351
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Wang XY, Zhuang FD, Wang XC, Cao XY, Wang JY, Pei J. Synthesis, structure and properties of C3-symmetric heterosuperbenzene with three BN units. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4368-71. [PMID: 25598035 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The parent skeleton of BN heterocoronene with three BN units and C3 symmetry was synthesized as a model compound of BN-doped graphene. Further investigation of this graphene-type molecule revealed the important role of BN doping in opening the bandgap and modulating the electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
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352
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Bernal MM, Pérez EM. One-pot exfoliation of graphite and synthesis of nanographene/dimesitylporphyrin hybrids. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10704-14. [PMID: 25984598 PMCID: PMC4463671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple one-pot process to exfoliate graphite and synthesize nanographene-dimesitylporphyrin hybrids has been developed. Despite the bulky mesityl groups, which are expected to hinder the efficient π–π stacking between the porphyrin core and graphene, the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite is significantly favored by the presence of the porphyrins. Metallation of the porphyrin further enhances this effect. The resulting graphene/porphyrin hybrids were characterized by spectroscopy (UV-visible, fluorescence, and Raman) and microscopy (STEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Bernal
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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353
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Fujii S, Ziatdinov M, Ohtsuka M, Kusakabe K, Kiguchi M, Enoki T. Role of edge geometry and chemistry in the electronic properties of graphene nanostructures. Faraday Discuss 2015; 173:173-99. [PMID: 25466581 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00073k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The geometry and chemistry of graphene nanostructures significantly affects their electronic properties. Despite a large number of experimental and theoretical studies dealing with the geometrical shape-dependent electronic properties of graphene nanostructures, experimental characterisation of their chemistry is clearly lacking. This is mostly due to the difficulties in preparing chemically-modified graphene nanostructures in a controlled manner and in identifying the exact chemistry of the graphene nanostructure on the atomic scale. Herein, we present scanning probe microscopic and first-principles characterisation of graphene nanostructures with different edge geometries and chemistry. Using the results of atomic scale electronic characterisation and theoretical simulation, we discuss the role of the edge geometry and chemistry on the electronic properties of graphene nanostructures with hydrogenated and oxidised linear edges at graphene boundaries and the internal edges of graphene vacancy defects. Atomic-scale details of the chemical composition have a strong impact on the electronic properties of graphene nanostructures, i.e., the presence or absence of non-bonding π states and the degree of resonance stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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354
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Liu J, Li BW, Tan YZ, Giannakopoulos A, Sanchez-Sanchez C, Beljonne D, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Feng X, Müllen K. Toward cove-edged low band gap graphene nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6097-103. [PMID: 25909566 PMCID: PMC4456008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), defined as nanometer-wide strips of graphene, have attracted increasing attention as promising candidates for next-generation semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up strategy toward novel low band gap GNRs (Eg = 1.70 eV) with a well-defined cove-type periphery both in solution and on a solid substrate surface with chrysene as the key monomer. Corresponding cyclized chrysene-based oligomers consisting of the dimer and tetramer are obtained via an Ullmann coupling followed by oxidative intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation in solution, and much higher GNR homologues via on-surface synthesis. These oligomers adopt nonplanar structures due to the steric repulsion between the two C-H bonds at the inner cove position. Characterizations by single crystal X-ray analysis, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are described. The interpretation is assisted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Liu
- †Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bo-Wei Li
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Angelos Giannakopoulos
- §Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Sanchez
- ∥Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - David Beljonne
- §Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- ∥Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- ∥Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Müllen
- †Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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355
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He S, Chen W. 3D graphene nanomaterials for binder-free supercapacitors: scientific design for enhanced performance. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6957-90. [PMID: 25522064 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the excellent intrinsic properties, especially the strong mechanical strength, extraordinarily high surface area and extremely high conductivity, graphene is deemed as a versatile building block for fabricating functional materials for energy production and storage applications. In this article, the recent progress in the assembly of binder-free and self-standing graphene-based materials, as well as their application in supercapacitors are reviewed, including electrical double layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and asymmetric supercapacitors. Various fabrication strategies and the influence of structures on the capacitance performance of 3D graphene-based materials are discussed. We finally give concluding remarks and an outlook on the scientific design of binder-free and self-standing graphene materials for achieving better capacitance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijian He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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356
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Abstract
Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also called Graphene Molecules (GMs), with chemical composition C132H36(COOH)2 were synthesized in situ on the surface of transparent nanocrystalline indium tin oxide (nc-ITO) electrodes and their electronic structure was studied electrochemically and spectro-electrochemically. Variations in the potential applied onto the nc-ITO/GM electrodes induce only small changes in the observed current, but they produce dramatic changes in the absorption of the GMs, which are associated with their oxidation and reduction. Analysis of the absorption changes using a modified Nernst equation is used to determine standard potentials associated with the individual charge transfer processes. For the GMs prepared here, these were found to be E1,ox(0) = 0.77 ± 0.01 V and E2,ox(0) = 1.24 ± 0.02 V vs NHE for the first and second oxidation and E1,red(0) = -1.50 ± 0.04 V for the first reduction. The charge transfer processes are found to be nonideal. The nonideality factors associated with the oxidation and reduction processes are attributed to strong interactions between the GM redox centers. Under the conditions of potential cycling, GMs show rapid (seconds) color change with high contrast and stability. An electrochromic application is demonstrated wherein the GMs are used as the optically active component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ji
- †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Milan Sykora
- †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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357
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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358
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Haar S, Ciesielski A, Clough J, Yang H, Mazzaro R, Richard F, Conti S, Merstorf N, Cecchini M, Morandi V, Casiraghi C, Samorì P. A supramolecular strategy to leverage the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of surfactants: unraveling the role of the length of fatty acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1691-1702. [PMID: 25504589 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the full control over the production as well as processability of high-quality graphene represents a major challenge with potential interest in the field of fabrication of multifunctional devices. The outstanding effort dedicated to tackle this challenge in the last decade revealed that certain organic molecules are capable of leveraging the exfoliation of graphite with different efficiencies. Here, a fundamental understanding on a straightforward supramolecular approach for producing homogenous dispersions of unfunctionalized and non-oxidized graphene nanosheets in four different solvents is attained, namely N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, ortho-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. In particular, a comparative study on the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of linear alkanes of different lengths terminated by a carboxylic-acid head group is performed. These molecules act as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the exfoliation process. The efficiency of the exfoliation in terms of concentration of exfoliated graphene is found to be proportional to the length of the employed fatty acid. Importantly, a high percentage of single-layer graphene flakes is revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses. A simple yet effective thermodynamic model is developed to interpret the chain-length dependence of the exfoliation yield. This approach relying on the synergistic effect of a ad-hoc solvent and molecules to promote the exfoliation of graphene in liquid media represents a promising and modular strategy towards the rational design of improved dispersion-stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Haar
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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359
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Abbas AN, Liu B, Narita A, Dössel LF, Yang B, Zhang W, Tang J, Wang KL, Räder HJ, Feng X, Müllen K, Zhou C. Vapor-Phase Transport Deposition, Characterization, and Applications of Large Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4453-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N. Abbas
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Abdullah Sulayman
St, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilu Liu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas F. Dössel
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianshi Tang
- Device
Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kang L. Wang
- Device
Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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360
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Dibble DJ, Park YS, Mazaheripour A, Umerani MJ, Ziller JW, Gorodetsky AA. Synthesis of Polybenzoquinolines as Precursors for Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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361
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Dibble DJ, Park YS, Mazaheripour A, Umerani MJ, Ziller JW, Gorodetsky AA. Synthesis of Polybenzoquinolines as Precursors for Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5883-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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362
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Chen L, Du R, Zhu J, Mao Y, Xue C, Zhang N, Hou Y, Zhang J, Yi T. Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons aerogel as a highly efficient catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1423-9. [PMID: 25367785 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly conductive, ultralight, neat and versatile nitrogen-doped GNRs aerogel has been fabricated by a new hydrothermal method for the first time. The newly developed aerogel shows a very promising performance when used as a novel ORR catalyst in both alkaline and acidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted, Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
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363
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Zhang L, Cao Y, Colella NS, Liang Y, Brédas JL, Houk KN, Briseno AL. Unconventional, chemically stable, and soluble two-dimensional angular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from molecular design to device applications. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:500-9. [PMID: 25458442 DOI: 10.1021/ar500278w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), consisting of laterally fused benzene rings, are among the most widely studied small-molecule organic semiconductors, with potential applications in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Linear acenes, including tetracene, pentacene, and their derivatives, have received particular attention due to the synthetic flexibility in tuning their chemical structure and properties and to their high device performance. Unfortunately, longer acenes, which could exhibit even better performance, are susceptible to oxidation, photodegradation, and, in solar cells which contain fullerenes, Diels-Alder reactions. This Account highlights recent advances in the molecular design of two-dimensional (2-D) PAHs that combine device performance with environmental stability. New synthetic techniques have been developed to create stable PAHs that extend conjugation in two dimensions. The stability of these novel compounds is consistent with Clar's sextet rule as the 2-D PAHs have greater numbers of sextets in their ground-state configuration than their linear analogues. The ionization potentials (IPs) of nonlinear acenes decrease more slowly with annellation in comparison to their linear counterparts. As a result, 2-D bistetracene derivatives that are composed of eight fused benzene rings are measured to be about 200 times more stable in chlorinated organic solvents than pentacene derivatives with only five fused rings. Single crystals of the bistetracene derivatives have hole mobilities, measured in OFET configuration, up to 6.1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), with remarkable Ion/Ioff ratios of 10(7). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations can provide insight into the electronic structures at both molecular and material levels and to evaluate the main charge-transport parameters. The 2-D acenes with large aspect ratios and appropriate substituents have the potential to provide favorable interstack electronic interactions, and correspondingly high carrier mobilities. In stark contrast to the 1-D acenes that form mono- and bis-adducts with fullerenes, 2-D PAHs show less reactivity with fullerenes. The geometry of 2-D PAHs plays a crucial role in determining both the barrier and the adduct stability. The reactivity and stability of the 2-D PAHs with regard to Diels-Alder reactions at different reactive sites were explained via DFT calculations of the reaction kinetics and of thermodynamics of reactions and simple Hückel molecular orbital considerations. Also, because of their increased stability in the presence of fullerenes, these compounds have been successfully used in OPVs. The small-molecule semiconductors highlighted in this Account exhibit good charge-transport properties, comparable to those of traditional linear acenes, while being much more environmentally stable. These features have made these 2-D PAHs excellent molecules for fundamental research and device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Nicholas S. Colella
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology − KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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364
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Golder MR, Jasti R. Syntheses of the smallest carbon nanohoops and the emergence of unique physical phenomena. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:557-66. [PMID: 25689579 DOI: 10.1021/ar5004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design and construction of non-natural products have fascinated and perplexed organic chemists for years. Their assembly, akin to what has been accomplished for the total synthesis of natural products, has stretched the limits of what can be prepared in the laboratory. Unlike many natural products, however, carbon-rich structures often lack heteroatoms, further complicating their construction. Consider some of the classical molecules in this genre: cubane and dodecahedrane. While highly symmetric, their assembly is far from trivial. These fascinating hydrocarbon targets have fueled the development of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, as new methods are needed to access these types of compounds. Among these carbon-rich structures, polycyclic aromatics such as helicenes, fullerenes, and some fullerenes share common ground due to the distortion of one or more aromatic rings out of planarity. Recently added to this group are the [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs), "carbon nanohoops". Here, a linear string of benzene rings connected at the para positions is wrapped back upon itself to form a cyclic structure. Clearly a simple linear p-oligophenylene cannot be cyclized in this manner without extremely harsh reaction conditions. In order to access these structures using solution-phase organic chemistry, clever synthetic strategies that can compensate for this severe distortion are required. Although cycloparaphenylenes can be considered the smallest possible fragment of an armchair carbon nanotube (CNT), they were envisioned as synthetic targets long before CNTs were discovered in 1991. CPP synthesis was first attempted in 1934, almost 70 years before Iijima's first report on CNTs. The long-forgotten targets reemerged in 1993 with a report from Vögtle, though he ultimately was unsuccessful in achieving their synthesis. More than a decade later, in 2008, CPPs succumbed to total synthesis by Jasti and Bertozzi, allowing access to three different-sized carbon nanohoops in milligram quantities. Since then, the Jasti group has embraced the smallest CPPs as inspiring synthetic targets, challenging us to develop new methodology to construct increasingly strained macrocycles. Having recently synthesized [5]-, [6]- and [7]CPP, the three smallest nanohoops synthesized to date, we have been able to realize a variety of new physical phenomena unique to these structures. Perhaps most significantly, unlike linear p-phenylenes and inorganic quantum dots, the HOMO-LUMO gaps of the CPPs narrow with decreasing CPP size. The smallest CPPs discussed in this Account illustrate this feature exceptionally well, as their HOMO-LUMO gaps become narrower than those of even the longest p-polyphenylenes. The smaller CPPs are fascinating from a structural standpoint as well because of the high amount of distortion in each benzene ring. From the synthesis of [7]CPP (84 kcal/mol of strain energy) to that of [5]CPP (119 kcal/mol of strain energy), our laboratory has been able to test the boundaries of synthetic and physical organic chemistry. In this Account, we detail how these challenging macrocycles were synthesized and the unique properties these structures possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Golder
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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365
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Riobé F, Szűcs R, Bouit PA, Tondelier D, Geffroy B, Aparicio F, Buendía J, Sánchez L, Réau R, Nyulászi L, Hissler M. Synthesis, Electronic Properties and WOLED Devices of Planar Phosphorus-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2015; 21:6547-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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366
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Ferrighi L, Píš I, Nguyen TH, Cattelan M, Nappini S, Basagni A, Parravicini M, Papagni A, Sedona F, Magnano E, Bondino F, Di Valentin C, Agnoli S. Control of the intermolecular coupling of dibromotetracene on Cu(110) by the sequential activation of C-Br and C-H bonds. Chemistry 2015; 21:5826-35. [PMID: 25711882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dibromotetracene molecules are deposited on the Cu(110) surface at room temperature. The complex evolution of this system has been monitored at different temperatures (i.e., 298, 523, 673, and 723 K) by means of a variety of complementary techniques that range from STM and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) to high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). State-of-the-art density-functional calculations were used to determine the chemical processes that take place on the surface. After deposition at room temperature, the organic molecules are transformed into organometallic monomers through debromination and carbon-radical binding to copper adatoms. Organometallic dimers, trimers, or small oligomers, which present copper-bridged molecules, are formed by increasing the temperature. Surprisingly, further heating to 673 K causes the formation of elongated chains along the Cu(110) close-packed rows as a consequence of radical-site migration to the thermodynamically more stable molecule heads. Finally, massive dehydrogenation occurs at the highest temperature followed by ring condensation to nanographenic patches. This study is a paradigmatic example of how intermolecular coupling can be modulated by the stepwise control of a simple parameter, such as temperature, through a sequence of domino reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ferrighi
- Department of Materials Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano (Italy)
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367
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Dinca LE, De Marchi F, MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin J, Gatti R, Ma D, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Pentacene on Ni(111): room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3263-3269. [PMID: 25619890 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate, using scanning tunnelling microscopy, the adsorption of pentacene on Ni(111) at room temperature and the behaviour of these monolayer films with annealing up to 700 °C. We observe the conversion of pentacene into graphene, which begins from as low as 220 °C with the coalescence of pentacene molecules into large planar aggregates. Then, by annealing at 350 °C for 20 minutes, these aggregates expand into irregular domains of graphene tens of nanometers in size. On surfaces where graphene and nickel carbide coexist, pentacene shows preferential adsorption on the nickel carbide phase. The same pentacene to graphene transformation was also achieved on Cu(111), but at a higher activation temperature, producing large graphene domains that exhibit a range of moiré superlattice periodicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Dinca
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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368
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Ozaki K, Kawasumi K, Shibata M, Ito H, Itami K. One-shot K-region-selective annulative π-extension for nanographene synthesis and functionalization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6251. [PMID: 25683787 PMCID: PMC4339889 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The optoelectronic nature of two-dimensional sheets of sp2-hydridized carbons (for example, graphenes and nanographenes) can be dramatically altered and tuned by altering the degree of π-extension, shape, width and edge topology. Among various approaches to synthesize nanographenes with atom-by-atom precision, one-shot annulative π-extension (APEX) reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hold significant potential not only to achieve a ‘growth from template’ synthesis of nanographenes, but also to fine-tune the properties of nanographenes. Here we describe one-shot APEX reactions that occur at the K-region (convex armchair edge) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the Pd(CH3CN)4(SbF6)2/o-chloranil catalytic system with silicon-bridged aromatics as π-extending agents. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the complete K-region selectivity stems from the olefinic (decreased aromatic) character of the K-region. The protocol is applicable to multiple APEX and sequential APEX reactions, to construct various nanographene structures in a rapid and programmable manner. Bottom-up synthesis of nanographenes is highly desirable. Here, the authors report one-shot annulative π-extension reactions that occur at the convex armchair edge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and show that unfunctionalized precursors can be used for π-component assembly and extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Ozaki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Kawasumi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Shibata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- 1] Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan [2] JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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369
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Noguchi Y, Sugino O. Symmetry breaking and excitonic effects on optical properties of defective nanographenes. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:064313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Noguchi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Osamu Sugino
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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370
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Zang Y, Aoki T, Teraguchi M, Kaneko T, Ma L, Jia H. Two-Dimensional and Related Polymers: Concepts, Synthesis, and their Potential Application as Separation Membrane Materials. POLYM REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.963235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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371
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Suzuki S, Segawa Y, Itami K, Yamaguchi J. Synthesis and characterization of hexaarylbenzenes with five or six different substituents enabled by programmed synthesis. Nat Chem 2015; 7:227-33. [PMID: 25698332 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1825, benzene has served as one of the most used and indispensable building blocks of chemical compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals to plastics and those used in organic electronic devices. Benzene has six hydrogen atoms that can each be replaced by different substituents, which means that the structural diversity of benzene derivatives is intrinsically extraordinary. The number of possible substituted benzenes from n different substituents is (2n + 2n(2) + 4n(3) + 3n(4) + n(6))/12. However, owing to a lack of general synthetic methods for making multisubstituted benzenes, this potentially huge structural diversity has not been fully exploited. Here, we describe a programmed synthesis of hexaarylbenzenes using C-H activation, cross-coupling and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. The present method allows for the isolation and structure-property characterization of hexaarylbenzenes with distinctive aryl substituents at all positions for the first time. Moreover, the established protocol can be applied to the synthesis of tetraarylnaphthalenes and pentaarylpyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- 1] Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan [2] JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- 1] Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan [2] JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan [3] Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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372
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Zhang S, Yan Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Zeng H. Atomically Thin Arsenene and Antimonene: Semimetal-Semiconductor and Indirect-Direct Band-Gap Transitions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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373
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Zhang S, Yan Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Zeng H. Atomically thin arsenene and antimonene: semimetal-semiconductor and indirect-direct band-gap transitions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3112-5. [PMID: 25564773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The typical two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2 and black phosphorus have garnered tremendous interest for their unique electronic, optical, and chemical properties. However, all 2D semiconductors reported thus far feature band gaps that are smaller than 2.0 eV, which has greatly restricted their applications, especially in optoelectronic devices with photoresponse in the blue and UV range. Novel 2D mono-elemental semiconductors, namely monolayered arsenene and antimonene, with wide band gaps and high stability were now developed based on first-principles calculations. Interestingly, although As and Sb are typically semimetals in the bulk, they are transformed into indirect semiconductors with band gaps of 2.49 and 2.28 eV when thinned to one atomic layer. Significantly, under small biaxial strain, these materials were transformed from indirect into direct band-gap semiconductors. Such dramatic changes in the electronic structure could pave the way for transistors with high on/off ratios, optoelectronic devices working under blue or UV light, and mechanical sensors based on new 2D crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhang
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China)
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374
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He J, Mathew S, Kinney ZJ, Warrell RM, Molina JS, Hartley CS. Tetrabenzanthanthrenes by mitigation of rearrangements in the planarization of ortho-phenylene hexamers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7245-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00826c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stepwise planarization of an ortho-phenylene hexamer demonstrates that otherwise inaccessible graphenes may be achievable from substrates with polycyclic repeat units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford, USA
| | - Sanyo Mathew
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford, USA
| | | | | | - James S. Molina
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford, USA
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford, USA
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375
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Segura JL, Juárez R, Ramos M, Seoane C. Hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) derivatives: from synthesis to molecular design, self-organization and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6850-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The creativity and inventiveness of chemists working with the 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) building block is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Segura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Rafael Juárez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Mar Ramos
- Department of Environmental and Technological Chemistry
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Madrid 28933
- Spain
| | - Carlos Seoane
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
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376
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Aotake T, Suzuki M, Aratani N, Yuasa J, Kuzuhara D, Hayashi H, Nakano H, Kawai T, Wu J, Yamada H. 9,9′-Anthryl-anthroxyl radicals: strategic stabilization of highly reactive phenoxyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6734-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable anthroxyl radical with a half-life over 10 days in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Aotake
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 812-8581
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore
- 3 Science Drive 3
- Singapore
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
- 8916-5 Takayama-cho
- Japan
- CREST
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377
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Zhang R, Zhang B, Sun S. Preparation of high-quality graphene with a large-size by sonication-free liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite with a new mechanism. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the successful preparation of high-quality graphene with a large-size by sonication-free liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Baochang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Changchun University of Technology
- Chang Chun
- China
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
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378
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Dorel R, Manzano C, Grisolia M, Soe WH, Joachim C, Echavarren AM. Tetrabenzocircumpyrene: a nanographene fragment with an embedded peripentacene core. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6932-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00693g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new disc-shaped highly symmetric C54H20 nanographene fragment, tetrabenzocircumpyrene, has been synthesized and characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy, demonstrating the potential of this technique for identifying highly insoluble graphenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dorel
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Carlos Manzano
- IMRE
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore
| | | | - We-Hyo Soe
- IMRE
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore
| | | | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
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379
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Abstract
This review discusses recent advancements in nanographene chemistry, focusing on the bottom-up synthesis of graphene molecules and graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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380
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Bashir A, Heck A, Narita A, Feng X, Nefedov A, Rohwerder M, Müllen K, Elstner M, Wöll C. Charge carrier mobilities in organic semiconductors: crystal engineering and the importance of molecular contacts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:21988-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a combined experimental and theoretical study on the packing optimization of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) as organic semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Bashir
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- 40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Alexander Heck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Alexei Nefedov
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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381
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Kubo Y, Nishiyabu R, James TD. Hierarchical supramolecules and organization using boronic acid building blocks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2005-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current progress on hierarchical supramolecules using boronic acids has been highlighted in this feature article. The feasibility of the structure-directing ability is fully discussed from the standpoint of the generation of new smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nishiyabu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
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382
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Kato SI, Furuya T, Nitani M, Hasebe N, Ie Y, Aso Y, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Nakamura Y. A Series of π-Extended Thiadiazoles Fused with Electron-Donating Heteroaromatic Moieties: Synthesis, Properties, and Polymorphic Crystals. Chemistry 2014; 21:3115-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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383
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Abstract
Replacement of C=C unit with its isoelectronic B-N unit in aromatics provides a new class of molecules with appealing properties, which have attracted great attention recently. In this Concept, we focus on BN-substituted polycyclic aromatics with fused structures, and review their synthesis, photophysical, and redox properties, as well as their applications in organic electronics. We also present challenging synthetic targets, large BN- substituted polycyclic aromatics, such as regioregular BN heterosuperbenzenes, which can be viewed as BN-doped nanographenes. Finally, we propose an atomically precise bottom-up synthesis of structurally well-defined BN-doped graphenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (P. R. China)
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384
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Ji Z, Wu R, Adamska L, Velizhanin KA, Doorn SK, Sykora M. In situ synthesis of graphene molecules on TiO2: application in sensitized solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20473-20478. [PMID: 25322280 DOI: 10.1021/am506047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for preparation of graphene molecules (GMs), whereby a polyphenylene precursor functionalized with surface anchoring groups, preadsorbed on surface of TiO2, is oxidatively dehydrogenated in situ via a Scholl reaction. The reaction, performed at ambient conditions, yields surface adsorbed GMs structurally and electronically equivalent to those synthesized in solution. The new synthetic approach reduces the challenges associated with the tendency of GMs to aggregate and provides a convenient path for integration of GMs into optoelectronic applications. The surface synthesized GMs can be effectively reduced or oxidized via an interfacial charge transfer and can also function as sensitizers for metal oxides in light harvesting applications. Sensitized solar cells (SSCs) prepared from mesoscopic TiO2/GM films and an iodide-based liquid electrolyte show photocurrents of ∼2.5 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of ∼0.55 V and fill factor of ∼0.65 under AM 1.5 illumination. The observed power conversion efficiency of η=0.87% is the highest reported efficiency for the GM sensitized solar cell. The performance of the devices was reproducible and stable for a period of at least 3 weeks. We also report first external and internal quantum efficiency measurements for GM SSCs, which point to possible paths for further performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ji
- Chemistry Division, ‡Bioscience Division, §Theory Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, ∥Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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385
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Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K. Bottom-up synthesis of chemically precise graphene nanoribbons. CHEM REC 2014; 15:295-309. [PMID: 25414146 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe our chemical approach, developed over the course of a decade, towards the bottom-up synthesis of structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). GNR synthesis can be achieved through two different methods, one being a solution-phase process based on conventional organic chemistry and the other invoking surface-assisted fabrication, employing modern physics methodologies. In both methods, rationally designed monomers are polymerized to form non-planar polyphenylene precursors, which are "graphitized" and "planarized" by solution-mediated or surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation. Through these methods, a variety of GNRs have been synthesized with different widths, lengths, edge structures, and degrees of heteroatom doping, featuring varying (opto)electronic properties. The ability to chemically tailor GNRs with tuned properties in a well-defined manner will contribute to the elucidation of the fundamental physics of GNRs, as well as pave the way for the development of GNR-based nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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386
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Feng CN, Hsieh YC, Wu YT. Metal-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions: Useful Synthetic Tools for the Preparation of Polycyclic Arenes. CHEM REC 2014; 15:266-79. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ning Feng
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
| | - Ya-Chu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
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387
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hopf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technical University Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
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388
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Kalashnyk N, Ganesh Nagaswaran P, Kervyn S, Riello M, Moreton B, Jones TS, De Vita A, Bonifazi D, Costantini G. Self-assembly of decoupled borazines on metal surfaces: the role of the peripheral groups. Chemistry 2014; 20:11856-62. [PMID: 25079120 PMCID: PMC4449113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two borazine derivatives have been synthesised to investigate their self-assembly behaviour on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and theoretical simulations. Both borazines form extended 2D networks upon adsorption on both substrates at room temperature. Whereas the more compact triphenyl borazine 1 arranges into close-packed ordered molecular islands with an extremely low density of defects on both substrates, the tris(phenyl-4-phenylethynyl) derivative 2 assembles into porous molecular networks due to its longer lateral substituents. For both species, the steric hindrance between the phenyl and mesityl substituents results in an effective decoupling of the central borazine core from the surface. For borazine 1, this is enough to weaken the molecule-substrate interaction, so that the assemblies are only driven by attractive van der Waals intermolecular forces. For the longer and more flexible borazine 2, a stronger molecule-substrate interaction becomes possible through its peripheral substituents on the more reactive copper surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Kalashnyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickGibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Praveen Ganesh Nagaswaran
- Namur Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur)Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
| | - Simon Kervyn
- Namur Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur)Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
| | - Massimo Riello
- Physics Department, King's College LondonLondon, WC2R 2LS (UK)
| | - Ben Moreton
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickGibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Tim S Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickGibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | | | - Davide Bonifazi
- Namur Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur)Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR Trieste, University of TriestePiazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickGibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
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389
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390
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Hong X, Liu J, Zheng B, Huang X, Zhang X, Tan C, Chen J, Fan Z, Zhang H. A universal method for preparation of noble metal nanoparticle-decorated transition metal dichalcogenide nanobelts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6250-4. [PMID: 25043462 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MoS2, TaS2, TiS2, WSe2 and TaSe2 nanobelts decorated with a PtAg alloy or Pt NPs have been successfully synthesized by etching 2D nanosheets under a mild reaction condition followed by a subsequent nanosheet-to-nanobelt transformation mediated by the PVP template. The PtAg-MoS2 hybrid nanobelt coated with PVP is used as the active material in a memory device, which exhibits hysteresis behavior with the function of dynamic random access memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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391
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Kuttner JR, Hilt G. Regiodivergent Cobalt-Catalyzed Diels–Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Bifunctional Building Blocks and Their Suzuki-Cross-Coupling Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5012446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian R. Kuttner
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
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392
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Berger R, Giannakopoulos A, Ravat P, Wagner M, Beljonne D, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthese Stickstoff-dotierter Zickzackkanten: Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalen als molekularer Baustein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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393
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Berger R, Giannakopoulos A, Ravat P, Wagner M, Beljonne D, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped ZigZag-Edge Peripheries: Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalene as Repeating Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10520-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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394
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Müllen K. Evolution of graphene molecules: structural and functional complexity as driving forces behind nanoscience. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6531-6541. [PMID: 25012545 DOI: 10.1021/nn503283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of nanoscience is based on the ability of the fields of chemistry and physics to share competencies through mutually beneficial collaborations. With this in mind, in this Perspective, I describe three classes of compounds: rylene dyes, polyphenylene dendrimers, as well as nanographene molecules and graphene nanoribbons, which have provided a superb platform to nurture these relationships. The synthesis of these complex structures is demanding but also rewarding because they stimulate unique investigations at the single-molecule level by scanning tunneling microscopy and single-molecule spectroscopy. There are close functional and structural relationships between the molecules chosen. In particular, rylenes and nanographenes can be regarded as honeycomb-type, discoid species composed of fused benzene rings. The benzene ring can thus be regarded as a universal modular building block. Polyphenylene dendrimers serve, first, as a scaffold for dyes en route to multichromophoric systems and, second, as chemical precursors for graphene synthesis. Through chemical design, it is possible to tune the properties of these systems at the single-molecule level and to achieve nanoscale control over their self-assembly to form multifunctional (nano)materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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395
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Ciesielski A, Haar S, El Gemayel M, Yang H, Clough J, Melinte G, Gobbi M, Orgiu E, Nardi MV, Ligorio G, Palermo V, Koch N, Ersen O, Casiraghi C, Samorì P. Harnessing the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene using aliphatic compounds: a supramolecular approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10355-61. [PMID: 25044532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The technological exploitation of the extraordinary properties of graphene relies on the ability to achieve full control over the production of a high-quality material and its processing by up-scalable approaches in order to fabricate large-area films with single-layer or a few atomic-layer thickness, which might be integrated in working devices. A simple method is reported for producing homogenous dispersions of unfunctionalized and non-oxidized graphene nanosheets in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) by using simple molecular modules, which act as dispersion-stabilizing compounds during the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) process, leading to an increase in the concentration of graphene in dispersions. The LPE-processed graphene dispersion was shown to be a conductive ink. This approach opens up new avenues for the technological applications of this graphene ink as low-cost electrodes and conducting nanocomposite for electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg (France) http://www.nanochemistry.fr
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396
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Ciesielski A, Haar S, El Gemayel M, Yang H, Clough J, Melinte G, Gobbi M, Orgiu E, Nardi MV, Ligorio G, Palermo V, Koch N, Ersen O, Casiraghi C, Samorì P. Harnessing the Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene Using Aliphatic Compounds: A Supramolecular Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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397
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Schuler B, Collazos S, Gross L, Meyer G, Pérez D, Guitián E, Peña D. From Perylene to a 22-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbon in One-Pot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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398
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Schuler B, Collazos S, Gross L, Meyer G, Pérez D, Guitián E, Peña D. From Perylene to a 22-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbon in One-Pot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9004-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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399
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Fabrication of graphene-based electrode in less than a minute through hybrid microwave annealing. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5492. [PMID: 24974846 PMCID: PMC4074790 DOI: 10.1038/srep05492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient and stable MoS2 nanocrystals on graphene sheets (MoS2/GR) are synthesized via a hybrid microwave annealing process. Through only 45 second-irradiation using a household microwave oven equipped with a graphite susceptor, crystallization of MoS2 and thermal reduction of graphene oxide into graphene are achieved, indicating that our synthetic method is ultrafast and energy-economic. Graphene plays a crucial role as an excellent microwave absorber as well as an ideal support material that mediates the growth of MoS2 nanocrystals. The formed MoS2/GR electrocatalyst exhibits high activity of hydrogen evolution reaction with small onset overpotential of 0.1 V and Tafel slope of 50 mV per decade together with an excellent stability in acid media. Thus our hybrid microwave annealing could be an efficient generic method to fabricate various graphene-based hybrid electric materials for broad applications.
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400
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Sakaguchi H, Kawagoe Y, Hirano Y, Iruka T, Yano M, Nakae T. Width-controlled sub-nanometer graphene nanoribbon films synthesized by radical-polymerized chemical vapor deposition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4134-4138. [PMID: 24711068 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical-polymerized chemical vapor deposition, a new bottom-up method, was developed to produce graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) efficiently, despite the use of extremely low vacuum. Using this technique, a systematic synthesis of a multilayered high-density array of width-controlled sub-1 nm GNRs on a metal surface, with width-dependent band gap, is made possible. GNR films transferred onto insulating substrates behave as an excellent photoconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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