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Perri ER, Thomas CJ, Parakh S, Spencer DM, Atkin JD. The Unfolded Protein Response and the Role of Protein Disulfide Isomerase in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:80. [PMID: 26779479 PMCID: PMC4705227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and regulation of proteostasis is a critical function for post-mitotic neurons and its dysregulation is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite having different clinical manifestations, these disorders share similar pathology; an accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons and subsequent disruption to cellular proteostasis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important component of proteostasis, and when the accumulation of misfolded proteins occurs within the ER, this disturbs ER homeostasis, giving rise to ER stress. This triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), distinct signaling pathways that whilst initially protective, are pro-apoptotic if ER stress is prolonged. ER stress is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and emerging evidence highlights the complexity of the UPR in these disorders, with both protective and detrimental components being described. Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) is an ER chaperone induced during ER stress that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins. Whilst initially considered to be protective, recent studies have revealed unconventional roles for PDI in neurodegenerative diseases, distinct from its normal function in the UPR and the ER, although these mechanisms remain poorly defined. However, specific aspects of PDI function may offer the potential to be exploited therapeutically in the future. This review will focus on the evidence linking ER stress and the UPR to neurodegenerative diseases, with particular emphasis on the emerging functions ascribed to PDI in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Perri
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Colleen J Thomas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Human Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damian M Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Human Science, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
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302
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Killing Me Softly: Connotations to Unfolded Protein Response and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1805304. [PMID: 26881014 PMCID: PMC4736771 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1805304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the possible causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, underlying molecular mechanisms of this malfunction, possible causes and known consequences of APP, Aβ, and hyperphosphorylated tau presence in mitochondria, and the contribution of altered lipid metabolism (nonsterol isoprenoids) to pathological processes leading to increased formation and accumulation of the aforementioned hallmarks of AD. Abnormal protein folding and unfolded protein response seem to be the outcomes of impaired glycosylation due to metabolic disturbances in geranylgeraniol intermediary metabolism. The origin and consecutive fate of APP, Aβ, and tau are emphasized on intracellular trafficking apparently influenced by inaccurate posttranslational modifications. We hypothesize that incorrect intracellular processing of APP determines protein translocation to mitochondria in AD. Similarly, without obvious reasons, the passage of Aβ and tau to mitochondria is observed. APP targeted to mitochondria blocks the activity of protein translocase complex resulting in poor import of proteins central to oxidative phosphorylation. Besides, APP, Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles of tau directly or indirectly impair mitochondrial biochemistry and bioenergetics, with concomitant generation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Limited protective mechanisms are inadequate to prevent the free radical-mediated lesions. Finally, neuronal loss is observed in AD-affected brains typically by pathologic apoptosis.
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303
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Bell MC, Meier SE, Ingram AL, Abisambra JF. PERK-opathies: An Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mechanism Underlying Neurodegeneration. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:150-63. [PMID: 26679859 PMCID: PMC6542591 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666151218145431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis as a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, prolonged UPR activity leads to cell death. This time-dependent dual functionality of the UPR represents the adaptive and cytotoxic pathways that result from ER stress. Chronic UPR activation in systemic and neurodegenerative diseases has been identified as an early sign of cellular dyshomeostasis. The Protein Kinase R-like ER Kinase (PERK) pathway is one of three major branches in the UPR, and it is the only one to modulate protein synthesis as an adaptive response. The specific identification of prolonged PERK activity has been correlated with the progression of disorders such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, suggesting that PERK plays a role in the pathology of these disorders. For the first time, the term "PERK-opathies" is used to group these diseases in which PERK mediates detriment to the cell culminating in chronic disorders. This article reviews the literature documenting links between systemic disorders with the UPR, but with a specific emphasis on the PERK pathway. Then, articles reporting links between the UPR, and more specifically PERK, and neurodegenerative disorders are presented. Finally, a therapeutic perspective is discussed, where PERK interventions could be potential remedies for cellular dysfunction in chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose F Abisambra
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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304
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Nagamine S, Yamazaki T, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Ikeda M, Takatama M, Okamoto K, Yokoo H, Ikeda Y. Hypersialylation is a common feature of neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degenerations in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathy brains. Neuropathology 2015; 36:333-45. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nagamine
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation; Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Kouki Makioka
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Yukio Fujita
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masaki Ikeda
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
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305
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Milisav I, Šuput D, Ribarič S. Unfolded Protein Response and Macroautophagy in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Prion Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:22718-56. [PMID: 26694349 PMCID: PMC6332363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis are integrated biological pathways within cells that control synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins. The absence of cell division makes brain proteostasis susceptible to age-related changes and neurodegeneration. Two key processes involved in sustaining normal brain proteostasis are the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases (PrDs) have different clinical manifestations of neurodegeneration, however, all share an accumulation of misfolded pathological proteins associated with perturbations in unfolded protein response and macroautophagy. While both the unfolded protein response and macroautophagy play an important role in the prevention and attenuation of AD and PD progression, only macroautophagy seems to play an important role in the development of PrDs. Macroautophagy and unfolded protein response can be modulated by pharmacological interventions. However, further research is necessary to better understand the regulatory pathways of both processes in health and neurodegeneration to be able to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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306
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The unfolded protein response in the therapeutic effect of hydroxy-DHA against Alzheimer's disease. Apoptosis 2015; 20:712-24. [PMID: 25663172 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy are two cellular processes involved in the clearing of intracellular misfolded proteins. Both pathways are targets for molecules that may serve as treatments for several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present work, we show that 2-hydroxy-DHA (HDHA), a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derivate that restores cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of AD, modulates UPR and autophagy in differentiated neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Mild therapeutic HDHA exposure induced UPR activation, characterized by the up-regulation of the molecular chaperone Bip as well as PERK-mediated stimulation of eIF2α phosphorylation. Key proteins involved in initiating autophagy, such as beclin-1, and several Atg proteins involved in autophagosome maturation (Atg3, Atg5, Atg12 and Atg7), were also up-regulated on exposure to HDHA. Moreover, when HDHA-mediated autophagy was studied after amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) stimulation to mimic the neurotoxic environment of AD, it was associated with increased cell survival, suggesting that HDHA driven modulation of this process at least in part mediates the neuroprotective effects of this new anti-neurodegenerative drug. The present results in part explain the pharmacological effects of HDHA inducing full recovery of the cognitive scores in murine models of AD.
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307
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Hernández-Ortega K, Garcia-Esparcia P, Gil L, Lucas JJ, Ferrer I. Altered Machinery of Protein Synthesis in Alzheimer's: From the Nucleolus to the Ribosome. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:593-605. [PMID: 26512942 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes and protein synthesis have been reported to be altered in the cerebral cortex at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modifications in the hippocampus with disease progression have not been assessed. Sixty-seven cases including middle-aged (MA) and AD stages I-VI were analyzed. Nucleolar chaperones nucleolin, nucleophosmin and nucleoplasmin 3, and upstream binding transcription factor RNA polymerase I gene (UBTF) mRNAs are abnormally regulated and their protein levels reduced in AD. Histone modifications dimethylated histone H3K9 (H3K9me2) and acetylated histone H3K12 (H3K12ac) are decreased in CA1. Nuclear tau declines in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG), and practically disappears in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. Subunit 28 ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) expression is altered in CA1 and DG in AD. Several genes encoding ribosomal proteins are abnormally regulated and protein levels of translation initiation factors eIF2α, eIF3η and eIF5, and elongation factor eEF2, are altered in the CA1 region in AD. These findings show alterations in the protein synthesis machinery in AD involving the nucleolus, nucleus and ribosomes in the hippocampus in AD some of them starting at first stages (I-II) preceding neuron loss. These changes may lie behind reduced numbers of dendritic branches and reduced synapses of CA1 and DG neurons which cause hippocampal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hernández-Ortega
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gil
- Department of Genetics, Medical School, Alfonso X el Sabio University (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada; Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Lucas
- Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
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308
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Nishikawa T, Takahashi T, Nakamori M, Hosomi N, Maruyama H, Miyazaki Y, Izumi Y, Matsumoto M. The identification of raft-derived tau-associated vesicles that are incorporated into immature tangles and paired helical filaments. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:639-653. [PMID: 26501932 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a cardinal pathological feature of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are primarily composed of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein. Recently, several other molecules, including flotillin-1, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), have also been revealed as constituents of NFTs. Flotillin-1 and PtdIns(4,5)P2 are considered markers of raft microdomains, whereas CDK5 is a tau kinase. Therefore, we hypothesized that NFTs have a relationship with raft domains and the tau phosphorylation that occurs within NFTs. METHODS We investigated six cases of AD, six cases of other neurodegenerative diseases with NFTs and three control cases. We analysed the PtdIns(4,5)P2-immunopositive material in detail, using super-resolution microscopy and electron microscopy to elucidate its pattern of expression. We also investigated the spatial relationship between the PtdIns(4,5)P2-immunopositive material and tau kinases through double immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Pretangles contained either paired helical filaments (PHFs) or PtdIns(4,5)P2-immunopositive small vesicles (approximately 1 μm in diameter) with nearly identical topology to granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) bodies. Various combinations of these vesicles and GVD bodies, the latter of which are pathological hallmarks observed within the neurons of AD patients, were found concurrently in neurons. These vesicles and GVD bodies were both immunopositive not only for PtdIns(4,5)P2, but also for several tau kinases such as glycogen synthase kinase-3β and spleen tyrosine kinase. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that clusters of raft-derived vesicles that resemble GVD bodies are substructures of pretangles other than PHFs. These tau kinase-bearing vesicles are likely involved in the modification of tau protein and in NFT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Nakamori
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N Hosomi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Miyazaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Izumi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - M Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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309
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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: The Molecular Connectivity between Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:105828. [PMID: 26693205 PMCID: PMC4674598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and insulin resistance are age-related conditions and increased prevalence is of public concern. Recent research has provided evidence that insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling may be a contributory factor to the progression of diabetes, dementia, and other neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia. Reduced release (for T2DM) and decreased action of insulin are central to the development and progression of both T2DM and AD. A literature search was conducted to identify molecular commonalities between obesity, diabetes, and AD. Insulin resistance affects many tissues and organs, either through impaired insulin signalling or through aberrant changes in both glucose and lipid (cholesterol and triacylglycerol) metabolism and concentrations in the blood. Although epidemiological and biological evidence has highlighted an increased incidence of cognitive decline and AD in patients with T2DM, the common molecular basis of cell and tissue dysfunction is rapidly gaining recognition. As a cause or consequence, the chronic inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with T2DM, amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction link T2DM and AD.
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310
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Radford H, Moreno JA, Verity N, Halliday M, Mallucci GR. PERK inhibition prevents tau-mediated neurodegeneration in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:633-42. [PMID: 26450683 PMCID: PMC4612323 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The PERK-eIF2α branch of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) mediates the transient shutdown of translation in response to rising levels of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. PERK and eIF2α activation are increasingly recognised in postmortem analyses of patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, the tauopathies and prion disorders. These are all characterised by the accumulation of misfolded disease-specific proteins in the brain in association with specific patterns of neuronal loss, but the role of UPR activation in their pathogenesis is unclear. In prion-diseased mice, overactivation of PERK-P/eIF2α-P signalling results in the sustained reduction in global protein synthesis, leading to synaptic failure, neuronal loss and clinical disease. Critically, restoring vital neuronal protein synthesis rates by inhibiting the PERK-eIF2α pathway, both genetically and pharmacologically, prevents prion neurodegeneration downstream of misfolded prion protein accumulation. Here we show that PERK-eIF2α-mediated translational failure is a key process leading to neuronal loss in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia, where the misfolded protein is a form of mutant tau. rTg4510 mice, which overexpress the P301L tau mutation, show dysregulated PERK signalling and sustained repression of protein synthesis by 6 months of age, associated with onset of neurodegeneration. Treatment with the PERK inhibitor, GSK2606414, from this time point in mutant tau-expressing mice restores protein synthesis rates, protecting against further neuronal loss, reducing brain atrophy and abrogating the appearance of clinical signs. Further, we show that PERK-eIF2α activation also contributes to the pathological phosphorylation of tau in rTg4510 mice, and that levels of phospho-tau are lowered by PERK inhibitor treatment, providing a second mechanism of protection. The data support UPR-mediated translational failure as a generic pathogenic mechanism in protein-misfolding disorders, including tauopathies, that can be successfully targeted for prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helois Radford
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Julie A Moreno
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Prion Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1619, USA
| | - Nicholas Verity
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mark Halliday
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Giovanna R Mallucci
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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311
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Yang F, Luo J. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ethanol Neurotoxicity. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2538-53. [PMID: 26473940 PMCID: PMC4693246 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol abuse affects virtually all organ systems and the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to excessive ethanol exposure. Ethanol exposure causes profound damages to both the adult and developing brain. Prenatal ethanol exposure induces fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) which is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits. A number of potential mechanisms have been proposed for ethanol-induced brain damage; these include the promotion of neuroinflammation, interference with signaling by neurotrophic factors, induction of oxidative stress, modulation of retinoid acid signaling, and thiamine deficiency. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates posttranslational protein processing and transport. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers ER stress and induces unfolded protein response (UPR) which are mediated by three transmembrane ER signaling proteins: pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). UPR is initiated to protect cells from overwhelming ER protein loading. However, sustained ER stress may result in cell death. ER stress has been implied in various CNS injuries, including brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and aging-associated neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, effects of ethanol on ER stress in the CNS receive less attention. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the study of ER stress in ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. We also examine the potential mechanisms underlying ethanol-mediated ER stress and the interaction among ER stress, oxidative stress and autophagy in the context of ethanol neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanmuyi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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312
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Early Neurodegeneration in the Brain of a Child Without Functional PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:850-7. [PMID: 26172286 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first detailed examination of the brain of a patient with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome. Wolcott-Rallison syndrome is an extremely rare clinical manifestation of a lack of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) function caused by mutations in the PERK gene EIF2AK3. Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase is thought to play a significant pathogenetic role in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, other tauopathies, and Parkinson disease. The brain of a male patient aged 4 years 7 months showed pathologic and immunohistochemical evidence that the absence of PERK for several years is sufficient to induce early changes reminiscent of various neurodegenerative conditions. These include neurofibrillary tangles (as in progressive supranuclear palsy), FUS-immunopositive and p62-immunopositive neurons, and reactive glial changes. We also detected an increased amount of p62-positive puncta coimmunostaining for LC3 and ubiquitin, suggesting changes in autophagic flux. Studying a human brain with absent PERK function presents the opportunity to assess the long-term consequences of nonfunctioning of PERK in the presence of all of the compensatory mechanisms that are normally active in a living human, thereby confirming the importance of PERK for autophagy in the brain and for neurodegeneration.
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313
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Zhu YF, Li XH, Yuan ZP, Li CY, Tian RB, Jia W, Xiao ZP. Allicin improves endoplasmic reticulum stress-related cognitive deficits via PERK/Nrf2 antioxidative signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:239-46. [PMID: 26049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which dysregulation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER-resident kinase (PERK) is considered to play a critical role. Allicin, a garlic extract, has been demonstrated a protective role in AD model. The present study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of allicin on ER stress-induced cognitive deficits and underlying mechanisms in rats. In this study, 72h of lateral ventricular infusion of tunicamycin (TM), an ER stress stimulator, induced significant cognitive deficits. TM increased tau phosphorylation, Aβ42 deposit, and oxidative stress, and reduced antioxidative enzymes activity in the hippocampus. TM moderately elevated the expression of PERK and its downstream substrate nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) in the hippocampus. All these impaired changes by TM were significantly improved by allicin pretreatment. Allicin markedly increased PERK and Nrf2 expression in the hippocampus. Thus, our data demonstrate the protective role of allicin in ER stress-related cognitive deficits, and suggest that PERK/Nrf2 antioxidative signaling pathway underlies the action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Zhu
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China
| | - Xian-Hui Li
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China; Aid Program from Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Jishou University for Improving Drug-like Properties of Active Components from Medicinal Plants in Wulin Mountains, China.
| | - Zhi-Peng Yuan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China
| | - Rong-Bo Tian
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou City, Hunan Province 416000, China
| | - Zhu-Ping Xiao
- Aid Program from Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Jishou University for Improving Drug-like Properties of Active Components from Medicinal Plants in Wulin Mountains, China
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Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to a disturbance in protein folding. The so-called ER stress sensors PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 play a central role in the initiation and regulation of the UPR. The accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. With the discovery of the basic machinery of the UPR, the idea was born that the UPR or part of its machinery could be involved in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion disease. Over the last decade, the UPR has been addressed in an increasing number of studies on neurodegeneration. The involvement of the UPR has been investigated in human neuropathology across different neurological diseases, as well as in cell and mouse models for neurodegeneration. Studies using different disease models display discrepancies on the role and function of the UPR during neurodegeneration, which can often be attributed to differences in methodology. In this review, we will address the importance of investigation of human brain material for the interpretation of the role of the UPR in neurological diseases. We will discuss evidence for UPR activation in neurodegenerative diseases, and the methodology to study UPR activation and its connection to brain pathology will be addressed. More recently, the UPR is recognized as a target for drug therapy for treatment and prevention of neurodegeneration, by inhibiting the function of specific mediators of the UPR. Several preclinical studies have shown a proof-of-concept for this approach targeting the machinery of UPR, in particular the PERK pathway, in different models for neurodegeneration and have yielded paradoxical results. The promises held by these observations will need further support by clarification of the observed differences between disease models, as well as increased insight obtained from human neuropathology.
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315
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Hayakawa M, Itoh M, Ohta K, Li S, Ueda M, Wang MX, Nishida E, Islam S, Suzuki C, Ohzawa K, Kobori M, Inuzuka T, Nakagawa T. Quercetin reduces eIF2α phosphorylation by GADD34 induction. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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316
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Unfolded Protein Response Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:529-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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317
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Baek JH, Whitfield D, Howlett D, Francis P, Bereczki E, Ballard C, Hortobágyi T, Attems J, Aarsland D. Unfolded protein response is activated in Lewy body dementias. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26202523 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a pro-survival defence mechanism induced during periods of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and it has recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic target across a number of neurodegenerative conditions, but has not yet been studied in synuclein disorders. METHODS The level of a key mediator of the UPR pathway, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), also known as binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), was measured in post mortem brain tissue of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) in comparison with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls using Western blot. The UPR activation was further confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of GRP78/BiP and phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (p-PERK). RESULTS GRP78/BiP was increased to a greater extent in DLB and PDD patients compared with AD and control subjects in cingulate gyrus and parietal cortex. However, there were no changes in the prefrontal and temporal cortices. There was a significant positive correlation between GRP78/BiP level and α-synuclein pathology in the cingulate gyrus, while AD-type pathology showed an inverse correlation relationship in the parietal cortex. CONCLUSION Overall, these results give emphasis to the role of UPR in Lewy body dementias, and suggest that Lewy body degeneration, in combination with AD-type pathologies, is associated with increased UPR activation to a greater extent than AD alone, possibly as a consequence of the increasing load of ER proteins. This work also highlights a novel opportunity to explore the UPR as a therapeutic target in synuclein diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ha Baek
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Whitfield
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Howlett
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Francis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erika Bereczki
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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318
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Niehues S, Bussmann J, Steffes G, Erdmann I, Köhrer C, Sun L, Wagner M, Schäfer K, Wang G, Koerdt SN, Stum M, Jaiswal S, RajBhandary UL, Thomas U, Aberle H, Burgess RW, Yang XL, Dieterich D, Storkebaum E. Impaired protein translation in Drosophila models for Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by mutant tRNA synthetases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7520. [PMID: 26138142 PMCID: PMC4506996 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in five tRNA synthetases cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, suggesting that altered aminoacylation function underlies the disease. However, previous studies showed that loss of aminoacylation activity is not required to cause CMT. Here we present a Drosophila model for CMT with mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS). Expression of three CMT-mutant GARS proteins induces defects in motor performance and motor and sensory neuron morphology, and shortens lifespan. Mutant GARS proteins display normal subcellular localization but markedly reduce global protein synthesis in motor and sensory neurons, or when ubiquitously expressed in adults, as revealed by FUNCAT and BONCAT. Translational slowdown is not attributable to altered tRNA(Gly) aminoacylation, and cannot be rescued by Drosophila Gars overexpression, indicating a gain-of-toxic-function mechanism. Expression of CMT-mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase also impairs translation, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism. Finally, genetic reduction of translation is sufficient to induce CMT-like phenotypes, indicating a causal contribution of translational slowdown to CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Niehues
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Bussmann
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Steffes
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ines Erdmann
- 1] Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany [2] Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Köhrer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Litao Sun
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Marina Wagner
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schäfer
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guangxia Wang
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sophia N Koerdt
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Morgane Stum
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Uttam L RajBhandary
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ulrich Thomas
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Aberle
- Functional Cell Morphology Lab, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Dieterich
- 1] Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany [2] Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erik Storkebaum
- 1] Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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319
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Distinct Neurodegenerative Changes in an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Frontotemporal Dementia Linked to Mutant TAU Protein. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:83-96. [PMID: 26143746 PMCID: PMC4618448 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a frequent form of early-onset dementia and can be caused by mutations in MAPT encoding the microtubule-associated protein TAU. Because of limited availability of neural cells from patients' brains, the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration in FTD are poorly understood. Here, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals with FTD-associated MAPT mutations and differentiated them into mature neurons. Patient iPSC-derived neurons demonstrated pronounced TAU pathology with increased fragmentation and phospho-TAU immunoreactivity, decreased neurite extension, and increased but reversible oxidative stress response to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, FTD neurons showed an activation of the unfolded protein response, and a transcriptome analysis demonstrated distinct, disease-associated gene expression profiles. These findings indicate distinct neurodegenerative changes in FTD caused by mutant TAU and highlight the unique opportunity to use neurons differentiated from patient-specific iPSCs to identify potential targets for drug screening purposes and therapeutic intervention.
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320
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Djelti F, Braudeau J, Hudry E, Dhenain M, Varin J, Bièche I, Marquer C, Chali F, Ayciriex S, Auzeil N, Alves S, Langui D, Potier MC, Laprevote O, Vidaud M, Duyckaerts C, Miles R, Aubourg P, Cartier N. CYP46A1 inhibition, brain cholesterol accumulation and neurodegeneration pave the way for Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2015; 138:2383-98. [PMID: 26141492 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in neuronal cholesterol homeostasis have been suspected or observed in several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, it has not been demonstrated whether an increased abundance of cholesterol in neurons in vivo contributes to neurodegeneration. To address this issue, we used RNA interference methodology to inhibit the expression of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, encoded by the Cyp46a1 gene, in the hippocampus of normal mice. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase controls cholesterol efflux from the brain and thereby plays a major role in regulating brain cholesterol homeostasis. We used an adeno-associated virus vector encoding short hairpin RNA directed against the mouse Cyp46a1 mRNA to decrease the expression of the Cyp46a1 gene in hippocampal neurons of normal mice. This increased the cholesterol concentration in neurons, followed by cognitive deficits and hippocampal atrophy due to apoptotic neuronal death. Prior to neuronal death, the recruitment of the amyloid protein precursor to lipid rafts was enhanced leading to the production of β-C-terminal fragment and amyloid-β peptides. Abnormal phosphorylation of tau and endoplasmic reticulum stress were also observed. In the APP23 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, the abundance of amyloid-β peptides increased following inhibition of Cyp46a1 expression, and neuronal death was more widespread than in normal mice. Altogether, these results suggest that increased amounts of neuronal cholesterol within the brain may contribute to inducing and/or aggravating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathia Djelti
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jerome Braudeau
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Eloise Hudry
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- 2 CNRS URA2210 MIRCen CEA Fontenay aux Roses 92265, and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jennifer Varin
- 3 EA7331, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- 3 EA7331, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marquer
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Farah Chali
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ayciriex
- 5 Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- 5 Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprevote
- 5 Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- 3 EA7331, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Richard Miles
- 4 UMR S1127, and INSERM U1127, and CNRS UMR7225, and ICM, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06 75013, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- 1 INSERM U1169 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
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Mahdi AA, Rizvi SHM, Parveen A. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Responses in Health and Diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:127-37. [PMID: 27069320 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis, protein folding, maintainance of calcium homeostasis, synthesis of lipids and sterols. Genetic or environmental insults can alter its function generating ER stress. ER senses stress mainly by three stress sensor pathways, namely protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2α, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box-binding protein 1 and activating transcription factor 6-CREBH, which induce unfolded protein responses (UPR) after the recognition of stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that ER stress and UPR signaling are involved in cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise knowledge regarding involvement of ER stress in different disease processes is still debatable. Here we discuss the possible role of ER stress in various disorders on the basis of existing literature. An attempt has also been made to highlight the present knowledge of this field which may help to elucidate and conjure basic mechanisms and novel insights into disease processes which could assist in devising better future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Arshiya Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 Uttar Pradesh India
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323
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Hippocampal endosomal, lysosomal, and autophagic dysregulation in mild cognitive impairment: correlation with aβ and tau pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:345-58. [PMID: 25756588 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal-lysosomal and autophagic dysregulation occurs in the hippocampus in prodromal Alzheimer disease (AD), but its relationship with β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau pathology remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we performed immunoblot analysis of hippocampal homogenates from cases with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. Western blot analysis revealed significant increases in the acid hydrolase cathepsin D and early endosome marker rabaptin5 in the MCI group compared with AD, whereas levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin proteins (pmTOR), total mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p62, traf6, and LilrB2 were comparable across clinical groups. Hippocampal Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 concentrations and AT8-immunopositive neurofibrillary tangle density were not significantly different across the clinical groups. Greater cathepsin D expression was associated with global cognitive score and episodic memory score but not with mini mental state examination or advanced neuropathology criteria. These results indicate that alterations in hippocampal endosomal-lysosomal proteins in MCI are independent of tau or Aβ pathology.
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324
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Ferreira ST, Lourenco MV, Oliveira MM, De Felice FG. Soluble amyloid-β oligomers as synaptotoxins leading to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:191. [PMID: 26074767 PMCID: PMC4443025 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and affects millions of people worldwide. As the number of AD cases continues to increase in both developed and developing countries, finding therapies that effectively halt or reverse disease progression constitutes a major research and public health challenge. Since the identification of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) as the major component of the amyloid plaques that are characteristically found in AD brains, a major effort has aimed to determine whether and how Aβ leads to memory loss and cognitive impairment. A large body of evidence accumulated in the past 15 years supports a pivotal role of soluble Aβ oligomers (AβOs) in synapse failure and neuronal dysfunction in AD. Nonetheless, a number of basic questions, including the exact molecular composition of the synaptotoxic oligomers, the identity of the receptor(s) to which they bind, and the signaling pathways that ultimately lead to synapse failure, remain to be definitively answered. Here, we discuss recent advances that have illuminated our understanding of the chemical nature of the toxic species and the deleterious impact they have on synapses, and have culminated in the proposal of an Aβ oligomer hypothesis for Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. We also highlight outstanding questions and challenges in AD research that should be addressed to allow translation of research findings into effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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325
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Agyemang AF, Harrison SR, Siegel RM, McDermott MF. Protein misfolding and dysregulated protein homeostasis in autoinflammatory diseases and beyond. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:335-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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326
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De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Brain metabolic stress and neuroinflammation at the basis of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:94. [PMID: 26042036 PMCID: PMC4436878 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metabolic dysfunction is known to influence brain activity in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In fact, deregulation of neuronal metabolism has been postulated to play a key role leading to the clinical outcomes observed in AD. Besides deficits in glucose utilization in AD patients, recent evidence has implicated neuroinflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as components of a novel form of brain metabolic stress that develop in AD and other neurological disorders. Here we review findings supporting this novel paradigm and further discuss how these mechanisms seem to participate in synapse and cognitive impairments that are germane to AD. These deleterious processes resemble pathways that act in peripheral tissues leading to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, in an intriguing molecular connection linking AD to diabetes. The discovery of detailed mechanisms leading to neuronal metabolic stress may be a key step that will allow the understanding how cognitive impairment develops in AD, thereby offering new avenues for effective disease prevention and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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327
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Jiang D, Niwa M, Koong AC. Targeting the IRE1α-XBP1 branch of the unfolded protein response in human diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 33:48-56. [PMID: 25986851 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, which is characteristic of cells with high level of secretory activity and implicated in a variety of disease conditions. In response to ER stress, the cell elicits an adaptive process called the unfolded protein response (UPR) to support cellular homeostasis and survival. However, prolonged and unsolvable ER stress also induces apoptosis. As the most conserved signaling branch of the UPR, the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway plays important roles in both physiological and pathological settings and its activity has profound effects on disease progression and prognosis. Recently, modulating this pathway with small molecule compounds has been demonstrated as a promising approach for disease therapy. In this review, we summarize a list of current investigational compounds targeting this pathway and their therapeutic features for treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maho Niwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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328
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Gourmaud S, Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Pace C, Bouras C, Gray F, Laplanche JL, Meurs EF, Mouton-Liger F, Hugon J. Increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid JNK3 associated with amyloid pathology: links to cognitive decline. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:151-61. [PMID: 25455349 PMCID: PMC4409432 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease is characterized by cognitive decline, senile plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated τ proteins and neuronal loss. Aβ and τ are useful markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases activated by phosphorylation and involved in neuronal death. METHODS In this study, Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histological approaches were used to assess the concentrations of Aβ, τ and JNK isoforms in postmortem brain tissue samples (10 Alzheimer disease and 10 control) and in CSF samples from 30 living patients with Alzheimer disease and 27 controls with neurologic disease excluding Alzheimer disease. Patients with Alzheimer disease were followed for 1-3 years and assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination scores. RESULTS The biochemical and morphological results showed a significant increase of JNK3 and phosphorylated JNK levels in patients with Alzheimer disease, and JNK3 levels correlated with Aβ42 levels. Confocal microscopy revealed that JNK3 was associated with Aβ in senile plaques. The JNK3 levels in the CSF were significantly elevated in patients with Alzheimer disease and correlated statistically with the rate of cognitive decline in a mixed linear model. LIMITATIONS The study involved different samples grouped into 3 small cohorts. Evaluation of JNK3 in CSF was possible only with immunoblot analysis. CONCLUSION We found that JNK3 levels are increased in brain tissue and CSF from patients with Alzheimer disease. The finding that increased JNK3 levels in CSF could reflect the rate of cognitive decline is new and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Hugon
- Correspondence to: J. Hugon, Memory Clinical Centre Paris Nord Ile-de-France, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010 Paris, France;
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Kim AY, Seo JB, Kim WT, Choi HJ, Kim SY, Morrow G, Tanguay RM, Steller H, Koh YH. The pathogenic human Torsin A in Drosophila activates the unfolded protein response and increases susceptibility to oxidative stress. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:338. [PMID: 25903460 PMCID: PMC4415242 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dystonia1 (DYT1) dystonia is caused by a glutamic acid deletion (ΔE) mutation in the gene encoding Torsin A in humans (HTorA). To investigate the unknown molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying DYT1 dystonia, we performed an unbiased proteomic analysis. Results We found that the amount of proteins and transcripts of an Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident chaperone Heat shock protein cognate 3 (HSC3) and a mitochondria chaperone Heat Shock Protein 22 (HSP22) were significantly increased in the HTorAΔE– expressing brains compared to the normal HTorA (HTorAWT) expressing brains. The physiological consequences included an increased susceptibility to oxidative and ER stress compared to normal HTorAWT flies. The alteration of transcripts of Inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1)-dependent spliced X box binding protein 1(Xbp1), several ER chaperones, a nucleotide exchange factor, Autophagy related protein 8b (ATG8b) and components of the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and increased expression of the Xbp1-enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein (eGFP) in HTorAΔE brains strongly indicated the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, perturbed expression of the UPR sensors and inducers in the HTorAΔEDrosophila brains resulted in a significantly reduced life span of the flies. Furthermore, the types and quantities of proteins present in the anti-HSC3 positive microsomes in the HTorAΔE brains were different from those of the HTorAWT brains. Conclusion Taken together, these data show that HTorAΔE in Drosophila brains may activate the UPR and increase the expression of HSP22 to compensate for the toxic effects caused by HTorAΔE in the brains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1518-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Young Kim
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyangdong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 431-060, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-702, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Bok Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Tae Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Choi
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyangdong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 431-060, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-702, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Genevieve Morrow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry & Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Robert M Tanguay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry & Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Hermann Steller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Young Ho Koh
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyangdong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 431-060, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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330
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Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Neuronal stress signaling and eIF2α phosphorylation as molecular links between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:37-57. [PMID: 25857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from clinical, epidemiological, neuropathology and preclinical studies indicates that mechanisms similar to those leading to peripheral metabolic deregulation in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, take place in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These include pro-inflammatory mechanisms, brain metabolic stress and neuronal insulin resistance. From a molecular and cellular perspective, recent progress has been made in unveiling novel pathways that act in an orchestrated way to cause neuronal damage and cognitive decline in AD. These pathways converge to the activation of neuronal stress-related protein kinases and excessive phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α-P), which plays a key role in control of protein translation, culminating in synapse dysfunction and memory loss. eIF2α-P signaling thus links multiple neuronal stress pathways to impaired neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Here, we present a critical analysis of recently discovered molecular mechanisms underlying impaired brain insulin signaling and metabolic stress, with emphasis on the role of stress kinase/eIF2α-P signaling as a hub that promotes brain and behavioral impairments in AD. Because very similar mechanisms appear to operate in peripheral metabolic deregulation in T2D and in brain defects in AD, we discuss the concept that targeting defective brain insulin signaling and neuronal stress mechanisms with anti-diabetes agents may be an attractive approach to fight memory decline in AD. We conclude by raising core questions that remain to be addressed toward the development of much needed therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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331
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Correia SC, Resende R, Moreira PI, Pereira CM. Alzheimer's Disease-Related Misfolded Proteins and Dysfunctional Organelles on Autophagy Menu. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:261-73. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C. Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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332
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Halliday M, Radford H, Sekine Y, Moreno J, Verity N, le Quesne J, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Fromont C, Fischer PM, Harding HP, Ron D, Mallucci GR. Partial restoration of protein synthesis rates by the small molecule ISRIB prevents neurodegeneration without pancreatic toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1672. [PMID: 25741597 PMCID: PMC4385927 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the transient repression of protein synthesis, mediated by the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). This is part of a wider integrated physiological response to maintain proteostasis in the face of ER stress, the dysregulation of which is increasingly associated with a wide range of diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. In prion-diseased mice, persistently high levels of eIF2α cause sustained translational repression leading to catastrophic reduction of critical proteins, resulting in synaptic failure and neuronal loss. We previously showed that restoration of global protein synthesis using the PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 was profoundly neuroprotective, preventing clinical disease in prion-infected mice. However, this occured at the cost of toxicity to secretory tissue, where UPR activation is essential to healthy functioning. Here we show that pharmacological modulation of eIF2α-P-mediated translational inhibition can be achieved to produce neuroprotection without pancreatic toxicity. We found that treatment with the small molecule ISRIB, which restores translation downstream of eIF2α, conferred neuroprotection in prion-diseased mice without adverse effects on the pancreas. Critically, ISRIB treatment resulted in only partial restoration of global translation rates, as compared with the complete restoration of protein synthesis seen with GSK2606414. ISRIB likely provides sufficient rates of protein synthesis for neuronal survival, while allowing some residual protective UPR function in secretory tissue. Thus, fine-tuning the extent of UPR inhibition and subsequent translational de-repression uncouples neuroprotective effects from pancreatic toxicity. The data support the pursuit of this approach to develop new treatments for a range of neurodegenerative disorders that are currently incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halliday
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - H Radford
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Y Sekine
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Moreno
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - N Verity
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J le Quesne
- 1] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK [2] Department of Histopathology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - C A Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Fromont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P M Fischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H P Harding
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Ron
- 1] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK [2] The Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - G R Mallucci
- 1] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK [2] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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333
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Druggable sensors of the unfolded protein response. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 10:892-901. [PMID: 25325700 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inability of cells to properly fold, modify and assemble secretory and transmembrane proteins leads to accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Under these conditions of 'ER stress', cell survival depends on homeostatic benefits from an intracellular signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). When activated, the UPR induces transcriptional and translational programs that restore ER homeostasis. However, under high-level or chronic ER stress, these adaptive changes ultimately become overshadowed by alternative 'terminal UPR' signals that actively commit cells to degeneration, culminating in programmed cell death. Chronic ER stress and maladaptive UPR signaling are implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of myriad human diseases. Naturally, this has generated widespread interest in targeting key nodal components of the UPR as therapeutic strategies. Here we summarize the state of this field with emphasis placed on two of the master UPR regulators, PERK and IRE1, which are both capable of being drugged with small molecules.
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334
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Dametto P, Lakkaraju AKK, Bridel C, Villiger L, O’Connor T, Herrmann US, Pelczar P, Rülicke T, McHugh D, Adili A, Aguzzi A. Neurodegeneration and unfolded-protein response in mice expressing a membrane-tethered flexible tail of PrP. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117412. [PMID: 25658480 PMCID: PMC4319788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) consists of a flexible N-terminal tail (FT, aa 23–128) hinged to a membrane-anchored globular domain (GD, aa 129–231). Ligation of the GD with antibodies induces rapid neurodegeneration, which is prevented by deletion or functional inactivation of the FT. Therefore, the FT is an allosteric effector of neurotoxicity. To explore its mechanism of action, we generated transgenic mice expressing the FT fused to a GPI anchor, but lacking the GD (PrPΔ141–225, or “FTgpi”). Here we report that FTgpi mice develop a progressive, inexorably lethal neurodegeneration morphologically and biochemically similar to that triggered by anti-GD antibodies. FTgpi was mostly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it triggered a conspicuous unfolded protein response specifically activating the PERK pathway leading to phosphorylation of eIF2α and upregulation of CHOP ultimately leading to neurodegeration similar to what was observed in prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Dametto
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire Bridel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Villiger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tracy O’Connor
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uli S. Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Donal McHugh
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arlind Adili
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
AbstractRecent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in many neurodegenerative diseases, among them Huntington’s disease. This genetic disorder is of late-onset, progressive and fatal, affecting cognition and movement. There is presently no cure nor any effective therapy for the disease. This review focuses on recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms of the advent and development of ER stress in Huntington’s disease and on its implications, highlighting possible therapeutic avenues that are being or could be explored.
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336
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Hosoi T, Nomura J, Ozawa K, Nishi A, Nomura Y. Possible involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that plays a crucial role in protein quality control such as protein folding. Evidence to indicate the involvement of ER in maintaining cellular homeostasis is increasing. However, when cells are exposed to stressful conditions, which perturb ER function, unfolded proteins accumulate leading to ER stress. Cells then activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with this stressful condition. In the present review, we will discuss and summarize recent advances in research on the basic mechanisms of the UPR. We also discuss the possible involvement of ER stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Potential therapeutic opportunities for diseases targeting ER stress is also described.
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337
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Liu ZC, Chu J, Lin L, Song J, Ning LN, Luo HB, Yang SS, Shi Y, Wang Q, Qu N, Zhang Q, Wang JZ, Tian Q. SIL1 Rescued Bip Elevation-Related Tau Hyperphosphorylation in ER Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:983-994. [PMID: 25575678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been indicated in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which tau hyperphosphorylation is one major pathological alteration. The elevation of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip), an important ER chaperon, was reported in AD brain. It is important to study the roles of ER-related chaperons in tau hyperphosphorylation. In this research, increased Bip was found in the brains of the AD model mice (Tg2576) compared to the age-matched control mice. Meanwhile, deficiency of SIL1, an important co-chaperon of Bip, was observed in brains of Tg2576 mice and in ER stress both in vivo and in vitro. Then, we transfected Bip-EGFP plasmid into HEK293 cells stably expressing the longest human tau (HEK293/tau) or N2a cells and found that increased Bip induced tau hyperphosphorylation via activating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), an important tau kinase, and increased the association with tau and GSK-3β. When we overexpressed SIL1 in Bip-transfected HEK293/tau cells and thapsigargin-treated HEK293/tau cells, significantly reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK-3β activation were observed. These results suggested the important roles of ER-related chaperons, Bip and SIL1, in AD-like tau hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Medical School, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Huang A, Pinto JT, Froogh G, Kandhi S, Qin J, Wolin MS, Hintze TH, Sun D. Role of homocysteinylation of ACE in endothelial dysfunction of arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H92-100. [PMID: 25416191 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00577.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The direct impact of de novo synthesis of homocysteine (Hcy) and its reactive metabolites, Hcy-S-S-Hcy and Hcy thiolactone (HCTL), on vascular function has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that Hcy synthesized within endothelial cells affects activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by direct homocysteinylation of its amino- and/or sulfhydryl moieties. This covalent modification enhances ACE reactivity toward angiotensin II (ANG II)-NADPH oxidase-superoxide-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Mesenteric and coronary arteries isolated from normal rats were incubated for 3 days with or without exogenous methionine (Met, 0.1-0.3 mM), a precursor to Hcy. Incubation of arteries in Met-free media resulted in time-dependent decreases in vascular Hcy formation. By contrast, vessels incubated with Met produced Hcy in a dose-dependent manner. There was a notably greater de novo synthesis of Hcy from endothelial than from smooth muscle cells. Enhanced levels of Hcy production significantly impaired shear stress-induced dilation and release of nitric oxide, events that are associated with elevated production of vascular superoxide. Each of these processes was attenuated by ANG II type I receptor blocker or ACE and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. In addition, in vitro exposure of purified ACE to Hcy-S-S-Hcy/HCTL resulted in formation of homocysteinylated ACE and an enhanced ACE activity. The enhanced ACE activity was confirmed in isolated coronary and mesenteric arteries that had been exposed directly to Hcy-S-S-Hcy/HCTL or after Met incubation. In conclusion, vasculature-derived Hcy initiates endothelial dysfunction that, in part, may be mediated by ANG II-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase in association with homocysteinylation of ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Huang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Ghezal Froogh
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Thomas H Hintze
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
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339
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Granulovacuolar degeneration and unfolded protein response in mouse models of tauopathy and Aβ amyloidosis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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340
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Hossain MM, DiCicco-Bloom E, Richardson JR. Hippocampal ER stress and learning deficits following repeated pyrethroid exposure. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:220-8. [PMID: 25359175 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated as a significant contributor to neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. Previously, we reported that the widely used pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin causes ER stress-mediated apoptosis in SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells. Whether or not this occurs in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that repeated deltamethrin exposure (3 mg/kg every 3 days for 60 days) causes hippocampal ER stress and learning deficits in adult mice. Repeated exposure to deltamethrin caused ER stress in the hippocampus as indicated by increased levels of C/EBP-homologous protein (131%) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (96%). This was accompanied by increased levels of caspase-12 (110%) and activated caspase-3 (50%). To determine whether these effects resulted in learning deficits, hippocampal-dependent learning was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Deltamethrin-treated animals exhibited profound deficits in the acquisition of learning. We also found that deltamethrin exposure resulted in decreased BrdU-positive cells (37%) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, suggesting potential impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that repeated deltamethrin exposure leads to ER stress, apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus, and deficits in hippocampal precursor proliferation, which is associated with learning deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Hossain
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jason R Richardson
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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341
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Oakes SA, Papa FR. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2014; 10:173-94. [PMID: 25387057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic and environmental insults impede the ability of cells to properly fold and posttranslationally modify secretory and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to a buildup of misfolded proteins in this organelle--a condition called ER stress. ER-stressed cells must rapidly restore protein-folding capacity to match protein-folding demand if they are to survive. In the presence of high levels of misfolded proteins in the ER, an intracellular signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) induces a set of transcriptional and translational events that restore ER homeostasis. However, if ER stress persists chronically at high levels, a terminal UPR program ensures that cells commit to self-destruction. Chronic ER stress and defects in UPR signaling are emerging as key contributors to a growing list of human diseases, including diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Hence, there is much interest in targeting components of the UPR as a therapeutic strategy to combat these ER stress-associated pathologies.
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Huang HC, Tang D, Lu SY, Jiang ZF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a novel neuronal mediator in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2014; 37:366-74. [PMID: 25310352 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common types of progressive dementias. The typical neuropathological changes in AD include extracellular senile plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. The pathogenetic mechanism of this disease is not comprehensively understood yet. Recently, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) has been considered as a potential event involved in AD development. Some AD-related factors, such as misfolded protein and Ca(2+) depletion, could disrupt the homeostasis of ER lumen. In AD, the aggregated amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) could induce ER stress in an assembly dependent way. The presenilin has been identified as a Ca(2+) channel. Mutations of presenilin could change the balance of Ca(2+) in ER lumen and thus disrupts the ER homeostasis. Furthermore, the ER stress could lead to cellular disorders like inflammation. Through activating the expression of inflammatory factors, ER stress triggers inflammatory response in AD pathology. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress of ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) and the roles of ER stress in AD pathological process.
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De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST. How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S26-32. [PMID: 24529521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Compelling preclinical and clinical evidence supports a pathophysiological connection between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes. Altered metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance are key pathological features of both diseases. For many years, it was generally considered that the brain was insensitive to insulin, but it is now accepted that this hormone has central neuromodulatory functions, including roles in learning and memory, that are impaired in AD. However, until recently, the molecular mechanisms accounting for brain insulin resistance in AD have remained elusive. Here, we review recent evidence that sheds light on how brain insulin dysfunction is initiated at a molecular level and why abnormal insulin signaling culminates in synaptic failure and memory decline. We also discuss the cellular basis underlying the beneficial effects of stimulation of brain insulin signaling on cognition. Discoveries summarized here provide pathophysiological background for identification of novel molecular targets and for development of alternative therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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344
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Dunys J, Duplan E, Checler F. The transcription factor X-box binding protein-1 in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:35. [PMID: 25216759 PMCID: PMC4166022 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular compartment where secreted and integral membrane proteins are folded and matured. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins triggers a stress that is physiologically controlled by an adaptative protective response called Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). UPR is primordial to induce a quality control response and to restore ER homeostasis. When this adaptative response is defective, protein aggregates overwhelm cells and affect, among other mechanisms, synaptic function, signaling transduction and cell survival. Such dysfunction likely contributes to several neurodegenerative diseases that are indeed characterized by exacerbated protein aggregation, protein folding impairment, increased ER stress and UPR activation. This review briefly documents various aspects of the biology of the transcription factor XBP-1 (X-box Binding Protein-1) and summarizes recent findings concerning its putative contribution to the altered UPR response observed in various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS-UNS, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, Valbonne F-06560, France.
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345
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Gonçalves NP, Vieira P, Saraiva MJ. Interleukin-1 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in transthyretin amyloidosis. Amyloid 2014; 21:175-84. [PMID: 24918964 PMCID: PMC4196507 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2014.927759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is a key pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Among all inflammatory cytokines associated with FAP, IL-1β, in particular, has been implicated in playing a key pathogenic role. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether blocking IL-1β signaling provides disease-modifying benefits in an FAP mouse model. METHODS We assessed the effect of chronic administration of Anakinra, an IL-1 antagonist, on FAP pathogenesis in vivo, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry (SQ-IHC), western blot and nerve morphometric analyses. RESULTS We found that treatment with Anakinra prevents transthyretin (TTR) extracellular deposition in sciatic nerve, protecting unmyelinated nerve fibers from aggregate-induced degeneration. Moreover, Anakinra administration significantly suppressed IL-1 signaling pathway and inhibited apoptosis and nitrative stress. CONCLUSIONS The present work highlights the relevance of the IL-1 signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of FAP. Our results bring to light the importance of non-amyloid targets in the therapeutic strategies for this disorder. Thus, we propose the use of Anakinra as a potential therapeutic agent for TTR-related amyloidosis.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/drug therapy
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/immunology
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/immunology
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/pathology
- Oxidative Stress
- Prealbumin/chemistry
- Prealbumin/genetics
- Protein Aggregates
- Protein Aggregation, Pathological/drug therapy
- Protein Aggregation, Pathological/immunology
- Protein Aggregation, Pathological/pathology
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/immunology
- Sciatic Nerve/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Pereira Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo AlegrePortoPortugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Unité du Développement des Lymphocytes, Département d’Immunologie, Institut PasteurParis, CEDEXFrance
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo AlegrePortoPortugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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346
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Plácido A, Pereira C, Duarte A, Candeias E, Correia S, Santos R, Carvalho C, Cardoso S, Oliveira C, Moreira P. The role of endoplasmic reticulum in amyloid precursor protein processing and trafficking: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1444-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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347
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van der Harg JM, Nölle A, Zwart R, Boerema AS, van Haastert ES, Strijkstra AM, Hoozemans JJ, Scheper W. The unfolded protein response mediates reversible tau phosphorylation induced by metabolic stress. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1393. [PMID: 25165879 PMCID: PMC4454326 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in close connection with early stages of tau pathology. Metabolic disturbances are strongly associated with increased risk for AD and are a potent inducer of the UPR. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic stress induces the phosphorylation of endogenous tau via activation of the UPR. Strikingly, upon restoration of the metabolic homeostasis, not only the levels of the UPR markers pPERK, pIRE1α and BiP, but also tau phosphorylation are reversed both in cell models as well as in torpor, a physiological hypometabolic model in vivo. Intervention in the UPR using the global UPR inhibitor TUDCA or a specific small-molecule inhibitor of the PERK signaling pathway, inhibits the metabolic stress-induced phosphorylation of tau. These data support a role for UPR-mediated tau phosphorylation as part of an adaptive response to metabolic stress. Failure to restore the metabolic homeostasis will lead to prolonged UPR activation and tau phosphorylation, and may thus contribute to AD pathogenesis. We demonstrate that the UPR is functionally involved in the early stages of tau pathology. Our data indicate that targeting of the UPR may be employed for early intervention in tau-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van der Harg
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Nölle
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Zwart
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Boerema
- Units of Chronobiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E S van Haastert
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A M Strijkstra
- Units of Chronobiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Jm Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Scheper
- 1] Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [3] Departments of Functional Genomics and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lim JL, Wilhelmus MMM, de Vries HE, Drukarch B, Hoozemans JJM, van Horssen J. Antioxidative defense mechanisms controlled by Nrf2: state-of-the-art and clinical perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1773-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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349
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The Chaperone Grp78 in Protein Folding Disorders of the Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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350
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Gonzalez-Gronow M, Gomez CF, de Ridder GG, Ray R, Pizzo SV. Binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator to the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) modulates plasminogen activation and promotes human neuroblastoma cell proliferation in vitro. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25166-76. [PMID: 25059665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a plasminogen (Pg) receptor on the cell surface. In this study, we demonstrate that GRP78 also binds the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which results in a decrease in K(m) and an increase in the V(max) for both its amidolytic activity and activation of its substrate, Pg. This results in accelerated Pg activation when GRP78, t-PA, and Pg are bound together. The increase in t-PA activity is the result of a mechanism involving a t-PA lysine-dependent binding site in the GRP78 amino acid sequence (98)LIGRTWNDPSVQQDIKFL(115). We found that GRP78 is expressed on the surface of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells where it is co-localized with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), which is also a t-PA-binding protein in these cells. We demonstrate that both Pg and t-PA serve as a bridge between GRP78 and VDAC bringing them together to facilitate Pg activation. t-PA induces SK-N-SH cell proliferation via binding to GRP78 on the cell surface. Furthermore, Pg binding to the COOH-terminal region of GRP78 stimulates cell proliferation via its microplasminogen domain. This study confirms previous findings from our laboratory showing that GRP78 acts as a growth factor-like receptor and that its association with t-PA, Pg, and VDAC on the cell surface may be part of a system controlling cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Neurotoxicology Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile and the Department of Pathology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Cristian Farias Gomez
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Neurotoxicology Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile and
| | - Gustaaf G de Ridder
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Rupa Ray
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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