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Effects of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage K on Expression of Cytokines and Activation Markers by Human Dendritic Cells In Vitro. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110617. [PMID: 30413044 PMCID: PMC6266804 DOI: 10.3390/v10110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A potential concern with bacteriophage (phage) therapeutics is a host-versus-phage response in which the immune system may neutralize or destroy phage particles and thus impair therapeutic efficacy, or a strong inflammatory response to repeated phage exposure might endanger the patient. Current literature is discrepant with regard to the nature and magnitude of innate and adaptive immune response to phages. The purpose of this work was to study the potential effects of Staphylococcus aureus phage K on the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Since phage K acquired from ATCC was isolated around 90 years ago, we first tested its activity against a panel of 36 diverse S. aureus clinical isolates from military patients and found that it was lytic against 30/36 (83%) of strains. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were used to test for an in vitro phage-specific inflammatory response. Repeated experiments demonstrated that phage K had little impact on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, or on MHC-I/II and CD80/CD86 protein expression. Given that dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells and messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems, our results suggest that phage K does not independently affect cellular immunity or has a very limited impact on it.
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302
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Ch’ng JH, Chong KKL, Lam LN, Wong JJ, Kline KA. Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 17:82-94. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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303
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The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of gold-complexed sulfonamides against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:440-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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304
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Huang X. Pathogenicity-island-encoded regulatory RNAs regulate bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:196-204. [PMID: 30227229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial regulatory RNAs (regRNAs) have been widely studied for decades and shown to be involved in various aspects of bacterial survival, including their virulence and pathogenesis. Recently, many regRNAs have been found to be encoded within bacterial pathogenicity islands (PAIs). These PAI-encoded regRNAs also play important regulatory roles in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. In this review, we introduce the reported PAI-encoded regRNAs individually, focusing on their types, target genes, regulatory roles, regulatory mechanisms and significance. We also summarize the virulence and pathogenesis of the pathogens concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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305
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Nahar S, Mizan MFR, Ha AJW, Ha SD. Advances and Future Prospects of Enzyme-Based Biofilm Prevention Approaches in the Food Industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1484-1502. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsun Nahar
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Angela Jie-won Ha
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
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306
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Puah SM, Tan JAMA, Chew CH, Chua KH. Diverse Profiles of Biofilm and Adhesion Genes in Staphylococcus Aureus Food Strains Isolated from Sushi and Sashimi. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2337-2342. [PMID: 30101982 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is able to form multilayer biofilms embedded within a glycocalyx or slime layer. Biofilm formation poses food contamination risks and can subsequently increase the risk of food poisoning. Identification of food-related S. aureus strains will provide additional data on staphylococcal food poisoning involved in biofilm formation. A total of 52 S. aureus strains isolated from sushi and sashimi was investigated to study their ability for biofilm formation using crystal violet staining. The presence of accessory gene regulator (agr) groups and 15 adhesion genes was screened and their associations in biofilm formation were studied. All 52 S. aureus strains showed biofilm production on the tested hydrophobic surface with 44% (23/52) strains classified as strong, 33% (17/52) as moderate, and 23% (12/52) as weak biofilm producers. The frequency of agr-positive strains was 71% (agr group 1 = 21 strains; agr group 2 = 2 strains; agr group 3 = 12 strains; agr group 4 = 2 strains) whereas agr-negative strains were 29% (15/52). Twelve adhesion genes were detected and 98% of the S. aureus strains carried at least one adhesion gene. The ebps was significantly (p < .05) associated with strong biofilm producing strains. In addition, eno, clfA, icaAD, sasG, fnbB, cna, and sasC were significantly higher in the agr-positive group compared to the agr-negative group. The results of this study suggest that the presence of ebps, eno, clfA, icaAD, sasG, fnbB, cna, and sasC may play an important role in enhancing the stage of biofilm-related infections and warrants further investigation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This work contributes to the knowledge on the biofilm formation and the distribution of agr groups in S. aureus strains as well as microbial surface components in recognizing adherence matrix molecules of organisms isolated from ready-to-eat sushi and sashimi. The findings provide valuable information to further study the roles of specific genes in causing biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Moi Puah
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Malaya, Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ching Hoong Chew
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univ. Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Malaya, Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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307
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Abenojar EC, Wickramasinghe S, Ju M, Uppaluri S, Klika A, George J, Barsoum W, Frangiamore SJ, Higuera-Rueda CA, Samia ACS. Magnetic Glycol Chitin-Based Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Combined Thermal and d-Amino-Acid-Assisted Biofilm Disruption. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1246-1256. [PMID: 29775283 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly antibiotic resistant microbial cell associations that lead to chronic infections. Unlike free-floating planktonic bacterial cells, the biofilms are encapsulated in a hardly penetrable extracellular polymeric matrix and, thus, demand innovative approaches for treatment. Recent advancements on the development of gel-nanocomposite systems with tailored therapeutic properties provide promising routes to develop novel antimicrobial agents that can be designed to disrupt and completely eradicate preformed biofilms. In our study, we developed a unique thermoresponsive magnetic glycol chitin-based nanocomposite containing d-amino acids and iron oxide nanoparticles, which can be delivered and undergoes transformation from a solution to a gel state at physiological temperature for sustained release of d-amino acids and magnetic field actuated thermal treatment of targeted infection sites. The d-amino acids in the hydrogel nanocomposite have been previously reported to inhibit biofilm formation and also disrupt existing biofilms. In addition, loading the hydrogel nanocomposite with magnetic nanoparticles allows for combination thermal treatment following magnetic field (magnetic hyperthermia) stimulation. Using this novel two-step approach to utilize an externally actuated gel-nanocomposite system for thermal treatment, following initial disruption with d-amino acids, we were able to demonstrate in vitro the total eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, which were resistant to conventional antibiotics and were not completely eradicated by separate d-amino acid or magnetic hyperthermia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Abenojar
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sameera Wickramasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Minseon Ju
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sarika Uppaluri
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alison Klika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Jaiben George
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Wael Barsoum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Salvatore J. Frangiamore
- Summa Health Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 1 Park West Boulevard, Akron, Ohio 44320, United States
| | - Carlos A. Higuera-Rueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Anna Cristina S. Samia
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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308
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Vázquez-Sánchez D, Galvão JA, Mazine MR, Gloria EM, Oetterer M. Control of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by the application of single and combined treatments based in plant essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 286:128-138. [PMID: 30099281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to traditional disinfectants are necessary to reduce the pollution and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains in food-related environments. In the present study, treatments based in single and combined applications of plant essential oils (EOs) were evaluated for control Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. EOs of Lippia sidoides, Thymus vulgaris and Pimenta pseudochariophyllus showed a higher efficacy than peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite against S. aureus planktonic cells and 24-h-old biofilms formed on polystyrene and stainless steel under food-related conditions. High concentrations of thymol and chavibetol were detected in these EOs, as well as the presence of other antimicrobial compounds such as carvacrol, eugenol, p-cymene, limonene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-oil and linalool. L. sidoides oil were particularly effective against S. aureus, but doses higher than 2.75% (v/v) were required to completely eradicate 24-h-old biofilms. Binary combinations of L. sidoides, T. vulgaris and P. pseudochariophyllus allowed decrease significantly doses required to reduce 99.99% the number of biofilm cells. Furthermore, peracetic acid increased its efficacy against S. aureus biofilms by the combined application with these EOs. The most effective treatments against S. aureus biofilms were those combining L. sidoides with T. vulgaris or peracetic acid. Therefore, these EO-based treatments can be considered as an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to control S. aureus biofilms in food-contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vázquez-Sánchez
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
| | - Juliana Antunes Galvão
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Marina Rodrigues Mazine
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Eduardo Micotti Gloria
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Marília Oetterer
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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309
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Tan L, Li J, Liu X, Cui Z, Yang X, Zhu S, Li Z, Yuan X, Zheng Y, Yeung KWK, Pan H, Wang X, Wu S. Rapid Biofilm Eradication on Bone Implants Using Red Phosphorus and Near-Infrared Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801808. [PMID: 29923229 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone-implant-associated infections are common after orthopedic surgery due to impaired host immune response around the implants. In particular, when a biofilm develops, the immune system and antibiotic treatment find it difficult to eradicate, which sometimes requires a second operation to replace the infected implants. Most strategies have been designed to prevent biofilms from forming on the surface of bone implants, but these strategies cannot eliminate the biofilm when it has been established in vivo. To address this issue, a nonsurgical, noninvasive treatment for biofilm infection must be developed. Herein, a red-phosphorus-IR780-arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine coating on titanium bone implants is prepared. The red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) produced by IR780. Without damaging the normal tissue, the biofilm can be eradicated through a safe near-infrared (808 nm) photothermal therapy at 50 °C in vitro and in vivo. This approach reaches an antibacterial efficiency of 96.2% in vivo with 10 min of irradiation at 50 °C. Meanwhile, arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine decorated on the surface of the implant can improve the cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xianjin Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xubo Yuan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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310
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Shukla SK, Rao TS. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm removal by targeting biofilm-associated extracellular proteins. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S1-S8. [PMID: 29205189 PMCID: PMC5735565 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_410_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Among cell surface proteins, biofilm-associated protein (Bap) promotes biofilm development in Staphylococcus aureus strains. The aim of this study was to investigate proteinase-mediated biofilm dispersion in different isolates of S. aureus. Methods: Biofilm assay was done in 96-well microtitre plate to evaluate the effect of proteinase K on biofilms of bovine mastitis S. Aureus isolates. Extracellular polymeric substances were extracted and evaluated for their composition (protein, polysaccharides and extracellular DNA), before and after the proteinase K treatment. Results: Biofilm assay showed that 2 µg/ml proteinase K significantly inhibited biofilm development in bap-positive S. aureus V329 as well as other S. aureus isolates (SA7, SA10, SA33, SA352), but not in bap-mutant M556 and SA392 (a weak biofilm-producing strain). Proteinase K treatment on S. aureus planktonic cells showed that there was no inhibition of planktonic growth up to 32 µg/ml of proteinase K. Proteinase K treatment on 24 h old preformed biofilms showed an enhanced dispersion of bap-positive V329 and SA7, SA10, SA33 and SA352 biofilms; however, proteinase K did not affect the bap-mutant S. aureus M556 and SA392 biofilms. Biofilm compositions study before and after proteinase K treatment indicated that Bap might also be involved in eDNA retention in the biofilm matrix that aids in biofilm stability. When proteinase K was used in combination with antibiotics, a synergistic effect in antibiotic efficacy was observed against all biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates. Interpretation & conclusions: Proteinase K inhibited biofilms growth in S. aureus bovine mastitis isolates but did not affect their planktonic growth. An enhanced dispersion of preformed S. aureus biofilms was observed on proteinase K treatment. Proteinase K treatment with antibiotics showed a synergistic effect against S. aureus biofilms. The study suggests that dispersing S. aureus by protease can be of use while devising strategies against S. aureus biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Shukla
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - T Subba Rao
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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311
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Czuba U, Quintana R, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Bourguignon M, Moreno-Couranjou M, Alexandre M, Detrembleur C, Choquet P. Atmospheric Plasma Deposition of Methacrylate Layers Containing Catechol/Quinone Groups: An Alternative to Polydopamine Bioconjugation for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701059. [PMID: 29577666 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation of enzymes on coatings based on polydopamine (PDA) layers is an appealing approach to control biological responses on biomedical implant surfaces. As alternative to PDA wet deposition, a fast, solvent-free, and dynamic deposition approach based on atmospheric-pressure plasma dielectric barrier discharge process is considered to deposit on metallic surfaces acrylic-based interlayers containing highly chemically reactive catechol/quinone groups. A biomimetic approach based on covalent immobilization of Dispersin B, an enzyme with antibiofilm properties, shows the bioconjugation potential of the novel plasma polymer layers. The excellent antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis is comparable to the PDA-based layers prepared by wet chemical methods with slow deposition rates. A study of preosteoblastic MG-63 human cell line viability and adhesion properties on plasma polymer layers demonstrates early interaction required for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Czuba
- Materials Research and Technology Department; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST); L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
- Chemistry Department, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); CESAM Research Unit; University of Liege; 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Robert Quintana
- Materials Research and Technology Department; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST); L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | - Maxime Bourguignon
- Chemistry Department, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); CESAM Research Unit; University of Liege; 4000 Liège Belgium
- Symbiose Biomaterials s.a.; 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Maryline Moreno-Couranjou
- Materials Research and Technology Department; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST); L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Chemistry Department, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); CESAM Research Unit; University of Liege; 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Patrick Choquet
- Materials Research and Technology Department; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST); L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
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312
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Influence of subinhibitory concentrations of NH125 on biofilm formation & virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1319-1331. [PMID: 29846088 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM l-benzyl-3-cetyl-2-methylimidazolium iodide (NH125) can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth. We investigated the effects of sub-MIC concentrations of NH125 on S. aureus biofilm and virulence. Methodology & results: Three strains of S. aureus were tested. Sub-lethal concentrations of NH125 repressed biofilm formation. At partial sub-MICs, NH125 downregulated the expression of most virulence, while strain-dependent effects were found in the production of α-hemolysin, δ-hemolysin, coagulase and nuclease. In Galleria mellonella model, methicillin-resistant S. aureus pre-exposed to NH125 demonstrated significantly lower killing (p = 0.032 for 1/16 and 1/8 MICs; 0.008 for 1/4 MIC; and 0.001 for 1/2 MIC). CONCLUSION Sub-MIC concentrations of NH125 inhibited biofilm formation and virulence of S. aureus. These findings provide further support for evaluating the clinical efficacy of NH125 in staphylococcal infection.
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313
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Brailsford SR, Tossell J, Morrison R, McDonald CP, Pitt TL. Failure of bacterial screening to detect Staphylococcus aureus: the English experience of donor follow-up. Vox Sang 2018; 113:540-546. [PMID: 29799121 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Between February 2011 and December 2016, over 1·6 million platelet units, 36% pooled platelets, underwent bacterial screening prior to issue. Contamination rates for apheresis and pooled platelets were 0·02% and 0·07%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 21 contaminations, including four pooled platelets, one confirmed transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) and three 'near-miss' incidents detected on visual inspection which were negative on screening. We describe follow-up investigations of 16 donors for skin carriage of S. aureus and molecular characterisation of donor and pack isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Units were screened by the BacT/ALERT 3D detection system. Contributing donors were interviewed and consent requested for skin and nasal swabbing. S. aureus isolates were referred for spa gene type and DNA macrorestriction profile to determine identity between carriage strains and packs. RESULTS Donors of 10 apheresis and two pooled packs screen positive for S. aureus were confirmed as the source of contamination; seven had a history of skin conditions, predominantly eczema; 11 were nasal carriers. The 'near-miss' incidents were associated with apheresis donors, two donors harboured strains indistinguishable from the pack strain. The TTI was due to a screen-negative pooled unit, and a nasal isolate of one donor was indistinguishable from that in the unit. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus aureus contamination is rare but potentially harmful in platelet units. Donor isolates showed almost universal correspondence in molecular type with pack isolates, thus confirming the source of contamination. The importance of visual inspection of packs prior to transfusion is underlined by the 'near-miss' incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - J Tossell
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - R Morrison
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - C P McDonald
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - T L Pitt
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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314
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Brun P, Bernabè G, Marchiori C, Scarpa M, Zuin M, Cavazzana R, Zaniol B, Martines E. Antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms of action of low power atmospheric pressure cold plasma: membrane permeability, biofilm penetration and antimicrobial sensitization. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:398-408. [PMID: 29655267 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and mechanisms of inactivation of two clinically relevant ESKAPE bacteria namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by atmospheric pressure cold plasma. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma was generated between two brass grids by applying a radiofrequency electric field to a flow of helium. Intracellular generation of reactive species, alterations in cell membrane, and inactivation of bacteria in planktonic or biofilm growth were studied. Results were compared with commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Plasma exposure generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in bacteria, disrupted membrane integrity and reduced bacterial load. The efficacy in bacterial inactivation was comparable to antibiotics but exhibited a quicker killing rate. The antibacterial effect of plasma synergistically increased in association with antibiotics and did not diminish over repeated exposures, suggesting no development in bacterial resistance. CONCLUSIONS Through generation of reactive species, cold plasma altered cell membrane and effectively inactivated clinically important bacteria, both in suspension and in biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As cold plasma damages different targets in bacterial cells, it emerges as an effective strategy used alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs to control microbial infections and prevent the selection of resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Bernabè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Marchiori
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Scarpa
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zuin
- Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy
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315
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A novel SigB(Q225P) mutation in Staphylococcus aureus retains virulence but promotes biofilm formation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:72. [PMID: 29691368 PMCID: PMC5915575 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that produces abundant virulence factors, which cause various diseases that burden human health worldwide. The stress response regulon called sigma factor B (SigB) is a well-characterized global regulator that is involved in the regulation of S. aureus virulence, pigmentation, and biofilm formation. However, the regulatory network upon SigB in S. aureus is incompletely described. Here, we identified a novel substitution mutation, SigB(Q225P), which contributed the nonpigmented phenotype of S. aureus. The S. aureus mutant carrying SigB(Q225P) substitution lacks staphyloxanthin, a key virulence factor in protecting bacteria from host-oxidant killing, but retains bacterial pathogenicity with pleiotropic alterations in virulence factors, resulting in similar lethality and abscess formation ability in animal models. We also reported the SigB(Q225P) promotion of biofilm formation in S. aureus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that the expression of nuc gene, which encodes thermonuclease, was significantly downregulated, resulting in accumulation of eDNA in the biofilm of SigB(Q225P) mutant strain. LacZ reporter assay showed that SigB(Q225P) influenced the activity of nuc promoter. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) assay revealed that both SigB and SigB(Q225P) proteins could directly bind to nuc gene promoter; however, the binding activity decreased for SigB(Q225P). Our data renewed the understanding of the relationship between S. aureus golden pigment and its virulence and suggested that a single substitution mutation in SigB might enhance the biofilm formation of S. aureus by directly downregulating nuc expression.
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316
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Fighting biofilms with lantibiotics and other groups of bacteriocins. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 29707229 PMCID: PMC5908865 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are sessile communities of bacteria typically embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix. Bacterial cells embedded in biofilms are inherently recalcitrant to antimicrobials, compared to cells existing in a planktonic state, and are notoriously difficult to eradicate once formed. Avenues to tackle biofilms thus far have largely focussed on attempting to disrupt the initial stages of biofilm formation, including adhesion and maturation of the biofilm. Such an approach is advantageous as the concentrations required to inhibit formation of biofilms are generally much lower than removing a fully established biofilm. The crisis of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings worldwide has been further exacerbated by the ability of certain pathogenic bacteria to form biofilms. Perhaps the most notorious biofilm formers described from a clinical viewpoint have been methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gardnerella vaginalis and Streptococcus mutans, the latter of which is found in oral biofilms. Due to the dearth of novel antibiotics in recent decades, compounded by the increasing rate of emergence of resistance amongst pathogens with a propensity for biofilm formation, solutions are urgently required to mitigate these crises. Bacteriocins are a class of antimicrobial peptides, which are ribosomally synthesised and often are more potent than their antibiotic counterparts. Here, we review a selection of studies conducted with bacteriocins with the ultimate objective of inhibiting biofilms. Overall, a deeper understanding of the precise means by which a biofilm forms on a substrate as well as insights into the mechanisms by which bacteriocins inhibit biofilms is warranted.
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317
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Brady RA, Mocca CP, Plaut RD, Takeda K, Burns DL. Comparison of the immune response during acute and chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195342. [PMID: 29596507 PMCID: PMC5875981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are able to grow in a planktonic state that is associated with acute infections and in biofilms that are associated with chronic infections. Acute infections, such as skin infections, are often self-limiting. However, chronic infections, such as implant infections, can be difficult to clear and may require surgical intervention. The host immune response may contribute to the different outcomes often associated with these two disease types. We used proteomic arrays and two murine models for an initial, descriptive characterization of the contribution of the host immune response to outcomes of acute versus chronic S. aureus disease. We compared the immune responses between a model of self-limiting skin and soft tissue infection caused by the planktonic form of S. aureus versus a model of surgical mesh implant infection, which we show to be caused by a bacterial biofilm. The significantly altered host cytokines and chemokines were largely different in the two models, with responses diminished by 21 days post-implantation in surgical mesh infection. Because bacterial levels remained constant during the 21 days that the surgical mesh infection was followed, those cytokines that are significantly increased during chronic infection are not likely effective in eradicating biofilm. Comparison of the levels of cytokines and chemokines in acute versus chronic S. aureus infection can provide a starting point for evaluation of the role of specific immune factors that are present in one disease manifestation but not the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Brady
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher P. Mocca
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Plaut
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drusilla L. Burns
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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318
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Branco TM, Valério NC, Jesus VIR, Dias CJ, Neves MG, Faustino MA, Almeida A. Single and combined effects of photodynamic therapy and antibiotics to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus on skin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:285-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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319
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van Geelen L, Meier D, Rehberg N, Kalscheuer R. (Some) current concepts in antibacterial drug discovery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2949-2963. [PMID: 29455386 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rise of multidrug resistance in bacteria rendering pathogens unresponsive to many clinical drugs is widely acknowledged and considered a critical global healthcare issue. There is broad consensus that novel antibacterial chemotherapeutic options are extremely urgently needed. However, the development pipeline of new antibacterial drug lead structures is poorly filled and not commensurate with the scale of the problem since the pharmaceutical industry has shown reduced interest in antibiotic development in the past decades due to high economic risks and low profit expectations. Therefore, academic research institutions have a special responsibility in finding novel treatment options for the future. In this mini review, we want to provide a broad overview of the different approaches and concepts that are currently pursued in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse van Geelen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Meier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Nidja Rehberg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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320
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Vaishampayan A, de Jong A, Wight DJ, Kok J, Grohmann E. A Novel Antimicrobial Coating Represses Biofilm and Virulence-Related Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:221. [PMID: 29497410 PMCID: PMC5818464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. It is one of the most threatening pathogens due to its multi-drug resistance and strong biofilm-forming capacity. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Recently, we demonstrated that a novel antimicrobial surface coating, AGXX®, consisting of micro-galvanic elements of the two noble metals, silver and ruthenium, surface-conditioned with ascorbic acid, efficiently inhibits MRSA growth. In this study, we demonstrated that the antimicrobial coating caused a significant reduction in biofilm formation (46%) of the clinical MRSA isolate, S. aureus 04-02981. To understand the molecular mechanism of the antimicrobial coating, we exposed S. aureus 04-02981 for different time-periods to the coating and investigated its molecular response via next-generation RNA-sequencing. A conventional antimicrobial silver coating served as a control. RNA-sequencing demonstrated down-regulation of many biofilm-associated genes and of genes related to virulence of S. aureus. The antimicrobial substance also down-regulated the two-component quorum-sensing system agr suggesting that it might interfere with quorum-sensing while diminishing biofilm formation in S. aureus 04-02981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Vaishampayan
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne de Jong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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321
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Kumaran D, Taha M, Yi Q, Ramirez-Arcos S, Diallo JS, Carli A, Abdelbary H. Does Treatment Order Matter? Investigating the Ability of Bacteriophage to Augment Antibiotic Activity against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:127. [PMID: 29459853 PMCID: PMC5807357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability to effectively treat biofilm-related infections is a major clinical challenge. This has been attributed to the heightened antibiotic tolerance conferred to bacterial cells embedded within biofilms. Lytic bacteriophages (phages) have evolved to effectively infect and eradicate biofilm-associated cells. The current study was designed to investigate the ability of phage treatment to enhance the activity of antibiotics against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. The biofilm positive S. aureus strain ATCC 35556, the lytic S. aureus phage SATA-8505, and five antibiotics (cefazolin, vancomycin, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, and linezolid), used to treat S. aureus infections, were tested in this study. The ability of the SATA-8505 phage to augment the effect of these antibiotics against biofilm-associated S. aureus cells was assessed by exposing them to one of the five following treatment strategies: (i) antibiotics alone, (ii) phage alone, (iii) a combination of the two treatments simultaneously, (iv) staggered exposure to the phage followed by antibiotics, and (v) staggered exposure to antibiotics followed by exposure to phage. The effect of each treatment strategy on biofilm cells was assessed by enumerating viable bacterial cells. The results demonstrate that the treatment of biofilms with either SATA-8505, antibiotics, or both simultaneously resulted in minimal reduction of viable biofilm-associated cells. However, a significant reduction [up to 3 log colony forming unit (CFU)/mL] was observed when the phage treatment preceded antibiotics. This effect was most pronounced with vancomycin and cefazolin which exhibited synergistic interactions with SATA-8505, particularly at lower antibiotic concentrations. This in vitro study provides proof of principle for the ability of phages to augment the activity of antibiotics against S. aureus biofilms. Our results also demonstrate that therapeutic outcomes can be influenced by the sequence in which these therapeutic agents are administered, and the nature of their interactions. Further investigation into the interactions between lytic phages and antibiotics against various biofilm-forming organisms is important to direct future clinical translation of efficacious antibiotic–phage combination therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilini Kumaran
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mariam Taha
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - QiLong Yi
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto Carli
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Abdelbary
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Orthopedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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322
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Broad impact of extracellular DNA on biofilm formation by clinically isolated Methicillin-resistant and -sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2254. [PMID: 29396526 PMCID: PMC5797107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent for biofilm-associated infections. Inside biofilms, S. aureus cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of polysaccharide-intercellular adhesins (PIA), proteins, and/or extracellular DNA (eDNA). However, the importance of each component and the relationship among them in biofilms of diverse strains are largely unclear. Here, we characterised biofilms formed by 47 S. aureus clinical isolates. In most (42/47) of the strains, biofilm formation was augmented by glucose supplementation. Sodium chloride (NaCl)-triggered biofilm formation was more prevalent in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (15/24) than in methicillin-resistant strain (1/23). DNase I most effectively inhibited and disrupted massive biofilms, and Proteinase K was also effective. Anti-biofilm effects of Dispersin B, which cleaves PIA, were restricted to PIA-dependent biofilms formed by specific strains and showed significant negative correlations with those of Proteinase K, suggesting independent roles of PIA and proteins in each biofilm. ECM profiling demonstrated that eDNA was present in all strains, although its level differed among strains and culture conditions. These results indicate that eDNA is the most common component in S. aureus biofilms, whereas PIA is important for a small number of isolates. Therefore, eDNA can be a primary target for developing eradication strategies against S. aureus biofilms.
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323
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Zupančič J, Raghupathi PK, Houf K, Burmølle M, Sørensen SJ, Gunde-Cimerman N. Synergistic Interactions in Microbial Biofilms Facilitate the Establishment of Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungi in Household Dishwashers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29441043 PMCID: PMC5797641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed on rubber seals in dishwashers harbor diverse microbiota. In this study, we focussed on the microbial composition of bacteria and fungi, isolated from a defined area of one square centimeter of rubber from four domestic dishwashers and assessed their abilities to in vitro multispecies biofilm formation. A total of 80 isolates (64 bacterial and 16 fungal) were analyzed. Multiple combinations of bacterial isolates from each dishwasher were screened for synergistic interactions. 32 out of 140 tested (23%) four-species bacterial combinations displayed consistent synergism leading to an overall increase in biomass, in all experimental trails. Bacterial isolates from two of the four dishwashers generated a high number of synergistically interacting four-species consortia. Network based correlation analyses also showed higher co-occurrence patterns observed between bacterial members in the same two dishwasher samples, indicating cooperative effects. Furthermore, two synergistic four-species bacterial consortia were tested for their abilities to incorporate an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Exophiala dermatitidis and their establishment as biofilms on sterile ethylene propylene diene monomer M-class (EPDM) rubber and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. When the bacterial consortia included E. dermatitidis, the overall cell numbers of both bacteria and fungi increased and a substantial increase in biofilm biomass was observed. These results indicate a novel phenomenon of cross kingdom synergy in biofilm formation and these observations could have potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Zupančič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prem K Raghupathi
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Hygiene and Technology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Technology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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324
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Streptococcus pneumoniae Modulates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Dispersion and the Transition from Colonization to Invasive Disease. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02089-17. [PMID: 29317512 PMCID: PMC5760742 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02089-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are ubiquitous upper respiratory opportunistic pathogens. Individually, these Gram-positive microbes are two of the most common causative agents of secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza A virus infection, and they constitute a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, rates of cocolonization with both of these bacterial species have increased, despite the traditional view that they are antagonistic and mutually exclusive. The interactions between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus in the context of colonization and the transition to invasive disease have not been characterized. In this report, we show that S. pneumoniae and S. aureus form stable dual-species biofilms on epithelial cells in vitro. When these biofilms are exposed to physiological changes associated with viral infection, S. pneumoniae disperses from the biofilm, whereas S. aureus dispersal is inhibited. These findings were supported by results of an in vivo study in which we used a novel mouse cocolonization model. In these experiments, mice cocolonized in the nares with both bacterial species were subsequently infected with influenza A virus. The coinfected mice almost exclusively developed pneumococcal pneumonia. These results indicate that despite our previous report that S. aureus disseminates into the lungs of mice stably colonized with these bacteria following influenza A virus infection, cocolonization with S. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo inhibits S. aureus dispersal and transition to disease. This study provides novel insight into both the interactions between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus during carriage and the transition from colonization to secondary bacterial pneumonia. In this study, we demonstrate that Streptococcus pneumoniae can modulate the pathogenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus in a model of secondary bacterial pneumonia. We report that host physiological signals related to viral infection cease to elicit a dispersal response from S. aureus while in a dual-species setting with S. pneumoniae, in direct contrast to results of previous studies with each species individually. This study underscores the importance of studying polymicrobial communities and their implications in disease states.
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325
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Rocca DM, Vanegas JP, Fournier K, Becerra MC, Scaiano JC, Lanterna AE. Biocompatibility and photo-induced antibacterial activity of lignin-stabilized noble metal nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40454-40463. [PMID: 35558201 PMCID: PMC9091494 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot thermal and photochemical syntheses of lignin-doped silver and gold nanoparticles were developed and their antimicrobial properties were studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The nature of the lignin as well as the metal are directly involved in the antimicrobial activity observed in these nanocomposites. Whereas one of the nanocomposites is innocuous under dark conditions and shows photoinduced activity only against Staphylococcus aureus, the rest of the lignin-coated silver nanoparticles studied show antimicrobial activity under dark and light conditions for both bacteria strains. Additionally, only photoinduced activity is observed for lignin-coated gold nanoparticles. Importantly, the particles are non-cytotoxic towards human cells at the bactericidal concentrations. Preliminary assays show these silver nanoparticles as potential antimicrobial agents towards S. aureus biofilm eradication. Natural derived compounds, lignins, can be used as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize noble metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamela María Rocca
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR)
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas
| | - Julie P. Vanegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR)
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
- Liquid Crystal Institute
| | - Kelsey Fournier
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR)
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - M. Cecilia Becerra
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR)
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR)
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
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326
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Yang X, Qian S, Yao K, Wang L, Liu Y, Dong F, Song W, Zhen J, Zhou W, Xu H, Zheng H, Li W. Multiresistant ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 clone with strong biofilm-forming capacity was identified predominantly in MRSA isolated from Chinese children. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:733. [PMID: 29178841 PMCID: PMC5702180 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiology and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolated from pediatricians in China. Methods SA strains were isolated from Beijing Children’s hospital from February 2016 to January 2017. Isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa and SCCmec typing (for Methicillin-resistant SA [MRSA] only). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution method except sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (E-test method). Biofilm formation and biofilm associated genes were detected. Results Totally 104 children (41 females and 63 males; median age, 5.2 months) were enrolled in this study, in which 60 patients suffered from MRSA infection. Among the 104 cases, 54.8% were categorized as community associated SA (CA-SA) infections. The children under 3 years were more likely to occur CA-SA infections compared with older ones (P = 0.0131). ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 (61.7%) was the most prevalent genotype of MRSA, and ST22-t309 (18.2%), ST5-t002 (9.1%), ST6-t701 (9.1%), ST188-t189 (9.1%) were the top four genotypes of methicillin-sensitive SA (MSSA). All the present isolates were susceptible to linezolid, vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, mupirocin, tigecyclin, fusidic acid. No erythromycin-susceptible isolate was determined, and only a few isolates (3.8%) were identified as susceptible to penicillin. Multi-drug resistant isolates were reponsible for 83.8% of the ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 isolates. The isolates with strong biofilm formation were found in 85% of MRSA and 53.2% of MSSA, and in 88.7% of ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 isolates. Biofilm formation ability varied not only between MRSA and MSSA (P = 0.0053), but also greatly among different genotypes (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of the biofilm associated genes among ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 clone was: icaA (100.0%), icaD (97.3%), fnbpA (100.0%), fnbpB (0), clfA (100%), clfB (100%), cna (2.7%), bbp (0), ebpS (88.5%), sdrC (78.4%), sdrD (5.4%), and sdrE (94.5%). Conclusions These results indicated strong homology of the MRSA stains isolated from Chinese children, which was caused by spread of multiresistant ST59-SCCmec IV-t437 clone with strong biofilm formation ability. The MSSA strains, in contrast, were very heterogeneity, half of which could produce biofilm strongly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2833-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Suyun Qian
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Kaihu Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jinghui Zhen
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wenting Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
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327
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Balasubramanian D, Harper L, Shopsin B, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis in diverse host environments. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:ftx005. [PMID: 28104617 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an eminent human pathogen that can colonize the human host and cause severe life-threatening illnesses. This bacterium can reside in and infect a wide range of host tissues, ranging from superficial surfaces like the skin to deeper tissues such as in the gastrointestinal tract, heart and bones. Due to its multifaceted lifestyle, S. aureus uses complex regulatory networks to sense diverse signals that enable it to adapt to different environments and modulate virulence. In this minireview, we explore well-characterized environmental and host cues that S. aureus responds to and describe how this pathogen modulates virulence in response to these signals. Lastly, we highlight therapeutic approaches undertaken by several groups to inhibit both signaling and the cognate regulators that sense and transmit these signals downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Balasubramanian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lamia Harper
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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328
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Johler S. A glimpse into the future - new therapeutic targets could transform the way we treat staphylococcal infections. Virulence 2017; 8:1508-1510. [PMID: 29144202 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1393138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Johler
- a Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 272, Zurich , Switzerland
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329
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Complete Genome Sequence of Super Biofilm-Elaborating Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Japan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/41/e01043-17. [PMID: 29025936 PMCID: PMC5637496 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01043-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus JP080, previously named TF2758, is a clinical isolate from an atheroma and a super biofilm-elaborating strain whose biofilm elaboration is dependent solely on polysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine/polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PNAG/PIA). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain JP080, which consists of one chromosome and one circular plasmid.
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330
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Chatterjee M, D'Morris S, Paul V, Warrier S, Vasudevan AK, Vanuopadath M, Nair SS, Paul-Prasanth B, Mohan CG, Biswas R. Mechanistic understanding of Phenyllactic acid mediated inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8223-8236. [PMID: 28983655 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its quorum sensing (QS) system for its virulence factors' production and biofilm formation. Biofilms of P. aeruginosa on the surface of indwelling catheters are often resistant to antibiotic therapy. Alternative approaches that employ QS inhibitors alone or in combination with antibiotics are being developed to tackle P. aeruginosa infections. Here, we have studied the mechanism of action of 3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a QS inhibitory compound produced by Lactobacillus species, against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our study revealed that PLA inhibited the expression of virulence factors such as pyocyanin, protease, and rhamnolipids that are involved in the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Swarming motility, another important criterion for biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1, was also inhibited by PLA. Gene expression, mass spectrometric, functional complementation assays, and in silico data indicated that the quorum quenching and biofilm inhibitory activities of PLA are attributed to its ability to interact with P. aeruginosa QS receptors. PLA antagonistically binds to QS receptors RhlR and PqsR with a higher affinity than its cognate ligands N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) and 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (PQS; Pseudomonas quinolone signal). Using an in vivo intraperitoneal catheter-associated medaka fish infection model, we proved that PLA inhibited the initial attachment of P. aeruginosa PAO1 on implanted catheter tubes. Our in vitro and in vivo results revealed the potential of PLA as anti-biofilm compound against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitrayee Chatterjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sharon D'Morris
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Vinod Paul
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sruthi Warrier
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | | | | | - Bindhu Paul-Prasanth
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - C Gopi Mohan
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala, 682041, India.
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331
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Antimicrobial Effects of Violacein against Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101534. [PMID: 28946655 PMCID: PMC6151432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Violacein is an indole compound, produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, a bacteria present in tropical and subtropical areas. Among its numerous biological activities, its antimicrobial potential stands out. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of VIO on S. aureus in planktonic culture and biofilms. VIO showed excellent antimicrobial activity in inhibiting and killing S. aureus in planktonic cultures and biofilm formation. The minimum bactericidal concentration (5 μg/mL) of VIO caused the death of S. aureus after 3-4 h of exposure and the minimum inhibitory concentration (1.25 μg/mL) of VIO inhibited bacterial growth within the first 8 h of contact. Biofilm formation was also strongly inhibited by VIO (1.25 μg/mL), in contrast to the higher resistance verified for S. aureus in mature biofilm (40 μg/mL). The high bacterial metabolic activity favored VIO activity; however, the good activity observed during phases of reduced metabolism indicates that VIO action involves more than one mechanism. Thus, VIO is a promising molecule for the development of an antimicrobial drug for the eradication of S. aureus infections.
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332
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Elongation factor Tu is a multifunctional and processed moonlighting protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11227. [PMID: 28894125 PMCID: PMC5593925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial moonlighting proteins were originally described in medically, agriculturally, and commercially important members of the low G + C Firmicutes. We show Elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu) moonlights on the surface of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (SaEf-Tu) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpnEf-Tu), and the porcine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MhpEf-Tu). Ef-Tu is also a target of multiple processing events on the cell surface and these were characterised using an N-terminomics pipeline. Recombinant MpnEf-Tu bound strongly to a diverse range of host molecules, and when bound to plasminogen, was able to convert plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activators. Fragments of Ef-Tu retain binding capabilities to host proteins. Bioinformatics and structural modelling studies indicate that the accumulation of positively charged amino acids in short linear motifs (SLiMs), and protein processing promote multifunctional behaviour. Codon bias engendered by an A + T rich genome may influence how positively-charged residues accumulate in SLiMs.
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333
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Aynapudi J, El-Rami F, Ge X, Stone V, Zhu B, Kitten T, Xu P. Involvement of signal peptidase I in Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm formation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1306-1318. [PMID: 28869408 PMCID: PMC5817204 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm accounts for 65–80 % of microbial infections in humans. Considerable evidence links biofilm formation by oral microbiota to oral disease and consequently systemic infections. Streptococcus sanguinis, a Gram-positive bacterium, is one of the most abundant species of the oral microbiota and it contributes to biofilm development in the oral cavity. Due to its altered biofilm formation, we investigated a biofilm mutant, ΔSSA_0351, that is deficient in type I signal peptidase (SPase) in this study. Although the growth curve of the ΔSSA_0351 mutant showed no significant difference from that of the wild-type strain SK36, biofilm assays using both microtitre plate assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed a sharp reduction in biofilm formation in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain and the paralogous mutant ΔSSA_0849. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed remarkable differences in the cell surface morphologies and chain length of the ΔSSA_0351 mutant compared with those of the wild-type strain. Transcriptomic and proteomic assays using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, respectively, were conducted on the ΔSSA_0351 mutant to evaluate the functional impact of SPase on biofilm formation. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis revealed a number of proteins that were differentially regulated in the ΔSSA_0351 mutant, narrowing down the list of SPase substrates involved in biofilm formation to lactate dehydrogenase (SSA_1221) and a short-chain dehydrogenase (SSA_0291). With further experimentation, this list defined the link between SSA_0351-encoded SPase, cell wall biosynthesis and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aynapudi
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Present address: School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fadi El-Rami
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiuchun Ge
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Victoria Stone
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd Kitten
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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334
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O'Gara JP. Into the storm: Chasing the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus from skin colonisation to life-threatening infections. Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28631399 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colonisation of the human skin by Staphylococcus aureus is a precursor for a variety of infections ranging from boils to sepsis and pneumonia. The rapid emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus following the clinical introduction of this antimicrobial drug and reports of resistance to all currently used anti-staphylococcal drugs has added to its formidable reputation. S. aureus survival on the skin and in vivo virulence is underpinned by a remarkable environmental adaptability, made possible by highly orchestrated regulation of gene expression and a capacity to undertake genome remodelling. Depending on the ecological or infection niche, controlled expression of a variety of adhesins can be initiated to facilitate adherence to extracellular matrix proteins, survival against desiccation or biofilm accumulation on implanted medical devices and host tissue. These adherence mechanisms complement toxin and enzyme production, immune evasion strategies, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance to collectively thwart efforts to develop reliable antimicrobial drug regimens and an effective S. aureus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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335
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Wood TK. Strategies for combating persister cell and biofilm infections. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1054-1056. [PMID: 28696066 PMCID: PMC5609227 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells are constantly exposed to environmental stress; for example, almost all cells must endure starvation, and antimicrobials, of course, are administered to kill bacteria. These stressed cells enter a resting state known as persistence in which they become tolerant to nearly all antibiotics without undergoing genetic change. These dormant cells survive courses of antibiotics, as antibiotics are most effective against actively metabolizing cells, and reconstitute infections. In humans, most of these bacterial infections occur in biofilms in which bacteria attach to one another via secreted proteins, polysaccharides and even DNA. Herein, biotechnological methods are described to combat persister cells and to eradicate biofilms by understanding the genetic basis of both phenomena. Bacterial cells are constantly exposed to environmental stress; for example, almost all cells must endure starvation, and antimicrobials, of course, are administered to kill bacteria. These stressed cells enter a resting state known as persistence in which they become tolerant to nearly all antibiotics without undergoing genetic change. These dormant cells survive courses of antibiotics, since antibiotics are most effective against actively‐metabolizing cells, and reconstitute infections. In humans, most of these bacterial infections occur in biofilms in which bacteria attach to one another via secreted proteins, polysaccharides, and even DNA. Herein, biotechnological methods are described to combat persister cells and to eradicate biofilms by understanding the genetic basis of both phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-4400, PA, USA
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336
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Balamurugan P, Praveen Krishna V, Bharath D, Lavanya R, Vairaprakash P, Adline Princy S. Staphylococcus aureus Quorum Regulator SarA Targeted Compound, 2-[(Methylamino)methyl]phenol Inhibits Biofilm and Down-Regulates Virulence Genes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1290. [PMID: 28744275 PMCID: PMC5504099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widely acknowledged Gram-positive pathogen for forming biofilm and virulence gene expressions by quorum sensing (QS), a cell to cell communication process. The quorum regulator SarA of S. aureus up-regulates the expression of many virulence factors including biofilm formation to mediate pathogenesis and evasion of the host immune system in the late phases of growth. Thus, inhibiting the production or blocking SarA protein might influence the down-regulation of biofilm and virulence factors. In this context, here we have synthesized 2-[(Methylamino)methyl]phenol, which was specifically targeted toward the quorum regulator SarA through in silico approach in our previous study. The molecule has been evaluated in vitro to validate its antibiofilm activity against clinical S. aureus strains. In addition, antivirulence properties of the inhibitor were confirmed with the observation of a significant reduction in the expression of representative virulence genes like fnbA, hla and hld that are governed under S. aureus QS. Interestingly, the SarA targeted inhibitor showed negligible antimicrobial activity and markedly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional antibiotics when used in combination making it a more attractive lead for further clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Balamurugan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - V Praveen Krishna
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - D Bharath
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - Raajaraam Lavanya
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - S Adline Princy
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
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337
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Abstract
The staphylococci comprise a diverse genus of Gram-positive, nonmotile commensal organisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other mammals. In general, staphylococci are benign members of the natural flora, but many species have the capacity to be opportunistic pathogens, mainly infecting individuals who have medical device implants or are otherwise immunocompromised. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are major sources of hospital-acquired infections and are the most common causes of surgical site infections and medical device-associated bloodstream infections. The ability of staphylococci to form biofilms in vivo makes them highly resistant to chemotherapeutics and leads to chronic diseases. These biofilm infections include osteomyelitis, endocarditis, medical device infections, and persistence in the cystic fibrosis lung. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of our current understanding of staphylococcal biofilm formation, with an emphasis on adhesins and regulation, while also addressing how staphylococcal biofilms interact with the immune system. On the whole, this review will provide a thorough picture of biofilm formation of the staphylococcus genus and how this mode of growth impacts the host.
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338
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Heparin Mimics Extracellular DNA in Binding to Cell Surface-Localized Proteins and Promoting Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00135-17. [PMID: 28656173 PMCID: PMC5480030 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00135-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the leading causes of catheter implant infections. Identifying the factors that stimulate catheter infection and the mechanism involved is important for preventing such infections. Heparin, the main component of catheter lock solutions, has been shown previously to stimulate S. aureus biofilm formation through an unknown pathway. This work identifies multiple heparin-binding proteins in S. aureus, and it reveals a potential mechanism through which heparin enhances biofilm capacity. Understanding the details of the heparin enhancement effect could guide future use of appropriate lock solutions for catheter implants. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Biofilms form on these implants and are held together by a matrix composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is routinely used in central venous catheters to prevent thrombosis, but it has been shown to stimulate S. aureus biofilm formation through an unknown mechanism. Data presented here reveal that heparin enhances biofilm capacity in many S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains, and it is incorporated into the USA300 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) biofilm matrix. The S. aureus USA300 biofilms containing heparin are sensitive to proteinase K treatment, which suggests that proteins have an important structural role during heparin incorporation. Multiple heparin-binding proteins were identified by proteomics of the secreted and cell wall fractions. Proteins known to contribute to biofilm were identified, and some proteins were reported to have the ability to bind eDNA, such as the major autolysin (Atl) and the immunodominant surface protein B (IsaB). Mutants defective in IsaB showed a moderate decrease in biofilm capacity in the presence of heparin. Our findings suggested that heparin is substituting for eDNA during S. aureus biofilm development. To test this model, eDNA content was increased in biofilms through inactivation of nuclease activity, and the heparin enhancement effect was attenuated. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that S. aureus can incorporate heparin into the matrix and enhance biofilm capacity by taking advantage of existing eDNA-binding proteins. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the leading causes of catheter implant infections. Identifying the factors that stimulate catheter infection and the mechanism involved is important for preventing such infections. Heparin, the main component of catheter lock solutions, has been shown previously to stimulate S. aureus biofilm formation through an unknown pathway. This work identifies multiple heparin-binding proteins in S. aureus, and it reveals a potential mechanism through which heparin enhances biofilm capacity. Understanding the details of the heparin enhancement effect could guide future use of appropriate lock solutions for catheter implants.
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339
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Enhancement of photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by disruptive strategies. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1757-1767. [PMID: 28612299 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers and visible light. On the one hand, near-infrared treatment (NIRT) has also bactericidal and dispersal effects on biofilms. In addition, dispersal biological tools such as enzymes have also been employed in antibiotic combination treatments. The aim of this work was to use alternative approaches to increase the PDI efficacy, employing combination therapies aimed at the partial disruption of the biofilms, thus potentially increasing photosensitizer or oxygen penetration and interaction with bacteria. To that end, we applied toluidine blue (TB)-PDI treatment to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms previously treated with NIRT or enzymes and investigated the outcome of the combined therapies. TB employed at 0.5 mM induced per se 2-log drop in S. aureus RN6390 biofilm viability. Each NIRT (980-nm laser) and PDI (635-nm laser) treatment induced a further reduction of 1-log of viable counts. The combination of successive 980- and 635-nm laser treatments on TB-treated biofilms induced additive effects, leading to a 4.5-log viable count decrease. Proteinase K treatment applied to S. aureus of the Newman strain induced an additive effect on PDI mortality, leading to an overall 4-log decrease in S. aureus viability. Confocal scanning laser microscopy after biofilm staining with a fluorescent viability test and scanning electron microscopy observations were correlated with colony counts. The NIRT dose employed (227 J/cm2) led to an increase from 21 to 47 °C in the buffer temperature of the biofilm system, and this NIRT dose also induced 100% keratinocyte death. Further work is needed to establish conditions under which biofilm dispersal occurs at lower NIRT doses.
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340
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Hogan S, Zapotoczna M, Stevens N, Humphreys H, O'Gara J, O'Neill E. Potential use of targeted enzymatic agents in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-related infections. J Hosp Infect 2017; 96:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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341
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Guilhen C, Forestier C, Balestrino D. Biofilm dispersal: multiple elaborate strategies for dissemination of bacteria with unique properties. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:188-210. [PMID: 28422332 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In most environments, microorganisms evolve in a sessile mode of growth, designated as biofilm, which is characterized by cells embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Although a biofilm is commonly described as a "cozy house" where resident bacteria are protected from aggression, bacteria are able to break their biofilm bonds and escape to colonize new environments. This regulated process is observed in a wide variety of species; it is referred to as biofilm dispersal, and is triggered in response to various environmental and biological signals. The first part of this review reports the main regulatory mechanisms and effectors involved in biofilm dispersal. There is some evidence that dispersal is a necessary step between the persistence of bacteria inside biofilm and their dissemination. In the second part, an overview of the main methods used so far to study the dispersal process and to harvest dispersed bacteria was provided. Then focus was on the properties of the biofilm-dispersed bacteria and the fundamental role of the dispersal process in pathogen dissemination within a host organism. In light of the current body of knowledge, it was suggested that dispersal acts as a potent means of disseminating bacteria with enhanced colonization properties in the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Guilhen
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, F-63001, France
| | - Christiane Forestier
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, F-63001, France
| | - Damien Balestrino
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, F-63001, France
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342
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Yadav MK, Chae SW, Go YY, Im GJ, Song JJ. In vitro Multi-Species Biofilms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Host Interaction during In vivo Colonization of an Otitis Media Rat Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:125. [PMID: 28459043 PMCID: PMC5394157 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) are known to cause biofilm-related infections. MRSA and PA have been frequently isolated from chronically infected wounds, cystic fibrosis, chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and from indwelling medical devices, and these bacteria co-exist; however, their interaction with each-other or with the host is not well known. In this study, we investigated MRSA and PA multi-species biofilm communities in vitro and their interaction with the host during in vivo colonization using an OM rat-model. In-vitro biofilm formation and in-vivo colonization were studied using CV-microtiter plate assay and OM rat-model respectively. The biofilms were viewed under scanning electron microscope and bacteria were enumerated using cfu counts. The differential gene expressions of rat mucosa colonized with single or multi-species of MRSA or PA were studied using RNA-sequencing of total transcriptome. In multi-species in-vitro biofilms PA partially inhibited SA growth. However, no significant inhibition of MRSA was detected during in-vivo colonization of multi-species in rat bullae. A total of 1,797 genes were significantly (p < 0.05) differentially expressed in MRSA or PA or MRSA + PA colonized rat middle ear mucosa with respect to the control. The poly-microbial colonization of MRSA and PA induced the differential expression of a significant number of genes that are involved in immune response, inflammation, signaling, development, and defense; these were not expressed with single species colonization by either MRSA or PA. Genes involved in defense, immune response, inflammatory response, and developmental process were exclusively up-regulated, and genes that are involved in nervous system signaling, development and transmission, regulation of cell growth and development, anatomical and system development, and cell differentiation were down-regulated after multi-species inoculation. These results indicate that poly-microbial colonization induces a host response that is different from that induced by single species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Yadav
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Institute for Medical Device Clinical Trials, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Young Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Jung Im
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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Histones from Avian Erythrocytes Exhibit Antibiofilm activity against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45980. [PMID: 28378802 PMCID: PMC5380990 DOI: 10.1038/srep45980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a human pathogen associated with many illnesses and post-surgical infections, can resist treatment due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and through biofilm formation. The current treatments for chronic biofilm infections are antibiotics and/or surgical removal of the contaminated medical device. Due to higher morbidity and mortality rates associated with overuse/misuse of antibiotics, alternate treatments are essential. This study reports the antibiofilm activity of avian erythrocyte histones against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy revealed membrane damage to bacteria in histone-treated biofilms. Histones and indolicidin (positive control) increased the expression of apsS and apsR, which are associated with the Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) sensor/regulator system in S. aureus. The expression of dltB, and vraF, associated with AMP resistance mechanisms, were under histone inducible control in the biofilm-embedded bacterial cells. The time kill kinetics for histones against S. aureus revealed a rapid biocidal activity (<5 min). Purified erythrocyte-specific histone H5 possessed 3-4 fold enhanced antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells compared to the histone mixture (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H5). These results demonstrate the promise of histones and histone-like derivatives as novel antibiotics against pathogens in their planktonic and biofilm forms.
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344
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Liu J, Sun L, Liu W, Guo L, Liu Z, Wei X, Ling J. A Nuclease from Streptococcus mutans Facilitates Biofilm Dispersal and Escape from Killing by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:97. [PMID: 28401067 PMCID: PMC5368189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the primary etiologic agent of dental caries and occasionally infective endocarditis, with the ability to form biofilms and disperse cells into distal sites to exacerbate and spread infection. In this study, we identified a nuclease (DeoC) as a S. mutans biofilm dispersal modulating factor through microarray analysis. In vitro assays revealed a dispersal defect of a deoC deletion mutant, and functional studies with purified protein were indicative of the biofilm dispersal activity of DeoC. Neutrophils are a key host response factor restraining bacterial spreading through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of a nuclear DNA backbone associated with antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, we hypothesized that the dispersed S. mutans might utilize DeoC to degrade NETs and escape killing by the immune system. It was found that S. mutans induced NET formation upon contact with neutrophils, while the presence of NETs in turn enhanced the deoC expression of S. mutans. Fluorescence microscopy inspection showed that deoC deletion resulted in a decreased NET degradation ability of S. mutans and enhanced susceptibility to neutrophil killing. Data obtained from this study assigned two important roles for DeoC in S. mutans: contributing to the spread of infection through mediating biofilm dispersal, and facilitating the escape of S. mutans from neutrophil killing through NET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Luping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
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345
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Paytubi S, de La Cruz M, Tormo JR, Martín J, González I, González-Menendez V, Genilloud O, Reyes F, Vicente F, Madrid C, Balsalobre C. A High-Throughput Screening Platform of Microbial Natural Products for the Discovery of Molecules with Antibiofilm Properties against Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:326. [PMID: 28303128 PMCID: PMC5332434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe a High-Throughput Screening (HTS) to identify compounds that inhibit biofilm formation or cause the disintegration of an already formed biofilm using the Salmonella Enteritidis 3934 strain. Initially, we developed a new methodology for growing Salmonella biofilms suitable for HTS platforms. The biomass associated with biofilm at the solid-liquid interface was quantified by staining both with resazurin and crystal violet, to detect living cells and total biofilm mass, respectively. For a pilot project, a subset of 1120 extracts from the Fundación MEDINA's collection was examined to identify molecules with antibiofilm activity. This is the first validated HTS assay of microbial natural product extracts which allows for the detection of four types of activities which are not mutually exclusive: inhibition of biofilm formation, detachment of the preformed biofilm and antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells or biofilm embedded cells. Currently, several extracts have been selected for further fractionation and purification of the active compounds. In one of the natural extracts patulin has been identified as a potent molecule with antimicrobial activity against both, planktonic cells and cells within the biofilm. These findings provide a proof of concept that the developed HTS can lead to the discovery of new natural compounds with antibiofilm activity against Salmonella and its possible use as an alternative to antimicrobial therapies and traditional disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Paytubi
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose R. Tormo
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | - Ignacio González
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | | | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludGranada, Spain
| | - Cristina Madrid
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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346
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Puligundla P, Mok C. Potential applications of nonthermal plasmas against biofilm-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1134-1148. [PMID: 28106311 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms as complex microbial communities attached to surfaces pose several challenges in different sectors, ranging from food and healthcare to desalination and power generation. The biofilm mode of growth allows microorganisms to survive in hostile environments and biofilm cells exhibit distinct physiology and behaviour in comparison with their planktonic counterparts. They are ubiquitous, resilient and difficult to eradicate due to their resistant phenotype. Several chemical-based cleaning and disinfection regimens are conventionally used against biofilm-dwelling micro-organisms in vitro. Although such approaches are generally considered to be effective, they may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. Consequently, advanced green technologies for biofilm control are constantly emerging. Disinfection using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) is one of the novel strategies having a great potential for control of biofilms of a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. This review discusses several aspects related to the inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria and fungi by different types of NTPs under in vitro conditions. A brief introduction summarizes prevailing methods in biofilm inactivation, followed by introduction to gas discharge plasmas, active plasma species and their inactivating mechanism. Subsequently, significance and aspects of NTP inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria, especially those of medical importance, including opportunistic pathogens, oral pathogenic bacteria, foodborne pathogens and implant bacteria, are discussed. The remainder of the review discusses majorly about the synergistic effect of NTPs and their activity against biofilm-associated fungi, especially Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - C Mok
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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347
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Kean R, Rajendran R, Haggarty J, Townsend EM, Short B, Burgess KE, Lang S, Millington O, Mackay WG, Williams C, Ramage G. Candida albicans Mycofilms Support Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Enhances Miconazole Resistance in Dual-Species Interactions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:258. [PMID: 28280487 PMCID: PMC5322193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial inter-kingdom biofilm infections represent a clinical management conundrum. The presence of co-isolation of bacteria and fungi complicates the ability to routinely administer single antimicrobial regimens, and synergy between the microorganisms influences infection severity. We therefore investigated the nosocomial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with respect to antimicrobial intervention. We characterized the interaction using biofilm assays and evaluated the effect of miconazole treatment using in vitro and in vivo assays. Finally, we assessed the impact of biofilm extracellular matrix (ECM) on these interactions. Data indicated that the C. albicans mycofilms supported adhesion and colonization by S. aureus through close interactions with hyphal elements, significantly increasing S. aureus biofilm formation throughout biofilm maturation. Miconazole sensitivity was shown to be reduced in both mono- and dual-species biofilms compared to planktonic cells. Within a three-dimensional biofilm model sensitivity was also hindered. Galleria mellonella survival analysis showed both enhanced pathogenicity of the dual-species infection, which was concomitantly desensitized to miconazole treatment. Analysis of the ECM revealed the importance of extracellular DNA, which supported the adhesion of S. aureus and the development of the dual-species biofilm structures. Collectively, these data highlight the clinical importance of dual-species inter-kingdom biofilm infections, though also provides translational opportunities to manage them more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kean
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School - School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK; Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practise - Institute of Healthcare Associated Infection, University of the West of ScotlandPaisley, UK
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School - School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Eleanor M Townsend
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School - School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK; Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practise - Institute of Healthcare Associated Infection, University of the West of ScotlandPaisley, UK
| | - Bryn Short
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School - School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK; Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgow, UK
| | | | - Sue Lang
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - Owain Millington
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - William G Mackay
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practise - Institute of Healthcare Associated Infection, University of the West of Scotland Paisley, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practise - Institute of Healthcare Associated Infection, University of the West of Scotland Paisley, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School - School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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348
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A Novel Repressor of the ica Locus Discovered in Clinically Isolated Super-Biofilm-Elaborating Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02282-16. [PMID: 28143981 PMCID: PMC5285506 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02282-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus TF2758 is a clinical isolate from an atheroma and a super-biofilm-elaborating/polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)/poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)-overproducing strain (L. Shrestha et al., Microbiol Immunol 60:148–159, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12359). A microarray analysis and DNA genome sequencing were performed to identify the mechanism underlying biofilm overproduction by TF2758. We found high transcriptional expression levels of a 7-gene cluster (satf2580 to satf2586) and the ica operon in TF2758. Within the 7-gene cluster, a putative transcriptional regulator gene designated rob had a nonsense mutation that caused the truncation of the protein. The complementation of TF2758 with rob from FK300, an rsbU-repaired derivative of S. aureus strain NCTC8325-4, significantly decreased biofilm elaboration, suggesting a role for rob in this process. The deletion of rob in non-biofilm-producing FK300 significantly increased biofilm elaboration and PIA/PNAG production. In the search for a gene(s) in the 7-gene cluster for biofilm elaboration controlled by rob, we identified open reading frame (ORF) SAOUHSC_2898 (satf2584). Our results suggest that ORF SAOUHSC_2898 (satf2584) and icaADBC are required for enhanced biofilm elaboration and PIA/PNAG production in the rob deletion mutant. Rob bound to a palindromic sequence within its own promoter region. Furthermore, Rob recognized the TATTT motif within the icaR-icaA intergenic region and bound to a 25-bp DNA stretch containing this motif, which is a critically important short sequence regulating biofilm elaboration in S. aureus. Our results strongly suggest that Rob is a long-sought repressor that recognizes and binds to the TATTT motif and is an important regulator of biofilm elaboration through its control of SAOUHSC_2898 (SATF2584) and Ica protein expression in S. aureus. During the search for molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm overproduction of Staphylococcus aureus TF2758, we found a putative transcriptional regulator gene designated rob within a 7-gene cluster showing a high transcriptional expression level by microarray analysis. The deletion of rob in non-biofilm-producing FK300, an rsbU-repaired derivative of NCTC8325-4, significantly increased biofilm elaboration and PIA/PNAG production. The search for a gene(s) in the 7-gene cluster for biofilm elaboration controlled by rob identified ORF SAOUHSC_2898. Besides binding to its own promoter region to control ORF SAOUHSC_2898 expression, Rob recognized the TATTT motif within the icaR-icaA intergenic region and bound to a 25-bp DNA stretch containing this motif, which is a critically important short sequence regulating biofilm elaboration in S. aureus. Our results strongly suggest that Rob is a long-sought repressor that recognizes and binds to the TATTT motif and is a new important regulator of biofilm elaboration through its control of SAOUHSC_2898 and Ica protein expression in S. aureus.
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349
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Moreira CS, Silva ACJA, Novais JS, Sá Figueiredo AM, Ferreira VF, da Rocha DR, Castro HC. Searching for a potential antibacterial lead structure against bacterial biofilms among new naphthoquinone compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:651-662. [PMID: 27930849 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to design, synthesize and to evaluate 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilm, to probe for potential lead structures. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six new analogues were prepared with good yields using a simple, fast, operational three-procedure reaction and a thiol addition to an ο-quinone methide using microwave irradiation. All compounds were tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15290, Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 23355, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, S. aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus simulans ATCC 27851, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and a hospital strain of MRSA. Their antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, revealing the activity of 19 compounds, mainly against Gram-positive strains. Interestingly, the minimal inhibitory concentration ranges detected for the hit molecules (32-128 μg ml-1 ) were within Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute levels. Promisingly, compound 15 affected the MRSA strain, with a reduction of up to 50% in biofilm formation, which is better than vancomycin as biofilm forms a barrier against the antibiotic that avoids its action. CONCLUSIONS After probing 36 naphthoquinones for a potential antibacterial lead structure against the bacterial biofilm, we found that compound 15 should be explored further and also should be structurally modified in the near future to test against Gram-negative strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Since vancomycin is one of the last treatment options currently available, and it is unable to inhibit biofilm, the research of new antimicrobials is urgent. In this context, 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones proved to be a promising lead structure against MRSA and bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Moreira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C J A Silva
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, PPBI, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Novais
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, PPBI, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M Sá Figueiredo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Professor Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V F Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D R da Rocha
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H C Castro
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, PPBI, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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350
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Chamberlain M, Koutsogiannaki S, Schaefers M, Babazada H, Liu R, Yuki K. The Differential Effects of Anesthetics on Bacterial Behaviors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170089. [PMID: 28099463 PMCID: PMC5242519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics have been in clinical use for a long period of time and are considered to be promiscuous by presumably interacting with several ion channels in the central nervous system to produce anesthesia. Because ion channels and their existing evolutionary analogues, ion transporters, are very important in various organisms, it is possible that volatile anesthetics may affect some bacteria. In this study, we hypothesized that volatile anesthetics could affect bacterial behaviors. We evaluated the impact of anesthetics on bacterial growth, motility (swimming and gliding) and biofilm formation of four common bacterial pathogens in vitro. We found that commonly used volatile anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane affected bacterial motility and biofilm formation without any effect on growth of the common bacterial pathogens studied here. Using available Escherichia coli gene deletion mutants of ion transporters and in silico molecular docking, we suggested that these altered behaviors might be at least partly via the interaction of volatile anesthetics with ion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chamberlain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Schaefers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hasan Babazada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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