351
|
Ducasse D, Olié E, Guillaume S, Artéro S, Courtet P. A meta-analysis of cytokines in suicidal behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:203-11. [PMID: 25678163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted the first meta-analysis of studies comparing the plasma and CSF concentrations of cytokines in suicidal patients vs. non-suicidal patients or healthy controls. METHODS We searched Medline, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1965 to November 2014 for relevant studies. Manual searches of references and unpublished data were also included. Suicidal patients included severe suicide ideators and suicide attempters. RESULTS Eleven articles were available for the meta-analysis, for a total sample size of 494 suicidal patients, 497 non-suicidal patients and 398 healthy controls. Levels of 6 independent plasma cytokines (IL2, IL6, TNFalpha, IFNgamma, IL4, TGFbeta) were meta-analyzed for plasma studies comparing suicidal vs. both controls. IL8 level was meta-analyzed for cerebrospinal fluid studies comparing suicidal patients with healthy controls. We reported with medium effect size, that suicidal patients had: (1) lower IL2 plasma levels than both non-suicidal patients and healthy controls (medium effect size); (2) lower IL4 and higher TGFbeta plasma levels than healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our results promote the hypothesis of altered inflammatory markers in suicidal patients, for both pro-inflammatory (IL2) and anti-inflammatory (IL4 and TGFbeta) cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Ducasse
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France.
| | - Emilie Olié
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
| | | | - Philippe Courtet
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
| |
Collapse
|
352
|
Franklin TC, Wohleb ES, Duman RS. The Role of Immune Cells in the Brain during Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150501-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
353
|
Vigneault É, Poirel O, Riad M, Prud'homme J, Dumas S, Turecki G, Fasano C, Mechawar N, El Mestikawy S. Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in the human brain. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:23. [PMID: 25798091 PMCID: PMC4350397 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain. Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) are responsible for uploading glutamate into synaptic vesicles. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are considered as specific markers of canonical glutamatergic neurons, while VGLUT3 is found in neurons previously shown to use other neurotransmitters than glutamate. Although there exists a rich literature on the localization of these glutamatergic markers in the rodent brain, little is currently known about the distribution of VGLUT1-3 in the human brain. In the present study, using subtype specific probes and antisera, we examined the localization of the three vesicular glutamate transporters in the human brain by in situ hybridization, immunoautoradiography and immunohistochemistry. We found that the VGLUT1 transcript was highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas VGLUT2 mRNA was mainly found in the thalamus and brainstem. VGLUT3 mRNA was localized in scarce neurons within the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and raphe nuclei. Following immunoautoradiographic labeling, intense VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-immunoreactivities were observed in all regions investigated (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudate-putamen, cerebellum, thalamus, amygdala, substantia nigra, raphe) while VGLUT3 was absent from the thalamus and cerebellum. This extensive mapping of VGLUT1-3 in human brain reveals distributions that correspond for the most part to those previously described in rodent brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Érika Vigneault
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Odile Poirel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Riad
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Prud'homme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Fasano
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
354
|
Su F, Yi H, Xu L, Zhang Z. Fluoxetine and S-citalopram inhibit M1 activation and promote M2 activation of microglia in vitro. Neuroscience 2015; 294:60-8. [PMID: 25711936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that microglia dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Both classical activation (M1 activation) and alternative activation (M2 activation) may be involved in the process. M1-activated microglia secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which may contribute to the development of depression, while M2-activated microglia promote tissue reconstruction by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line treatments for depression, and their effects on immune system modulation have recently gained attention. Several studies have suggested that SSRIs affect the M1 activation of microglia, but results have varied. In addition, little is known about the effect of SSRIs on M2 activation in depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fluoxetine and S-citalopram, two widely used SSRIs in clinical, on both the M1 and M2 activation of microglia (the murine BV2 cell line and mouse primary microglia cell). The indexes of activation were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The present results showed that both fluoxetine and S-citalopram significantly down-regulated the indexes of M1 activation and up-regulated the M2 activation indexes on mRNA and protein levels either in cell line or primary cells. Taken together, the results suggested that fluoxetine and S-citalopram modulated the immune system by inhibiting M1 activation and by improving M2 activation of microglia and that the immune system modulation may partially mediate the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs-SSRIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Su
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Yi
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Xu
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Z Zhang
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
355
|
Wohleb ES, McKim DB, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Monocyte trafficking to the brain with stress and inflammation: a novel axis of immune-to-brain communication that influences mood and behavior. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:447. [PMID: 25653581 PMCID: PMC4300916 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTSPsychological stress activates neuroendocrine pathways that alter immune responses.Stress-induced alterations in microglia phenotype and monocyte priming leads to aberrant peripheral and central inflammation.Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels caused by microglia activation and recruitment of monocytes to the brain contribute to development and persistent anxiety-like behavior.Mechanisms that mediate interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and macrophages and how these contribute to changes in behavior are discussed.Sensitization of microglia and re-distribution of primed monocytes are implicated in re-establishment of anxiety-like behavior. Psychological stress causes physiological, immunological, and behavioral alterations in humans and rodents that can be maladaptive and negatively affect quality of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that psychological stress disrupts key functional interactions between the immune system and brain that ultimately affects mood and behavior. For example, activation of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, has been implicated as a key regulator of mood and behavior in the context of prolonged exposure to psychological stress. Emerging evidence implicates a novel neuroimmune circuit involving microglia activation and sympathetic outflow to the peripheral immune system that further reinforces stress-related behaviors by facilitating the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the brain. Evidence from various rodent models, including repeated social defeat (RSD), revealed that trafficking of monocytes to the brain promoted the establishment of anxiety-like behaviors following prolonged stress exposure. In addition, new evidence implicates monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain as key regulator of recurring anxiety following exposure to prolonged stress. The purpose of this review is to discuss mechanisms that cause stress-induced monocyte re-distribution in the brain and how dynamic interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and brain macrophages lead to maladaptive behavioral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John F Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
356
|
Devorak J, Torres-Platas SG, Davoli MA, Prud'homme J, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory Profile of the Choroid Plexus in Depression and Suicide. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:138. [PMID: 26539126 PMCID: PMC4610134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory hypothesis of depression is one of the main theories that endeavors to explain and describe the underlying biological mechanisms of depression and suicide. While mounting evidence indicates altered peripheral and central inflammatory profiles in depressed patients and suicide completers, little is known about how peripheral and central inflammation might be linked in these contexts. The choroid plexus (ChP), a highly vascularized tissue that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lacks a blood-brain-barrier, is an interface between peripheral and central immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the cellular and molecular inflammatory profile of the ChP of the lateral ventricle in depressed suicides and psychiatrically healthy controls. Gene expression of macrophages, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and various factors implicated in immune cell trafficking were measured; and density of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-positive (Iba1+) macrophages associated with the ChP epithelial cell layer (ECL) was examined. Significant downregulations of the genes encoding interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), a pro-inflammatory acute-phase protein; intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), a protein implicated in immune cell trafficking in the ChP; and IBA1, a monocyte/macrophage marker; were detected in depressed suicides as compared to controls. No difference in the density of Iba1+ macrophages associated with the ChP ECL was observed. While interpretation of these findings is challenging in the absence of corroborating data from the CSF, peripheral blood, or brain parenchyma of the present cohort, we hypothesize that the present findings reflect a ChP compensatory mechanism that attenuates the detrimental effects of chronically altered pro-inflammatory signaling caused by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, peripherally and/or centrally. Together, these findings further implicate neuroimmune processes in the etiology of depression and suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Devorak
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Susana Gabriela Torres-Platas
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Maria Antonietta Davoli
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada
| | - Josée Prud'homme
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Verdun, QC , Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
357
|
Mondelli V. And the BBI 2014 award for lead actor in "neuroinflammation and depression" goes to…. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:48-9. [PMID: 25128842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mondelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
358
|
Abstract
Suicide ranks among the leading causes of death around the world and takes a heavy emotional and public health toll on most societies. Both distal and proximal factors contribute to suicidal behaviour. Distal factors - such as familial and genetic predisposition, as well as early-life adversity - increase the lifetime risk of suicide. They alter responses to stress and other processes through epigenetic modification of genes and associated changes in gene expression, and through the regulation of emotional and behavioural traits. Proximal factors are associated with the precipitation of a suicidal event and include alterations in key neurotransmitter systems, inflammatory changes and glial dysfunction in the brain. This Review explores the key molecular changes that are associated with suicidality and discusses some promising avenues for future research.
Collapse
|