351
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Burt JM, Nelson TK, Simon AM, Fang JS. Connexin 37 profoundly slows cell cycle progression in rat insulinoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1103-12. [PMID: 18753315 PMCID: PMC2584977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.299.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing a pathway for intercellular communication, the gap junction-forming proteins, connexins, can serve a growth-suppressive function that is both connexin and cell-type specific. To assess its potential growth-suppressive function, we stably introduced connexin 37 (Cx37) into connexin-deficient, tumorigenic rat insulinoma (Rin) cells under the control of an inducible promoter. Proliferation of these iRin37 cells, when induced to express Cx37, was profoundly slowed: cell cycle time increased from 2 to 9 days. Proliferation and cell cycle time of Rin cells expressing Cx40 or Cx43 did not differ from Cx-deficient Rin cells. Cx37 suppressed Rin cell proliferation irrespective of cell density at the time of induced expression and without causing apoptosis. All phases of the cell cycle were prolonged by Cx37 expression, and progression through the G(1)/S checkpoint was delayed, resulting in accumulation of cells at this point. Serum deprivation augmented the effect of Cx37 to accumulate cells in late G(1). Cx43 expression also affected cell cycle progression of Rin cells, but its effects were opposite to Cx37, with decreases in G(1) and increases in S-phase cells. These effects of Cx43 were also augmented by serum deprivation. Cx-deficient Rin cells were unaffected by serum deprivation. Our results indicate that Cx37 expression suppresses cell proliferation by significantly increasing cell cycle time by extending all phases of the cell cycle and accumulating cells at the G(1)/S checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis M Burt
- Dept. of Physiology, P. O. Box 245051, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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352
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Monzani E, La Porta CA. Targeting cancer stem cells to modulate alternative vascularization mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:51-6. [PMID: 18286393 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, many papers have shown that tumor vascularization can be explained by angiogenesis, recruitment, cooption, vasculogenic mimicry and by mosaic vessels. In particular, vasculogenic mimicry seems to be different from mosaic blood vessels, where tumor cells form a part of the surface of the vessel while the remaining part is covered by endothelium. In this case, tumor cells in apparent contact with the lumen do not show an endothelial phenotype. More recently, vasculogenic mimicry was proposed to occur in patients with multiple myeloma due to bone marrow macrophages. Herein, all these data are, for the first time, discussed critically in comparison to cancer stem cells-which show high trans-differentiative capacity-and bone-marrow derived stem cells. In fact, the presence of alternative vasculogenic patterns might be due to the presence of stem cell population (cancer stem cells or bone-marrow stem cells). In this connection, the literature is discussed extensively and possible models are proposed. Pharmacological perspectives will also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Monzani
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
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353
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Slevin M, Kumar P, Wang Q, Kumar S, Gaffney J, Grau-Olivares M, Krupinski J. New VEGF antagonists as possible therapeutic agents in vascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1301-14. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.9.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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354
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Langenkamp E, Molema G. Microvascular endothelial cell heterogeneity: general concepts and pharmacological consequences for anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:205-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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355
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Altered hyaluronan biosynthesis in cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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356
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Vandercappellen J, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:226-44. [PMID: 18579287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors have been discovered as essential and selective mediators in leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites and to secondary lymphoid organs. Besides their functions in the immune system, they also play a critical role in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. There are four subgroups of chemokines: CXC, CC, CX(3)C, and C chemokine ligands. The CXC or alpha subgroup is further subdivided in the ELR(+) and ELR(-) chemokines. Members that contain the ELR motif bind to CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and are angiogenic. In contrast, most of the CXC chemokines without ELR motif bind to CXCR3 and are angiostatic. An exception is the angiogenic ELR(-)CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1), which binds to CXCR4 and CXCR7 and is implicated in tumor metastasis. This review is focusing on the role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, attraction of leukocytes to tumor sites and induction of tumor cell migration and homing in metastatic sites. Finally, their therapeutic use in cancer treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Vandercappellen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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357
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Blei F. Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2008.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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358
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Niclou SP, Danzeisen C, Eikesdal HP, Wiig H, Brons NHC, Poli AMF, Svendsen A, Torsvik A, Enger PØ, Terzis JA, Bjerkvig R. A novel eGFP-expressing immunodeficient mouse model to study tumor-host interactions. FASEB J 2008; 22:3120-8. [PMID: 18495755 PMCID: PMC2518261 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A NOD/Scid mouse expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) is described, in which human and mouse tumors marked with red fluorescent protein can be established in vivo, both at subcutaneous and orthotopic locations. Using light microscopy as well as multiphoton confocal microscopy techniques, we visualized in detail the intricate colocalization of tumor and host cells in situ. Moreover, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we were able to completely separate the host cells from the tumor cells, thus providing a system for detailed cellular and molecular analysis of tumor-host cell interactions. The fact that tumor and host cells can be reliably identified also allowed us to detect double-positive cells, possibly arising from cell fusion events or horizontal gene transfer. Similarly, the model can be applied for the detection of circulating metastatic cells and for detailed studies on the vascular compartments within tumors, including vasculogenic mimicry. Thus, the model described should provide significant insight into how tumor cells communicate with their microenvironment.—Niclou, S. P., Danzeisen, C., Eikesdal, H. P., Wiig, H., Brons, N. H. C., Poli, A. M. F., Svendsen, A., Torsvik, A., Enger, P. Ø., Terzis, J. A., Bjerkvig, R. A novel eGFP-expressing immunodeficient mouse model to study tumor-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Niclou
- CRP-Santé, NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, 84, Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg.
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359
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Gout S, Huot J. Role of cancer microenvironment in metastasis: focus on colon cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2008; 1:69-83. [PMID: 19308686 PMCID: PMC2654352 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One person on three will receive a diagnostic of cancer during his life. About one third of them will die of the disease. In most cases, death will result from the formation of distal secondary sites called metastases. Several events that lead to cancer are under genetic control. In particular, cancer initiation is tightly associated with specific mutations that affect proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These mutations lead to unrestrained growth of the primary neoplasm and a propensity to detach and to progress through the subsequent steps of metastatic dissemination. This process depends tightly on the surrounding microenvironment. In fact, several studies support the point that tumour development relies on a continuous cross-talk between cancer cells and their cellular and extracellular microenvironments. This signaling cross-talk is mediated by transmembrane receptors expressed on cancer cells and stromal cells. The aim of this manuscript is to review how the cancer microenvironment influences the journey of a metastatic cell taking liver invasion by colorectal cancer cells as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gout
- Le Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Quebec, Canada
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360
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Andersen MH, Sørensen RB, Schrama D, Svane IM, Becker JC, Thor Straten P. Cancer treatment: the combination of vaccination with other therapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1735-43. [PMID: 18286284 PMCID: PMC2522294 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing of the immune system by the development of ‘therapeutic’ vaccines, for the battle against cancer has been the focus of tremendous research efforts over the past two decades. As an illustration of the impressive amounts of data gathered over the past years, numerous antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells, have been characterized. To this end, recent years research has focussed on characterization of antigens that play an important role for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Anti-apoptotic molecules like survivin that enhance the survival of cancer cells and facilitate their escape from cytotoxic therapies represent prime vaccination candidates. The characterization of a high number of tumor antigens allow the concurrent or serial immunological targeting of different proteins associated with such cancer traits. Moreover, while vaccination in itself is a promising new approach to fight cancer, the combination with additional therapy could create a number of synergistic effects. Herein we discuss the possibilities and prospects of vaccination when combined with other treatments. In this regard, cell death upon drug exposure may be immunogenic or non-immunogenic depending on the specific chemotherapeutics. Also, chemotherapy represents one of several options available for clearance of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Moreover, therapies based on monoclonal antibodies may have synergistic potential in combination with vaccination, both when used for targeting of tumor cells and endothelial cells. The efficacy of therapeutic vaccination against cancer will over the next few years be studied in settings taking advantage of strategies in which vaccination is combined with other treatment modalities. These combinations should be based on current knowledge not only regarding the biology of the cancer cell per se, but also considering how treatment may influence the malignant cell population as well as the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev University Hospital, 54P4, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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361
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Hussain S, Slevin M, Mesaik MA, Choudhary MI, Elosta AH, Matou S, Ahmed N, West D, Gaffney J. Cheiradone: a vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor antagonist. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:7. [PMID: 18230134 PMCID: PMC2248182 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature is associated with physiological (for example wound healing) and pathological conditions (tumour development). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are the major angiogenic regulators. We have identified a natural product (cheiradone) isolated from a Euphorbia species which inhibited in vivo and in vitro VEGF- stimulated angiogenesis but had no effect on FGF-2 or EGF activity. Two primary cultures, bovine aortic and human dermal endothelial cells were used in in vitro (proliferation, wound healing, invasion in Matrigel and tube formation) and in vivo (the chick chorioallantoic membrane) models of angiogenesis in the presence of growth factors and cheiradone. In all cases, the concentration of cheiradone which caused 50% inhibition (IC50) was determined. The effect of cheiradone on the binding of growth factors to their receptors was also investigated. RESULTS Cheiradone inhibited all stages of VEGF-induced angiogenesis with IC50 values in the range 5.20-7.50 microM but did not inhibit FGF-2 or EGF-induced angiogenesis. It also inhibited VEGF binding to VEGF receptor-1 and 2 with IC50 values of 2.9 and 0.61 microM respectively. CONCLUSION Cheiradone inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis by binding to VEGF receptors -1 and -2 and may be a useful investigative tool to study the specific contribution of VEGF to angiogenesis and may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Mohammad A Mesaik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75720, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad I Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75720, Pakistan
| | - Abdul H Elosta
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Sabine Matou
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - David West
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - John Gaffney
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St. Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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