351
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Cai H, Li X, Li J, Ao L, Yan H, Tong M, Guan Q, Li M, Guo Z. Tamoxifen therapy benefit predictive signature coupled with prognostic signature of post-operative recurrent risk for early stage ER+ breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44593-608. [PMID: 26527319 PMCID: PMC4792578 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two types of prognostic signatures for predicting recurrent risk of ER+ breast cancer patients have been developed: one type for patients accepting surgery only and another type for patients receiving post-operative tamoxifen therapy. However, the first type of signature cannot distinguish high-risk patients who cannot benefit from tamoxifen therapy, while the second type of signature cannot identify patients who will be at low risk of recurrence even if they accept surgery only. In this study, we proposed to develop two coupled signatures to solve these problems based on within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of gene pairs. Firstly, we identified a prognostic signature of post-operative recurrent risk using 544 samples of ER+ breast cancer patients accepting surgery only. Then, applying this drug-free signature to 840 samples of patients receiving post-operative tamoxifen therapy, we recognized 553 samples of patients who would have been at high risk of recurrence if they had accepted surgery only and used these samples to develop a tamoxifen therapy benefit predictive signature. The two coupled signatures were validated in independent data. The signatures developed in this study are robust against experimental batch effects and applicable at the individual levels, which can facilitate the clinical decision of tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Ao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haidan Yan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengsha Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingzhou Guan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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352
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Yang H, Jenni S, Colovic M, Merkens H, Poleschuk C, Rodrigo I, Miao Q, Johnson BF, Rishel MJ, Sossi V, Webster JM, Bénard F, Schaffer P. 18F-5-Fluoroaminosuberic Acid as a Potential Tracer to Gauge Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer Models. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:367-373. [PMID: 27789715 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.180661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine transporter (system xC-) is an antiporter of cystine and glutamate. It has relatively low basal expression in most tissues and becomes upregulated in cells under oxidative stress (OS) as one of the genes expressed in response to the antioxidant response element promoter. We have developed 18F-5-fluoroaminosuberic acid (FASu), a PET tracer that targets system xC- The goal of this study was to evaluate 18F-FASu as a specific gauge for system xC- activity in vivo and its potential for breast cancer imaging. Methods:18F-FASu specificity toward system xC- was studied by cell inhibition assay, cellular uptake after OS induction with diethyl maleate, with and without anti-xCT small interfering RNA knockdown, in vitro uptake studies, and in vivo uptake in a system xC--transduced xenograft model. In addition, radiotracer uptake was evaluated in 3 breast cancer models: MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1. Results: Reactive oxygen species-inducing diethyl maleate increased glutathione levels and 18F-FASu uptake, whereas gene knockdown with anti-xCT small interfering RNA led to decreased tracer uptake. 18F-FASu uptake was robustly inhibited by system xC- inhibitors or substrates, whereas uptake was significantly higher in transduced cells and tumors expressing xCT than in wild-type HEK293T cells and tumors (P < 0.0001 for cells, P = 0.0086 for tumors). 18F-FASu demonstrated tumor uptake in all 3 breast cancer cell lines studied. Among them, triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, which has the highest xCT messenger RNA level, had the highest tracer uptake (P = 0.0058 when compared with MCF-7; P < 0.0001 when compared with ZR-75-1). Conclusion:18F-FASu as a system xC- substrate is a specific PET tracer for functional monitoring of system xC- and OS imaging. By enabling noninvasive analysis of xC- responses in vivo, this biomarker may serve as a valuable target for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of certain breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Milena Colovic
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Qing Miao
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and
| | | | - François Bénard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada .,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
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353
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Toda K, Kawada K, Iwamoto M, Inamoto S, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Hasegawa S, Sakai Y. Metabolic Alterations Caused by KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Contribute to Cell Adaptation to Glutamine Depletion by Upregulation of Asparagine Synthetase. Neoplasia 2016; 18:654-665. [PMID: 27764698 PMCID: PMC5071549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical trials have shown that KRAS mutations of colorectal cancer (CRC) can predict a lack of responses to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor-based therapy. Recently, there have been several studies to elucidate metabolism reprogramming in cancer. However, it remains to be investigated how mutated KRAS can coordinate the metabolic shift to sustain CRC tumor growth. In this study, we found that KRAS mutation in CRC caused alteration in amino acid metabolism. KRAS mutation causes a marked decrease in aspartate level and an increase in asparagine level in CRC. Using several human CRC cell lines and clinical specimens of primary CRC, we demonstrated that the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), an enzyme that synthesizes asparagine from aspartate, was upregulated by mutated KRAS and that ASNS expression was induced by KRAS-activated signaling pathway, in particular PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Importantly, we demonstrated that KRAS-mutant CRC cells could become adaptive to glutamine depletion through asparagine biosynthesis by ASNS and that asparagine addition could rescue the inhibited growth and viability of cells grown under the glutamine-free condition in vitro. Notably, a pronounced growth suppression of KRAS-mutant CRC was observed upon ASNS knockdown in vivo. Furthermore, combination of L-asparaginase plus rapamycin markedly suppressed the growth of KRAS-mutant CRC xenografts in vivo, whereas either L-asparaginase or rapamycin alone was not effective. These results indicate ASNS might be a novel therapeutic target against CRCs with mutated KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Toda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Iwamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Inamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Senji Shirasawa
- Departments of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Hasegawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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354
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Abstract
The resurgence of research into cancer metabolism has recently broadened interests beyond glucose and the Warburg effect to other nutrients, including glutamine. Because oncogenic alterations of metabolism render cancer cells addicted to nutrients, pathways involved in glycolysis or glutaminolysis could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. In this Review, we provide an updated overview of glutamine metabolism and its involvement in tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, and explore the recent potential applications of basic science discoveries in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary E. Stine
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chi V. Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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355
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Abstract
A defining hallmark of cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation. This is initiated once cells have accumulated alterations in signaling pathways that control metabolism and proliferation, wherein the metabolic alterations provide the energetic and anabolic demands of enhanced cell proliferation. How these metabolic requirements are satisfied depends, in part, on the tumor microenvironment, which determines the availability of nutrients and oxygen. In this Cell Science at a Glance paper and the accompanying poster, we summarize our current understanding of cancer metabolism, emphasizing pathways of nutrient utilization and metabolism that either appear or have been proven essential for cancer cells. We also review how this knowledge has contributed to the development of anticancer therapies that target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Vazquez
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elke K Markert
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Zachary T Schug
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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356
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Lehuédé C, Dupuy F, Rabinovitch R, Jones RG, Siegel PM. Metabolic Plasticity as a Determinant of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5201-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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357
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Jones RA, Robinson TJ, Liu JC, Shrestha M, Voisin V, Ju Y, Chung PED, Pellecchia G, Fell VL, Bae S, Muthuswamy L, Datti A, Egan SE, Jiang Z, Leone G, Bader GD, Schimmer A, Zacksenhaus E. RB1 deficiency in triple-negative breast cancer induces mitochondrial protein translation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3739-3757. [PMID: 27571409 DOI: 10.1172/jci81568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) includes basal-like and claudin-low subtypes for which no specific treatment is currently available. Although the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB1) is frequently lost together with TP53 in TNBC, it is not directly targetable. There is thus great interest in identifying vulnerabilities downstream of RB1 that can be therapeutically exploited. Here, we determined that combined inactivation of murine Rb and p53 in diverse mammary epithelial cells induced claudin-low-like TNBC with Met, Birc2/3-Mmp13-Yap1, and Pvt1-Myc amplifications. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that Rb/p53-deficient tumors showed elevated expression of the mitochondrial protein translation (MPT) gene pathway relative to tumors harboring p53 deletion alone. Accordingly, bioinformatic, functional, and biochemical analyses showed that RB1-E2F complexes bind to MPT gene promoters to regulate transcription and control MPT. Additionally, a screen of US Food and Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) drugs identified the MPT antagonist tigecycline (TIG) as a potent inhibitor of Rb/p53-deficient tumor cell proliferation. TIG preferentially suppressed RB1-deficient TNBC cell proliferation, targeted both the bulk and cancer stem cell fraction, and strongly attenuated xenograft growth. It also cooperated with sulfasalazine, an FDA-approved inhibitor of cystine xCT antiporter, in culture and xenograft assays. Our results suggest that RB1 deficiency promotes cancer cell proliferation in part by enhancing mitochondrial function and identify TIG as a clinically approved drug for RB1-deficient TNBC.
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358
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Chen L, Cui H, Fang J, Deng H, Kuang P, Guo H, Wang X, Zhao L. Glutamine deprivation plus BPTES alters etoposide- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54691-54701. [PMID: 27419628 PMCID: PMC5342373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine provides cancer cells with the energy required to synthesize macromolecules. Methods which block glutamine metabolism in treatment of breast cancer inhibit oncogenic transformation and tumor growth. We investigated whether inhibiting glutamine metabolism produces effects that are synergistic with those produced by drugs which damage DNA in triple-negative breast cancer cells. HCC1937 and BT-549 breast cancer cells were co-treated with either cisplatin or etoposide in combination with BPTES (a specific inhibitor of glutaminase 1) or exposure to a glutamine-free medium, and the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, immunoblotting studies, and CCK-8 assays. The results showed that both glutamine deprivation and BPTES pretreatments increased the toxic effects of cisplatin and etoposide on HCC1937 cells, as demonstrated by their reduced proliferation, increased expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 9, and cleaved-caspase 3) and decreased Bcl-2/BAX ratio. However, in BT-549 cells, glutamine deprivation and BPTES treatment increased etoposide-induced apoptosis only when used with higher concentrations of etoposide, and the effect on cisplatin-induced apoptosis was minimal. These results suggest that the anti-cancer effects produced by a combined approach of inhibiting glutamine metabolism and administering common chemotherapeutic agents correlate with the tumor cell type and specific drugs being administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
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359
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE For a healthy cell to turn into a cancer cell and grow out to become a tumor, it needs to undergo a series of complex changes and acquire certain traits, summarized as "The Hallmarks of Cancer." These hallmarks can all be regarded as the result of altered signal transduction cascades and an understanding of these cascades is essential for cancer treatment. RECENT ADVANCES Redox signaling is a long overlooked form of signal transduction that proceeds through the reversible oxidation of cysteines in proteins and that uses hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we provide examples that show that redox signaling is involved in the regulation of proteins and signaling cascades that play roles in every hallmark of cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An understanding of how redox signaling and "classical" signal transduction are intertwined could hold promising strategies for cancer therapy in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 300-325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Hornsveld
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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360
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Goswami MT, Chen G, Chakravarthi BVSK, Pathi SS, Anand SK, Carskadon SL, Giordano TJ, Chinnaiyan AM, Thomas DG, Palanisamy N, Beer DG, Varambally S. Role and regulation of coordinately expressed de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes PPAT and PAICS in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23445-61. [PMID: 26140362 PMCID: PMC4695129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism including aerobic glycolysis that channels several glycolytic intermediates into de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. We discovered increased expression of phosphoribosyl amidotransferase (PPAT) and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS) enzymes of de novo purine biosynthetic pathway in lung adenocarcinomas. Transcript analyses from next-generation RNA sequencing and gene expression profiling studies suggested that PPAT and PAICS can serve as prognostic biomarkers for aggressive lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of PAICS performed on tissue microarrays showed increased expression with disease progression and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Through gene knockdown and over-expression studies we demonstrate that altering PPAT and PAICS expression modulates pyruvate kinase activity, cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore we identified genomic amplification and aneuploidy of the divergently transcribed PPAT-PAICS genomic region in a subset of lung cancers. We also present evidence for regulation of both PPAT and PAICS and pyruvate kinase activity by L-glutamine, a co-substrate for PPAT. A glutamine antagonist, 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) blocked glutamine mediated induction of PPAT and PAICS as well as reduced pyruvate kinase activity. In summary, this study reveals the regulatory mechanisms by which purine biosynthetic pathway enzymes PPAT and PAICS, and pyruvate kinase activity is increased and exposes an existing metabolic vulnerability in lung cancer cells that can be explored for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloy T Goswami
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoan Chen
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Balabhadrapatruni V S K Chakravarthi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Satya S Pathi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sharath K Anand
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shannon L Carskadon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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361
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Linher-Melville K, Nashed MG, Ungard RG, Haftchenary S, Rosa DA, Gunning PT, Singh G. Chronic Inhibition of STAT3/STAT5 in Treatment-Resistant Human Breast Cancer Cell Subtypes: Convergence on the ROS/SUMO Pathway and Its Effects on xCT Expression and System xc- Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161202. [PMID: 27513743 PMCID: PMC4981357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologically targeting activated STAT3 and/or STAT5 has been an active area of cancer research. The cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc-, contributes to redox balance and export of intracellularly produced glutamate in response to up-regulated glutaminolysis in cancer cells. We have previously shown that blocking STAT3/5 using the small molecule inhibitor, SH-4-54, which targets the SH2 domains of both proteins, increases xCT expression, thereby increasing system xc- activity in human breast cancer cells. The current investigation demonstrates that chronic SH-4-54 administration, followed by clonal selection of treatment-resistant MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells, elicits distinct subtype-dependent effects. xCT mRNA and protein levels, glutamate release, and cystine uptake are decreased relative to untreated passage-matched controls in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, with the inverse occurring in estrogen-responsive T47D cells. This “ying-yang” effect is linked with a shifted balance between the phosphorylation status of STAT3 and STAT5, intracellular ROS levels, and STAT5 SUMOylation/de-SUMOylation. STAT5 emerged as a definitive negative regulator of xCT at the transcriptional level, while STAT3 activation is coupled with increased system xc- activity. We propose that careful classification of a patient’s breast cancer subtype is central to effectively targeting STAT3/5 as a therapeutic means of treating breast cancer, particularly given that xCT is emerging as an important biomarker of aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mina G. Nashed
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Robert G. Ungard
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sina Haftchenary
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - David A. Rosa
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- * E-mail:
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362
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Roh JL, Kim EH, Jang HJ, Park JY, Shin D. Induction of ferroptotic cell death for overcoming cisplatin resistance of head and neck cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:96-103. [PMID: 27477897 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of key molecules related to ferroptosis, cystine/glutamate antiporter and glutathione peroxidase, may induce eradication of chemotherapy/radiotherapy-resistant cancer cells. The present study investigated whether ferroptosis could overcome head and neck cancer (HNC) resistance to cisplatin treatment. Three cisplatin-resistant HNC cell lines (AMC-HN3R, -HN4R, and -HN9R) and their parental lines were used. The effects of cystine and glutamate alteration and pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter were assessed by measuring viability, death, reactive oxygen species production, protein expression, and preclinical mouse tumor xenograft models. Conditioned media with no cystine or glutamine excess induced ferroptosis of both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant HNC cells without any apparent changes to necrosis and apoptosis markers. The cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibitors erastin and sulfasalazine inhibited HNC cell growth and accumulated lipid reactive oxygen species, thereby inducing ferroptosis. Genetic silencing of cystine/glutamate antiporter with siRNA or shRNA treatment also induced effective ferroptotic cell death of resistant HNC cells and enhanced the cisplatin cytotoxicity of resistant HNC cells. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter significantly sensitized resistant HNC cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter overcomes the cisplatin resistance of HNC cells by inducing ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daiha Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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363
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Savaskan NE, Fan Z, Broggini T, Buchfelder M, Eyüpoglu IY. Neurodegeneration and the Brain Tumor Microenvironment. [corrected]. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:258-65. [PMID: 26411769 PMCID: PMC4598438 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150122224158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are characterized by destructive growth and neuronal cell death making them one of the most devastating diseases. Neurodegenerative actions of malignant gliomas resemble mechanisms also found in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent data demonstrate that gliomas seize neuronal glutamate signaling for their own growth advantage. Excessive glutamate release via the glutamate/cystine antiporter xCT (system xc-, SLC7a11) renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutics and create the tumor microenvironment toxic for neurons. In particular the glutamate/cystine antiporter xCT takes center stage in neurodegenerative processes and sets this transporter a potential prime target for cancer therapy. Noteworthy is the finding, that reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and thereby TRP channels can potentiate glutamate release. Yet another important biological feature of the xCT/glutamate system is its modulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment with impact on host cells and the cancer stem cell niche. The EMA and FDA-approved drug sulfasalazine (SAS) presents a lead compound for xCT inhibition, although so far clinical trials on glioblastomas with SAS were ambiguous. Here, we critically analyze the mechanisms of action of xCT antiporter on malignant gliomas and in the tumor microenvironment. Deciphering the impact of xCT and glutamate and its relation to TRP channels in brain tumors pave the way for developing important cancer microenvironmental modulators and drugable lead targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai E Savaskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen- Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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364
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van Geldermalsen M, Wang Q, Nagarajah R, Marshall AD, Thoeng A, Gao D, Ritchie W, Feng Y, Bailey CG, Deng N, Harvey K, Beith JM, Selinger CI, O'Toole SA, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. ASCT2/SLC1A5 controls glutamine uptake and tumour growth in triple-negative basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:3201-8. [PMID: 26455325 PMCID: PMC4914826 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2; SLC1A5) mediates uptake of glutamine, a conditionally essential amino acid in rapidly proliferating tumour cells. Uptake of glutamine and subsequent glutaminolysis is critical for activation of the mTORC1 nutrient-sensing pathway, which regulates cell growth and protein translation in cancer cells. This is of particular interest in breast cancer, as glutamine dependence is increased in high-risk breast cancer subtypes. Pharmacological inhibitors of ASCT2-mediated transport significantly reduced glutamine uptake in human breast cancer cell lines, leading to the suppression of mTORC1 signalling, cell growth and cell cycle progression. Notably, these effects were subtype-dependent, with ASCT2 transport critical only for triple-negative (TN) basal-like breast cancer cell growth compared with minimal effects in luminal breast cancer cells. Both stable and inducible shRNA-mediated ASCT2 knockdown confirmed that inhibiting ASCT2 function was sufficient to prevent cellular proliferation and induce rapid cell death in TN basal-like breast cancer cells, but not in luminal cells. Using a bioluminescent orthotopic xenograft mouse model, ASCT2 expression was then shown to be necessary for both successful engraftment and growth of HCC1806 TN breast cancer cells in vivo. Lower tumoral expression of ASCT2 conferred a significant survival advantage in xenografted mice. These responses remained intact in primary breast cancers, where gene expression analysis showed high expression of ASCT2 and glutamine metabolism-related genes, including GLUL and GLS, in a cohort of 90 TN breast cancer patients, as well as correlations with the transcriptional regulators, MYC and ATF4. This study provides preclinical evidence for the feasibility of novel therapies exploiting ASCT2 transporter activity in breast cancer, particularly in the high-risk basal-like subgroup of TN breast cancer where there is not only high expression of ASCT2, but also a marked reliance on its activity for sustained cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Q Wang
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Nagarajah
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Thoeng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Gao
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Deng
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Harvey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Beith
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C I Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A O'Toole
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Associate, Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia. E-mail:
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365
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Marcotte R, Sayad A, Brown KR, Sanchez-Garcia F, Reimand J, Haider M, Virtanen C, Bradner JE, Bader GD, Mills GB, Pe'er D, Moffat J, Neel BG. Functional Genomic Landscape of Human Breast Cancer Drivers, Vulnerabilities, and Resistance. Cell 2016; 164:293-309. [PMID: 26771497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies have identified multiple somatic aberrations in breast cancer, including copy number alterations and point mutations. Still, identifying causal variants and emergent vulnerabilities that arise as a consequence of genetic alterations remain major challenges. We performed whole-genome small hairpin RNA (shRNA) "dropout screens" on 77 breast cancer cell lines. Using a hierarchical linear regression algorithm to score our screen results and integrate them with accompanying detailed genetic and proteomic information, we identify vulnerabilities in breast cancer, including candidate "drivers," and reveal general functional genomic properties of cancer cells. Comparisons of gene essentiality with drug sensitivity data suggest potential resistance mechanisms, effects of existing anti-cancer drugs, and opportunities for combination therapy. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this large dataset by identifying BRD4 as a potential target in luminal breast cancer and PIK3CA mutations as a resistance determinant for BET-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Marcotte
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Jüri Reimand
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Maliha Haider
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, Sheikh Khalifa Al Nahyan Ben Zayed Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jason Moffat
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Centre, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA.
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366
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Sharma U, Sah RG, Agarwal K, Parshad R, Seenu V, Mathur SR, Hari S, Jagannathan NR. Potential of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Characterization of Malignant, Benign, and Healthy Breast Tissues and Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:126. [PMID: 27242965 PMCID: PMC4876309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the diagnosis of breast cancer and its association with molecular biomarkers was investigated in 259 patients with breast cancer, 67 with benign pathology, and 54 healthy volunteers using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 1.5 T. In 59 breast cancer patients, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCEMRI) was also acquired. Mean ADC of malignant lesions was significantly lower (1.02 ± 0.17 × 10−3 mm2/s) compared to benign (1.57 ± 0.26 × 10−3 mm2/s) and healthy (1.78 ± 0.13 × 10−3 mm2/s) breast tissues. A cutoff ADC value of 1.23 × 10−3 mm2/s (sensitivity 92.5%; specificity 91.1%; area under the curve 0.96) to differentiate malignant from benign diseases was arrived by receiver operating curve analysis. In 10/59 breast cancer patients, indeterminate DCE curve was seen, while their ADC value was indicative of malignancy, implying the potential of the addition of DWI in increasing the specificity of DCEMRI data. Further, the association of ADC with tumor volume, stage, hormonal receptors [estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor (HER2)], and menopausal status was investigated. A significant difference was seen in tumor volume between breast cancer patients of stages IIA and IIIA, IIB and IIIA, and IIB and III (B + C), respectively (P < 0.05). Patients with early breast cancer (n = 52) had significantly lower ADC and tumor volume than those with locally advanced breast cancer (n = 207). No association was found in ADC and tumor volume with the menopausal status. Breast cancers with ER−, PR−, and triple-negative (TN) status showed a significantly larger tumor volume compared to ER+, PR+, and non-triple-negative (nTN) cancers, respectively. Also, TN tumors showed a significantly higher ADC compared to ER+, PR+, and nTN cancers. Patients with ER− and TN cancers were younger than those with ER+ and nTN cancers. The present study demonstrated that ADC may increase the diagnostic specificity of DCEMRI and be useful for treatment management in clinical setting. Additionally, it provides an insight into characterization of molecular types of breast cancer and may serve as an indicator of metabolic reprograming underlying tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sharma
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani G Sah
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Khushbu Agarwal
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajinder Parshad
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Vurthaluru Seenu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Sandeep R Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Smriti Hari
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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367
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Conrad M, Angeli JPF, Vandenabeele P, Stockwell BR. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:348-66. [PMID: 26775689 PMCID: PMC6531857 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of regulated cell death presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control over the life-death decisions made by cells in disease. Although apoptosis has been the focus of drug discovery for many years, recent research has identified regulatory mechanisms and signalling pathways for previously unrecognized, regulated necrotic cell death routines. Distinct critical nodes have been characterized for some of these alternative cell death routines, whereas other cell death routines are just beginning to be unravelled. In this Review, we describe forms of regulated necrotic cell death, including necroptosis, the emerging cell death modality of ferroptosis (and the related oxytosis) and the less well comprehended parthanatos and cyclophilin D-mediated necrosis. We focus on small molecules, proteins and pathways that can induce and inhibit these non-apoptotic forms of cell death, and discuss strategies for translating this understanding into new therapeutics for certain disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, Northwest Corner Building, MC 4846, New York, New York 10027, USA
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368
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Pore N, Jalla S, Liu Z, Higgs B, Sorio C, Scarpa A, Hollingsworth R, Tice DA, Michelotti E. In Vivo Loss of Function Screening Reveals Carbonic Anhydrase IX as a Key Modulator of Tumor Initiating Potential in Primary Pancreatic Tumors. Neoplasia 2016; 17:473-80. [PMID: 26152355 PMCID: PMC4719001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism is one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Up-regulation of energy metabolism pathways fuels cell growth and division, a key characteristic of neoplastic disease, and can lead to dependency on specific metabolic pathways. Thus, targeting energy metabolism pathways might offer the opportunity for novel therapeutics. Here, we describe the application of a novel in vivo screening approach for the identification of genes involved in cancer metabolism using a patient-derived pancreatic xenograft model. Lentiviruses expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting 12 different cell surface protein transporters were separately transduced into the primary pancreatic tumor cells. Transduced cells were pooled and implanted into mice. Tumors were harvested at different times, and the frequency of each shRNA was determined as a measure of which ones prevented tumor growth. Several targets including carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), monocarboxylate transporter 4, and anionic amino acid transporter light chain, xc- system (xCT) were identified in these studies and shown to be required for tumor initiation and growth. Interestingly, CAIX was overexpressed in the tumor initiating cell population. CAIX expression alone correlated with a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cells. Furthermore, CAIX expression was essential for tumor initiation because shRNA knockdown eliminated the ability of cells to grow in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first parallel in vivo assessment of multiple novel oncology target genes using a patient-derived pancreatic tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Claudio Sorio
- ARC-NET Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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369
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Insulin Receptor Substrate Adaptor Proteins Mediate Prognostic Gene Expression Profiles in Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150564. [PMID: 26991655 PMCID: PMC4798554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeting the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) have not been developed with predictive biomarkers to identify tumors with receptor activation. We have previously shown that the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) adaptor proteins are necessary for linking IGF1R to downstream signaling pathways and the malignant phenotype in breast cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to identify gene expression profiles downstream of IGF1R and its two adaptor proteins. IRS-null breast cancer cells (T47D-YA) were engineered to express IRS-1 or IRS-2 alone and their ability to mediate IGF ligand-induced proliferation, motility, and gene expression determined. Global gene expression signatures reflecting IRS adaptor specific and primary vs. secondary ligand response were derived (Early IRS-1, Late IRS-1, Early IRS-2 and Late IRS-2) and functional pathway analysis examined. IRS isoforms mediated distinct gene expression profiles, functional pathways, and breast cancer subtype association. For example, IRS-1/2-induced TGFb2 expression and blockade of TGFb2 abrogated IGF-induced cell migration. In addition, the prognostic value of IRS proteins was significant in the luminal B breast tumor subtype. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that IRS adaptor signatures correlated with poor outcome as measured by recurrence-free and overall survival. Thus, IRS adaptor protein expression is required for IGF ligand responses in breast cancer cells. IRS-specific gene signatures represent accurate surrogates of IGF activity and could predict response to anti-IGF therapy in breast cancer.
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370
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Tsuchihashi K, Okazaki S, Ohmura M, Ishikawa M, Sampetrean O, Onishi N, Wakimoto H, Yoshikawa M, Seishima R, Iwasaki Y, Morikawa T, Abe S, Takao A, Shimizu M, Masuko T, Nagane M, Furnari FB, Akiyama T, Suematsu M, Baba E, Akashi K, Saya H, Nagano O. The EGF Receptor Promotes the Malignant Potential of Glioma by Regulating Amino Acid Transport System xc(-). Cancer Res 2016; 76:2954-63. [PMID: 26980765 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular free amino acids contribute to the interaction between a tumor and its microenvironment through effects on cellular metabolism and malignant behavior. System xc(-) is composed of xCT and CD98hc subunits and functions as a plasma membrane antiporter for the uptake of extracellular cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. Here, we show that the EGFR interacts with xCT and thereby promotes its cell surface expression and function in human glioma cells. EGFR-expressing glioma cells manifested both enhanced antioxidant capacity as a result of increased cystine uptake, as well as increased glutamate, which promotes matrix invasion. Imaging mass spectrometry also revealed that brain tumors formed in mice by human glioma cells stably overexpressing EGFR contained higher levels of reduced glutathione compared with those formed by parental cells. Targeted inhibition of xCT suppressed the EGFR-dependent enhancement of antioxidant capacity in glioma cells, as well as tumor growth and invasiveness. Our findings establish a new functional role for EGFR in promoting the malignant potential of glioma cells through interaction with xCT at the cell surface. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2954-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsuchihashi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Okazaki
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Ohmura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ishikawa
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Momoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Seishima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwasaki
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takao
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misato Shimizu
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoo Nagane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eishi Baba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nagano
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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371
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Tang X, Wu J, Ding CK, Lu M, Keenan MM, Lin CC, Lin CA, Wang CC, George D, Hsu DS, Chi JT. Cystine Deprivation Triggers Programmed Necrosis in VHL-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1892-903. [PMID: 26833124 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation may reprogram tumor metabolism and render cancer cells addicted to extracellular nutrients. Deprivation of these nutrients may therefore represent a therapeutic opportunity, but predicting which nutrients cancer cells become addicted remains difficult. Here, we performed a nutrigenetic screen to determine the phenotypes of isogenic pairs of clear cell renal cancer cells (ccRCC), with or without VHL, upon the deprivation of individual amino acids. We found that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis in VHL-deficient cell lines and primary ccRCC tumor cells, but not in VHL-restored counterparts. Blocking cystine uptake significantly delayed xenograft growth of ccRCC. Importantly, cystine deprivation triggered similar metabolic changes regardless of VHL status, suggesting that metabolic responses alone are not sufficient to explain the observed distinct fates of VHL-deficient and restored cells. Instead, we found that increased levels of TNFα associated with VHL loss forced VHL-deficient cells to rely on intact RIPK1 to inhibit apoptosis. However, the preexisting elevation in TNFα expression rendered VHL-deficient cells susceptible to necrosis triggered by cystine deprivation. We further determined that reciprocal amplification of the Src-p38 (MAPK14)-Noxa (PMAIP1) signaling and TNFα-RIP1/3 (RIPK1/RIPK3)-MLKL necrosis pathways potentiated cystine-deprived necrosis. Together, our findings reveal that cystine deprivation in VHL-deficient RCCs presents an attractive therapeutic opportunity that may bypass the apoptosis-evading mechanisms characteristic of drug-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1892-903. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Tang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jianli Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chien-Kuang Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Min Lu
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Melissa M Keenan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chao-Chieh Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chih-An Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Charles C Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel George
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David S Hsu
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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372
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Hypoxia optimises tumour growth by controlling nutrient import and acidic metabolite export. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 47-48:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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373
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Minatani N, Waraya M, Yamashita K, Kikuchi M, Ushiku H, Kojo K, Ema A, Nishimiya H, Kosaka Y, Katoh H, Sengoku N, Tanino H, Sidransky D, Watanabe M. Prognostic Significance of Promoter DNA Hypermethylation of cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) Gene in Primary Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144862. [PMID: 26785325 PMCID: PMC4718689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using pharmacological unmasking microarray, we identified promoter DNA methylation of cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) gene in human cancer. In this study, we assessed the clinicopathological significance of CDO1 methylation in primary breast cancer (BC) with no prior chemotherapy. The CDO1 DNA methylation was quantified by TaqMan methylation specific PCR (Q-MSP) in 7 BC cell lines and 172 primary BC patients with no prior chemotherapy. Promoter DNA of the CDO1 gene was hypermethylated in 6 BC cell lines except SK-BR3, and CDO1 gene expression was all silenced at mRNA level in the 7 BC cell lines. Quantification of CDO1 methylation was developed using Q-MSP, and assessed in primary BC. Among the clinicopathologic factors, CDO1 methylation level was not statistically significantly associated with any prognostic factors. The log-rank plot analysis elucidated that the higher methylation the tumors harbored, the poorer prognosis the patients exhibited. Using the median value of 58.0 as a cut-off one, disease specific survival in BC patients with CDO1 hypermethylation showed significantly poorer prognosis than those with hypomethylation (p = 0.004). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified that CDO1 hypermethylation was prognostic factor as well as Ki-67 and hormone receptor status. The most intriguingly, CDO1 hypermethylation was of robust prognostic relevance in triple negative BC (p = 0.007). Promoter DNA methylation of CDO1 gene was robust prognostic indicator in primary BC patients with no prior chemotherapy. Prognostic relevance of the CDO1 promoter DNA methylation is worthy of being paid attention in triple negative BC cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Minatani
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mina Waraya
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Ushiku
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kojo
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Ema
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimiya
- Department of Surgery, Yamato Municipal Hospital, Yamato, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kosaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sengoku
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanino
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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374
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Whom to blame for metastasis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition or the tumor microenvironment? Cancer Lett 2016; 380:359-68. [PMID: 26791236 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can trigger the activation of otherwise non-malignant cells to become highly aggressive and motile. This is evident during initial tumor growth when the poor vascularization in tumors generates hypoxic regions that trigger the latent embryonic program, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in epithelial carcinoma cells (e-cars) leading to highly motile mesenchymal-like carcinoma cells (m-cars), which also acquire cancer stem cell properties. After that, specific bidirectional interactions take place between m-cars and the cellular components of TME at different stages of metastasis. These interactions include several vicious positive feedback loops in which m-cars trigger a phenotypic switch, causing normal stromal cells to become pro-tumorigenic, which then further promote the survival, motility, and proliferation of m-cars. Accordingly, there is not a single culprit accounting for metastasis. Instead both m-cars and the TME dynamically interact, evolve and promote metastasis. In this review, we discuss the current status of the known interactions between m-cars and the TME during different stages of metastasis and how these interactions promote the metastatic activity of highly malignant m-cars by promoting their invasive mesenchymal phenotype and CSC properties.
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375
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Lrp5 Has a Wnt-Independent Role in Glucose Uptake and Growth for Mammary Epithelial Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:871-85. [PMID: 26711269 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00800-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lrp5 is typically described as a Wnt signaling receptor, albeit a less effective Wnt signaling receptor than the better-studied sister isoform, Lrp6. Here we show that Lrp5 is only a minor player in the response to Wnt3a-type ligands in mammary epithelial cells; instead, Lrp5 is required for glucose uptake, and glucose uptake regulates the growth rate of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Thus, a loss of Lrp5 leads to profound growth suppression, whether growth is induced by serum or by specific growth factors, and this inhibition is not due to a loss of Wnt signaling. Depletion of Lrp5 decreases glucose uptake, lactate secretion, and oxygen consumption rates; inhibition of glucose consumption phenocopies the loss of Lrp5 function. Both Lrp5 knockdown and low external glucose induce mitochondrial stress, as revealed by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of the ROS-sensitive checkpoint, p38α. In contrast, loss of function of Lrp6 reduces Wnt responsiveness but has little impact on growth. This highlights the distinct functions of these two Lrp receptors and an important Wnt ligand-independent role of Lrp5 in glucose uptake in mammary epithelial cells.
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376
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Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. Glutamine transporters in mammalian cells and their functions in physiology and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:2531-9. [PMID: 26724577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The SLC (solute carrier)-type transporters (~400 in number) in mammalian cells consist of 52 distinct gene families, grouped solely based on the amino acid sequence (primary structure) of the transporter proteins and not on their transport function. Among them are the transporters for amino acids. Fourteen of them, capable of transporting glutamine across the plasma membrane, are found in four families: SLC1, SLC6, SLC7, and SLC38. However, it is generally thought that the members of the SLC38 family are the principal transporters for glutamine. Some of the glutamine transporters are obligatory exchangers whereas some function as active transporters in one direction. While most glutamine transporters mediate the influx of the amino acid into cells, some actually mediate the efflux of the amino acid out of the cells. Glutamine transporters play important roles in a variety of tissues, including the liver, brain, kidney, and placenta, as clearly evident from the biological and biochemical phenotypes resulting from the deletion of specific glutamine transporters in mice. Owing to the obligatory role of glutamine in growth and proliferation of tumor cells, there is increasing attention on glutamine transporters in cancer biology as potential drug targets for cancer treatment. Selective blockers of certain glutamine transporters might be effective in preventing the entry of glutamine and other important amino acids into tumor cells, thus essentially starving these cells to death. This could represent the beginning of a new era in the discovery of novel anticancer drugs with a previously unexplored mode of action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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377
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Glutamine at focus: versatile roles in cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1541-58. [PMID: 26700676 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a heightened understanding of metabolic pathways in cancer has significantly increased. It is recognized that many tumor cells are genetically programmed and have involved an abnormal metabolic state. Interestingly, this increased metabolic autonomy generates dependence on various nutrients such as glucose and glutamine. Both of these components participate in various facets of metabolic activity that allow for energy production, synthesis of biomass, antioxidant defense, and the regulation of cell signaling. Here, we outline the emerging data on glutamine metabolism and address the molecular mechanisms underlying glutamine-induced cell survival. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies to exploit glutamine addiction of certain cancer cell lines.
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378
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Abstract
Tumor metabolism is significantly altered to support the various metabolic needs of tumor cells. The most prominent change is the increased tumor glycolysis that leads to increased glucose uptake and utilization. However, it has become obvious that many non-glucose nutrients, such as amino acids, lactate, acetate, and macromolecules, can serve as alternative fuels for cancer cells. This knowledge reveals an unexpected flexibility and evolutionarily conserved model in which cancer cells uptake nutrients from their external environment to fulfill their necessary energetic needs. Tumor cells may have evolved the ability to utilize different carbon sources because of the limited supply of nutrients in their microenvironment, which can be driven by oncogenic mutations or tumor microenvironmental stresses. In certain cases, these factors permanently alter the tumor cells' metabolism, causing certain nutrients to become indispensable and thus creating opportunities for therapeutic intervention to eradicate tumors by their metabolic vulnerabilities.
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379
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Lanzardo S, Conti L, Rooke R, Ruiu R, Accart N, Bolli E, Arigoni M, Macagno M, Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Aurisicchio L, Calogero RA, Cavallo F. Immunotargeting of Antigen xCT Attenuates Stem-like Cell Behavior and Metastatic Progression in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 76:62-72. [PMID: 26567138 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to therapy and lack of curative treatments for metastatic breast cancer suggest that current therapies may be missing the subpopulation of chemoresistant and radioresistant cancer stem cells (CSC). The ultimate success of any treatment may well rest on CSC eradication, but specific anti-CSC therapies are still limited. A comparison of the transcriptional profiles of murine Her2(+) breast tumor TUBO cells and their derived CSC-enriched tumorspheres has identified xCT, the functional subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), as a surface protein that is upregulated specifically in tumorspheres. We validated this finding by cytofluorimetric analysis and immunofluorescence in TUBO-derived tumorspheres and in a panel of mouse and human triple negative breast cancer cell-derived tumorspheres. We further show that downregulation of xCT impaired tumorsphere generation and altered CSC intracellular redox balance in vitro, suggesting that xCT plays a functional role in CSC biology. DNA vaccination based immunotargeting of xCT in mice challenged with syngeneic tumorsphere-derived cells delayed established subcutaneous tumor growth and strongly impaired pulmonary metastasis formation by generating anti-xCT antibodies able to alter CSC self-renewal and redox balance. Finally, anti-xCT vaccination increased CSC chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in vivo, indicating that xCT immunotargeting may be an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Macagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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380
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Wilde BR, Ayer DE. Interactions between Myc and MondoA transcription factors in metabolism and tumourigenesis. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1529-33. [PMID: 26469830 PMCID: PMC4705882 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis is a common feature of
transformed cells and can be driven by a network of transcription factors. It is
well established that c-Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
(HIF-1α) contribute to metabolic reprogramming by driving the
expression of glycolytic target genes. More recently, the c-Myc-related
transcription factor MondoA has been shown to restrict glucose uptake and
aerobic glycolysis via its induction of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP).
Three recent studies demonstrate that complex and cancer type-specific
interactions between c-Myc, MondoA and HIF-1α underlie
metabolism, tumourigenesis and drug response. In triple-negative breast cancer,
c-Myc blocks MondoA-dependent activation of TXNIP to stimulate aerobic
glycolysis. In contrast, in neuroblastoma, N-Myc requires MondoA for metabolic
reprogramming and tumourigenesis. Finally, the therapeutic response of
BRAFV600E melanoma cells to vemurafenib requires downregulation
of c-Myc and HIF-1α and upregulation of MondoA-TXNIP, and the
subsequent reprogramming away from aerobic glycolysis. In this minireview we
highlight the findings in these three studies and present a working model to
explain why c-Myc and MondoA function cooperatively in some cancers and
antagonistically in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Wilde
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Donald E Ayer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
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381
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Yoshida GJ. Metabolic reprogramming: the emerging concept and associated therapeutic strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:111. [PMID: 26445347 PMCID: PMC4595070 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tissue is composed of cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells with diverse genetic/epigenetic backgrounds, a situation known as intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Cancer cells are surrounded by a totally different microenvironment than that of normal cells; consequently, tumor cells must exhibit rapidly adaptive responses to hypoxia and hypo-nutrient conditions. This phenomenon of changes of tumor cellular bioenergetics, called “metabolic reprogramming”, has been recognized as one of 10 hallmarks of cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is required for both malignant transformation and tumor development, including invasion and metastasis. Although the Warburg effect has been widely accepted as a common feature of metabolic reprogramming, accumulating evidence has revealed that tumor cells depend on mitochondrial metabolism as well as aerobic glycolysis. Remarkably, cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor stroma tend to activate both glycolysis and autophagy in contrast to neighboring cancer cells, which leads to a reverse Warburg effect. Heterogeneity of monocarboxylate transporter expression reflects cellular metabolic heterogeneity with respect to the production and uptake of lactate. In tumor tissue, metabolic heterogeneity induces metabolic symbiosis, which is responsible for adaptation to drastic changes in the nutrient microenvironment resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, metabolic heterogeneity is responsible for the failure to induce the same therapeutic effect against cancer cells as a whole. In particular, cancer stem cells exhibit several biological features responsible for resistance to conventional anti-tumor therapies. Consequently, cancer stem cells tend to form minimal residual disease after chemotherapy and exhibit metastatic potential with additional metabolic reprogramming. This type of altered metabolic reprogramming leads to adaptive/acquired resistance to anti-tumor therapy. Collectively, complex and dynamic metabolic reprogramming should be regarded as a reflection of the “robustness” of tumor cells against unfavorable conditions. This review focuses on the concept of metabolic reprogramming in heterogeneous tumor tissue, and further emphasizes the importance of developing novel therapeutic strategies based on drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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382
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Chen L, Cui H. Targeting Glutamine Induces Apoptosis: A Cancer Therapy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22830-55. [PMID: 26402672 PMCID: PMC4613338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism has been proved to be dysregulated in many cancer cells, and is essential for proliferation of most cancer cells, which makes glutamine an appealing target for cancer therapy. In order to be well used by cells, glutamine must be transported to cells by specific transporters and converted to glutamate by glutaminase. There are currently several drugs that target glutaminase under development or clinical trials. Also, glutamine metabolism restriction has been proved to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vivo and vitro through inducing apoptosis, growth arrest and/or autophagy. Here, we review recent researches about glutamine metabolism in cancer, and cell death induced by targeting glutamine, and their potential roles in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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383
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Lloyd SM, Arnold J, Sreekumar A. Metabolomic profiling of hormone-dependent cancers: a bird's eye view. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:477-85. [PMID: 26242817 PMCID: PMC4560106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-dependent cancers present a significant public health challenge, because they are among the most common cancers in the world. One factor associated with cancer development and progression is metabolic reprogramming. By understanding these alterations, we can identify potential markers and novel biochemical therapeutic targets. Metabolic profiling is an advanced technology that allows investigators to assess low-molecular-weight compounds that reflect physiological alterations. Current research in metabolomics on prostate (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa) have made great strides in uncovering specific metabolic pathways that are associated with cancer development, progression, and resistance. In this review, we highlight some of the major findings and potential therapeutic advances that have been reported utilizing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Lloyd
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James Arnold
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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384
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Hu H, Takano N, Xiang L, Gilkes DM, Luo W, Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors enhance glutamate signaling in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8853-68. [PMID: 25326682 PMCID: PMC4253402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through glutamate receptors has been reported in human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully delineated. We report that in hepatocellular carcinoma and clear cell renal carcinoma cells, increased activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) due to hypoxia or VHL loss-of-function, respectively, augmented release of glutamate, which was mediated by HIF-dependent expression of the SLC1A1 and SLC1A3 genes encoding glutamate transporters. In addition, HIFs coordinately regulated expression of the GRIA2 and GRIA3 genes, which encode glutamate receptors. Binding of glutamate to its receptors activated SRC family kinases and downstream pathways, which stimulated cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration and invasion in different cancer cell lines. Thus, coordinate regulation of glutamate transporters and receptors by HIFs was sufficient to activate key signal transduction pathways that promote cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hu
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Naoharu Takano
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lisha Xiang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Weibo Luo
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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385
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Thomas AG, Sattler R, Tendyke K, Loiacono KA, Hansen H, Sahni V, Hashizume Y, Rojas C, Slusher BS. High-Throughput Assay Development for Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter (xc-) Highlights Faster Cystine Uptake than Glutamate Release in Glioma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127785. [PMID: 26252954 PMCID: PMC4529246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystine-glutamate antiporter (system xc-) is a Na+-independent amino acid transporter that exchanges extracellular cystine for intracellular glutamate. It is thought to play a critical role in cellular redox processes through regulation of intracellular glutathione synthesis via cystine uptake. In gliomas, system xc- expression is universally up-regulated while that of glutamate transporters down-regulated, leading to a progressive accumulation of extracellular glutamate and excitotoxic cell death of the surrounding non-tumorous tissue. Additionally, up-regulation of system xc- in activated microglia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders mediated by excess glutamate. Consequently, system xc- is a new drug target for brain cancer and neuroinflammatory diseases associated with excess extracellular glutamate. Unfortunately no potent and selective small molecule system xc- inhibitors exist and to our knowledge, no high throughput screening (HTS) assay has been developed to identify new scaffolds for inhibitor design. To develop such an assay, various neuronal and non-neuronal human cells were evaluated as sources of system xc-. Human glioma cells were chosen based on their high system xc- activity. Using these cells, [14C]-cystine uptake and cystine-induced glutamate release assays were characterized and optimized with respect to cystine and protein concentrations and time of incubation. A pilot screen of the LOPAC/NINDS libraries using glutamate release demonstrated that the logistics of the assay were in place but unfortunately, did not yield meaningful pharmacophores. A larger, HTS campaign using the 384-well cystine-induced glutamate release as primary assay and the 96-well 14C-cystine uptake as confirmatory assay is currently underway. Unexpectedly, we observed that the rate of cystine uptake was significantly faster than the rate of glutamate release in human glioma cells. This was in contrast to the same rates of cystine uptake and glutamate release previously reported in normal human fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit G. Thomas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Rita Sattler
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Karen Tendyke
- Next Generation Systems CFU, Eisai Inc., Andover, MA, 01810, United States of America
| | - Kara A. Loiacono
- Next Generation Systems CFU, Eisai Inc., Andover, MA, 01810, United States of America
| | - Hans Hansen
- Next Generation Systems CFU, Eisai Inc., Andover, MA, 01810, United States of America
| | - Vishal Sahni
- Neuroscience and General Medicine PCU, Eisai Inc., Andover, MA, 01810, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Hashizume
- Neuroscience and General Medicine PCU, Eisai Inc., Andover, MA, 01810, United States of America
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (BSS)
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (BSS)
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386
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Chemotherapy triggers HIF-1-dependent glutathione synthesis and copper chelation that induces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4600-9. [PMID: 26229077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513433112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer but is responsible for a disproportionate share of morbidity and mortality because of its aggressive characteristics and lack of targeted therapies. Chemotherapy induces enrichment of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy induces the expression of the cystine transporter xCT and the regulatory subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent manner, leading to increased intracellular glutathione levels, which inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activity through copper chelation. Loss of MEK-ERK signaling causes FoxO3 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the pluripotency factor Nanog, which is required for enrichment of BCSCs. Inhibition of xCT, GCLM, FoxO3, or Nanog blocks chemotherapy-induced enrichment of BCSCs and impairs tumor initiation. These results suggest that, in combination with chemotherapy, targeting BCSCs by inhibiting HIF-1-regulated glutathione synthesis may improve outcome in TNBC.
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387
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Giri A, Edwards TL, Motley SS, Byerly SH, Fowke JH. Genetic Determinants of Metabolism and Benign Prostate Enlargement: Associations with Prostate Volume. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132028. [PMID: 26158673 PMCID: PMC4497718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate enlargement leading to clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with metabolic dysregulation and obesity. The genetic basis of this association is unclear. Our objective was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with metabolic disorders are also associated with prostate volume (PV). Participants included 876 men referred for prostate biopsy and found to be prostate cancer free. PV was measured by transrectal ultrasound. Samples were genotyped using the Illumina Cardio-MetaboChip platform. Multivariable adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate SNPs (additive coding) in relation to natural-log transformed (log) PV. We compared SNP-PV results from biopsy-negative men to 442 men with low-grade prostate cancer with similar levels of obesity and PV. Beta-coefficients from the discovery and replication samples were then aggregated with fixed effects inverse variance weighted meta-analysis. SNP rs11736129 (near the pseudo-gene LOC100131429) was significantly associated with log-PV (beta: 0.16, p-value 1.16x10-8) after adjusting for multiple testing. Other noteworthy SNPs that were nominally associated (p-value < 1x10-4) with log-PV included rs9583484 (intronic SNP in COL4A2), rs10146527 (intronic SNP in NRXN3), rs9909466 (SNP near RPL32P31), and rs2241606 (synonymous SNP in SLC12A7). We found several SNPs in metabolic loci associated with PV. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and elucidate the mechanism between these genetic loci, PV, and clinical BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Giri
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Saundra S. Motley
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Byerly
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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388
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Schaue D, McBride WH. Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:527-40. [PMID: 26122185 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, but the impact of radiobiology on the clinic has been far less substantial. A major consideration in the use of radiotherapy has been on how best to exploit differences between the tumour and host tissue characteristics, which in the past has been achieved empirically by radiation-dose fractionation. New advances are uncovering some of the mechanistic processes that underlie this success story. In this Review, we focus on how these processes might be targeted to improve the outcome of radiotherapy at the individual patient level. This approach would seem a more productive avenue of treatment than simply trying to increase the radiation dose delivered to the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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389
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Lin L, Yee SW, Kim RB, Giacomini KM. SLC transporters as therapeutic targets: emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:543-60. [PMID: 26111766 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters - a family of more than 300 membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the transport of a wide array of substrates across biological membranes - have important roles in physiological processes ranging from the cellular uptake of nutrients to the absorption of drugs and other xenobiotics. Several classes of marketed drugs target well-known SLC transporters, such as neurotransmitter transporters, and human genetic studies have provided powerful insight into the roles of more-recently characterized SLC transporters in both rare and common diseases, indicating a wealth of new therapeutic opportunities. This Review summarizes knowledge on the roles of SLC transporters in human disease, describes strategies to target such transporters, and highlights current and investigational drugs that modulate SLC transporters, as well as promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London Health Science Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- 1] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. [2] Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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390
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Deletion of the amino acid transporter Slc6a14 suppresses tumour growth in spontaneous mouse models of breast cancer. Biochem J 2015; 469:17-23. [PMID: 26173258 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SLC6A14 mediates Na(+)/Cl(-)-coupled concentrative uptake of a broad-spectrum of amino acids. It is expressed at low levels in many tissues but up-regulated in certain cancers. Pharmacological blockade of SLC6A14 causes amino acid starvation in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells and suppresses their proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we interrogated the role of this transporter in breast cancer by deleting Slc6a14 in mice and monitoring the consequences of this deletion in models of spontaneous breast cancer (Polyoma middle T oncogene-transgenic mouse and mouse mammary tumour virus promoter-Neu-transgenic mouse). Slc6a14-knockout mice are viable, fertile and phenotypically normal. The plasma amino acids were similar in wild-type and knockout mice and there were no major compensatory changes in the expression of other amino acid transporter mRNAs. There was also no change in mammary gland development in the knockout mouse. However, when crossed with PyMT-Tg mice or MMTV/Neu (mouse mammary tumour virus promoter-Neu)-Tg mice, the development and progression of breast cancer were markedly decreased on Slc6a14(-/-) background. Analysis of transcriptomes in tumour tissues from wild-type mice and Slc6a14-null mice indicated no compensatory changes in the expression of any other amino acid transporter mRNA. However, the tumours from the null mice showed evidence of amino acid starvation, decreased mTOR signalling and decreased cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate that SLC6A14 is critical for the maintenance of amino acid nutrition and optimal mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in ER+ breast cancer and that the transporter is a potential target for development of a novel class of anti-cancer drugs targeting amino acid nutrition in tumour cells.
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391
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Liu G, Zhu J, Yu M, Cai C, Zhou Y, Yu M, Fu Z, Gong Y, Yang B, Li Y, Zhou Q, Lin Q, Ye H, Ye L, Zhao X, Li Z, Chen R, Han F, Tang C, Zeng B. Glutamate dehydrogenase is a novel prognostic marker and predicts metastases in colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13:144. [PMID: 25947346 PMCID: PMC4490642 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction of the glutamine metabolic pathway, and has been reported implicated in tumor growth and metastasis. However, it’s clinical significance and role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis is largely unknown. Methods The expression of GDH was determined by qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry in CRC cells and samples. The correlation of GDH expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis was analyzed. The functional role of GDH in CRC cell proliferation, motility and metastasis was evaluated. Results We found that GDH was up-regulated both in colorectal cancer and metastatic lesions (n = 104). Patients with high GDH expression had poorer overall survival (HR 2.32; 95% CI 1.26-4.26; P = 0.007) and poorer disease-free survival rates (HR 2.48; 95% CI 1.25-4.92; P = 0.009) than those with low GDH expression. Furthermore, we showed that GDH expression was an independent prognostic factor for CRC. In addition, over-expression of GDH promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, whereas loss function of GDH did the opposite. Finally, we demonstrated that the promotion of CRC progression by GDH correlated with activation of STAT3 mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction. Conclusions These results indicate that GDH plays a critical role in CRC progression, and may provide a novel metabolism therapeutic target for CRC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0500-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Menglei Yu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Canfeng Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The sixth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 511518, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yuanfeng Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yingru Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Huilin Ye
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Liangtao Ye
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Fanghai Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Chaoming Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The sixth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 511518, China.
| | - Bing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The sixth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 511518, China. .,Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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392
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Hassanein M, Qian J, Hoeksema MD, Wang J, Jacobovitz M, Ji X, Harris FT, Harris BK, Boyd KL, Chen H, Eisenberg R, Massion PP. Targeting SLC1a5-mediated glutamine dependence in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1587-97. [PMID: 25821004 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously elucidated the pleotropic role of solute carrier family A1 member 5 (SLC1A5) as the primary transporter of glutamine (Gln), a modulator of cell growth and oxidative stress in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of our study was to evaluate SLC1A5 as a potential new therapeutic target and candidate biomarker predictive of survival and response to therapy. SLC1A5 targeting was examined in a panel of NSCLC and human bronchial cell lines by RNA interference and by a small molecular inhibitor, gamma-l-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA). The effects of targeting SLC1A5 on cell growth, Gln uptake, ATP level, autophagy and cell death were examined. Inactivation of SLC1A5 genetically or pharmacologically decreased Gln consumption, inhibited cell growth, induced autophagy and apoptosis in a subgroup of NSCLC cell lines that overexpress SLC1A5. Targeting SLC1A5 function decreased tumor growth in NSCLC xenografts. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis indicates that patients with increased SLC1A5 mRNA expression have significantly shorter overall survival (p = 0.01, HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46), adjusted for age, gender, smoking history and disease stage. In an immunohistochemistry study on 207 NSCLC patients, SLC1A5 protein expression remained highly significant prognostic value in both univariate (p < 0.0001, HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.50) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.04, HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.31). These results position SLC1A5 as a new candidate prognostic biomarker for selective targeting of Gln-dependent NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassanein
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jun Qian
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan D Hoeksema
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marie Jacobovitz
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiangming Ji
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Fredrick T Harris
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradford K Harris
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Heidi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
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393
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McAllister SD, Soroceanu L, Desprez PY. The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:255-67. [PMID: 25916739 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As a therapeutic agent, most people are familiar with the palliative effects of the primary psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa (CS), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a molecule active at both the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor subtypes. Through the activation primarily of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, THC can reduce nausea, emesis and pain in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. During the last decade, however, several studies have now shown that CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists can act as direct antitumor agents in a variety of aggressive cancers. In addition to THC, there are many other cannabinoids found in CS, and a majority produces little to no psychoactivity due to the inability to activate cannabinoid receptors. For example, the second most abundant cannabinoid in CS is the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD). Using animal models, CBD has been shown to inhibit the progression of many types of cancer including glioblastoma (GBM), breast, lung, prostate and colon cancer. This review will center on mechanisms by which CBD, and other plant-derived cannabinoids inefficient at activating cannabinoid receptors, inhibit tumor cell viability, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and the stem-like potential of cancer cells. We will also discuss the ability of non-psychoactive cannabinoids to induce autophagy and apoptotic-mediated cancer cell death, and enhance the activity of first-line agents commonly used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D McAllister
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, Suite 220, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA,
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394
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Metabolic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer through Myc suppression of TXNIP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5425-30. [PMID: 25870263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501555112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressive and lack targeted therapies. Understanding how nutrients are used in TNBCs may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention. We demonstrate that the transcription factor c-Myc drives glucose metabolism in TNBC cells but does so by a previously unappreciated mechanism that involves direct repression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). TXNIP is a potent negative regulator of glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis, and glycolytic gene expression; thus its repression by c-Myc provides an alternate route to c-Myc-driven glucose metabolism. c-Myc reduces TXNIP gene expression by binding to an E-box-containing region in the TXNIP promoter, possibly competing with the related transcription factor MondoA. TXNIP suppression increases glucose uptake and drives a dependence on glycolysis. Ectopic TXNIP expression decreases glucose uptake, reduces cell proliferation, and increases apoptosis. Supporting the biological significance of the reciprocal relationship between c-Myc and TXNIP, a Mychigh/TXNIPlow gene signature correlates with decreased overall survival and decreased metastasis-free survival in breast cancer. The correlation between the Mychigh/TXNIPlow gene signature and poor clinical outcome is evident only in TNBC, not in other breast cancer subclasses. Mutation of TP53, which is a defining molecular feature of TNBC, enhances the correlation between the Mychigh/TXNIPlow gene signature and death from breast cancer. Because Myc drives nutrient utilization and TXNIP restricts glucose availability, we propose that the Mychigh/TXNIPlow gene signature coordinates nutrient utilization with nutrient availability. Further, our data suggest that loss of the p53 tumor suppressor cooperates with Mychigh/TXNIPlow-driven metabolic dysregulation to drive the aggressive clinical behavior of TNBC.
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395
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Bhutia YD, Babu E, Ramachandran S, Ganapathy V. Amino Acid transporters in cancer and their relevance to "glutamine addiction": novel targets for the design of a new class of anticancer drugs. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1782-8. [PMID: 25855379 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have an increased demand for amino acids because of their rapid proliferation rate. In addition to their need in protein synthesis, several amino acids have other roles in supporting cancer growth. There are approximately two-dozen amino acid transporters in humans, and tumor cells must upregulate one or more of these transporters to satisfy their demand for amino acids. If the transporters that specifically serve this purpose in tumor cells are identified, they can be targeted for the development of a brand new class of anticancer drugs; the logical basis of such a strategy would be to starve the tumor cells of an important class of nutrients. To date, four amino acid transporters have been found to be expressed at high levels in cancer: SLC1A5, SLC7A5, SLC7A11, and SLC6A14. Their induction occurs in a cancer type-specific manner with a direct or indirect involvement of the oncogene c-Myc. Further, these transporters are functionally coupled, thus maximizing their ability to promote cancer growth and chemoresistance. Progress has been made in preclinical studies, exploiting these transporters as drug targets in cancer therapy. These transporters also show promise in development of new tumor-imaging probes and in tumor-specific delivery of appropriately designed chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ellappan Babu
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Sabarish Ramachandran
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas.
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396
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Tang X, Keenan MM, Wu J, Lin CA, Dubois L, Thompson JW, Freedland SJ, Murphy SK, Chi JT. Comprehensive profiling of amino acid response uncovers unique methionine-deprived response dependent on intact creatine biosynthesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005158. [PMID: 25849282 PMCID: PMC4388453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides being building blocks for protein synthesis, amino acids serve a wide variety of cellular functions, including acting as metabolic intermediates for ATP generation and for redox homeostasis. Upon amino acid deprivation, free uncharged tRNAs trigger GCN2-ATF4 to mediate the well-characterized transcriptional amino acid response (AAR). However, it is not clear whether the deprivation of different individual amino acids triggers identical or distinct AARs. Here, we characterized the global transcriptional response upon deprivation of one amino acid at a time. With the exception of glycine, which was not required for the proliferation of MCF7 cells, we found that the deprivation of most amino acids triggered a shared transcriptional response that included the activation of ATF4, p53 and TXNIP. However, there was also significant heterogeneity among different individual AARs. The most dramatic transcriptional response was triggered by methionine deprivation, which activated an extensive and unique response in different cell types. We uncovered that the specific methionine-deprived transcriptional response required creatine biosynthesis. This dependency on creatine biosynthesis was caused by the consumption of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) during creatine biosynthesis that helps to deplete SAM under methionine deprivation and reduces histone methylations. As such, the simultaneous deprivation of methionine and sources of creatine biosynthesis (either arginine or glycine) abolished the reduction of histone methylation and the methionine-specific transcriptional response. Arginine-derived ornithine was also required for the complete induction of the methionine-deprived specific gene response. Collectively, our data identify a previously unknown set of heterogeneous amino acid responses and reveal a distinct methionine-deprived transcriptional response that results from the crosstalk of arginine, glycine and methionine metabolism via arginine/glycine-dependent creatine biosynthesis. In order for mammalian cells to live and function, amino acids are required for protein synthesis and the generation of metabolic intermediates. An imbalance or deficiency of amino acids often triggers an “amino acid response” (AAR) to allow cells to adapt to their environment. However, it remains unclear whether the deprivation of any single amino acid leads to similar or different changes compared to the global AAR response or to other single amino acid deficiencies. To answer this question, we removed each or all of the 15 amino acids found in media from cells and comprehensively profiled the resulting changes in their RNA expression. Strikingly, we found a unique and dramatic gene expression program that occurred only when cells were deprived of methionine, but not any other amino acid. We also found that these methionine-specific changes depended on changes in histone modifications and an intact creatine biosynthesis pathway. Methionine deprivation reduced the degree to which histone proteins were indirectly modified by methionine (histone methylation). Creatine biosynthesis consumed methionine’s derivate S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), contributing to the reduction of histone methylation and an increase in ornithine-mediated signaling. Since methionine restriction may have anti-aging and other medical uses, our findings provide insights that will lead toward a better understanding of the underlying effects of methionine restriction and eventually improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Tang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Keenan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianli Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chih-An Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Dubois
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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397
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Jeon YJ, Khelifa S, Ratnikov B, Scott DA, Feng Y, Parisi F, Ruller C, Lau E, Kim H, Brill LM, Jiang T, Rimm DL, Cardiff RD, Mills GB, Smith JW, Osterman AL, Kluger Y, Ronai ZA. Regulation of glutamine carrier proteins by RNF5 determines breast cancer response to ER stress-inducing chemotherapies. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:354-69. [PMID: 25759021 PMCID: PMC4356903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many tumor cells are fueled by altered metabolism and increased glutamine (Gln) dependence. We identify regulation of the L-glutamine carrier proteins SLC1A5 and SLC38A2 (SLC1A5/38A2) by the ubiquitin ligase RNF5. Paclitaxel-induced ER stress to breast cancer (BCa) cells promotes RNF5 association, ubiquitination, and degradation of SLC1A5/38A2. This decreases Gln uptake, levels of TCA cycle components, mTOR signaling, and proliferation while increasing autophagy and cell death. Rnf5-deficient MMTV-PyMT mammary tumors were less differentiated and showed elevated SLC1A5 expression. Whereas RNF5 depletion in MDA-MB-231 cells promoted tumorigenesis and abolished paclitaxel responsiveness, SLC1A5/38A2 knockdown elicited opposing effects. Inverse RNF5(hi)/SLC1A5/38A2(lo) expression was associated with positive prognosis in BCa. Thus, RNF5 control of Gln uptake underlies BCa response to chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Jeon
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihem Khelifa
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Boris Ratnikov
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yongmei Feng
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fabio Parisi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chelsea Ruller
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Lau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurence M Brill
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Smith
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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398
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Inhibitors of glutamate release from breast cancer cells; new targets for cancer-induced bone-pain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8380. [PMID: 25670024 PMCID: PMC4323637 DOI: 10.1038/srep08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an important signaling molecule in a wide variety of tissues. Aberrant glutamatergic signaling disrupts normal tissue homeostasis and induces several disruptive pathological conditions including pain. Breast cancer cells secrete high levels of glutamate and often metastasize to bone. Exogenous glutamate can disrupt normal bone turnover and may be responsible for cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). CIBP is a significant co-morbidity that affects quality of life for many advanced-stage breast cancer patients. Current treatment options are commonly accompanied by serious side-effects that negatively impact patient care. Identifying small molecule inhibitors of glutamate release from aggressive breast cancer cells advances a novel, mechanistic approach to targeting CIBP that could advance treatment for several pathological conditions. Using high-throughput screening, we investigated the ability of approximately 30,000 compounds from the Canadian Compound Collection to reduce glutamate release from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. This line is known to secrete high levels of glutamate and has been demonstrated to induce CIBP by this mechanism. Positive chemical hits were based on the potency of each molecule relative to a known pharmacological inhibitor of glutamate release, sulfasalazine. Efficacy was confirmed and drug-like molecules were identified as potent inhibitors of glutamate secretion from MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and Mat-Ly-Lu cells.
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399
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Reactive oxygen species-mediated therapeutic response and resistance in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1601. [PMID: 25590811 PMCID: PMC4669764 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) resistance to therapy is the most common cause of tumor recurrence, which is ultimately fatal in 90% of the patients 5 years after initial diagnosis. A sub-population of tumor cells with stem-like properties, glioma stem cells (GSCs), is specifically endowed to resist or adapt to the standard therapies, leading to therapeutic resistance. Several anticancer agents, collectively termed redox therapeutics, act by increasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we investigated mechanisms underlying GSC response and resistance to cannabidiol (CBD), a non-toxic, non-psychoactive cannabinoid and redox modulator. Using primary GSCs, we showed that CBD induced a robust increase in ROS, which led to the inhibition of cell survival, phosphorylated (p)-AKT, self-renewal and a significant increase in the survival of GSC-bearing mice. Inhibition of self-renewal was mediated by the activation of the p-p38 pathway and downregulation of key stem cell regulators Sox2, Id1 and p-STAT3. Following CBD treatment, a subset of GSC successfully adapted, leading to tumor regrowth. Microarray, Taqman and functional assays revealed that therapeutic resistance was mediated by enhanced expression of the antioxidant response system Xc catalytic subunit xCT (SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino-acid transporter light chain), member 11)) and ROS-dependent upregulation of mesenchymal (MES) markers with concomitant downregulation of proneural (PN) markers, also known as PN-MES transition. This 'reprogramming' of GSCs occurred in culture and in vivo and was partially due to activation of the NFE2L2 (NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like)) transcriptional network. Using genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors of SLC7A11, we demonstrated that combining CBD treatment with the inhibition of system Xc resulted in synergistic ROS increase leading to robust antitumor effects, that is, decreased GSC survival, self-renewal, and invasion. Our investigation provides novel mechanistic insights into the antitumor activity of redox therapeutics and suggests that combinatorial approaches using small molecule modulators of ROS offer therapeutic benefits in GBM.
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400
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Abstract
Metabolomics has emerged as a new discovery tool with the promise of identifying therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent discoveries have described essential metabolomic pathways in breast cancer and characterized oncometabolites that drive tumor growth and progression. Oncogenes like MYC and tumor suppressor genes like TP53 prominently affect breast cancer biology through regulation of cell metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings indicate that tumors with dominant mutations could be susceptible to inhibitors of disease metabolism. Moreover, various preclinical and clinical studies have linked tumor metabolism to therapeutic response and patient survival. Thus, recent advances suggest that metabolic profiling provides new opportunities to improve outcomes in breast cancer. In this review we summarize some of the identified roles of oncometabolites in breast cancer biology and highlight their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Mishra
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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