351
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Environmental experiences influence cortical volume in territorial and nonterritorial side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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352
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McMillan FD, Vanderstichel R, Stryhn H, Yu J, Serpell JA. Behavioural characteristics of dogs removed from hoarding situations. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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353
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Integrating physiology, behavior, and energetics: Biologging in a free-living arctic hibernator. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:53-62. [PMID: 27139082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal-borne instruments (ABIs), including biologgers and biotransmitters, has played an integral role in advancing our understanding of adjustments made by animals in their physiology and behavior across their annual and daily cycles and in response to weather and environmental change. Here, we review our research employing body temperature (Tb), light, and acceleration biologgers to measure patterns of physiology and behavior of a free-living, semi-fossorial hibernator, the arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii). We have used these devices to address a variety of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions within the fields of hibernation physiology, phenology, behavioral ecology, and chronobiology. We have also combined biologging with other approaches, such as endocrinology and tracking the thermal environment, to provide insights into the physiological mechanisms that underlie fundamental questions in biology including physiological performance trade-offs, timing and functional energetics. Finally, we explore the practical and methodological considerations that need to be addressed in biologging studies of free-living vertebrates and discuss future technological advancements that will increase the power and potential of biologging as a tool for assessing physiological function in dynamic and changing environments.
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354
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Impact of structural and cognitive enrichment on the learning performance, behavior and physiology of dwarf goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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355
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Daily travel distances of zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas: implications for welfare assessments and space requirements. Primates 2016; 57:395-401. [PMID: 26968410 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which the relatively smaller area of artificial environments (compared with natural habitats) has measureable effects on the behavior and welfare of captive animals has been debated for many years. While there is little question that these spaces provide far less opportunity for natural ranging behavior and travel, less is known about the degree to which captive animals travel within their environments and what factors influence these travel patterns. We intensively studied the movement of zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas using a computer map interface and determined their mean daily travel and found they travelled similar distances each day when restricted to their indoor areas, but when provided additional outdoor space, chimpanzees tended to increase their travel to a greater extent than did gorillas. Both species travelled shorter distances than has been recorded for their wild counterparts, however, when given access to their full indoor-outdoor exhibit; those differences were not as substantive. These findings suggest that while large, complex naturalistic environments might not stimulate comparable species-typical travel patterns in captive apes, larger spaces that include outdoor areas may be better at replicating this behavioral pattern than smaller, indoor areas.
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356
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Baldwin RA, Meinerz R, Jantz HE, Witmer GW. Impact of Capture and Transportation Methods on Survival of Small Rodents During Relocation Events. SOUTHWEST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-60.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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357
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Vidal LS, Guilherme FR, Silva VF, Faccio MCSR, Martins MM, Briani DC. The effect of visitor number and spice provisioning in pacing expression by jaguars evaluated through a case study. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:506-10. [PMID: 26959957 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.22814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive animals exhibit stereotypic pacing in response to multiple causes, including the inability to escape from human contact. Environmental enrichment techniques can minimize pacing expression. By using an individual-based approach, we addressed whether the amount of time two males and a female jaguar (Panthera onca) devote to pacing varied with the number of visitors and tested the effectiveness of cinnamon and black pepper in reducing pacing. The amount of time that all jaguars engaged in pacing increased significantly with the number of visitors. Despite the difference between the males regarding age and housing conditions, both devoted significantly less time to pacing following the addition of both spices, which indicates their suitability as enrichment techniques. Mean time devoted to pacing among the treatments did not differ for the female. Our findings pointed out to the validity of individual-based approaches, as they can reveal how suitable olfactory stimuli are to minimizing stereotypies irrespective of particular traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Vidal
- Centro Universitário de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - F R Guilherme
- Centro Universitário de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - V F Silva
- Centro Universitário de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - M C S R Faccio
- Centro Universitário de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - M M Martins
- Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D C Briani
- Claretiano Faculdade, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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358
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Mandel R, Whay HR, Klement E, Nicol CJ. Invited review: Environmental enrichment of dairy cows and calves in indoor housing. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1695-1715. [PMID: 26774729 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of farmers are choosing to keep their cows indoors throughout the year. Indoor housing of cows allows farmers to provide high-yielding individuals with a nutritionally balanced diet fit for their needs, and it has important welfare benefits for both cows and their calves, such as protection from predators, parasites, and exposure to extreme weather conditions. However, it also confronts cows and calves with a wide range of environmental challenges. These include abiotic environmental sources of stress (e.g., exposure to loud and aversive sound) and confinement-specific stressors (e.g., restricted movement and maintenance in abnormal social groups). Cows and calves that live indoors are also faced with the challenge of occupying long periods with a limited range of possible behavioral patterns. Environmental enrichment can improve biological functioning (measured as increased lifetime reproductive success, increased inclusive fitness, or a correlate of these such as improved health), help animals to cope with stressors in their surroundings, reduce frustration, increase the fulfillment of behavioral needs, and promote more positive affective states. Here, we review recent findings on the effect of social, occupational, physical, sensory, and nutritional enrichment on dairy cows and calves, and we assess the appropriateness and practicality of implementing different enrichment practices on commercial dairy farms. Some of the enrichment methods reviewed here may also be applied to those more extensive cattle-raising systems, where similar challenges occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mandel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - H R Whay
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford House, Langford, University of Bristol, Bristol BS18 7DU, United Kingdom
| | - E Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - C J Nicol
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford House, Langford, University of Bristol, Bristol BS18 7DU, United Kingdom
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359
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Le Roux A, Botha H, Dalerum F, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive measurement of adrenocortical activity in a myrmecophageous mammal, the bat-eared fox. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2016.1145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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360
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Orban DA, Siegford JM, Snider RJ. Effects of guest feeding programs on captive giraffe behavior. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:157-66. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Orban
- Department of Integrative Biology (formerly Zoology); Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Janice M. Siegford
- Department of Animal Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Richard J. Snider
- Department of Integrative Biology (formerly Zoology); Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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361
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Frumkin NB, Wey TW, Exnicios M, Benham C, Hinton MG, Lantz S, Atherton C, Forde D, Karubian J. Inter-annual patterns of aggression and pair bonding in captive American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber). Zoo Biol 2016; 35:111-9. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Frumkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Tina W. Wey
- Department of Biology; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces New Mexico
| | - Megan Exnicios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Caroline Benham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Mitchell G. Hinton
- Department of Wildlife; Fish and Conservation Biology; University of California at Davis; Davis California
| | - Samantha Lantz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
| | | | - Debbie Forde
- Audubon Zoo; Audubon Nature Institute; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
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362
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Churchill SR, Morgan DL, Kissling GE, Travlos GS, King-Herbert AP. Impact of Environmental Enrichment Devices on NTP In Vivo Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:233-45. [PMID: 26873679 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315625330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether the use of nesting material or polycarbonate shelters as enrichment devices would have an impact on end points commonly measured during the conduct of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 13-week studies. The study design was consistent with the NTP 13-week toxicity studies. Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rats and their offspring and B6C3F1/N mice were assigned to control (unenriched) and enriched experimental groups. Body weight, food and water consumption, behavioral observations, fecal content, clinical pathology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were evaluated. Enriched male mice and male and female rats exhibited decreased feed intake without a subsequent decrease in body weight; this may have been the result of the nesting material reducing the effect of cold stress, thereby allowing for more efficient use of feed. There were statistical differences in some hematological parameters; however, these were not considered physiologically relevant since all values were within the normal range. Gross pathology and histopathological findings were background changes and were not considered enrichment-related. Nesting material and shelters were used frequently and consistently and allowed animals to display species-typical behavior. There was no significant impact on commonly measured end points in HSD rats and B6C3F1/N mice given enrichment devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba R Churchill
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory S Travlos
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela P King-Herbert
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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363
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Scheiber IBR, Sterenborg M, Komdeur J. Stress assessment in captive greylag geese (Anser anser). J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2124-33. [PMID: 26020308 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress--or, more appropriately, "allostatic overload"--may be physiologically harmful and can cause death in the most severe cases. Animals in captivity are thought to be particularly vulnerable to allostatic overload due to artificial housing and group makeup. Here we attempted to determine if captive greylag geese (Anser anser), housed lifelong in captivity, showed elevated levels of immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites (CORT) and ectoparasites in dropping samples as well as some hematological parameters (hematocrit, packed cell volume, total white blood cell count [TWBC], and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio [H:L]). All of these have been measured as indicators of chronic stress. Furthermore, we correlated the various stress parameters within individuals. Captive geese showed elevated values of CORT and ectoparasites relative to a wild population sampled in the vicinity of the area where the captive flock is held. The elevated levels, however, were by no means at a pathological level and fall well into the range of other published values in wild greylag geese. We found no correlations between any of the variables measured from droppings with any of the ones collected from blood. Among the blood parameters, only the H:L negatively correlated with TWBC. We examine the problem of inferring allostatic overload when measuring only 1 stress parameter, as there is no consistency between various measurements taken. We discuss the different aspects of each of the parameters measured and the extensive individual variation in response to stress as well as the timing at which different systems respond to a stressor and what is actually measured at the time of data collection. We conclude that measuring only 1 stress parameter often is insufficient to evaluate the well-being of both wild and captively housed animals and that collecting behavioral data on stress might be a suitable addition.
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364
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Alho AM, Pontes J, Pomba C. Guardians' Knowledge and Husbandry Practices of Feline Environmental Enrichment. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:115-25. [PMID: 26756929 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1117976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline environmental enrichment can prevent numerous disorders including anxiety, stress, obesity, and feline idiopathic cystitis. Despite its easy implementation and low cost, it has received little attention. The main goal of this study was to assess guardians' knowledge concerning feline environmental enrichment and husbandry practices. A questionnaire was given to 130 companion animal guardians at the Lisbon Veterinary Faculty's Teaching Hospital. The applications of 22 environmental enrichment measures related to food/water, litter box, and space/entertainment areas were evaluated. The majority of the households studied (74.6%) had a moderately enriched environment. Hygiene-related measures were those most adopted by guardians, while those requiring guardians' commitment or previous awareness were the least implemented. A rating scale was proposed and applied to assess feline domestic environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Alho
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Joana Pontes
- b Animal Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Animal Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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365
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Wang W, He L, Liu S, Wronski T, Hu D. Behavioral and physiological responses of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) to experimental fawn manipulation. Acta Ethol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-015-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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366
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Edwards KL, Trotter J, Jones M, Brown JL, Steinmetz HW, Walker SL. Investigating temporary acyclicity in a captive group of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): Relationship between management, adrenal activity and social factors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 225:104-116. [PMID: 26393308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Routine faecal steroid monitoring has been used to aid the management of five captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) females at Chester Zoo, UK, since 2007. Progestagen analysis initially revealed synchronised oestrous cycles among all females. However, a 14- to 20-week period of temporary acyclicity subsequently occurred in three females, following several management changes (increased training, foot-care and intermittent matriarch removal for health reasons) and the initiation of pregnancy in another female. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate whether these management changes were related to increased adrenal activity and disruption of ovarian activity, or whether social factors may have been involved in the temporary cessation of cyclicity. Faecal samples collected every other day were analysed to investigate whether glucocorticoid metabolites were related to reproductive status (pregnant, cycling, acyclic) or management (training, foot-care, matriarch presence). Routine training and foot-care were not associated with adrenal activity; however, intensive foot-care to treat an abscess in one female was associated with increased glucocorticoid concentration. Matriarch presence influenced adrenal activity in three females, being lower when the matriarch was separated from the group at night compared to being always present. However, in the females that exhibited temporary acyclicity, there was no consistent relationship between glucocorticoids and cyclicity state. Although the results of this study do not fully explain this occurrence, the highly synchronised nature of oestrous cycles within this group, and the concurrent acyclicity in three females, raises the question of whether social factors could have been involved in the temporary disruption of ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Jessica Trotter
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5G, UK
| | - Martin Jones
- Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5G, UK
| | - Janine L Brown
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Hanspeter W Steinmetz
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Gebrüder Knie, Schweizer National-Circus AG, Oberseestrasse, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
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367
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Smith B, Flavel M, Simpson B. Quantification of salivary cortisol from captive dingoes (Canis dingo) in relation to age, sex, and breeding season: implications for captive management. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/am15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Captive-breeding programs can play a key role in the conservation of threatened species such as the Australian dingo (Canis dingo). It is important to determine whether holding and rearing practices impose stressors that impact negatively on program outcomes and the health and wellbeing of the captive population. Despite evidence that chronic stress has significant welfare implications, our understanding of ‘stress’ in either wild or captive dingoes remains limited. In a first attempt to rectify this, we report salivary cortisol concentrations in juvenile and adult dingoes held in a captive colony. Dingo puppies (n = 8, M = 0.484 ± 0.09 μg dL–1) were found to have higher concentrations than adults (n = 12, M = 0.106 ± 0.031 μg dL–1) (P < 0.0001). Concentrations in adult females (n = 6, M = 0.113 ± 0.030 μg dL–1) and males (n = 6, M = 0.099 ± 0.033 μg dL–1) did not significantly differ (P = 0.4740). Our preliminary findings also suggest that during the annual breeding season, males (but not females) have elevated levels of corticosteroids. Establishing a reference range for cortisol concentrations is vital for researchers and wildlife carers attempting to measure stressors in both captive and wild dingo populations. This study provides useful insight into the influence of time of day, development, and seasonality on cortisol concentrations. Suggestions for future research and implications of routine cortisol evaluation to aid better management practices are also discussed.
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368
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Fischer CP, Romero LM. The use of α- or β-blockers to ameliorate the chronic stress of captivity in the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow049. [PMID: 27752321 PMCID: PMC5065711 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When wild animals are brought into captivity for the first time, they frequently develop chronic stress symptoms. Animals can develop glucocorticoid dysregulation or changes in the sympathetic nervous system over the course of the first week in captivity. By blocking the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine using α- or β-blockers, we hoped to reduce the degree of chronic stress symptoms exhibited by newly captured house sparrows. We measured corticosterone, heart rate and heart rate variability in 24 house sparrows (Passer domesticus) over the first week of captivity. The birds were treated with saline, propranolol (a β-blocker) or phentolamine (an α-blocker) for the first 3 days of captivity. We also compared newly captured animals with animals that had been held in captivity for 1 month. During the first week of captivity, baseline corticosterone increased, but that increase was blocked by propranolol. Heart rate was not different between the treatment groups, but it was higher during the first week than after 1 month in captivity. Sympathetic nervous system activity (as measured by heart rate variability) decreased over the first week of captivity, but was not affected by treatment. β-Blockers, but not α-blockers, might help to improve some symptoms of chronic stress in newly captured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Parker Fischer
- Corresponding author: Tufts University, Department of Biology, 163 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. Tel: +1 617 642 9725.
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369
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Voellmy IK, Purser J, Simpson SD, Radford AN. Effects of Previous Acoustic Experience on Behavioral Responses to Experimental Sound Stimuli and Implications for Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 875:1191-6. [PMID: 26611086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient noise differs considerably between habitats. Increased ambient noise can affect the physiology and behavior in a variety of taxa. Previous acoustic experience can modify behavior and potentially affect research conclusions in natural and laboratory environments. Acoustic conditions should thus be accounted for, especially in experiments involving experimental sound stimuli. Methods sections should contain acoustic specifications, and a consensus should be achieved over which measurements to include for comparability between researchers. Further investigation of how previous and repeated exposure to sound affects behavior and research conclusions is needed to improve our knowledge of acoustic long-term effects in animal welfare and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene K Voellmy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
| | - Julia Purser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
| | - Stephen D Simpson
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4SB, UK.
| | - Andrew N Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
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370
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Wierucka K, Siemianowska S, Woźniak M, Jasnosz K, Kieliszczyk M, Kozak P, Sergiel A. Activity Budgets of Captive Cape Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) Under a Training Regime. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2015; 19:62-72. [PMID: 26709628 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethograms and time budgets are crucial for the behavioral assessment of nonhuman animals in zoos, and they serve as references for welfare research. This study was conducted to obtain detailed time budgets of trained Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) in captivity, to evaluate variations of these patterns, and to determine whether abnormal behaviors had been displayed. Behavioral data for 3 Cape fur seals in the Wroclaw Zoo were collected, and more than 300 observation hours (during a 12-month period) per individual were analyzed. The studied animals exhibited a diversified repertoire of natural behaviors with apparent seasonal and daily patterns, and they did not present stereotypic behaviors. Significant differences of interaction rates between individuals suggest more frequent affiliative interactions among related animals. The absence of stereotypic behaviors, good health of individuals, and the presence of diversified natural behaviors indicated relatively good welfare of Cape fur seals kept in the Wroclaw Zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Wierucka
- a Department of Behavioral Ecology , Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Sonia Siemianowska
- a Department of Behavioral Ecology , Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Marta Woźniak
- b Department of Pathology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kieliszczyk
- a Department of Behavioral Ecology , Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Paulina Kozak
- a Department of Behavioral Ecology , Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- d Department of Wildlife Conservation , Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
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371
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Mendes AS, Moura DJ, Morello GM, Carvalho TMR, Sikorski RR. Turkey Wattle Temperature Response to Distinct Environmental Factors. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704439-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AS Mendes
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - DJ Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - RR Sikorski
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
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372
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Ozella L, Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Pessani D. Non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in captive African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) by measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:104-12. [PMID: 26141147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) has become a useful and widely-accepted method for the non-invasive evaluation of stress in vertebrates. In this study we assessed the adrenocortical activity of five captive African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by means of FGM evaluation following a biological stressor, i.e. capture and immobilization. In addition, we detected individual differences in secretion of FGMs during a stage of the normal biological cycle of penguins, namely the breeding period, without any external or induced causes of stress. Our results showed that FGM concentrations peaked 5.5-8h after the induced stress in all birds, and significantly decreased within 30 h. As predictable, the highest peak of FGMs (6591 ng/g) was reached by the youngest penguin, which was at its first experience with the stressor. This peak was 1.8-2.7-fold higher compared to those of the other animals habituated to the stimulus. For the breeding period, our results revealed that the increase in FGMs compared to ordinary levels, and the peaks of FGMs, varied widely depending on the age and mainly on the reproductive state of the animal. The bird which showed the lowest peak (2518 ng/g) was an old male that was not in a reproductive state at the time of the study. Higher FGM increases and peaks were reached by the two birds which were brooding (male: 5552%, 96,631 ng/g; female: 1438%, 22,846 ng/g) and by the youngest bird (1582%, 39,700 ng/g). The impact of the reproductive state on FGM levels was unexpected compared to that produced by the induced stress. The EIA used in this study to measure FGM levels proved to be a reliable tool for assessing individual and biologically-relevant changes in FGM concentrations in African Penguin. Moreover, this method allowed detection of physiological stress during the breeding period, and identification of individual differences in relation to the reproductive status. The increase in FGM levels as a response to capture and immobilization suggests that the measured metabolites are appropriate indicators of adrenal activity in these birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ozella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 1023 Turin, Italy.
| | - L Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - F Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - D Pessani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 1023 Turin, Italy
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373
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Rupley AE, Simone-Freilicher E. Psittacine wellness management and environmental enrichment. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2015; 18:197-211. [PMID: 25902269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to present practical ways to provide a healthier lifestyle to the commonly kept companion psittacine pets. Necessary information for bird owners to provide for the physical and mental health of their bird is presented. This information is exquisitely important for people keeping birds as pets to know and apply. It is the exotic veterinarian's responsibility to educate clients on how to provide properly for the pet's mental and physical well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Rupley
- All Pets Medical Center, 111 Rock Prairie Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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374
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Schmidt-Burbach J, Ronfot D, Srisangiam R. Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Pig-Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and Tiger (Panthera tigris) Populations at Tourism Venues in Thailand and Aspects of Their Welfare. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139092. [PMID: 26407173 PMCID: PMC4583339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on determining the size and welfare aspects of Asian elephant, pig-tailed macaque and tiger populations at facilities open to tourists in Thailand. Data were gathered from 118 venues through direct observations and interviews with staff. A score sheet-based welfare assessment was used to calculate scores between 1 and 10, indicating each venue's welfare situation. Factors such as freedom of movement for the animals, access to veterinary care, environmental noise quality, hygiene standards and work intensity were included in the score sheet. 1688 elephants, 371 macaques and 621 tigers were found at the venues. 89 venues exclusively kept elephants, 9 designated 'Monkey schools' offered macaque shows, 4 venues kept primarily tigers, mostly for petting and photo opportunities, and the remaining venues kept a mix of these animals. A strong imbalance in female to male gender ratios was recorded with about 4:1 for adult elephants and 1:4 for adult macaques. Severely inadequate welfare conditions were common, with 75% of macaques and 99% of tigers being kept at venues with scores less than 5. 86% of elephants were kept in inadequate conditions at venues with scores between 3 and 5, but a significant number of venues with scores above 5 were found. 4.6% of elephants were provided commendable conditions, reaching assessment scores of 8 and above. 71% of venues did not offer any sort of education about animals to visitors. This study is the first to assess welfare aspects of captive wild animals at tourism venues across Thailand. It concludes that significant concerns exist about the welfare of wild animals in the tourism sector of Thailand. Urgent attention needs to be given to address these concerns and prevent further suffering. But also to ensure the demand for wild animals doesn't have a negative impact on wild populations.
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375
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Neuman-Lee LA, Carr J, Vaughn K, French SS. Physiological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-47) on pregnant gartersnakes and resulting offspring. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:143-51. [PMID: 25845721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants and are persistent contaminants found in virtually every environment and organism sampled to date, including humans. There is growing evidence that PBDEs are the source of thyroid, neurodevelopmental, and reproductive toxicity. Yet little work has focused on how this pervasive contaminant may influence the reproduction and physiology of non-traditional model species. This is especially critical because in many cases non-model species, such as reptiles, are most likely to come into contact with PBDEs in nature. We tested how short-term, repeated exposure to the PBDE congener BDE-47 during pregnancy affected physiological processes in pregnant female gartersnakes (thyroid follicular height, bactericidal ability, stress responsiveness, reproductive output, and tendency to terminate pregnancy) and their resulting offspring (levels of corticosterone, bactericidal ability, and size differences). We found potential effects of BDE-47 on both the mother, such as increased size and higher thyroid follicular height, and her offspring (increased size), suggesting the effects on physiological function of PBDEs do indeed extend beyond the traditional rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin A Neuman-Lee
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| | - James Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Katelynn Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
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376
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The effects of social interaction and environmental enrichment on the space use, behaviour and stress of owned housecats facing a novel environment. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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377
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Williams E, Bremner-Harrison S, Harvey N, Evison E, Yon L. An investigation into resting behavior in Asian elephants in UK zoos. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:406-17. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Williams
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Brackenhurst Campus United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Bremner-Harrison
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Brackenhurst Campus United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Harvey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus United Kingdom
| | - Emma Evison
- Chester Zoo; Upton-By-Chester; Chester United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Yon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus United Kingdom
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378
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Dubcová J, Bartošová J, Komárková M. Effects of prompt versus stepwise relocation to a novel environment on foals' responses to weaning in domestic horses (Equus caballus). J Vet Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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379
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Sherwen SL, Hemsworth PH, Butler KL, Fanson KV, Magrath MJL. Impacts of visitor number on Kangaroos housed in free-range exhibits. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:287-95. [PMID: 26036594 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Free range exhibits are becoming increasingly popular in zoos as a means to enhance interaction between visitors and animals. However very little research exists on the impacts of visitors on animal behaviour and stress in free range exhibits. We investigated the effects of visitor number on the behaviour and stress physiology of Kangaroo Island (KI) Kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, and Red Kangaroos, Macropus rufus, housed in two free range exhibits in Australian zoos. Behavioural observations were conducted on individual kangaroos at each site using instantaneous scan sampling to record activity (e.g., vigilance, foraging, resting) and distance from the visitor pathway. Individually identifiable faecal samples were collected at the end of each study day and analysed for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentration. When visitor number increased, both KI Kangaroos and Red Kangaroos increased the time spent engaged in visitor-directed vigilance and KI Kangaroos also increased the time spent engaged in locomotion and decreased the time spent resting. There was no effect of visitor number on the distance kangaroos positioned themselves from the visitor pathway or FGM concentration in either species. While there are limitations in interpreting these results in terms of fear of visitors, there was no evidence of adverse effects animal welfare in these study groups based on avoidance behaviour or stress physiology under the range of visitor numbers that we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Sherwen
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul H Hemsworth
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kym L Butler
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Biometrics Group, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry V Fanson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J L Magrath
- Department of Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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380
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Kiddie J, Collins L. Identifying environmental and management factors that may be associated with the quality of life of kennelled dogs (Canis familiaris). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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381
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Schulte-Hostedde AI, Mastromonaco GF. Integrating evolution in the management of captive zoo populations. Evol Appl 2015; 8:413-22. [PMID: 26029256 PMCID: PMC4430766 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Both natural animal populations and those in captivity are subject to evolutionary forces. Evolutionary changes to captive populations may be an important, but poorly understood, factor that can affect the sustainability of these populations. The importance of maintaining the evolutionary integrity of zoo populations, especially those that are used for conservation efforts including reintroductions, is critical for the conservation of biodiversity. Here, we propose that a greater appreciation for an evolutionary perspective may offer important insights that can enhance the reproductive success and health for the sustainability of captive populations. We provide four examples and associated strategies that highlight this approach, including minimizing domestication (i.e., genetic adaptation to captivity), integrating natural mating systems into captive breeding protocols, minimizing the effects of translocation on variation in photoperiodism, and understanding the interplay of parasites/pathogens and inflammation. There are a myriad of other issues that may be important for captive populations, and we conclude that these may often be species specific. Nonetheless, an evolutionary perspective may mitigate some of the challenges currently facing captive populations that are important from a conservation perspective, including their sustainability.
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382
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383
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Sistkova M, Dolan A, Broucek J, Bartos P. Time of day and season affect the level of noise made by pigs kept on slatted floors. Arch Anim Breed 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-58-185-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that the noise emissions from pig housing varies according to the time of day and the season. The measurements were performed in a building for 1150 fattening pigs with a slatted floor during summer and winter. The pigs (average weight 95 kg) were kept in pens under a batch management system. Nine places were the focus of sound intensity measurements (one inside the stable in section 7; eight places outside the building). The measurements were performed during three sets of 5 consecutive days in summer and three sets in winter. On each day the data were obtained during three 30 min periods (before feeding, during feeding and after feeding). The measurement was made inside and outside the building at the same time. The level of noise depends very significantly upon the period of measurement (before feeding, during feeding, after feeding). The following values were recorded inside (place 1): 65.5 ± 1.6 dB before feeding, 72.0 ± 1.4 dB during feeding and 63.4 ± 0.7 dB after feeding (P < 0.001). The effect of seasonal noise levels can be seen only in outside measurements (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). The comparison of measurement place 1 (inside, pen with pigs) with the other places outdoors showed significant differences in both observed factors (P < 0.001). We can conclude that the noise in the pig housing depends significantly on the time of day. The season influences the noise outside the building, in particular.
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384
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Factors influencing stereotypic behaviours of animals rescued from Asian animal markets: A slow loris case study. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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385
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Hasenjager MJ, Bergl RA. Environmental conditions associated with repetitive behavior in a group of African elephants. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:201-10. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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386
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Roellig DM, Salzer JS, Carroll DS, Ritter JM, Drew C, Gallardo-Romero N, Keckler MS, Langham G, Hutson CL, Karem KL, Gillespie TR, Visvesvara GS, Metcalfe MG, Damon IK, Xiao L. Identification of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in an epizoological investigation of a laboratory colony of prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:91-7. [PMID: 25881801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2005, black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) have been collected for use as research animals from field sites in Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. In January of 2012, Giardia trophozoites were identified by histology, thin-section electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent staining in the lumen of the small intestine and colon of a prairie dog euthanized because of extreme weight loss. With giardiasis suspected as the cause of weight loss, a survey of Giardia duodenalis in the laboratory colony of prairie dogs was initiated. Direct immunofluorescent testing of feces revealed active shedding of Giardia cysts in 40% (n=60) of animals held in the vivarium. All tested fecal samples (n=29) from animals in another holding facility where the index case originated were PCR positive for G. duodenalis with assemblages A and B identified from sequencing triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin (bg) genes. Both assemblages are considered zoonotic, thus the parasites in prairie dogs are potential human pathogens and indicate prairie dogs as a possible wildlife reservoir or the victims of pathogen spill-over. Molecular testing for other protozoan gastrointestinal parasites revealed no Cryptosporidium infections but identified a host-adapted Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Johanna S Salzer
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Clifton Drew
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M Shannon Keckler
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gregory Langham
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin L Karem
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Govinda S Visvesvara
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maureen G Metcalfe
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inger K Damon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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387
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Campbell-Palmer R, Rosell F. Captive care and welfare considerations for beavers. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:101-9. [PMID: 25653085 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Beavers (Castor spp.) tend not to be a commonly held species and little published material exists relating to their captive care. We review published material and discuss husbandry issues taking into account the requirements of wild beavers. As social mammals with complex chemical communication systems and with such an ability to modify their environments, studies of wild counterparts suggest the captive requirements of beavers may actually be more sophisticated than generally perceived. Common field techniques may have practical application in the captive setting. Their widespread utilisation in conservation, including reintroductions, translocations and habitat management, also requires components of captive care. As welfare science advances there is increasing pressure on captive collections to improve standards and justify the keeping of animals. Conservation science is increasingly challenged to address individual welfare standards. Further research focusing on the captive care of beavers is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Campbell-Palmer
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Conservation Programmes, 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, i Bø Telemark, Norway
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388
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Videvall E, Cornwallis CK, Palinauskas V, Valkiūnas G, Hellgren O. The avian transcriptome response to malaria infection. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1255-67. [PMID: 25636457 PMCID: PMC4408411 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites are highly virulent pathogens which infect a wide range of vertebrates. Despite their importance, the way different hosts control and suppress malaria infections remains poorly understood. With recent developments in next-generation sequencing techniques, however, it is now possible to quantify the response of the entire transcriptome to infections. We experimentally infected Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus) with avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium ashfordi), and used high-throughput RNA-sequencing to measure the avian transcriptome in blood collected before infection (day 0), during peak parasitemia (day 21 postinfection), and when parasitemia was decreasing (day 31). We found considerable differences in the transcriptomes of infected and uninfected individuals, with a large number of genes differentially expressed during both peak and decreasing parasitemia stages. These genes were overrepresented among functions involved in the immune system, stress response, cell death regulation, metabolism, and telomerase activity. Comparative analyses of the differentially expressed genes in our study to those found in other hosts of malaria (human and mouse) revealed a set of genes that are potentially involved in highly conserved evolutionary responses to malaria infection. By using RNA-sequencing we gained a more complete view of the host response, and were able to pinpoint not only well-documented host genes but also unannotated genes with clear significance during infection, such as microRNAs. This study shows how the avian blood transcriptome shifts in response to malaria infection, and we believe that it will facilitate further research into the diversity of molecular mechanisms that hosts utilize to fight malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Videvall
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Olof Hellgren
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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389
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Cuenya L, Mustaca A, Kamenetzky G. Postweaning isolation affects responses to incentive contrast in adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:177-88. [PMID: 25604460 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time involving a series of changes in the use of appetitive reinforcers like food, as well as neuroendocrine changes like those taking place in the mesolimbic dopamine function. Social isolation from postnatal day 21 to 36 in rats leads to behavioral and neurophysiological alterations such as increased consumption of appetitive reinforcers. The work is focused on studying how exposure to chronic stress induced by social isolation during adolescence can have a long-lasting effect on responses to reinforcement shifts in adulthood. Two experiments were performed in rats in order to analyze the effect of adolescent isolation on the responses to unanticipated shifts in reinforcement during adulthood, in reinforcement devaluation (32-4% of sucrose solution), increase (4-32% of sucrose solution), and extinction (32-0% of sucrose solution) procedures. Adolescent isolation intensified the intake response resulting from a reinforcement increase (i.e., greater positive contrast), but had no effect on the response to reinforcement devaluation and omission. The implications of this procedure are discussed, along with the underlying behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cuenya
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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390
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Majchrzak YN, Mastromonaco GF, Korver W, Burness G. Use of salivary cortisol to evaluate the influence of rides in dromedary camels. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:123-30. [PMID: 25452030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals in captivity and in the wild face numerous challenges, including the risk of enduring acute or chronic stress. In captivity, facilities attempt to alleviate the risk of chronic stress by providing environmental enrichment, shown to minimize behavioral disorders and stress in several species. One potential form of enrichment in zoos is training animals to provide rides for guests, however, the effect of this activity on the welfare of individual animals has never been examined. We validated the use of saliva for assessing stress in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), an animal commonly used for rides. We then measured variation in salivary cortisol in four male camels while providing rides of differing frequency for guests at the Toronto Zoo. The camels were sampled during the ride season (June to September) using four treatments: (1) in their pasture, (2) at the ride area when not performing rides, (3) while providing a low number of rides (n=50/day) and (4) while providing a high number of rides (n=150/day). Furthermore, samples were taken before and after the ride season for comparison. There was a significant difference between the post-ride season treatment and the three treatments involving guest presence during the ride season (ride area, low rides, high rides). In general, cortisol concentrations were lower during the ride season and higher during the non-ride season. Based on the metrics we used, performing rides is not a stressful experience for these dromedary camels and suggests that rides may be a form of enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine N Majchrzak
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Gabriela F Mastromonaco
- Environmental and Life Sciences Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Wendy Korver
- Bowmanville Zoological Park, 340 King St. E, Bowmanville, Ontario L1C 3K5, Canada
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
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391
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Bailey DW, Stephenson MB, Pittarello M. Effect of terrain heterogeneity on feeding site selection and livestock movement patterns. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feeding site selection is a critical part of livestock foraging that can constrain and/or increase the choices available during diet selection. When livestock choose new feeding sites, vegetation and nutrient profiles can differ from other areas, especially in heterogeneous environments with rugged terrain. Correspondingly, livestock should remain longer in feeding sites in rugged heterogeneous pastures than in homogeneous pastures where animals may alternate among feeding sites to facilitate diet mixing and to prevent satiation. The objective of this study was evaluate how terrain and corresponding heterogeneity may affect the sequence and pattern of feeding site selection of free-roaming livestock. Grazing patterns of mature cows were evaluated on six ranches located in Arizona, Montana and New Mexico. In total, 11–19 cows were tracked for 1–3-month periods at each ranch by using global positioning system (GPS) collars. Positions were recorded at 10- or 15-min intervals and used to identify where cows grazed during the early morning (0500 hours to 1000 hours). Pastures (336–9740 ha) at each ranch were divided into seven to nine sections (48–1082 ha) as an indicator of feeding sites. Classification was based on cattle density and topographical and vegetation types. Sequences of daily section selection were evaluated using transition matrixes. For all ranches, the sequence of section selection differed from what would be expected by chance, indicating that the section selected on the following day depended on the section selected on the previous day. For ranches with relatively gentle terrain, cattle selected different feeding sites ~70% of the tracking period. In contrast, cows at the ranch with the largest pasture and enclosing both mountainous and gentle terrain stayed in the same feeding site for over 10 successive days for 42% of the tracking period. Smaller pastures with only mountainous terrain were intermediate. Cows grazing gentle topography and relatively homogeneous vegetation alternated among feeding sites (sections in the present study) more frequently than cows grazing pastures with more rugged topography and more heterogeneous vegetation. This pattern could help livestock mix forages and select a more diverse diet.
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392
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Wilson DAH. Agitation After the Act. Anim Welf 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45834-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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393
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Abstract
Low-stress handling is important for the safety of the veterinary staff and for the welfare of the patient. The commitment to ensuring the emotional well-being of the patient should be equal to that shown toward the physical well-being of the animals under a veterinarian's care. Before handling animals it is essential to assess the environment and the patient's response to it. Taking the time to create a behavior handling plan makes future visits easier and bonds clients to the practice. Understanding how and when to use handling tools is key to making patient visits safer, more humane, and more efficient.
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394
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Fatnassi M, Padalino B, Monaco D, Aubé L, Khorchani T, Lacalandra GM, Mohamed H. Effect of different management systems on rutting behavior and behavioral repertoire of housed Maghrebi male camels (Camelus dromedarius). Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:861-7. [PMID: 24659302 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Camel management has been changing in recent years from an extensive to a semi-intensive or intensive system, particularly for breeding bulls and dairy dromedary camels. Captivity may affect animal welfare, and low libido is the major complaint for housed breeding bulls. Since welfare status could also affect reproductive performance, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management practices on behavior, particularly on sexual behavior, and to identify some behavioral needs of male dromedary camels reared for semen collection. The effects of the following management systems on their behavior were compared: (i) traditional: housing in a single stall for 24 h (H24), (ii) housing in a single stall for 23 h with 1 h free in the paddock (H23), and (iii) housing in a single stall for 22 h and 30 min with 1 h paddock time and 30 min exposure to a female camel herd (ExF). During the trial, blood cortisol concentrations were assessed and camels were filmed daily for 30 min in the mornings and during a female passage in the evenings. Videos were analyzed in order to fill out a focal sampling ethogram and to score sexual behavior. As a result, there were no differences between the H24 and H23 systems, whereas ExF had a significant positive impact on their sexual behavior score and behavioral repertoire, further reducing cortisol levels. Overall, it seems that male dromedary camel welfare status improves when their behavioral needs for social interaction and movement are satisfied.
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395
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Dominchin MF, Marin RH, Palme R, Busso JM. Temporal dynamic of adrenocortical and gonadal photo-responsiveness in male Japanese quail exposed to short days. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 49:80-5. [PMID: 25104133 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated whether different short-term endocrine testicular and adrenocortical responses to short photoperiod exposure can persist over time and particularly when birds exhibit spontaneous cloacal gland recovery. At 11 wk of age, 33 male Japanese quail exposed to long photoperiod were switched to short photoperiod (8L:16D). Another group of males was kept under long photoperiod (n = 11; LD quail). After 5 wk of short photoperiod exposure, quail were classified as nonresponsive or responsive to short photoperiod, depending on whether the cloacal gland volume was above or below 1,000 mm(3) and with or without foam production, respectively. Since 11 wk of age and during a 20-wk period, droppings of all quail were collected to determine corticosterone and androgen metabolites (AM) by enzyme immunoassays. Cloacal gland volume was also determined weekly. Both short photoperiod nonresponsive (SD-NR) and responsive quail showed overall significantly lower (P < 0.01) AM values (518.8 ± 11.9 and 248.6 ± 17.1 ng/g, respectively) than quail that remained under long photoperiod (814.3 ± 24.1 ng/g). However, nonresponsive quail showed a significantly smaller reduction in their AM levels than their responsive counterparts. During the first 6 wk of short photoperiod exposure, SD-NR quail showed similar corticosterone metabolites values than LD quail. Corticosterone metabolite profiles changed from 7 wk of short photoperiod exposure onward, with photoperiodic differences (P < 0.01) persisting up to the end of study (LD: 228.9 ± 22.4 > SD-NR: 133.1 ± 15.5 > short photoperiod responsive: 61.6 ± 17.9 ng/g, respectively). Testicular and adrenocortical glands showed different degrees of activity associated with cloacal gland photoresponsiveness to short photoperiod manipulation. Our findings suggest long-term effects of short photoperiod, both in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity of quail, including males that exhibited spontaneous cloacal gland recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Dominchin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - R H Marin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J M Busso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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396
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He L, Wang WX, Li LH, Liu BQ, Liu G, Liu SQ, Qi L, Hu DF. Effects of crowding and sex on fecal cortisol levels of captive forest musk deer. Biol Res 2014; 47:48. [PMID: 25418206 PMCID: PMC4222733 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restricted space and close contact with conspecifics in captivity may be stressful for musk deer, as they are highly territorial and solitary in the wild. So we tested the effects of crowding on stress of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in heterosexual groups, using fecal cortisol analysis as a non-invasive method. 32 healthy adults during non-breeding seasons were chose as our experimental objects. Group 1 was defined as higher crowding condition, with 10-15 m2/deer (6 enclosures, 10♀ and 6♂); group 2 was defined as lower crowding condition, with 23-33 m2/deer (6 enclosures, 10♀ and 6♂). Every enclosure contained 1 male and 3 female. These patterns had been existed for years. RESULTS The results showed that females in lower crowding condition (217.1 ± 9.5 ug/g) had significantly higher fecal cortisol levels than those in higher crowding condition (177.2 ± 12.1 ug/g). Interestingly, crowding seemed have no effect on male fecal cortisol levels (148.1 ± 9.1 ug/g and 140.5 ± 13.3 ug/g, respectively). At both groups, cortisol was significantly lower in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that chronic crowding may affect stress status of captive forest musk deer. The captive environment should consider the space need for musk deer.
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397
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Behringer V, Stevens JMG, Hohmann G, Möstl E, Selzer D, Deschner T. Testing the effect of medical positive reinforcement training on salivary cortisol levels in bonobos and orangutans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108664. [PMID: 25250566 PMCID: PMC4177400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of captive animals has been improved by the establishment of positive reinforcement training as a tool to facilitate interactions between caretakers and animals. In great apes, positive reinforcement training has also been used to train individuals to participate in simple medical procedures to monitor physical health. One aim of positive reinforcement training is to establish a relaxed atmosphere for situations that, without training, might be very stressful. This is especially true for simple medical procedures that can require animals to engage in behaviours that are unusual or use unfamiliar medical devices that can be upsetting. Therefore, one cannot exclude the possibility that the training itself is a source of stress. In this study, we explored the effects of medical positive reinforcement training on salivary cortisol in two groups of captive ape species, orangutans and bonobos, which were familiar to this procedure. Furthermore, we successfully biologically validated the salivary cortisol assay, which had already been validated for bonobos, for orangutans. For the biological validation, we found that cortisol levels in orangutan saliva collected during baseline conditions were lower than in samples collected during three periods that were potentially stressful for the animals. However, we did not find significant changes in salivary cortisol during medical positive reinforcement training for either bonobos or orangutans. Therefore, for bonobos and orangutans with previous exposure to medical PRT, the procedure is not stressful. Thus, medical PRT provides a helpful tool for the captive management of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M. G. Stevens
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erich Möstl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Selzer
- Working Group for Wildlife Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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398
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Ursinus WW, Van Reenen CG, Reimert I, Bolhuis JE. Tail biting in pigs: blood serotonin and fearfulness as pieces of the puzzle? PLoS One 2014; 9:e107040. [PMID: 25188502 PMCID: PMC4154847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tail biting in pigs is a widespread problem in intensive pig farming. The tendency to develop this damaging behaviour has been suggested to relate to serotonergic functioning and personality characteristics of pigs. We investigated whether tail biting in pigs can be associated with blood serotonin and with their behavioural and physiological responses to novelty. Pigs (n = 480) were born in conventional farrowing pens and after weaning at four weeks of age they were either housed barren (B) or in straw-enriched (E) pens. Individual pigs were exposed to a back test and novel environment test before weaning, and after weaning to a novel object (i.e. bucket) test in an unfamiliar arena. A Principal Component Analysis on behaviours during the tests and salivary cortisol (novel object test only) revealed five factors for both housing systems, labeled ‘Early life exploration’, ‘Near bucket’, ‘Cortisol’, ‘Vocalizations & standing alert’, and ‘Back test activity’. Blood samples were taken at 8, 9 and 22 weeks of age to determine blood platelet serotonin. In different phases of life, pigs were classified as tail biter/non-tail biter based on tail biting behaviour, and as victim/non-victim based on tail wounds. A combination of both classifications resulted in four pig types: biters, victims, biter/victims, and neutrals. Generally, only in phases of life during which pigs were classified as tail biters, they seemed to have lower blood platelet serotonin storage and higher blood platelet uptake velocities. Victims also seemed to have lower blood serotonin storage. Additionally, in B housing, tail biters seemed to consistently have lower scores of the factor ‘Near bucket’, possibly indicating a higher fearfulness in tail biters. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature of the relationship between peripheral 5-HT, fearfulness and tail biting, and to develop successful strategies and interventions to prevent and reduce tail biting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winanda W. Ursinus
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal behaviour & Welfare, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Cornelis G. Van Reenen
- Animal behaviour & Welfare, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inonge Reimert
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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399
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Brien ML, Gienger CM, Webb GJ, McGuinness K, Christian KA. Out of sight or in too deep: Effect of visual barriers and water depth on agonistic behaviour and growth in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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400
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Dickens MJ, Bentley GE. Stress, captivity, and reproduction in a wild bird species. Horm Behav 2014; 66:685-93. [PMID: 25257808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In seasonal species, glucocorticoid concentrations are often highest during the breeding season. However, the role of increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity in the regulation of reproduction remains poorly understood. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to document reproductive consequences of a non-pharmacological hindrance to seasonal HPA fluctuations. Using wild-caught male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) housed in an outdoor, semi-natural environment, we divided birds into two mixed-sex groups. One group remained in the outdoor aviary, where starlings breed at the appropriate time of year. The other group was transferred into an indoor flight aviary, where we predicted reproductive suppression to occur. We measured changes in corticosterone (CORT) at baseline and stress-induced concentrations prior to group separation and at the experiment's conclusion. After ten days, the birds showed remarkable differences in breeding behavior and HPA activity. Outdoor birds exhibited increases in baseline and stress-induced CORT and progressed into active breeding (pairing, nest building, egg laying, etc.). In contrast, indoor birds displayed no change in baseline or stress-induced CORT and few signs of active breeding. We found significant sex and treatment effects on expression of HPA and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis elements, suggesting sex-specific regulatory mechanisms. Our data suggest a novel, facilitating role for the HPA axis in the transition between early breeding and active breeding in a wild, seasonal avian species. In addition, understanding how changes in housing condition affect seasonal HPA fluctuations may help alleviate barriers to breeding wild animals in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly J Dickens
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - George E Bentley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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