et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Cardiovascular Research institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Cardiovascular Research institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Cardiovascular Research institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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319
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Gong W, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Li T, Garry DJ. Inferring dynamic gene regulatory networks in cardiac differentiation through the integration of multi-dimensional data. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:74. [PMID: 25887857 PMCID: PMC4359553 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decoding the temporal control of gene expression patterns is key to the understanding of the complex mechanisms that govern developmental decisions during heart development. High-throughput methods have been employed to systematically study the dynamic and coordinated nature of cardiac differentiation at the global level with multiple dimensions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop a systems approach to integrate these data from individual studies and infer the dynamic regulatory networks in an unbiased fashion. Results We developed a two-step strategy to integrate data from (1) temporal RNA-seq, (2) temporal histone modification ChIP-seq, (3) transcription factor (TF) ChIP-seq and (4) gene perturbation experiments to reconstruct the dynamic network during heart development. First, we trained a logistic regression model to predict the probability (LR score) of any base being bound by 543 TFs with known positional weight matrices. Second, four dimensions of data were combined using a time-varying dynamic Bayesian network model to infer the dynamic networks at four developmental stages in the mouse [mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesoderm (MES), cardiac progenitors (CP) and cardiomyocytes (CM)]. Our method not only infers the time-varying networks between different stages of heart development, but it also identifies the TF binding sites associated with promoter or enhancers of downstream genes. The LR scores of experimentally verified ESCs and heart enhancers were significantly higher than random regions (p <10−100), suggesting that a high LR score is a reliable indicator for functional TF binding sites. Our network inference model identified a region with an elevated LR score approximately −9400 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site of Nkx2-5, which overlapped with a previously reported enhancer region (−9435 to −8922 bp). TFs such as Tead1, Gata4, Msx2, and Tgif1 were predicted to bind to this region and participate in the regulation of Nkx2-5 gene expression. Our model also predicted the key regulatory networks for the ESC-MES, MES-CP and CP-CM transitions. Conclusion We report a novel method to systematically integrate multi-dimensional -omics data and reconstruct the gene regulatory networks. This method will allow one to rapidly determine the cis-modules that regulate key genes during cardiac differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0460-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St S.E, 4-165 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN, 55114, USA.
| | - Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St S.E, 4-165 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN, 55114, USA.
| | - Tongbin Li
- AccuraScience LLC, 5721 Merle Hay Road, Suite #16B, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA.
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St S.E, 4-165 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN, 55114, USA.
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320
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Wegener M, Bader A, Giri S. How to mend a broken heart: adult and induced pluripotent stem cell therapy for heart repair and regeneration. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:667-85. [PMID: 25720353 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed ability to differentiate primary adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cardiomyocytes is providing unprecedented opportunities to produce an unlimited supply of cardiomyocytes for use in patients with heart disease. Here, we examine the evidence for the preclinical use of such cells for successful heart regeneration. We also describe advances in the identification of new cardiac molecular and cellular targets to induce proliferation of cardiomyocytes for heart regeneration. Such new advances are paving the way for a new innovative drug development process for the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wegener
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Shibashish Giri
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
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321
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Abstract
The latest discoveries and advanced knowledge in the fields of stem cell biology and developmental cardiology hold great promise for cardiac regenerative medicine, enabling researchers to design novel therapeutic tools and approaches to regenerate cardiac muscle for diseased hearts. However, progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of reproducible and convincing evidence, which at best has yielded modest outcomes and is still far from clinical practice. To address current controversies and move cardiac regenerative therapeutics forward, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the key cellular and molecular programs involved in human cardiogenesis and cardiac regeneration. In this review, we consider the fundamental principles that govern the "programming" and "reprogramming" of a human heart cell and discuss updated therapeutic strategies to regenerate a damaged heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federica Santoro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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322
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Abstract
Heart failure is a growing epidemic caused by cardiomyocyte depletion. Current therapies prolong survival by protecting remaining cardiomyocytes but are unable to overcome the fundamental problem of regenerating lost cardiomyocytes. Several strategies for promoting heart regeneration have emerged from decades of intensive study. Although some of these strategies remain confined to basic research, others are beginning to be tested in humans. We review strategies for cardiac regeneration and summarize progress of related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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323
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawdip Sen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (S.S.)
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S.)
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324
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Willerson
- From the Stem Cell Center (J.T.W., E.C.P.) and Regenerative Medicine Research (D.T.), Texas Heart Institute, Houston.
| | - Doris Taylor
- From the Stem Cell Center (J.T.W., E.C.P.) and Regenerative Medicine Research (D.T.), Texas Heart Institute, Houston
| | - Emerson C Perin
- From the Stem Cell Center (J.T.W., E.C.P.) and Regenerative Medicine Research (D.T.), Texas Heart Institute, Houston
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325
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The Hippo pathway effector YAP is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle fibre size. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6048. [PMID: 25581281 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a core effector of the Hippo pathway, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in organ development. YAP function has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells and tissues, but its function in adult skeletal muscle remains poorly defined. Here we show that YAP positively regulates basal skeletal muscle mass and protein synthesis. Mechanistically, we show that YAP regulates muscle mass via interaction with TEAD transcription factors. Furthermore, YAP abundance and activity in muscles is increased following injury or degeneration of motor nerves, as a process to mitigate neurogenic muscle atrophy. Our findings highlight an essential role for YAP as a positive regulator of skeletal muscle size. Further investigation of interventions that promote YAP activity in skeletal muscle might aid the development of therapeutics to combat muscle wasting and neuromuscular disorders.
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326
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Zhu C, Li L, Zhao B. The regulation and function of YAP transcription co-activator. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:16-28. [PMID: 25487920 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway was initially identified in Drosophila by genetic mosaic screens for tumor suppressor genes. Researches indicated that the Hippo pathway is a key regulator of organ size and is conserved during evolution. Furthermore, studies of mouse models and clinical samples demonstrated the importance of Hippo pathway dysregulation in human cancer development. In addition, the Hippo pathway contributes to progenitor cell and stem cell self-renewal and is thus involved in tissue regeneration. In the Hippo pathway, MST1/2 kinases together with the adaptor protein SAV phosphorylate LATS1/2 kinases. Interaction with an adaptor protein MOB is also important for LATS1/2 activation. Activated LATS1/2 in turn phosphorylate and inhibit Yes-associated protein (YAP). YAP is a key downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, and is a transcriptional co-activator that mainly interacts with TEAD family transcription factors to promote gene expression. Alteration of gene expression by YAP leads to cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, and also stem cell amplification. In this review, we mainly focus on YAP, discussing its regulation and mechanisms of action in the context of organ size control, tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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327
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocardial injury and disease often result in heart failure, a major cause of death worldwide. To achieve myocardial regeneration and foster development of efficient therapeutics for cardiac injury, it is essential to uncover molecular mechanisms that will promote myocardial regeneration. In this review, we examine the latest progress made in elucidation of the roles of small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRs) in myocardial regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Promising progress has been made in studying cardiac regeneration. Several miRs, which include miR-590, miR-199a, miR-17-92 cluster, miR-199a-214 cluster, miR-34a, and miR-15 family, have been recently shown to play an essential role in myocardial regeneration by regulating different processes during cardiac repair, including cell death, proliferation, and metabolism. For example, miR-590 promotes cardiac regeneration through activating cardiomyocyte proliferation, whereas miR-34a inhibits cardiac repair through inducing apoptosis. SUMMARY These recent findings shed new light on our understanding of myocardial regeneration and suggest potential novel therapeutic targets to treat cardiac disease.
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328
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Piccolo S, Dupont S, Cordenonsi M. The biology of YAP/TAZ: hippo signaling and beyond. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1287-312. [PMID: 25287865 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1209] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ are the focus of intense interest given their remarkable biological properties in development, tissue homeostasis and cancer. YAP and TAZ activity is key for the growth of whole organs, for amplification of tissue-specific progenitor cells during tissue renewal and regeneration, and for cell proliferation. In tumors, YAP/TAZ can reprogram cancer cells into cancer stem cells and incite tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. As such, YAP/TAZ are appealing therapeutic targets in cancer and regenerative medicine. Just like the function of YAP/TAZ offers a molecular entry point into the mysteries of tissue biology, their regulation by upstream cues is equally captivating. YAP/TAZ are well known for being the effectors of the Hippo signaling cascade, and mouse mutants in Hippo pathway components display remarkable phenotypes of organ overgrowth, enhanced stem cell content and reduced cellular differentiation. YAP/TAZ are primary sensors of the cell's physical nature, as defined by cell structure, shape and polarity. YAP/TAZ activation also reflects the cell "social" behavior, including cell adhesion and the mechanical signals that the cell receives from tissue architecture and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). At the same time, YAP/TAZ entertain relationships with morphogenetic signals, such as Wnt growth factors, and are also regulated by Rho, GPCRs and mevalonate metabolism. YAP/TAZ thus appear at the centerpiece of a signaling nexus by which cells take control of their behavior according to their own shape, spatial location and growth factor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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329
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Del Re DP. The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 26932373 PMCID: PMC4884045 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell number and organ size is critical for appropriate development and tissue homeostasis. Studies in both Drosophila and mammals have established the Hippo signaling pathway as an important modulator of organ size and tumorigenesis. Upon activation, this kinase cascade modulates gene expression through the phosphorylation and inhibition of transcription co-activators that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Hippo signaling serves to limit organ size and suppress malignancies, and has been implicated in tissue regeneration following injury. These outcomes highlight the important role that Hippo signaling plays in regulating both physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, an overview of the signaling pathway will be discussed as well as recent work that has investigated its role in cardiac development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Newark, 07103, NJ, USA.
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330
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Abstract
During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Später
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMED, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43150, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lior Zangi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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331
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Senyo SE, Lee RT, Kühn B. Cardiac regeneration based on mechanisms of cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:532-41. [PMID: 25306390 PMCID: PMC4435693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation and progenitor differentiation are endogenous mechanisms of myocardial development. Cardiomyocytes continue to proliferate in mammals for part of post-natal development. In adult mammals under homeostatic conditions, cardiomyocytes proliferate at an extremely low rate. Because the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte generation provide potential targets for stimulating myocardial regeneration, a deep understanding is required for developing such strategies. We will discuss approaches for examining cardiomyocyte regeneration, review the specific advantages, challenges, and controversies, and recommend approaches for interpretation of results. We will also draw parallels between developmental and regenerative principles of these mechanisms and how they could be targeted for treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Senyo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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332
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Li J, Gao E, Vite A, Yi R, Gomez L, Goossens S, van Roy F, Radice GL. Alpha-catenins control cardiomyocyte proliferation by regulating Yap activity. Circ Res 2014; 116:70-9. [PMID: 25305307 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Shortly after birth, muscle cells of the mammalian heart lose their ability to divide. Thus, they are unable to effectively replace dying cells in the injured heart. The recent discovery that the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (Yap) is necessary and sufficient for cardiomyocyte proliferation has gained considerable attention. However, the upstream regulators and signaling pathways that control Yap activity in the heart are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of α-catenins in the heart using cardiac-specific αE- and αT-catenin double knockout mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We used 2 cardiac-specific Cre transgenes to delete both αE-catenin (Ctnna1) and αT-catenin (Ctnna3) genes either in the perinatal or in the adult heart. Perinatal depletion of α-catenins increased cardiomyocyte number in the postnatal heart. Increased nuclear Yap and the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 accompanied cardiomyocyte proliferation in the α-catenin double knockout hearts. Fetal genes were increased in the α-catenin double knockout hearts indicating a less mature cardiac gene expression profile. Knockdown of α-catenins in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes also resulted in increased proliferation, which could be blocked by knockdown of Yap. Finally, inactivation of α-catenins in the adult heart using an inducible Cre led to increased nuclear Yap and cardiomyocyte proliferation and improved contractility after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that α-catenins are critical regulators of Yap, a transcriptional coactivator essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation. Furthermore, we provide proof of concept that inhibiting α-catenins might be a useful strategy to promote myocardial regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifen Li
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erhe Gao
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexia Vite
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roslyn Yi
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ludovic Gomez
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven Goossens
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Frans van Roy
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Glenn L Radice
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.L., E.G., A.V., R.Y., L.G., G.L.R.); Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium (S.G., F.v.R.); and INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine, Rockefeller et Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France (L.G.). Current address for E.G.: Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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Lin Z, Zhou P, von Gise A, Gu F, Ma Q, Chen J, Guo H, van Gorp PRR, Wang DZ, Pu WT. Pi3kcb links Hippo-YAP and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival. Circ Res 2014; 116:35-45. [PMID: 25249570 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Yes-associated protein (YAP), the nuclear effector of Hippo signaling, regulates cellular growth and survival in multiple organs, including the heart, by interacting with TEA (transcriptional enhancer activator)-domain sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Recent studies showed that YAP stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival. However, the direct transcriptional targets through which YAP exerts its effects are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To identify direct YAP targets that mediate its mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified direct YAP targets by combining differential gene expression analysis in YAP gain- and loss-of-function with genome-wide identification of YAP-bound loci using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequencing. This screen identified Pik3cb, encoding p110β, a catalytic subunit of phosphoinositol-3-kinase, as a candidate YAP effector that promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival. YAP and TEA-domain occupied a conserved enhancer within the first intron of Pik3cb, and this enhancer drove YAP-dependent reporter gene expression. Yap gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that YAP is necessary and sufficient to activate the phosphoinositol-3-kinase-Akt pathway. Like Yap, Pik3cb gain-of-function stimulated cardiomyocyte proliferation, and Pik3cb knockdown dampened YAP mitogenic activity. Reciprocally, impaired heart function in Yap loss-of-function was significantly rescued by adeno-associated virus-mediated Pik3cb expression. CONCLUSIONS Pik3cb is a crucial direct target of YAP, through which the YAP activates phosphoinositol-3-kinase-AKT pathway and regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Alexander von Gise
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Fei Gu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Qing Ma
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Jinghai Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Haidong Guo
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Pim R R van Gorp
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.)
| | - William T Pu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Z.L., P.Z., A.v.G., F.G., Q.M., J.C., H.G., P.R.R.v.G., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.).
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334
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Papizan
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Eric N Olson
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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335
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Wackerhage H, Del Re DP, Judson RN, Sudol M, Sadoshima J. The Hippo signal transduction network in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re4. [PMID: 25097035 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the Hippo pathway can be traced back to two areas of research. Genetic screens in fruit flies led to the identification of the Hippo pathway kinases and scaffolding proteins that function together to suppress cell proliferation and tumor growth. Independent research, often in the context of muscle biology, described Tead (TEA domain) transcription factors, which bind CATTCC DNA motifs to regulate gene expression. These two research areas were joined by the finding that the Hippo pathway regulates the activity of Tead transcription factors mainly through phosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivators Yap and Taz, which bind to and activate Teads. Additionally, many other signal transduction proteins crosstalk to members of the Hippo pathway forming a Hippo signal transduction network. We discuss evidence that the Hippo signal transduction network plays important roles in myogenesis, regeneration, muscular dystrophy, and rhabdomyosarcoma in skeletal muscle, as well as in myogenesis, organ size control, and regeneration of the heart. Understanding the role of Hippo kinases in skeletal and heart muscle physiology could have important implications for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Dominic P Del Re
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Robert N Judson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marius Sudol
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore. Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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336
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Gomez M, Gomez V, Hergovich A. The Hippo pathway in disease and therapy: cancer and beyond. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:22. [PMID: 25097725 PMCID: PMC4107774 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo tumour suppressor pathway co-ordinates cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation to regulate tissue growth control. In mammals, a conserved core Hippo signalling module receives signal inputs on different levels to ensure the proper regulation of YAP/TAZ activities as transcriptional co-activators. While the core module members MST1/2, Salvador, LATS1/2 and MOB1 have been attributed tumour suppressive functions, YAP/TAZ have been mainly described to have oncogenic roles, although some reports provided evidence supporting growth suppressive roles of YAP/TAZ in certain cancer settings. Intriguingly, mammalian Hippo signalling is also implicated in non-cancer diseases and plays a role in tissue regeneration following injury. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that the pharmacological inhibition or activation of the Hippo pathway could be desirable depending on the disease context. In this review, we first summarise the functions of the mammalian Hippo pathway in tumour formation, and then discuss non-cancer diseases involving Hippo signalling core components with a specific focus on our current understanding of the non-cancer roles of MST1/2 and YAP/TAZ. In addition, the pros and cons of possible pharmacological interventions with Hippo signalling will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on anti-cancer drug development and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomez
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Valenti Gomez
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Alexander Hergovich
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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337
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Porrello ER, Olson EN. A neonatal blueprint for cardiac regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:556-70. [PMID: 25108892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammals undergo minimal regeneration following cardiac injury, which severely compromises cardiac function and contributes to the ongoing burden of heart failure. In contrast, the mammalian heart retains a transient capacity for cardiac regeneration during fetal and early neonatal life. Recent studies have established the importance of several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for heart regeneration in lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals including induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, epicardial cell activation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition and immune cell infiltration. In this review, we provide an up-to-date account of the molecular and cellular basis for cardiac regeneration in lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals. The historical context for these recent findings and their ramifications for the future development of cardiac regenerative therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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338
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Institute/University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Corresponding author
| | - Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Medicine/University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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339
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Sadek H, Martin J, Takeuchi J, Leor J, Nei Y, Giacca M, Lee R. Multi-investigator letter on reproducibility of neonatal heart regeneration following apical resection. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1. [PMID: 25068114 PMCID: PMC4110774 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A. Sadek
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun K. Takeuchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, The University of Tokyo and JST PRESTO, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Yu Nei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital & Cardiovascular Institute, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mauro Giacca
- ICGEB Trieste Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Partners Research Facility, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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340
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Wang S, Lopez AL, Morikawa Y, Tao G, Li J, Larina IV, Martin JF, Larin KV. Noncontact quantitative biomechanical characterization of cardiac muscle using shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1980-92. [PMID: 25071943 PMCID: PMC4102343 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a quantitative optical elastographic method based on shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT) for biomechanical characterization of cardiac muscle through noncontact elasticity measurement. The SWI-OCT system employs a focused air-puff device for localized loading of the cardiac muscle and utilizes phase-sensitive OCT to monitor the induced tissue deformation. Phase information from the optical interferometry is used to reconstruct 2-D depth-resolved shear wave propagation inside the muscle tissue. Cross-correlation of the displacement profiles at various spatial locations in the propagation direction is applied to measure the group velocity of the shear waves, based on which the Young's modulus of tissue is quantified. The quantitative feature and measurement accuracy of this method is demonstrated from the experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with the verification using uniaxial compression test. The experiments are performed on ex vivo cardiac muscle tissue from mice with normal and genetically altered myocardium. Our results indicate this optical elastographic technique is useful as a noncontact tool to assist the cardiac muscle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd., Houston, Texas 77204-5060, USA
| | - Andrew L. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
| | - Yuka Morikawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
| | - Jiasong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd., Houston, Texas 77204-5060, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd., Houston, Texas 77204-5060, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Texas, USA
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341
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Zebrafish as a Model for Studying Cardiac Regeneration. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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342
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Varelas X. The Hippo pathway effectors TAZ and YAP in development, homeostasis and disease. Development 2014; 141:1614-26. [PMID: 24715453 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the past 20 years have defined the Hippo signaling pathway as a major regulator of tissue growth and organ size. Diverse roles for the Hippo pathway have emerged, the majority of which in vertebrates are determined by the transcriptional regulators TAZ and YAP (TAZ/YAP). Key processes regulated by TAZ/YAP include the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, movement and fate. Accurate control of the levels and localization of these factors is thus essential for early developmental events, as well as for tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration. Recent studies have revealed that TAZ/YAP activity is regulated by mechanical and cytoskeletal cues as well as by various extracellular factors. Here, I provide an overview of these and other regulatory mechanisms and outline important developmental processes controlled by TAZ and YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K-620, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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343
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Lin Z, von Gise A, Zhou P, Gu F, Ma Q, Jiang J, Yau AL, Buck JN, Gouin KA, van Gorp PRR, Zhou B, Chen J, Seidman JG, Wang DZ, Pu WT. Cardiac-specific YAP activation improves cardiac function and survival in an experimental murine MI model. Circ Res 2014; 115:354-63. [PMID: 24833660 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Yes-associated protein (YAP), the terminal effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is crucial for regulating embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that YAP activation after myocardial infarction (MI) would preserve cardiac function and improve survival. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a cardiac-specific, inducible expression system to activate YAP in adult mouse heart. Activation of YAP in adult heart promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation and did not deleteriously affect heart function. Furthermore, YAP activation after MI preserved heart function and reduced infarct size. Using adeno-associated virus subtype 9 (AAV9) as a delivery vector, we expressed human YAP (hYAP) in the adult murine myocardium immediately after MI. We found that AAV9:hYAP significantly improved cardiac function and mouse survival. AAV9:hYAP did not exert its salutary effects by reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rather, AAV9:hYAP stimulated adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Gene expression profiling indicated that AAV9:hYAP stimulated expression of cell cycle genes and promoted a less mature cardiac gene expression signature. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac-specific YAP activation after MI mitigated myocardial injury, improved cardiac function, and enhanced survival. These findings suggest that therapeutic activation of YAP or its downstream targets, potentially through AAV-mediated gene therapy, may be a strategy to improve outcome after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Alexander von Gise
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Fei Gu
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Qing Ma
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Jianming Jiang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Allan L Yau
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Jessica N Buck
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Katryna A Gouin
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Pim R R van Gorp
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Jinghai Chen
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - William T Pu
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital (Z.L., A.v.G., P.Z., F.G., Q.M., A.L.Y., J.N.B., K.A.G., P.R.R.v.G., B.Z., J.C., D.-Z.W., W.T.P.) and Genetics (J.J., J.G.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.v.G.); Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (P.R.R.v.G.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (D.-Z.W., W.T.P.); and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.Z.).
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344
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Lin Z, Pu WT. Harnessing Hippo in the heart: Hippo/Yap signaling and applications to heart regeneration and rejuvenation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:571-81. [PMID: 24881775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart exhibits limited regenerative capacity after myocardial injury, a shortcoming that is responsible for the current lack of definitive treatments for heart failure. A search for approaches that might enhance adult heart regeneration has led to interest in the Hippo/Yap signaling pathway, a recently discovered signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation and organ growth. Here we provide a brief overview of the Hippo/Yap pathway and its known roles in the developing and adult heart. We discuss the implications of Hippo/Yap signaling for regulation of cardiomyocyte death and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, USA.
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345
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Zacchigna S, Giacca M. Extra- and intracellular factors regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal life. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:312-20. [PMID: 24623280 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the striking differences that distinguish the adult from the embryonic heart in mammals and set it apart from the heart in urodeles and teleosts is the incapacity of cardiomyocytes to respond to damage by proliferation. While the molecular reasons underlying these characteristics still await elucidation, mounting evidence collected over the last several years indicates that cardiomyocyte proliferation can be modulated by different extracellular molecules. The exogenous administration of selected growth factors is capable of inducing neonatal and, in some instances, also adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Other diffusible factors can regulate the proliferation and cardiac commitment of endogenous or implanted stem cells. While the individual role of these factors in the paracrine control of normal heart homeostasis still needs to be defined, this information is relevant for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac regeneration. In addition, recent evidence indicates that postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation is controlled by genetically defined pathways, such as the Hippo pathway, and can be modulated by perturbing the endogenous cardiomyocyte microRNA network; the identification of the cytokines that activate these molecular circuits holds great potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Padriciano, 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
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346
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Johnson R, Halder G. The two faces of Hippo: targeting the Hippo pathway for regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 13:63-79. [PMID: 24336504 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is an emerging growth control and tumour suppressor pathway that regulates cell proliferation and stem cell functions. Defects in Hippo signalling and hyperactivation of its downstream effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) contribute to the development of cancer, which suggests that pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ activity may be an effective anticancer strategy. Conversely, YAP and TAZ can also have beneficial roles in stimulating tissue repair and regeneration following injury, so their activation may be therapeutically useful in these contexts. A complex network of intracellular and extracellular signalling pathways that modulate YAP and TAZ activities have recently been identified. Here, we review the regulation of the Hippo signalling pathway, its functions in normal homeostasis and disease, and recent progress in the identification of small-molecule pathway modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Johnson
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [2] Genes and Development Program, and Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School for Biological Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [3] Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven 3000, Belgium
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