351
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Chen YY, Chen JC, Lin YC, Putra DF, Kitikiew S, Li CC, Hsieh JF, Liou CH, Yeh ST. Shrimp that have received carrageenan via immersion and diet exhibit immunocompetence in phagocytosis despite a post-plateau in immune parameters. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:352-366. [PMID: 24361621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of carrageenan on the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Shrimp haemocytes receiving carrageenan at 1 mg ml⁻¹ experienced change in cell size, reduction in cell viability, increase in PO activity, serine proteinase activity, and RB in vitro. Shrimp received carrageenan via immersion at 200, 400 and 600 mg L⁻¹ after 3 h and orally at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg⁻¹ after 3 weeks showed higher proliferation of haematopoietic tissues (HPTs) together with increases in haemocyte count and other immune parameters. Shrimp that fed a diet containing carrageenan at 0.5 g kg⁻¹ after 3 weeks significantly up-regulated gene expressions of several immune-related proteins. The immune parameters of shrimp that received carrageenan via immersion and orally increased to a plateau after 3 h and after 3 weeks, but decreased after 5 h and 6 weeks, respectively. Phagocytosis and clearance of Vibrio alginolyticus remained high in shrimp that had received carrageenan via immersion after 5 h and orally after 6 weeks, respectively. Resistances of shrimp against V. alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus were higher over 24-144 h and 72-144 h, respectively in shrimp that received carrageenan at 600 mg L⁻¹ via immersion after 3 and 5 h. It was concluded that carrageenan effectively triggers an innate immunity in vitro, and increases mitotic index of HPT, immune parameters, gene expressions and resistance against pathogens in vivo. Shrimp received carrageenan via immersion and orally exhibited immunocompetence in phagocytosis and clearance of V. alginolyticus, and resistance to pathogen despite the trend in immune parameters to recover to background values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dedi Fazriansyah Putra
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Suwaree Kitikiew
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Che Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chyng-Hwa Liou
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Tuen Yeh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
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352
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Wang L, Kounatidis I, Ligoxygakis P. Drosophila as a model to study the role of blood cells in inflammation, innate immunity and cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 3:113. [PMID: 24409421 PMCID: PMC3885817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has a primitive yet effective blood system with three types of haemocytes which function throughout different developmental stages and environmental stimuli. Haemocytes play essential roles in tissue modeling during embryogenesis and morphogenesis, and also in innate immunity. The open circulatory system of Drosophila makes haemocytes ideal signal mediators to cells and tissues in response to events such as infection and wounding. The application of recently developed and sophisticated genetic tools to the relatively simple genome of Drosophila has made the fly a popular system for modeling human tumorigensis and metastasis. Drosophila is now used for screening and investigation of genes implicated in human leukemia and also in modeling development of solid tumors. This second line of research offers promising opportunities to determine the seemingly conflicting roles of blood cells in tumor progression and invasion. This review provides an overview of the signaling pathways conserved in Drosophila during haematopoiesis, haemostasis, innate immunity, wound healing and inflammation. We also review the most recent progress in the use of Drosophila as a cancer research model with an emphasis on the roles haemocytes can play in various cancer models and in the links between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Genes and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Laboratory of Genes and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Genes and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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353
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Shi M, Chen XY, Zhu N, Chen XX. Molecular identification of two prophenoloxidase-activating proteases from the hemocytes of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and their transcript abundance changes in response to microbial challenges. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:179. [PMID: 25399433 PMCID: PMC5633980 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phenoloxidase (PO) activation system plays an important role in insect innate immunity, particularly in wound healing and pathogen defense. A key member of this system is prophenoloxidase-activating protease (PAP), which is the direct activator of prophenoloxidase (proPO). Despite their importance in the insect PO activation system, content of studies is limited. In this article, we identify two complementary DNAs (cDNAs), PxPAPa and PxPAPb, encoding possible PAPs, from immunized larval hemocytes of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), by RACE method. PxPAPa is 1,149-bp long and encodes a 382-residue open reading frame (ORF) with a predicted 17-residue signal peptide, a clip domain, and a Tryp_Spc domain. PxPAPb is 1,650-bp long and encodes a 440-residue ORF with a predicted 20-residue signal peptide, two clip domains, and a Tryp_Spc domain. PxPAPa and PxPAPb have a high sequence similarity to Manduca sexta (L.) PAP1 and PAP3, respectively. We also examined the transcript patterns of PxPAPa, PxPAPb, and pxPAP3, another clip-domain serine protease gene, response to different microbial challenges by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results show that the transcript abundance of PxPAPa is significantly increased by Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli but not Candida albicans. PxPAPb is induced only by Mi. luteus, whereas pxPAP3 could be induced by all the microbes in the test, but the transcript patterns of Mi. luteus, E. coli, and C. albicans are completely different. This study provides new insights into the molecular events that occur during the immune response, particularly melanization cascade that is involved in encapsulation and nodulation of pathogen or parasite invaders via hemocytes in host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
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354
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Jin XK, Li S, Guo XN, Cheng L, Wu MH, Tan SJ, Zhu YT, Yu AQ, Li WW, Wang Q. Two antibacterial C-type lectins from crustacean, Eriocheir sinensis, stimulated cellular encapsulation in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:544-552. [PMID: 23911906 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first step of host fighting against pathogens is that pattern recognition receptors recognized pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, the specificity of recognition within the innate immune molecular of invertebrates remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated how invertebrate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) C-type lectins might be involved in the antimicrobial response in crustacean. Based on our previously obtained completed coding regions of EsLecA and EsLecG in Eriocheir sinensis, the recombinant EsLectin proteins were produced via prokaryotic expression system and affinity chromatography. Subsequently, both rEsLecA and rEsLecG were discovered to have wide spectrum binding activities towards microorganisms, and their microbial-binding was calcium-independent. Moreover, the binding activities of both rEsLecA and rEsLecG induced the aggregation against microbial pathogens. Both microorganism growth inhibitory activities assays and antibacterial activities assays revealed their capabilities of suppressing microorganisms growth and directly killing microorganisms respectively. Furthermore, the encapsulation assays signified that both rEsLecA and rEsLecG could stimulate the cellular encapsulation in vitro. Collectively, data presented here demonstrated the successful expression and purification of two C-type lectins proteins in the Chinese mitten crab, and their critical role in the innate immune system of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kun Jin
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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355
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Chaves da Silva PG, Corrêa CL, de Carvalho SL, Allodi S. The crustacean central nervous system in focus: subacute neurodegeneration induces a specific innate immune response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80896. [PMID: 24278343 PMCID: PMC3835822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date nothing is known about the subacute phase of neurodegeneration following injury in invertebrates. Among few clues available are the results published by our group reporting hemocytes and activated glial cells at chronic and acute phases of the lesion. In vertebrates, glial activation and recruitment of immunological cells are crucial events during neurodegeneration. Here, we aimed to study the subacute stage of neurodegeneration in the crab Ucides cordatus, investigating the cellular/molecular strategy employed 48 hours following ablation of the protocerebral tract (PCT). We also explored the expression of nitric oxide (NO) and histamine in the PCT during this phase of neurodegeneration. Three immune cellular features which seem to characterize the subacute phase of neurodegeneration were revealed by: 1) the recruitment of granulocytes and secondarily of hyalinocytes to the lesion site (inducible NO synthase- and histamine-positive cells); 2) the attraction of a larger number of cells than observed in the acute phase; 3) the presence of activated glial cells as shown by the round shaped nuclei and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. We suggest that molecules released from granulocytes in the acute phase attract the hyalinocytes thus moving the degeneration process to the subacute phase. The importance of our study resides in the characterization of cellular and biochemical strategies peculiar to the subacute stage of the neurodegeneration in invertebrates. Such events are worth studying in crustaceans because in invertebrates this issue may be addressed with less interference from complex strategies resulting from the acquired immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grazielle Chaves da Silva
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clynton Lourenço Corrêa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luiz de Carvalho
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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356
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Youlei M, Jinghai Z, Yuntao Z, Jiaoshu L, Tianyi W, Chunfu W, Rong Z. Purification and characterization of a 1,3-β-D-glucan recognition protein from Antheraea pernyi larve that is regulated after a specific immune challenge. BMB Rep 2013; 46:264-9. [PMID: 23710637 PMCID: PMC4133891 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.5.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are known to participate in the activation of Prophenoloxidase system. In this study, a 1,3-β-D-glucan recognition protein was detected for the first time in Antheraea pernyi larvae (Ap-βGRP). Ap-βGRP was purified to 99.9% homogeneity from the hemolymph using traditional chromatographic methods. Ap-βGRP specifically bind 1,3-β-D-glucan and yeast, but not E. coli or M. luteus. The 1,3-β-D-glucan dependent phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the hemolymph inhibited by anti-Ap-βGRP antibody could be recovered by addition of purified Ap-βGRP. These results demonstrate that Ap-βGRP acts as a biosensor of 1,3-β-Dglucan to trigger the Prophenoloxidase system. A trace mount of 1,3-β-D-glucan or Ap-βGRP alone was unable to trigger the proPO system, but they both did. Ap-βGRP was specifically degraded following the activation of proPO with 1,3-β-Dglucan. These results indicate the variation in the amount of Ap-βGRP after specific immune challenge in A. pernyi hemolymph is an important regulation mechanism to immune response. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(5): 264-269]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Youlei
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
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357
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Liu YT, Chang CI, Hseu JR, Liu KF, Tsai JM. Immune responses of prophenoloxidase and cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase in the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus against a virus and bacterium. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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358
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Jenne CN, Urrutia R, Kubes P. Platelets: bridging hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:254-61. [PMID: 23590652 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the function of platelets in the maintenance of hemostasis has been studied in great detail, more recent evidence has highlighted a central role for platelets in the host inflammatory and immune responses. Platelets by virtue of their large numbers and their ability to rapidly release a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators act as circulating sentinels. Upon detection of a pathogen, platelets quickly activate and begin to drive the ensuing inflammatory response. Platelets have the ability to directly modulate the activity of neutrophils (phagocytosis, oxidative burst), endothelium (adhesion molecule and chemokine expression), and lymphocytes. Due to their diverse array of adhesion molecules and preformed chemokines, platelets are able to adhere to leukocytes and facilitate their recruitment to sites of tissue damage or infection. Furthermore, platelets directly participate in the capture and sequestration of pathogens within the vasculature. Platelet-neutrophil interactions are known to induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to either bacterial or viral infection, and platelets have been shown to internalize pathogens, sequestering them in engulfment vacuoles. Finally, emerging data indicate that platelets also participate in the host immune response by directly killing infected cells. This review will highlight the central role platelets play in the initiation and modulation of the host inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Jenne
- Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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359
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Du ZQ, Ren Q, Huang AM, Fang WH, Zhou JF, Gao LJ, Li XC. A novel peroxinectin involved in antiviral and antibacterial immunity of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6873-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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360
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Jin XK, Guo XN, Li S, Wu MH, Zhu YT, Yu AQ, Tan SJ, Li WW, Zhang P, Wang Q. Association of a hepatopancreas-specific C-type lectin with the antibacterial response of Eriocheir sinensis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76132. [PMID: 24146827 PMCID: PMC3795701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are part of the initial step of a host defense against pathogens in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, determinants of the specificity of this recognition by innate immune molecules of invertebrates remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of an invertebrate PRR C-type lectin in the antimicrobial response of the crustacean Eriocheir sinensis. Based on the initial expressed sequence tags (EST) of a hepatopancreatic cDNA library, the full-length EsLecF cDNA was cloned and determined to contain a 477-bp open reading frame encoding a putative 158-amino-acid protein. A comparison with other reported invertebrate and vertebrate C-type lectin superfamily sequences revealed the presence of a common carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). EsLecF transcripts in E. sinensis were mainly detected in the hepatopancreas and were inducible by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The recombinant EsLecF (rEsLecF) protein produced via a prokaryotic expression system and affinity chromatography was found to have a wide spectrum of binding activities towards various microorganisms, and its microbial-binding activity was calcium-independent. Moreover, the binding of rEsLecF induced the aggregation of microbial pathogens. Results of the microorganism growth inhibitory assay and antibacterial assay revealed capabilities of rEsLecF in suppressing microorganism growth and directly killing bacteria, respectively. Furthermore, rEsLecF could enhance cellular encapsulation in vitro. Collectively, the findings presented here demonstrated the successful isolation of a novel C-type lectin in a crustacean and highlighted its critical role in the innate immunity of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kun Jin
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nv Guo
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hao Wu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Ting Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Qing Yu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang-Jian Tan
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (PZ); (QW)
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (PZ); (QW)
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361
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Rungrassamee W, Maibunkaew S, Karoonuthaisiri N, Jiravanichpaisal P. Application of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to improve survival of the black tiger shrimp after Vibrio harveyi exposure. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:257-62. [PMID: 23751331 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates an effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as feed supplement to improve immunity of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). LPS was coated to commercial feed pellets and given to the shrimp once or twice a day for 10 days before an exposure with shrimp pathogenic bacterium Vibrio harveyi. The growth rates, percent weight gains, total hemocyte and granulocyte counts and survival rates of shrimp between the LPS-coated pellet fed groups and a control group where shrimp fed with commercial feed pellets were compared. After 10 days of the feeding trials, growth rates were not significantly different in all groups, suggesting no toxicity from LPS supplement. To determine beneficial effect of LPS diets, each group was subsequently exposed to V. harveyi by immersion method and the survival rates were recorded for seven days after the immersion. Regardless of the dosages of LPS, the shrimp groups fed with LPS-coated pellets showed higher survival rates than the control group. There was no significant difference in survival rates between the two LPS dosages groups. In addition to survival under pathogen challenge, we also determine effect of LPS on immune-related genes after 10-day feeding trial. Gene expression analysis in the P. monodon intestines revealed that antilipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 (ALF3), C-type lectin, and mucine-like peritrophin (mucin-like PM) were expressed significantly higher in a group fed with LPS supplemental diet once or twice a day than in a control group. The transcript levels of C-type lectin and mucin-like PM had increased significantly when LPS was given once a day, while significant induction of ALF3 transcripts was observed when shrimp were fed with LPS twice a day. The up-regulation of the immune gene levels in intestines and higher resistance to V. harveyi of the shrimp fed with LPS provide the evidence for potential application of LPS as an immunostimulant in P. monodon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanilada Rungrassamee
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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362
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Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Corzo G, Besada V, Vega-Hurtado Y, González-González Y, Perera E, Porto-Verdecia M. The trypsin inhibitor panulirin regulates the prophenoloxidase-activating system in the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31867-79. [PMID: 24047891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanization reaction promoted by the prophenoloxidase-activating system is an essential defense response in invertebrates subjected to regulatory mechanisms that are still not fully understood. We report here the finding and characterization of a novel trypsin inhibitor, named panulirin, isolated from the hemocytes of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus with regulatory functions on the melanization cascade. Panulirin is a cationic peptide (pI 9.5) composed of 48 amino acid residues (5.3 kDa), with six cysteine residues forming disulfide bridges. Its primary sequence was determined by combining Edman degradation/N-terminal sequencing and electrospray ionization-MS/MS spectrometry. The low amino acid sequence similarity with known proteins indicates that it represents a new family of peptidase inhibitors. Panulirin is a competitive and reversible tight-binding inhibitor of trypsin (Ki = 8.6 nm) with a notable specificity because it does not inhibit serine peptidases such as subtilisin, elastase, chymotrypsin, thrombin, and plasmin. The removal of panulirin from the lobster hemocyte lysate leads to an increase in phenoloxidase response to LPS. Likewise, the addition of increasing concentrations of panulirin to a lobster hemocyte lysate, previously depleted of trypsin-inhibitory activity, decreased the phenoloxidase response to LPS in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results indicate that panulirin is implicated in the regulation of the melanization cascade in P. argus by inhibiting peptidase(s) in the pathway toward the activation of the prophenoloxidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- From the Biochemistry Department, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Ave. 26 No. 1605 e/ Ave. 51 y Boyeros, Plaza, CP 10400, Havana, Cuba
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363
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Ponprateep S, Phiwsaiya K, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. Interaction between Kazal serine proteinase inhibitor SPIPm2 and viral protein WSV477 reduces the replication of white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:957-964. [PMID: 23867494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral disease caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) which leads to severe mortality in cultured penaeid shrimp. In response to WSSV infection in Penaeus monodon, a Kazal serine proteinase inhibitor SPIPm2, normally stored in the granules of granular and semi-granular hemocytes is up-regulated and found to deter the viral replication. By using yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified a viral target protein, namely WSV477. Instead of being a proteinase, the WSV477 was reported to be a Cys2/Cys2-type zinc finger regulatory protein having ATP/GTP-binding activity. In vitro pull down assay confirmed the protein-protein interaction between rSPIPm2 and rWSV477. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that the SPIPm2 and WSV477 were co-localized in the cytoplasm of shrimp hemocytes. Using RNA interference, the silencing of WSV477 resulted in down-regulated of viral late gene VP28, the same result obtained with SPIPm2. In this instance, the SPIPm2 does not function as proteinase inhibitor but inhibit the regulatory function of WSV477.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikwan Ponprateep
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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364
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Sivakamavalli J, Vaseeharan B. Purification, characterization and functional analysis of a novel β-1, 3-glucan binding protein from green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:689-696. [PMID: 23732849 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A β-1, 3-Glucan binding protein (β-GBP) was isolated from green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and purified using laminarin precipitation and affinity chromatography on laminarin-Sepharose 6B column respectively. P. semisulcatus β-GBP exhibits a single band with a molecular weight of 112 kDa on SDS-PAGE and pI of 5.9 in isoelectric focusing (IEF). Negative staining of P. semisulcatus β-GBP showed large aggregates with crystalline surface when viewed by Electron Microscopy. Circular dichroism spectra of P. semisulcatus β-GBP showed broad negative minimum wavelength extending from 200 to 250 nm can be attributed to the presence of β-sheets in its secondary structure. P. semisulcatus β-GBP comprises the specific binding affinity with the polysaccharide β-1, 3-glucans (laminarin), this recognition and binding leads to the activation of prophenoloxidase cascade. Interestingly, P. semisulcatus β-GBP also involved in the agglutination of baker's yeast, bacteria, erythrocytes (RBCs) and enhances the PO activity. Herein, we have investigated the importance of β-GBP in innate immune response of P. semisulcatus and they implicate the evolutionary link with similar proteins found in other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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365
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Cellular apoptosis of hemocytes from Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu larvae induced with the secondary metabolites of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71600. [PMID: 23940771 PMCID: PMC3737098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungus on the hemocyte immunity of host insect, the secondary metabolite complex (SMC) of Beauveriabrongniartii was used in three concentrations (5.5, 55, and 550 µg/mL), and the 4th instar larvae of the pine caterpillar Dendrolimustabulaeformis were employed as host insects. The larvae were inoculated with the SMC solutions by injection in bioassays. Apoptosis of the larval hemocytes was observed using fluorescence microscopy (FM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometry (FCM). The FM results showed that in the treated groups, larval hemocytes exhibited symptoms of early apoptosis at 6 h post-treatment by radiating a non-uniform kelly fluorescence and exhibited symptoms of late apoptosis at 12 h post-treatment by radiating a non-uniform orange fluorescence. Under TEM, the following ultra-structural changes associated with apoptosis of the larval hemocytes were observed in the treated groups: the nuclei were hypertrophied, slight folds were on the nuclear envelope, the chromatin became concentrated, the mitochondrial cristae disappeared or were disorderly, most cells developed blebs, and fibrillar aggregation appeared and accumulated in the cytoplasm. Apoptosis of the larval hemocytes was detected by FCM at 6 h post-treatment; the percentage of early apoptotic cells in the SMC 5.5, 55, and 550 µg/mL treatment groups were 11.93%, 13.10%, and 18.42%, respectively. Late apoptosis first occurred at 12 h post-treatment; the highest rate of apoptosis was 36.54 ± 4.37% at 24 h post-treatment in the SMC 55 µg/mL treatment group. In general, the cellular apoptosis rate was positively correlated with the SMC concentration and the time post-treatment. These results indicate that secondary metabolites of B. brongniartii are able to attack the hemocytes of D. tabulaeformis larvae and induce cellular apoptosis, thereby providing new evidence that secondary metabolites of mycopathogens can act on host immune systems.
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366
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Coates CJ, Whalley T, Wyman M, Nairn J. A putative link between phagocytosis-induced apoptosis and hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activation. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1319-1331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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367
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Zhu H, Du J, Hui KM, Liu P, Chen J, Xiu Y, Yao W, Wu T, Meng Q, Gu W, Ren Q, Wang W. Diversity of lectins in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and their expression patterns under spiroplasma MR-1008 stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:300-309. [PMID: 23664913 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lectins play important roles in crustacean innate immunity through recognition of foreign pathogens. In this study, 20 lectins including C-type lectins [dual-carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) type and single-CRD type], L-type lectin, and lectin with low-density lipoprotein class A (LDLa) domain were identified from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The tissue distribution and expression patterns of these lectins under spiroplasma strain MR-1008 challenge were investigated. Most of the lectins were found to be mainly distributed in the hepatopancreas. Lectin5, Lectin14, Lectin17, and Lectin18 exhibited the highest expression level in the hemocytes, nerve, intestine, and heart, respectively. MrLec1 to MrLec6 (dual-CRD lectins) in the hepatopancreas were up-regulated by spiroplasma challenge. Single-CRD lectins reached the highest level at 72 h after spiroplasma challenge. Lectin9 and Lectin15 both belong to L-type lectins. At post-spiroplasma challenge, Lectin9 expression was up-regulated, whereas Lectin15 expression was down-regulated. Lectin11 with LDLa domain showed the highest level after 12 h Lectin18 and Lectin20, namely, CD209, were also up-regulated by spiroplasma challenge. Lectin14, a C-type lectin, quickly reached the highest level after 2 h Lectin16 showed the highest level after 72 h Lectin5 reached the highest level in cultured hemocytes after 6 h Lectin17 in the intestine and Lectin14 in the nerve were slightly up-regulated after 6 and 2 h, respectively. Our research results indicate that lectins may play important roles in early or late immune responses against spiroplasma challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1# Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China
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368
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Zheng H, Li L, Xu Q, Zou Q, Tang B, Wang S. Gene cloning and expression patterns of two prophenoloxidases from Catantops pinguis (Orthoptera: Catantopidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:393-405. [PMID: 23507507 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In insect, fat body plays major roles in insect innate immunity. Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important component in insect innate immunity and is necessary for acclimatization. In our study, two prophenoloxidase (PPO) subunits were obtained from fat body of Catantops pinguis (Stål). The full-length cDNA sequence of one PPO (CpPPO1) consisted of 2347 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2187 bp encoding 728 amino acids, while the other subunit (CpPPO2) had a full length of 2445 bp, encoding 691 amino acids. Both the PPO gene products are predicted to possess all the structural features of other PPO members, including two putative tyrosinase copper-binding motifs with six highly conserved histidine residues and a thiolester-like motif. Tissue distribution analysis showed that both PPO mRNAs were abundantly expressed in the fat body among 11 tissues examined, and they were transiently up-regulated after Escherichia coli infection, consistent with them being immune-responsive genes. Total levels of CpPPO1 and CpPPO2 mRNA transcripts were much higher in first instar larvae and adults. A much higher transcript level of CpPPO1 was detected in several months, while there were extremely high mRNA expression levels of CpPPO2 in January, July, October, and December. The above results suggested that PPO from fat body might also bring significant function during the processes of development and acclimatization for C. pinguis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Zheng
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, China
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369
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Piñera AV, Charles HM, Dinh TA, Killian KA. Maturation of the immune system of the male house cricket, Acheta domesticus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:752-760. [PMID: 23727197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune system functions to counteract the wide range of pathogens an insect may encounter during its lifespan, ultimately maintaining fitness and increasing the likelihood of survival to reproductive maturity. In this study, we describe the maturation of the innate immune system of the male house cricket Acheta domesticus during the last two nymphal stages, and during early and late adulthood. Total hemolymph phenoloxidase enzyme activity, lysozyme-like enzyme activity, the number of circulating hemocytes, and encapsulation ability were all determined for each developmental stage or age examined. The number of circulating hemocytes and lysozyme-like enzyme activity were similar for all developmental stages examined. Nymphs and newly molted adult males, however, had significantly lower total phenoloxidase activity than later adult stages, yet nymphs were able to encapsulate a nylon thread just as well as adults. Encapsulation ability would thus appear to be independent of total phenoloxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica V Piñera
- Department of Zoology and Center for Neuroscience, 212 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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370
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Lin YC, Chen JC, Morni WZW, Putra DF, Huang CL, Li CC, Hsieh JF. Vaccination enhances early immune responses in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after secondary exposure to Vibrio alginolyticus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69722. [PMID: 23894531 PMCID: PMC3718771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work suggested that the presence of specific memory or some form of adaptive immunity occurs in insects and shrimp. Hypervariable pattern recognition molecules, known as Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules, are able to mount specific recognition, and immune priming in invertebrates. In the present study, we attempted to understand the immune response pattern of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei which received primary (PE) and secondary exposure (SE) to Vibrio alginolyticus. METHODOLOGY Immune parameters and proliferation of haematopoietic tissues (HPTs) of shrimp which had received PE and SE to V. alginolyticus were measured. In the PE trial, the immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of shrimp that received heat-killed V. alginolyticus (HVa) and formalin-inactivated V. alginolyticus (FVa) were measured. Mortality, immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to HVa after 7 days) and 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to FVa after 7 days) following SE to live V. alginolyticus (LVa) were measured. Phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency were examined for the 7∼35-day-HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp. RESULTS HVa-receiving shrimp showed an earlier increase in the immune response on day 1, whereas FVa-receiving shrimp showed a late increase in the immune response on day 5. The 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed enhancement of immunity when encountering SE to LVa, whereas 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp showed a minor enhancement in immunity. 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed higher proliferation and an HPT mitotic index. Both phagocytic activity and clearance maintained higher for both HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp after 28 days. CONCLUSIONS HVa- and FVa-receiving shrimp showed the bacteria agglutinated prior to being phagocytised. FVa functions as a vaccine, whereas HVa functions as an inducer and can be used as an immune adjuvant. A combined mixture of FVa and HVa can serve as a "vaccine component" to modulate the immunity of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan Zabidii W. Morni
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dedi Fazriansyah Putra
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Lun Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Che Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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371
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Hsieh SL, Wu CC, Liu CH, Lian JL. Effects of the water extract of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC on physiological and immune responses to Vibrio alginolyticus infection in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:18-25. [PMID: 23603309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC is widely distributed in certain areas of Asia and is very popular in vegetarian cuisine in Taiwan. To investigate the regulatory roles of G. bicolor in various functions in crustaceans, we examined innate non-specific immune responses (including total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity (PO), respiratory bursts (RBs), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), physiological responses (including haemolymph glucose, lactate, and lipids), and gene expressions (including prophenoloxidase (proPO), lipopolysaccharide- and b-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), and peroxinectin (PE) mRNA transcripts) to the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) that were individually injected with the water extract from G. bicolor at 2, 4, and 8 μg g(-1). Results indicated that PO, RBs, SOD activity, proPO, LGBP, and PE mRNA transcripts of shrimps receiving the water extract of G. bicolor at 2, 4, and 8 μg g(-1) significantly increased after challenge with V. alginolyticus for 96 h. However, no significant difference in the THC was seen at any dose. L. vannamei injected with the water extract of G. bicolor at all doses respectively maintained lower glucose, lactate, and lipid levels in response to V. alginolyticus challenge at 12-36, 24-36, and 24-48 h. Survival rates at 24-72 h of L. vannamei that received G. bicolor at any dose was significantly higher than those of shrimp that received saline. It was concluded that the water extract of G. bicolor can maintain physiological homeostasis and enhance immunity against V. alginolyticus infection in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan.
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372
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Wang L, Ma Z, Yang J, Gai Y, Zhou Z, Wang L, Yue F, Song L. Identification and characterization of a serine protease inhibitor Esserpin from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1576-1586. [PMID: 23567854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) represent an expanding superfamily of endogenous inhibitors that regulate proteolytic events and involve in a variety of physiological processes. A serine protease inhibitor, namely Esserpin, was identified from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis based on expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length cDNA of Esserpin was of 2367 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1371 bp encoding a polypeptide of 456 amino acids with estimated molecular mass of 49.95 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 6.03. A putative signal peptide of 23 amino acids and a classical serpin domain were identified in Esserpin. The deduced amino acid sequence of Esserpin shared homology with serpins from Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Pacifastacus leniusculus. The mRNA transcripts of Esserpin could be detected in all the examined tissues including heart, gill, hemocytes, muscle, gonad and hepatopancreas, and the highest expression level was present in gonad. After the crabs were challenged by Vibrio anguillarum and Pichia pastoris, the expression levels of Esserpin transcripts in hemocytes were significantly up-regulated, and peaked at 24 h (5.18-fold of blank group, P < 0.05) and 3 h (2.87-fold of blank group, P < 0.05), respectively. The functional activity of Esserpin was investigated by recombination and expression of the cDNA fragment encoding its mature peptide in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)-pLysS. The recombinant Esserpin (rEsserpin) could inhibit trypsin activities in a dose-dependent manner, and it could lead to 100% inhibition of trypsin activities under the concentration of 873.76 nM, while there was no evident inhibition of chymotrypsin observed with rEsserpin. Moreover, rEsserpin inhibited the growth of E. coli at the final concentration of 1747.52 nM, and it also significantly depressed (P < 0.05) the phenoloxidase activity in the plasma at the final concentration of 873.76 nM. These results indicated that Esserpin was a homologue of serpin in crab and it could be induced after immune stimulation and mediate immune response possibly via the inhibition of bacterial growth and the regulation of prophenoloxidase-activating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Lin YC, Chen JC, Chen YY, Liu CH, Cheng W, Hsu CH, Tsui WC. Characterization of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei integrin β and its role in immunomodulation by dsRNA-mediated gene silencing. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:167-179. [PMID: 23376419 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The full sequence of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei integrin β (LV-B) is 2879bp which encodes 787 amino acids (aa) of the open reading frame (ORF). The mature protein (764 aa) contains (1) an extracellular domain (ED) of 692 aa, (2) a transmembrane domain (TD) of 23 aa, and (3) a cytoplasmic domain (CD) of 49 aa. The cloned LV-B grouped together with crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus integrin β (PL-B1), but was far away from vertebrate integrin β1, β3, β5, β6, β7, and β8, and another L. vannamei integrin β (LV). A Southern blot analysis indicated that the cloned LV-B was a single copy of genomic DNA. LV-B mRNA was expressed in all tissues, and was highly expressed in haemocytes. LV-B was downregulated in shrimp 24 and 96h after having received white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). LV-B expression by haemocytes of shrimp was higher in the postmoult (A and B) stage, and lower in the premoult (D2/D3) stage. LV-B expression was significantly higher by shrimp reared in 2.5‰ and 5‰ salinities. Shrimp injected with integrin β dsRNA showed gene silencing of integrin β after 36h. LV-B-silenced shrimp showed decreased hyaline cells (HCs), granular cells (GCs, including semi-granular cells), the total haemocyte count (THC), respiratory bursts (RBs), and lysozyme activity, but showed increased RB/HC, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity/HC, and the phenoloxidase (PO) activity/GC. LV-B-silenced shrimp showed upregulated expressions of lipopolysaccharide- and β-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), peroxinectin (PX), prophenoloxidase I (proPO I), proPO II, proPO-activating enzyme (ppA), α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), cytMnSOD, mtMnSOD, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). It was concluded that integrin β plays important roles in proPO activation, phagocytosis, and the antioxidant system for immunomodulation in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
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374
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Zhang SP, Li JF, Wu XC, Zhong WJ, Xian JA, Liao SA, Miao YT, Wang AL. Effects of different dietary lipid level on the growth, survival and immune-relating genes expression in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1131-1138. [PMID: 23403158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Five feeding trials based on the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets containing 34% protein, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% or 14% lipid respectively in the circulating water culture system for both 30 and 60 days were conducted to investigate the effect of the dietary lipid level on the growth and immunity in white shirmp, Litopenaeus vannamei adults. The body weight and specific growth rate of white shrimp in different treatments indicated that shrimps fed the diet of 12% lipid level for 30d and 10% lipid level for 60d had the best developmental status. The ability of respiratory burst in hemocytes was improved as the increase of dietary lipid level. The transcripts of LGBP and pPO were sensitive to the dietary lipid in hemocyte and hepatopancreas respectively. The activities of CAT, GPx and AKP were increased to a certain extend according to dietary lipid level. Qualification of MDA showed the lowest level in the sample subjected to 12% lipid level diet, indicating an optimal utilization of the dietary lipid and an efficient clearance of MDA in vivo. These results suggested that dietary lipid level of 10-12% significantly tunes the growth and enhance the immune abilities mainly via ROS pathway of L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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375
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Probiotics as antiviral agents in shrimp aquaculture. J Pathog 2013; 2013:424123. [PMID: 23738078 PMCID: PMC3657448 DOI: 10.1155/2013/424123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimps or prawns for human consumption and is now considered as a major economic and food production sector as it is an increasingly important source of protein available for human consumption. Intensification of shrimp farming had led to the development of a number of diseases, which resulted in the excessive use of antimicrobial agents, which is finally responsible for many adverse effects. Currently, probiotics are chosen as the best alternatives to these antimicrobial agents and they act as natural immune enhancers, which provoke the disease resistance in shrimp farm. Viral diseases stand as the major constraint causing an enormous loss in the production in shrimp farms. Probiotics besides being beneficial bacteria also possess antiviral activity. Exploitation of these probiotics in treatment and prevention of viral diseases in shrimp aquaculture is a novel and efficient method. This review discusses the benefits of probiotics and their criteria for selection in shrimp aquaculture and their role in immune power enhancement towards viral diseases.
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376
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Maningas MBB, Kondo H, Hirono I. Molecular mechanisms of the shrimp clotting system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:968-972. [PMID: 23044383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp, like other invertebrates, relies solely on its innate immune system, to combat invading pathogens. The invertebrate immune system has ancient origins that involve cellular and humoral responses. The clotting system of the humoral immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens and also serves to prevent blood loss during injury and wound healing. Tranglutaminase and clotting protein are molecules involved in the blood clotting system of crayfish and shrimp. Studies have shown that the shrimp clotting system is linked with the activation of antimicrobial peptides, similar to that of the horseshoe crab. Unlike the horseshoe crab and crayfish blood coagulation which are well studied systems, blood clotting in shrimp remains poorly understood. Here we review the shrimp clotting system and its involvement in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth B Maningas
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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377
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Xue S, Yang W, Sun J. Role of chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase in white spot syndrome virus infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:403-409. [PMID: 23142726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) caused a great economic loss in shrimp aquaculture. Although great efforts have been undertaken to characterize the virus disease during the last two decades, there are still lack of effective methods to prevent or cure it. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional expression profiles of 18 key immune-related genes in the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis which was severely infected by WSSV. We found that the expression levels of 6 genes including chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase (CH-SPase), heat shock protein 70 cognate (HSP70), penaeidin (PEN), peroxinectin (PO), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and argonaute (AGO) changed significantly, while the expression of the other 12 genes had no significant changes compared to the control group. Among the 6 screened genes, CH-SPase showed significantly up-regulation, while the other 5 ones were significantly down-regulated. Knockdown of the expression of CH-SPase in WSSV-infected Chinese shrimp reduced the copy number of WSSV and delayed cumulative mortalities, suggesting that CH-SPase is important for WSSV infection. This study will be helpful to control the disease in shrimp caused by WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Xue
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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378
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Altincicek B, Elashry A, Guz N, Grundler FMW, Vilcinskas A, Dehne HW. Next generation sequencing based transcriptome analysis of septic-injury responsive genes in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52004. [PMID: 23326321 PMCID: PMC3541394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse animal group on earth and interact with numerous symbiotic or pathogenic microbes in their environments. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is a genetically tractable model beetle species and its whole genome sequence has recently been determined. To advance our understanding of the molecular basis of beetle immunity here we analyzed the whole transcriptome of T. castaneum by high-throughput next generation sequencing technology. Here, we demonstrate that the Illumina/Solexa sequencing approach of cDNA samples from T. castaneum including over 9.7 million reads with 72 base pairs (bp) length (approximately 700 million bp sequence information with about 30× transcriptome coverage) confirms the expression of most predicted genes and enabled subsequent qualitative and quantitative transcriptome analysis. This approach recapitulates our recent quantitative real-time PCR studies of immune-challenged and naïve T. castaneum beetles, validating our approach. Furthermore, this sequencing analysis resulted in the identification of 73 differentially expressed genes upon immune-challenge with statistical significance by comparing expression data to calculated values derived by fitting to generalized linear models. We identified up regulation of diverse immune-related genes (e.g. Toll receptor, serine proteinases, DOPA decarboxylase and thaumatin) and of numerous genes encoding proteins with yet unknown functions. Of note, septic-injury resulted also in the elevated expression of genes encoding heat-shock proteins or cytochrome P450s supporting the view that there is crosstalk between immune and stress responses in T. castaneum. The present study provides a first comprehensive overview of septic-injury responsive genes in T. castaneum beetles. Identified genes advance our understanding of T. castaneum specific gene expression alteration upon immune-challenge in particular and may help to understand beetle immunity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Altincicek
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES-Phytomedicine, Nussallee 9, Bonn, Germany.
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379
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Aphid-proof plants: biotechnology-based approaches for aphid control. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:179-203. [PMID: 23728163 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aphids are economically significant agricultural pests that are responsible for large yield losses in many different crops. Because the use of insecticides is restricted in the context of integrated pest management and aphids develop resistance against them rapidly, new biotechnology-based approaches are required for aphid control. These approaches focus on the development of genetically modified aphid-resistant plants that express protease inhibitors, dsRNA, antimicrobial peptides, or repellents, thus addressing different levels of aphid-plant interactions. However, a common goal is to disturb host plant acceptance by aphids and to disrupt their ability to take nutrition from plants. The defense agents negatively affect different fitness-associated parameters such as growth, reproduction, and survival, which therefore reduce the impact of infestations. The results from several different studies suggest that biotechnology-based approaches offer a promising strategy for aphid control.
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380
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Wang WF, Yang H, Liu F, Chen XL, Lv YJ, Ning QJ. A novel effect of imidazole derivative KK-42 on increasing survival of Aeromonas hydrophila challenged prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:167-172. [PMID: 23123639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole derivative KK-42 is well known as the insect growth regulator. Here we find that KK-42 pretreatment could promote the survival of Macrobrachium nipponense infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, which is considered to be possibly related to the prophenoloxidase (proPO), a conserved copper-containing enzyme that plays an important role in defense against pathogens. In this study, a full-length of proPO gene from M. nipponense haemocytes, designated as MnproPO, was firstly cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA contained 2428 bp with a 2013 bp open reading frame encoding a putative proPO protein of 671 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 76.5 kDa and pI of 7.31. It was predicted to possess all the expected features of proPO members, including two putative copper-binding sites with six histidine residues and a thiol ester-like motif. Sequence analysis showed that MnproPO exhibited the highest amino acid sequence similarity (93%) to a proPO of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The gene was expressed highly in haemocytes and weakly in hepatopancreas. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the MnproPO expression increased significantly at 3, 12 and 24 h after KK-42 treatment, the PO activity also importantly rose from 6 to 48 h in KK-42-treated prawns and reached the maximum at 24 h with a 2.3-fold higher than that in control group. Injection of A. hydrophila could stimulate the MnproPO transcription and PO activity whether or not the prawns were pretreated by KK-42, the mRNA level increased obviously only at 3 h and 6 h after the bacterium injection (challenged control), but increased constantly during the phase of experiment except at 6 h under the condition of KK-42 pretreatment (challenged treatment group). The change trend of PO activity was basically similar to that of MnproPO expression. Our present results demonstrate that the MnproPO expression as well as PO activity may be induced by KK-42, which is likely one of the molecular mechanisms of KK-42 acts for increasing survival of the prawn infected with A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Muye District, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
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381
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Wang XW, Wang JX. Diversity and multiple functions of lectins in shrimp immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:27-38. [PMID: 22561073 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lectins play important roles in many biological processes, including protein trafficking, cell signaling, pathogen recognition, as effector molecules, and so on, because of their capacity to bind carbohydrates. Presently, seven groups of lectins have been identified in shrimp: C-type, L-type, P-type, M-type, fibrinogen-like domain lectins, galectins, and calnexin/calreticulin. These lectins have different structures, diverse expression patterns, and multiple functions in the shrimp immune response. This review summarizes the research progress and analyzes the diversity of shrimp lectins, focusing mainly on the C-type lectin family. Shrimp C-type lectins show considerable diversity in their domain architectures, sugar substrates, tissue distributions, expression patterns responding to pathogen challenge and functions in shrimp immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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382
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Eriksson SP, Hernroth B, Baden SP. Stress biology and immunology in Nephrops norvegicus. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2013; 64:149-200. [PMID: 23668590 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410466-2.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus lives at low-light depths, in muddy substrata of high organic content where water salinities are high and fluctuations in temperature are moderate. In this environment, the lobsters are naturally exposed to a number of potential stressors, many of them as a result of the surficial breakdown of organic material in the sediment. This process (early diagenesis) creates a heterogeneous environment with temporal and spatial fluctuations in a number of compounds such as oxygen, ammonia, metals, and hydrogen sulphide. In addition to this, there are anthropogenically generated stressors, such as human-induced climate change (resulting in elevated temperature and ocean acidification), pollution and fishing. The lobsters are thus exposed to several stressors, which are strongly linked to the habitat in which the animals live. Here, the capacity of Nephrops to deal with these stressors is summarised. Eutrophication-induced hypoxia and subsequent metal remobilisation from the sediment is a well-documented effect found in some wild Nephrops populations. Compared to many other crustacean species, Nephrops is well adapted to tolerate periods of hypoxia, but prolonged or severe hypoxia, beyond their tolerance level, is common in some areas. When the oxygen concentration in the environment decreases, the bioavailability of redox-sensitive metals such as manganese increases. Manganese is an essential metal, which, taken up in excess, has a toxic effect on several internal systems such as chemosensitivity, nerve transmission and immune defence. Since sediment contains high concentrations of metals in comparison to sea water, lobsters may accumulate both essential and non-essential metals. Different metals have different target tissues, though the hepatopancreas, in general, accumulates high concentrations of most metals. The future scenario of increasing anthropogenic influences on Nephrops habitats may have adverse effects on the fitness of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne P Eriksson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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383
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Madan N, Nambi KSN, Abdul Majeed S, Taju G, Sundar Raj N, Farook MA, Vimal S, Sahul Hameed AS. In vitro propagation of hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus (HPV) of shrimp in C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cell line. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 112:229-35. [PMID: 23262397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) which causes infection in many species of penaeid shrimp is a serious viral pathogen in the young life stages of shrimp. An attempt was made to develop an in vitro system using C6/36 subclone of Aedes albopictus cell line for propagation of HPV. The results revealed that C6/36 cells were susceptible to this virus and the infected cells showed CPE in the form of vacuole formation. The results of PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blot revealed the HPV-infection in C6/36 cell line. The RT-PCR analysis confirmed the replication of HPV in C6/36 cell line. The HPV load was quantified at different time intervals by ELISA and real time PCR, and the results showed the increase of viral load in C6/36 cell line in time course of infection. HPV propagated in C6/36 cell line was used to infect post-larvae of shrimp and the results showed that the twentieth passage of HPV propagated in C6/36 cell line caused 100% mortality in post-larvae after 6 weeks post infection (d.p.i.). The infected post-larvae showed clinical signs of reduced growth, reduced preening, muscle opacity and atrophy of hepatopancreas. The HPV-infection was confirmed by PCR. The results of the present study showed that C6/36 cell line can be used as an in vitro model for HPV replication instead of whole animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Madan
- OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, PG & Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu 632 509, India
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384
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Yang JY, Chang CI, Liu KF, Hseu JR, Chen LH, Tsai JM. Viral resistance and immune responses of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei vaccinated by two WSSV structural proteins. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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385
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Celi M, Filiciotto F, Parrinello D, Buscaino G, Damiano MA, Cuttitta A, D'Angelo S, Mazzola S, Vazzana M. Physiological and agonistic behavioural response of Procambarus clarkii to an acoustic stimulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:709-18. [PMID: 23125346 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of an acoustic stimulus on the haemolymph and agonistic behaviour of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. The experiment was conducted in a tank equipped with a video recording system using six groups (three control and three test groups) of five adult crayfish (30 specimens in total). After 1 h of habituation, the behaviour of the crayfish was monitored for 2 h. During the second hour, the animals in the test groups were exposed to a linear sweep (frequency range 0.1-25 kHz; peak amplitude 148 dB(rms) re. 1 μPa at 12 kHz) acoustic stimulus for 30 min. Exposure to the noise produced significant variations in haemato-immunological parameters as well as a reduction in agonistic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Celi
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Environmental Biology and Biodiversity, Division of Animal Biology and Anthropology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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386
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Jin XK, Li WW, Cheng L, Li S, Guo XN, Yu AQ, Wu MH, He L, Wang Q. Two novel short C-type lectin from Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, are induced in response to LPS challenged. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1149-1158. [PMID: 22982336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanism of host fighting against pathogens is pattern recognition receptors recognized pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, the specificity of recognition within the innate immune molecular of invertebrates remains largely unknown. For this reason, we investigated the immune functionality of two pattern recognition receptors, C-type lectin EsLecA and EsLecG, post lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which is a commercially important and disease vulnerable aquaculture species. The cloning of full-length EsLecA and EsLecG cDNA were based on the initial expressed sequence tags (EST) isolated from a hepatopancreatic cDNA library via PCR. The EsLecA cDNA contained a 480-bp open reading frame that encoded a putative 159-amino-acid protein, while EsLecG cDNA contained a 465-bp open reading frame that encoded a putative 154-amino-acid protein. Comparison, with other reported invertebrate and vertebrate sequences, revealed the presence of carbohydrate recognition domains that were common among C-type lectin superfamilies. EsLecA and EsLecG mRNA expression in E. sinensis were (a) both detected in all tissues, including the hepatopancreas, gills, hemocytes, testis, accessory gland, ovary, muscle, stomach, intestine, heart, thoracic ganglia and brain, and (b) responsive in hepatopancreas, gill, hemocytes post-LPS immuno-challenge all appeared dramatically variation. Collectively, the data presented here demonstrate the successful isolation of two novel C-type lectins from the Chinese mitten crab, and their role in the innate immune system of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kun Jin
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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387
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Du J, Zhu H, Ren Q, Liu P, Chen J, Xiu Y, Yao W, Meng Q, Gu W, Wang W. Flow cytometry studies on the Macrobrachium rosenbergii hemocytes sub-populations and immune responses to novel pathogen spiroplasma MR-1008. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:795-800. [PMID: 22842149 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry provides rapid and reproducible methods for analyzing crustacean cellular immune responses to pathogens. We used this method to investigate the hemocytes sub-populations of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and their immune responses to a novel pathogen spiroplasma MR-1008. M. rosenbergii inoculated with 100 μl spiroplasma strain MR-1008 in logarithmic phase (10(8) spiroplasmas ml(-1)) were examined for total hemocytes count (THC) and changes in differential involvement of hemocytes sub-populations during 1-28 d after inoculation. The results showed that THC was dramatically lowered 1 d after inoculation, and it obviously increased at the 5 d after inoculation; thereafter, a high level of THC was maintained to 15 d. Three morphologically distinct hemocytes sub-populations including granular cells (GC), semigranular cells (SGC) and hyaline cells (HC) could be identified by flow cytometry, and the proportions of the 3 kinds of cell categories varied obviously during the infection of spiroplasma suggesting differential involvement according to the pathogen. The flow cytometry used in this study confirmed that the semigranular cells were the main hemocytes involved in the cellular defense against spiroplasma in the M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1# Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
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388
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The effects of simulated acid rain and heavy metal pollution on the mountain birch–autumnal moth interaction. CHEMOECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-012-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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389
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Bae SH, Kim BR, Kang BJ, Tsutsui N, Okutsu T, Shinji J, Jang IK, Han CH, Wilder MN. Molecular cloning of prophenoloxidase and the effects of dietary β-glucan and rutin on immune response in hemocytes of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:597-604. [PMID: 22796907 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary β-glucan (0.5 or 1 g kg⁻¹ diet: 0.5-BG, 1-BG) and rutin (0.5 or 1 g kg⁻¹ diet: 0.5-RT, 1-RT) after 10 days in the absence of pathogen challenge on the immune response of Fenneropenaeus chinensis, we determined total hemocyte count (THC) and the expression of four immune-related genes in hemocytes: those for prophenoloxidase (proPO), peroxinectin (PX), lipopolysaccharide and/or β-glucan binding protein (LGBP), and c-type lectin (CL). As a prerequisite for subsequent experiments, cDNA encoding proPO of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis (f-proPO) was obtained from hemocytes; it had a full length of 3023 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2061bp, a 105-bp 5'-untranslated region, and a 906-bp 3'-untranslated region containing the poly A signal. The THCs of shrimp fed β-glucan of 1 g kg⁻¹ diet, and rutin of 1 g kg⁻¹ diet were significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). The expression of proPO mRNA was slightly downregulated and that of LGBP mRNA was upregulated (except in 1-RT). PX and CL mRNA remained constitutively expressed in all groups. Our results reveal that β-glucan and rutin dietary supplements have minimal effect on immune response in the absence of pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Bae
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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390
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Somnuk S, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. Gene expression and characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor PmSERPIN8 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:332-341. [PMID: 22738762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous SERPINs or serine proteinase inhibitors are essential for controlling proteinases in several biological processes in various organisms. A PmSERPIN8, one of eight SERPINs identified from the Penaeus monodon database, is studied and reported herein. The open reading frame of PmSERPIN8 gene derived from a genomic gene contains 5 exons of 320, 139, 244, 239 and 312 bp separated by 4 introns of 447, 657, 326 and 479 bp. The PmSERPIN8 gene is highly expressed at nauplius stage and gradually subsided as the shrimp grow through zoea, mysis and postlarva stages. At sub-adult stage, the PmSERPIN8 gene is expressed mainly in the hemocyte and epipodite. The expression in response to Vibrio harveyi and YHV injection is up-regulated, respectively, at 24 and 48 h post-injection. The number of PmSERPIN8-producing hemocytes, however, is observed highest at 48 h post V. harveyi injection. All three hemocyte cell types: hyaline, semigranular and granular hemocytes are able to produce PmSERPIN8. The recombinant mature PmSERPIN8 (rPmSERPIN8) with a predicted size of 45.5 kDa was over-produced in an Escherichia coli system, solubilized from the inclusion bodies, purified and tested for its activity. We have found that the rPmSERPIN8 is able to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, but not Gram-negative bacterium, V. harveyi 639, and inhibit the shrimp prophenoloxidase system. The PmSERPIN8 is, thus, involved in the shrimp innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphaphon Somnuk
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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391
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Lin YC, Chen JC, Li CC, Morni WZW, Suhaili ASNA, Kuo YH, Chang YH, Chen LL, Tsui WC, Chen YY, Huang CL. Modulation of the innate immune system in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei following long-term low salinity exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:324-331. [PMID: 22626810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune parameters, haemocyte lifespan, and gene expressions of lipopolysaccharide and β-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), peroxinectin (PX), integrin β, and α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) were examined in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (0.48 ± 0.05 g) which had been reared at different salinity levels of 2.5‰, 5‰, 15‰, 25‰, and 35‰ for 24 weeks. All shrimp survived during the first 6 weeks. The survival rate of shrimp reared at 2.5‰ and 5‰ was much lower (30%) than that of shrimp reared at 15‰, 25‰, and 35‰ (76%~86%) after 24 weeks. Shrimp reared at 25% grew faster. Shrimp reared at 2.5‰ and 5‰ showed lower hyaline cells (HCs), granular cells (GCs), phenoloxidase activity (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lysozyme activity, but showed a longer haemocyte lifespan, and higher expressions of LGBP, PX, integrin β, and α2-M. In another experiment, shrimp which had been reared at different salinity levels for 24 weeks were challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus (6 × 10(6) cfu shrimp(-1)), and WSSV (10(3) copies shrimp(-1)) and then released to their respective seawater. At 96-144 h, cumulative mortalities of shrimp reared at 2.5‰ and 5‰ were significantly higher than those of shrimp reared at 15‰, 25‰, and 35‰. It was concluded that following long-term exposure to 2.5‰ and 5‰ seawater, white shrimp juveniles exhibited decreased resistance against a pathogen due to reductions in immune parameters. Increases in the haemocyte lifespan and gene expressions of LGBP, integrin β, PX, and α2-M indicated that shrimp had the ability to expend extra energy to modulate the innate immune system to prevent further perturbations at low salinity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
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392
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Lin YC, Chen JC, C. Man SN, W. Morni WZ, N.A. Suhaili AS, Cheng SY, Hsu CH. Modulation of innate immunity and gene expressions in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei following long-term starvation and re-feeding. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:148-56. [PMID: 24371579 PMCID: PMC3862379 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival rate, weight loss, immune parameters, resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and white-spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and expressions of lipopolysaccharide- and ß-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), peroxinectin (PX), prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme (ppA), prophenoloxidase (proPO) I, proPO II, α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), integrin ß, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cytMnSOD), mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mtMnSOD), and extracellular copper and zinc superoxide dismutase (ecCuZnSOD) were examined in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (8.18 ± 0.86 g body weight) which had been denied food (starved) for up to 14-28 days. Among shrimp which had been starved for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, 100%, 90%, 71%, and 59% survived, and they lost 3.2%, 7.3%, 9.2%, and 10.4% of their body weight, respectively. Hyaline cells (HCs), granular cells (GCs, including semi-granular cells), the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), and SOD activity significantly decreased in shrimp which had been starved for 1, 1, 1, 5, 14, and 3 days, respectively. The expression of integrin ß significantly decreased after 0.5-5 days of starvation, whereas the expressions of LGBP, PX, proPO I, proPO II, ppA, and α2-M increased after 0.5-1 days. Transcripts of all genes except ecCuZnSOD decreased to the lowest level after 5 days, and tended to background values after 7 and 14 days. Cumulative mortality rates of 7-day-starved shrimp challenged with V. alginolyticus and WSSV were significantly higher than those of challenged control-shrimp for 1-7 and 1-4 days, respectively. In another experiment, immune parameters of shrimp which had been starved for 7 and 14 days and then received normal feeding (at 5% of their body weight daily) were examined after 3, 6, and 12 h, and 1, 3, and 5 days. All immune parameters of 7-day-starved shrimp were able to return to their baseline values after 5 days of re-feeding except for GCs, whereas all parameters of 14-day-starved shrimp failed to return to the baseline values even with 5 days of re-feeding. It was concluded that shrimp starved for 14 days exhibited three stages of modulation of gene expression, together with reductions in immune parameters, and decreased resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Siti Nursafura C. Man
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan Zabidii W. Morni
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Sha-Yen Cheng
- Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, College of Ocean Science and Resource, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hung Hsu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
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393
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Goncalves P, Vernal J, Rosa RD, Yepiz-Plascencia G, de Souza CRB, Barracco MA, Perazzolo LM. Evidence for a novel biological role for the multifunctional β-1,3-glucan binding protein in shrimp. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:363-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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394
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Liu H, Zeng H, Yao Q, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Qiu D, Yang X, Yang H, Liu Z. Steinernema glaseri surface enolase: molecular cloning, biological characterization, and role in host immune suppression. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 185:89-98. [PMID: 22750626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as biological control agents that can suppress or evade the host immune defense upon entry into insects. The surface coat of Steinernema glaseri has been shown to play important roles in defeating the host immune system. In this work, a protein fraction with antiphagocytic activity was separated by electro-elution and further analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). LC-MS/MS analysis of one protein spot from a 2-DE gel gave five peptides that were highly similar to enolases of many organisms. A 1311 bp cDNA was cloned that encodes a 47 kDa protein with high sequence identity to enolases from different species of nematodes. The deduced protein, Sg-ENOL, was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its glycolytic activity was demonstrated by the conversion of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Recombinant Sg-ENOL significantly reduced the LT(50)s of Xenorhabdus poinarii and Metarhizium anisopliae when co-injected into Galleria mellonella and Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen, respectively. Using immuno-gold transmission electron microscopy, native Sg-ENOL was confirmed to be localized to both the nematode cuticle and the surface coat. In vitro, secretion of Sg-ENOL was inducible rather than constitutive. In vivo, Sg-ENOL was detected in the host hemolymph after infection of G. mellonella with S. glaseri, indicating that Sg-ENOL was secreted into the insect hemocoel and was involved in infection. This is the first report of the cloning and characterization of a surface coat protein in an entomopathogenic nematode. Our findings provide clear evidence for an important role for a cell surface enolase in S. glaseri infection and host immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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395
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Altuntaş H, Kılıç AY, Uçkan F, Ergin E. Effects of gibberellic acid on hemocytes of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:688-696. [PMID: 22732628 DOI: 10.1603/en11307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of different doses of the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA(3)) in diet on the number of total and differential hemocytes, frequency of apoptotic, and necrotic hemocytes, mitotic indices, encapsulation, and melanization responses were investigated using the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Total hemocyte counts increased in G. mellonella larvae at all treatment doses whereas GA(3) application had no effect on the number of different hemocyte types. The occurrence of apoptosis, necrosis and mitotic indices in GA(3) treated and untreated last instars were detected by acridine orange or ethidium bromide double staining by fluorescence microscopy. While the ratio of necrotic hemocytes increased at all GA(3) treatments, that of late apoptotic cells was only higher at doses >200 ppm when compared with untreated larvae. The percentage of mitotic index also increased at 5,000 ppm. Positively charged DEAE Sephadex A-25 beads were used for analysis of the levels of encapsulation and melanization in GA(3) treated G. mellonella larvae. At four and 24 h posttreatments with Sephadex A-25 bead injection, insects were dissected under a stereomicroscope. Encapsulation rates of larval hemocytes were dependent on the extent of encapsulation and time but not treatment groups. While the extent of melanization of hemocytes showed differences related to time, in general, a decrease was observed at all doses of GA(3) treated larvae at 24 h. We suggest that GA(3) treatment negatively affects hemocyte physiology and cell immune responses inducing cells to die by necrosis and apoptosis in G. mellonella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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396
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The scope of the crustacean immune system for disease control. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:251-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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397
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Xu Y, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhou X. Transcriptome and comparative gene expression analysis of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in response to southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36238. [PMID: 22558400 PMCID: PMC3338671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The white backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), causes great damage to many crops by direct feeding or transmitting plant viruses. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), transmitted by WBPH, has become a great threat to rice production in East Asia. Methodology/Principal Findings By de novo transcriptome assembling and massive parallel pyrosequencing, we constructed two transcriptomes of WBPH and profiled the alternation of gene expression in response to SRBSDV infection in transcriptional level. Over 25 million reads of high-quality DNA sequences and 81388 different unigenes were generated using Illumina technology from both viruliferous and non-viruliferous WBPH. WBPH has a very similar gene ontological distribution to other two closely related rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Laodelphax striatellus. 7291 microsatellite loci were also predicted which could be useful for further evolutionary analysis. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the two transcriptomes generated from viruliferous and non-viruliferous WBPH provided a list of candidate transcripts that potentially were elicited as a response to viral infection. Pathway analyses of a subset of these transcripts indicated that SRBSDV infection may perturb primary metabolism and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. In addition, 5.5% (181 out of 3315) of the genes in cell cytoskeleton organization pathway showed obvious changes. Our data also demonstrated that SRBSDV infection activated the immunity regulatory systems of WBPH, such as RNA interference, autophagy and antimicrobial peptide production. Conclusions/Significance We employed massively parallel pyrosequencing to collect ESTs from viruliferous and non-viruliferous samples of WBPH. 81388 different unigenes have been obtained. We for the first time described the direct effects of a Reoviridae family plant virus on global gene expression profiles of its insect vector using high-throughput sequencing. Our study will provide a road map for future investigations of the fascinating interactions between Reoviridae viruses and their insect vectors, and provide new strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (XZ)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (XZ)
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398
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Abstract
Understanding how organisms fight infection has been a central focus of scientific research and medicine for the past couple of centuries, and a perennial object of trial and error by humans trying to mitigate the burden of disease. Vaccination success relies upon the exposure of susceptible individuals to pathogen constituents that do not cause (excessive) pathology and that elicit specific immune memory. Mass vaccination allows us to study how immunity operates at the group level; denser populations are more prone to transmitting disease between individuals, but once a critical proportion of the population becomes immune, "herd immunity" emerges. In social species, the combination of behavioural control of infection--e.g., segregation of sick individuals, disposal of the dead, quality assessment of food and water--and aggregation of immune individuals can protect non-immune members from disease. While immune specificity and memory are well understood to underpin immunisation in vertebrates, it has been somewhat surprising to find similar phenomena in invertebrates, which lack the vertebrate molecular mechanisms deemed necessary for immunisation. Indeed, reports showing alternative forms of immune memory are accumulating in invertebrates. In this issue of PLoS Biology, Konrad et al. present an example of fungus-specific immune responses in social ants that lead to the active immunisation of nestmates by infected individuals. These findings join others in showing how organisms evolved diverse mechanisms that fulfil common functions, namely the discrimination between pathogens, the transfer of immunity between related individuals, and the group-level benefits of immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Babayan
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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399
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Assavalapsakul W, Panyim S. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of the Toll receptor in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:484-93. [PMID: 22535384 DOI: 10.4238/2012.march.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is economically important in many parts of the world, including Thailand. Shrimp immunity is similar to that of other invertebrate organisms; it consists of an innate immunity system. Toll or Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in recognizing the cleaved form of the cytokine Spätzle, which is processed by a series of proteolytic cascades activated by secreted recognition molecules. We isolated a full-length Toll receptor from P. monodon. The cloned full-length sequence of the PmToll cDNA consists of 4144 nucleotides, containing a 5'-UTR with 366 nucleotides, a 3'-terminal UTR with 985 nucleotides, with a classical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA, a poly A-tail with 27 nucleotides, and an open reading frame coding for 931 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of PmToll is a typical type I membrane domain protein, characteristic of TLR functional domains. It includes a putative signal peptide, an extracellular domain consisting of leucine-rich repeats, flanked by cysteine-rich motifs, a single-pass transmembrane portion, and a cytoplasmic TLR domain. PmToll was expressed in all tissues tested, including gill, hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, lymphoid organs, muscle, nerve, pleopod, stomach, testis, and ovary. The deduced amino acid of PmToll is closely related to that of other shrimp Tolls, especially FcToll. Further studies elucidating the mechanism of action of Tolls will be of benefit for understanding the defense mechanisms of this economically important aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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400
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Ren Q, Du ZQ, Li M, Zhang CY, Chen KP. Cloning and expression analysis of an anti-lipopolysaccharide factor from giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7673-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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