351
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Born WK, Zhang L, Nakayama M, Jin N, Chain JL, Huang Y, Aydintug MK, O'Brien RL. Peptide antigens for gamma/delta T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2335-43. [PMID: 21553233 PMCID: PMC11114491 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells express adaptive antigen receptors encoded by rearranging genes. Their diversity is highest in the small region of TCR V-J junctions, especially in the δ chain, which should enable the γδ TCRs to distinguish differences in small epitopes. Indeed, recognition of small molecules, and of an epitope on a larger protein has been reported. Responses to small non-peptides known as phospho-antigens are multi-clonal yet limited to a single γδ T cell subset in humans and non-human primates. Responses to small peptides are multi-clonal or oligo-clonal, include more than one subset of γδ T cells, and occur in rodents and primates. However, less effort has been devoted to investigate the peptide responses. To settle the questions of whether peptides can be ligands for the γδ TCRs, and whether responses to small peptides might occur normally, peptide binding will have to be demonstrated, and natural peptide ligands identified.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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352
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Ribot JC, deBarros A, Silva-Santos B. Searching for "signal 2": costimulation requirements of γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2345-55. [PMID: 21541698 PMCID: PMC11115137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation requires the integration of signals that arise from various types of receptors. Although TCR triggering is a necessary condition, it is often not sufficient to induce full T-cell activation, as reflected in cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. This has been firmly demonstrated for conventional αβ T cells, for which a large panel of costimulatory receptors has been identified. By contrast, the area remains more obscure for unconventional, innate-like γδ T cells, as the literature has been scarce and at times contradictory. Here we review the current state of the art on the costimulatory requirements of γδ T cell activation. We highlight the roles of members of the immunoglobulin (like CD28 or JAML) or tumour necrosis factor receptor (like CD27) superfamilies of coreceptors, but also of more atypical costimulatory molecules, such as NKG2D or CD46. Finally, we identify various areas where our knowledge is still markedly insufficient, hoping to provoke future research on γδ T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana deBarros
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
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353
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354
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Targeting myeloma-osteoclast interaction with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:63-70. [PMID: 21698356 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells stimulate osteoclastogenesis, and osteoclasts (OCs) in turn enhance MM growth and drug resistance, resulting in a vicious cycle. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exert potent anti-tumor effects, making T cell-based immunotherapies using these cells attractive candidates for currently incurable malignancies, such as MM. However, the impact of such treatments on the MM-OC interaction is largely unknown. We demonstrate here that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded by zoledronic acid and IL-2 exerted potent cytotoxic effects on both MM cells and OCs, even in coculture settings, but showed no such effect on bone marrow stromal cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells marginally affected colony formation from normal hematopoietic progenitors, and furthermore migrated toward osteopontin and MIP-1α, factors produced by the MM-OC interaction. These results suggest that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded by zoledronic acid and IL-2 are able to migrate to MM bone lesions and preferentially target OCs as well as MM cells, thereby inhibiting both tumor expansion and bone destruction.
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355
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Morrison PJ, Ballantyne SJ, Kullberg MC. Interleukin-23 and T helper 17-type responses in intestinal inflammation: from cytokines to T-cell plasticity. Immunology 2011; 133:397-408. [PMID: 21631495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays an essential role in driving intestinal pathology in experimental models of both T-cell-dependent and innate colitis. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene that are associated with either susceptibility or resistance to inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Although initially found to support the expansion and maintenance of CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cells, IL-23 is now recognized as having multiple effects on the immune response, including restraining Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell activity and inducing the expression of Th17-type cytokines from non-T-cell sources. Here we focus on Th17 cells and their associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. We review studies performed in mouse models of colitis where these effector cytokines have been shown to have either a pathogenic or a tissue-protective function. We also discuss the heterogeneity found within the Th17 population and the phenomenon of plasticity of Th17 cells, in particular the ability of these lymphocytes to extinguish IL-17 expression and turn on interferon-γ production to become Th1-like 'ex-Th17' cells. Interleukin-23 has been identified as a key driver in this process, and this may be an additional mechanism by which IL-23 promotes pathology in the intestinal tract. These 'ex-Th17' cells may contribute to disease pathogenesis through their secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Morrison
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK.
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356
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In vivo T-cell dynamics during immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy in adenosine deaminase severe combined immune deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1368-75.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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357
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Li Z, Burns AR, Han L, Rumbaut RE, Smith CW. IL-17 and VEGF are necessary for efficient corneal nerve regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1106-16. [PMID: 21356362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of acute inflammation to sensory nerve regeneration was investigated in the murine cornea using a model of corneal abrasion that removes the stratified epithelium and subbasal nerve plexus. Abrasion induced accumulation of IL-17(+) CCR6(+) γδ T cells, neutrophils, and platelets in the cornea followed by full restoration of the epithelium and ∼19% regeneration of sensory nerves within 96 hours. Mice deficient in γδ T cells (TCRδ(-/-)) or wild-type mice treated systemically with anti-IL-17 had >50% reduction in leukocyte and platelet infiltration and >50% reduction in nerve regeneration. Strategies used to prevent neutrophil and platelet accumulation (eg, wild-type mice treated with anti-Ly6G or anti-GP1bα antibody to deplete neutrophils or platelets) also resulted in >50% reductions in corneal nerve density. Infiltrating neutrophils and platelets stained positively for VEGF-A, tissue levels of VEGF-A peaked coincidentally with peak tissue levels of neutrophils and platelets, depletion of neutrophils before injury reduced tissue VEGF-A levels by >70%, and wild-type mice treated systemically with anti-VEGF-A antibody exhibited >80% reduction in corneal nerve regeneration. Given the known trophic effects of VEGF-A for neurite growth, the results in this report demonstrate a previously unrecognized beneficial role for the γδ T cell-dependent inflammatory cascade involving IL-17, neutrophils, platelets, and VEGF-A in corneal nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Li
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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358
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Davey MS, Lin CY, Roberts GW, Heuston S, Brown AC, Chess JA, Toleman MA, Gahan CGM, Hill C, Parish T, Williams JD, Davies SJ, Johnson DW, Topley N, Moser B, Eberl M. Human neutrophil clearance of bacterial pathogens triggers anti-microbial γδ T cell responses in early infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002040. [PMID: 21589907 PMCID: PMC3093373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, monocytes and neutrophils share a responsiveness toward inflammatory chemokines and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection. Studying their interaction in vitro and relating these findings to in vivo observations in patients may therefore provide crucial insight into inflammatory events. Our present data demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells provide potent survival signals resulting in neutrophil activation and the release of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 (IL-8). In turn, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells readily respond to neutrophils harboring phagocytosed bacteria, as evidenced by expression of CD69, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This response is dependent on the ability of these bacteria to produce the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), requires cell-cell contact of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with accessory monocytes through lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), and results in a TNF-α dependent proliferation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. The antibiotic fosmidomycin, which targets the HMB-PP biosynthesis pathway, not only has a direct antibacterial effect on most HMB-PP producing bacteria but also possesses rapid anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting γδ T cell responses in vitro. Patients with acute peritoneal-dialysis (PD)-associated bacterial peritonitis – characterized by an excessive influx of neutrophils and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity – show a selective activation of local Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by HMB-PP producing but not by HMB-PP deficient bacterial pathogens. The γδ T cell-driven perpetuation of inflammatory responses during acute peritonitis is associated with elevated peritoneal levels of γδ T cells and TNF-α and detrimental clinical outcomes in infections caused by HMB-PP positive microorganisms. Taken together, our findings indicate a direct link between invading pathogens, neutrophils, monocytes and microbe-responsive γδ T cells in early infection and suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The immune system of all jawed vertebrates harbors three distinct lymphocyte populations – αβ T cells, γδ T cells and B cells – yet only higher primates including humans possess so-called Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, an enigmatic γδ T cell subset that uniformly responds to the majority of bacterial pathogens. For reasons that are not understood, this responsiveness is absent in all other animals although they too are constantly exposed to a plethora of potentially harmful micro-organisms. We here investigated how Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells respond to live microbes by mimicking physiological conditions in acute disease. Our experiments demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells recognize a small common molecule released when invading bacteria become ingested and killed by other white blood cells. The stimulation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells at the site of infection amplifies the inflammatory response and has important consequences for pathogen clearance and the development of microbe-specific immunity. However, if triggered at the wrong time or the wrong place, this rapid reaction toward bacteria may also lead to inflammation-related damage. These findings improve our insight into the complex cellular interactions in early infection, identify novel biomarkers of diagnostic and predictive value and highlight new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Davey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chan-Yu Lin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gareth W. Roberts
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Heuston
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amanda C. Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Chess
- Department of Nephrology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Toleman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tanya Parish
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Johnson
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia and New Zealand Dialysis Transplant Registry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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359
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Verdino P, Witherden DA, Ferguson MS, Corper AL, Schiefner A, Havran WL, Wilson IA. Molecular insights into γδ T cell costimulation by an anti-JAML antibody. Structure 2011; 19:80-9. [PMID: 21220118 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity and function in immunosurveillance, immunoregulation, tumor cell recognition, and as first line of defense against microbial infection. Costimulation of epithelial γδ T cell activation by the JAML receptor can be induced by interaction with its endogenous ligand CAR or by binding of the stimulatory antibody HL4E10. We, therefore, determined the crystal structure of the JAML-HL4E10 Fab complex at 2.95 Å resolution. HL4E10 binds the membrane-proximal domain of JAML through hydrophobic interactions that account for nanomolar affinity and long half-life, contrasting with the fast kinetics and micromolar affinity of the hydrophilic CAR interaction with the membrane-distal JAML domain. Thus, despite different binding sites and mechanisms, JAML interaction with these two disparate ligands leads to the same functional outcome, namely JAML triggering and induction of cell signaling. Several characteristics of the HL4E10 antibody might then be harnessed in therapeutic applications, such as promoting healing of acute or chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Verdino
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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360
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Toka FN, Kenney MA, Golde WT. Rapid and transient activation of γδ T cells to IFN-γ production, NK cell-like killing, and antigen processing during acute virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4853-61. [PMID: 21383249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are the majority peripheral blood T cells in young cattle. The role of γδ T cells in innate responses against infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus was analyzed on consecutive 5 d following infection. Before infection, bovine WC1(+) γδ T cells expressed a nonactivated phenotype relative to CD62L, CD45RO, and CD25 expression and did not produce IFN-γ ex vivo. Additionally, CD335 expression was lacking and no spontaneous target cell lysis could be detected in vitro, although perforin was detectable at a very low level. MHC class II and CD13 expression were also lacking. Following infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus, expression of CD62L and CD45RO was greatly reduced on WC1(+) γδ T cells, and unexpectedly, CD45RO expression did not recover. A transient increase in expression of CD25 correlated with production of IFN-γ. Expression of CD335 and production of perforin were detected on a subset of γδ T cells, and this correlated with an increased spontaneous killing of xenogeneic target cells. Furthermore, increased MHC class II expression was detected on WC1(+) γδ T cells, and these cells processed protein Ags. These activities are rapidly induced, within 3 d, and wane by 5 d following infection. All of these functions, NK-like killing, Ag processing, and IFN-γ production, have been demonstrated for these cells in various species. However, these results are unique in that all these functions are detected in the same samples of WC1(+) γδ T cells, suggesting a pivotal role of these cells in controlling virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Toka
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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361
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Ma Y, Aymeric L, Locher C, Mattarollo SR, Delahaye NF, Pereira P, Boucontet L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Matsuzaki G, Ikuta K, Ryffel B, Benlagha K, Tesnière A, Ibrahim N, Déchanet-Merville J, Chaput N, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Contribution of IL-17-producing gamma delta T cells to the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:491-503. [PMID: 21383056 PMCID: PMC3058575 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 production by γδ T cells is required for tumor cell infiltration by IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells and inhibition of tumor growth in response to anthracyclines. By triggering immunogenic cell death, some anticancer compounds, including anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, elicit tumor-specific, interferon-γ–producing CD8+ αβ T lymphocytes (Tc1 CTLs) that are pivotal for an optimal therapeutic outcome. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy induces a rapid and prominent invasion of interleukin (IL)-17–producing γδ (Vγ4+ and Vγ6+) T lymphocytes (γδ T17 cells) that precedes the accumulation of Tc1 CTLs within the tumor bed. In T cell receptor δ−/− or Vγ4/6−/− mice, the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy was compromised, no IL-17 was produced by tumor-infiltrating T cells, and Tc1 CTLs failed to invade the tumor after treatment. Although γδ T17 cells could produce both IL-17A and IL-22, the absence of a functional IL-17A–IL-17R pathway significantly reduced tumor-specific T cell responses elicited by tumor cell death, and the efficacy of chemotherapy in four independent transplantable tumor models. Adoptive transfer of γδ T cells restored the efficacy of chemotherapy in IL-17A−/− hosts. The anticancer effect of infused γδ T cells was lost when they lacked either IL-1R1 or IL-17A. Conventional helper CD4+ αβ T cells failed to produce IL-17 after chemotherapy. We conclude that γδ T17 cells play a decisive role in chemotherapy-induced anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, France
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362
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Bol-Schoenmakers M, Marcondes Rezende M, Bleumink R, Boon L, Man S, Hassing I, Fiechter D, Pieters RHH, Smit JJ. Regulation by intestinal γδ T cells during establishment of food allergic sensitization in mice. Allergy 2011; 66:331-40. [PMID: 20880210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy affects approximately 5% of children and is the leading cause of hospitalization for anaphylactic reactions in westernized countries. The mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin induces allergic sensitization to co-administered proteins in mice, while feeding the protein alone induces oral tolerance. Intestinal γδ T cells could be of importance in the induction of oral tolerance. This study aims to investigate whether γδ T cells have functional relevance in food allergic sensitization. METHODS Changes in γδ T cells on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 after initiation of food allergy were evaluated using flowcytometry. Furthermore, the anti-γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) antibody UC7 was used to block the γδ TCR in mice in vivo, followed by sensitization to peanut. After 4 weeks, peanut-specific antibodies in serum and cytokine production in spleen were measured. RESULTS Induction of food allergy resulted in a profound decrease in the percentage of γδ T cells in intestinal tissues and Peyer's Patches, but not in mesenteric lymph nodes or spleen. This decrease could be detected from days 1 to 2 after the initiation of food allergy and the number of γδ T cells returned to normal on day 7. Blockade of the γδ TCR resulted in elevated food allergic responses upon sensitization with peanut characterized by increased IgE and Th2 cytokine production in splenocytes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a unique regulatory role of γδ T cells, suggesting that targeting γδ T cells in the intestine may contribute to strategies to prevent and possibly treat food allergy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Arachis/immunology
- Cell Count
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Female
- Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Immunization
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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363
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Barbee SD, Woodward MJ, Turchinovich G, Mention JJ, Lewis JM, Boyden LM, Lifton RP, Tigelaar R, Hayday AC. Skint-1 is a highly specific, unique selecting component for epidermal T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3330-5. [PMID: 21300860 PMCID: PMC3044407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010890108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
αβ T-cell repertoire selection is mediated by peptide-MHC complexes presented by thymic epithelial or myeloid cells, and by lipid-CD1 complexes expressed by thymocytes. γδ T-cell repertoire selection, by contrast, is largely unresolved. Mice mutant for Skint-1, a unique Ig superfamily gene, do not develop canonical Vγ5Vδ1(+) dendritic epidermal T cells. This study shows that transgenic Skint-1, across a broad range of expression levels, precisely and selectively determines the Vγ5Vδ1(+) dendritic epidermal T-cell compartment. Skint-1 is expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells, and unlike lipid-CD1 complexes, must be expressed by stromal cells to function efficiently. Its unusual transmembrane-cytoplasmic regions severely limit cell surface expression, yet increasing this or, conversely, retaining Skint1 intracellularly markedly compromises function. Each Skint1 domain appears nonredundant, including a unique decamer specifying IgV-domain processing. This investigation of Skint-1 biology points to complex events underpinning the positive selection of an intraepithelial γδ repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah D. Barbee
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin J. Woodward
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jean-Jacques Mention
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Lynn M. Boyden
- Genetics and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Genetics and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Adrian C. Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
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364
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Sumaria N, Roediger B, Ng LG, Qin J, Pinto R, Cavanagh LL, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B, Triccas JA, Weninger W. Cutaneous immunosurveillance by self-renewing dermal gammadelta T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:505-18. [PMID: 21339323 PMCID: PMC3058585 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dermis contains a novel population of γδT cells that are distinct from epidermal γδT cells and produce IL-17 in response to mycobacterial infection. The presence of γδ T cell receptor (TCR)–expressing cells in the epidermis of mice, termed dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), is well established. Because of their strict epidermal localization, it is likely that DETCs primarily respond to epithelial stress, such as infections or the presence of transformed cells, whereas they may not participate directly in dermal immune responses. In this study, we describe a prominent population of resident dermal γδ T cells, which differ from DETCs in TCR usage, phenotype, and migratory behavior. Dermal γδ T cells are radioresistant, cycle in situ, and are partially depend on interleukin (IL)-7, but not IL-15, for their development and survival. During mycobacterial infection, dermal γδ T cells are the predominant dermal cells that produce IL-17. Absence of dermal γδ T cells is associated with decreased expansion in skin draining lymph nodes of CD4+ T cells specific for an immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitope. Decreased CD4+ T cell expansion is related to a reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the skin and decreased BCG shuttling to draining lymph nodes. Thus, dermal γδ T cells are an important part of the resident cutaneous immunosurveillance program. Our data demonstrate functional specialization of T cells in distinct microcompartments of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nital Sumaria
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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365
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Crystal structure of a gammadelta T-cell receptor specific for the human MHC class I homolog MICA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2414-9. [PMID: 21262824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015433108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play important roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, but their recognition mechanisms remain poorly understood. Human γδ T cells of the V(δ)1 subset predominate in intestinal epithelia and respond to MICA and MICB (MHC class I chain-related, A and B; MIC) self-antigens, mediating responses to tumorigenesis or viral infection. The crystal structure of an MIC-reactive V(δ)1 γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) showed expected overall structural homology to antibodies, αβ, and other γδ TCRs, but complementary determining region conformations and conservation of V(δ)1 use revealed an uncharacteristically flat potential binding surface. MIC, likewise, serves as a ligand for the activating immunoreceptor natural killer group 2, D (NKG2D), also expressed on γδ T cells. Although MIC recognition drives both the TCR-dependent stimulatory and NKG2D-dependent costimulatory signals necessary for activation, interaction analyses showed that MIC binding by the two receptors was mutually exclusive. Analysis of relative binding kinetics suggested sequential recognition, defining constraints for the temporal organization of γδ T-cell/target cell interfaces.
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366
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Tsuda J, Li W, Yamanishi H, Yamamoto H, Okuda A, Kubo S, Ma Z, Terada N, Tanaka Y, Okamura H. Involvement of CD56brightCD11c+ Cells in IL-18–Mediated Expansion of Human γδ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2003-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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367
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Up-regulation of cytolytic functions of human Vδ2-γ T lymphocytes through engagement of ILT2 expressed by tumor target cells. Blood 2011; 117:2864-73. [PMID: 21233315 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-309781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the majority of peripheral blood γδ T cells expresses Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptors (TCR) and recognize nonpeptidic phosphorylated antigens. In contrast, most tissue-derived γδ T cells, which are located mainly in spleen and epithelia, preferentially use Vδ1 or Vδ3 chains paired with diverse Vγ chains to form their TCR. Our knowledge about the antigenic specificity and costimulation requirements of human Vδ2(-) γδ T cells remains limited. In an attempt to address this important issue, we characterized the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb 256), screened for its ability to specifically inhibit cytolytic responses of several human Vδ2(-) γδ T-cell clones against transformed B cells. We show that mAb 256 does not target a TCR ligand but blocks key interactions between non-TCR molecules on effector γδ T cells and ILT2 molecule, expressed by tumor targets. In line with the previously reported specificity of this NK receptor for classic and nonclassic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, blockade of MHC class I/ILT2 interactions using MHC class I- or ILT2-specific mAbs and ILT2-Fc molecules inhibited tumor-induced activation of Vγ8Vδ3 T-cell clones. Therefore, this study describes a new cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation pathway involving MHC class I engagement on γδ T cells.
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368
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Iwasaki M, Tanaka Y, Kobayashi H, Murata-Hirai K, Miyabe H, Sugie T, Toi M, Minato N. Expression and function of PD-1 in human γδ T cells that recognize phosphoantigens. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:345-55. [PMID: 21268005 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor and plays an important role in the regulation of αβ T cells. Little is known, however, about the role of PD-1 in γδ T cells. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of PD-1 in human γδ T cells. Expression of PD-1 was rapidly induced in primary γδ T cells following antigenic stimulation, and the PD-1(+) γδ T cells produced IL-2. When PD-1(+) γδ T cells were stimulated with Daudi cells with and without programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, the levels of IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity in response to PD-L1(+) Daudi cells were diminished compared to the levels seen in response to PD-L1(-) Daudi cells. The attenuated effector functions were reversed by anti-PD-L1 mAb. When PD-1(+) γδ T cells were challenged by PD-L1(+) tumors pretreated with zoledronate (Zol), which induced γδ TCR-mediated signaling, the resulting reduction in cytokine production was only slight to moderate compared to the reduction seen when PD-1(+) γδ T cells were challenged by PD-L1(-) tumors. In addition, cytotoxic activity of PD-1(+) γδ T cells against Zol-treated PD-L1(+) tumors was comparable to that against Zol-treated PD-L1(-) tumors. These results suggest that TCR triggering may partially overcome the inhibitory effect of PD-1 in γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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369
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Pauza CD, Riedel DJ, Gilliam BL, Redfield RR. Targeting γδ T cells for immunotherapy of HIV disease. Future Virol 2011; 6:73-84. [PMID: 21339853 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of circulating γδ T-cell populations is an early and common outcome of HIV infection. T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ2δ2 cells (expressing the Vγ2 and Vδ2 chains of the γδ TCR) are depleted, even though they are minimally susceptible to direct HIV infection, and exemplify indirect cell depletion mechanisms that are important in the progression to AIDS. Among individuals with common or normally progressing HIV disease, the loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells has a broad impact on viral immunity, control of opportunistic pathogens and resistance to malignant disease. Advanced HIV disease can result in complete loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells that are not recovered even during antiretroviral therapy with complete virus suppression. However, normal levels of TCR-γ2δ2 were observed among natural virus suppressors (low or undetectable virus without antiretroviral therapy) irrespective of their MHC haplotype, consistent with their disease-free status. The pattern of loss and recovery of TCR-γ2δ2 cells revealed their unique features and functional capacities, and encourage the development of immune-based therapies to activate and expand this T-cell subset. New research has identified drugs that might reconstitute the TCR-γ2δ2 population, recover their functional contributions, and improve control of HIV replication and disease. Here, we review research on HIV and TCR-γδ T cells to highlight the consequences of depleting this subset and the unique features of TCR-γδ biology that argue in favor of clinical strategies to reconstitute this T-cell subset in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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370
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Parra ZE, Ohta Y, Criscitiello MF, Flajnik MF, Miller RD. The dynamic TCRδ: TCRδ chains in the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis utilize antibody-like V genes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2319-29. [PMID: 20486124 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The content and organization of the Xenopus tropicalis TCRα/δ locus was determined. This locus is highly conserved among tetrapods, with the genes encoding the TCRδ chains embedded with those encoding TCRα. However, the frog TCRα/δ is unusual in that it contains V genes that appear indistinguishable from those in the IgH locus (VH). These V genes, termed VHδ, make up 70% of the V genes at the TCRδ locus and are expressed exclusively in TCRδ chains. Finding TCRδ chains that use antibody-like V domains in frogs is similar to the situation in shark TCRδ variants and TCRμ in marsupials. These results suggest that such unconventional TCR may be more widespread across vertebrate lineages than originally thought and raise the possibility of previously unrealized subsets of T cells. We also revealed close linkage of TCRα/δ, IgH, and Igλ in Xenopus which, in combination with linkage analyses in other species, is consistent with the previous models for the emergence of these antigen receptor loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuly E Parra
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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371
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Klyuchnikov E, Asenova S, Kern W, Kilinc G, Ayuk F, Wiedemann B, Lioznov M, Freiberger P, Zalyalov Y, Zander AR, Kröger N, Bacher U. Post-transplant immune reconstitution after unrelated allogeneic stem cell transplant in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1450-63. [PMID: 20557144 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.496015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated immune recovery in 67 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a median age of 40 years (4-69) following allo-SCT after reduced (n = 35) or myeloablative (n = 32) conditioning. The following lymphocyte populations were determined on days +30, +90, +180, +270, and +365 by flow associated cell sorting: CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio, CD3-CD56+, and CD19+ cells. Peripheral blast count >5% was related to lower number of CD3+CD4+ (day +30) and NK cells (day +180; p = 0.02). Intensity of conditioning did not have any significant impact on the kinetics of immune recovery. Patients with normal CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio (day +30) and NK cell count (day +90; p <0.05) experienced better survival than those with decreased parameters. Post-transplant sepsis/severe infections impaired CD3+CD8+ (day +90; p = 0.015) and CD19+ (day +90; p = 0.02) recovery. Relapse in patients following allo-SCT showed an association with decreased numbers of CD19+ (day +270) and NK cells (day +365). Acute GvHD (II-IV) was accompanied by reduced CD19+ and CD3+CD4+ cells. Thus, the evaluation of post-transplant immune reconstitution in patients with AML might improve risk stratification concerning either relapse or TRM and remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Klyuchnikov
- Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany
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372
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Malinarich FH, Grabski E, Worbs T, Chennupati V, Haas JD, Schmitz S, Candia E, Quera R, Malissen B, Förster R, Hermoso M, Prinz I. Constant TCR triggering suggests that the TCR expressed on intestinal intraepithelial γδ T cells is functional in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3378-88. [PMID: 21108461 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes carrying the γδ TCR (γδ iIEL) are involved in the maintenance of epithelial integrity. γδ iIEL have an activated phenotype, characterized by CD69 expression and increased cell size compared with systemic T lymphocytes. As an additional activation marker, the majority of γδ iIEL express the CD8αα homodimer. However, our knowledge about cognate ligands for most γδ TCR remains fragmentary and recent advances show that γδ T cells including iIEL may be directly activated by cytokines or through NK-receptors, TLR and other pattern recognition receptors. We therefore asked whether the TCR of γδ iIEL was functional beyond its role during thymic selection. Using TcrdH2BeGFP (Tcrd, T-cell receptor δ locus; H2B, histone 2B) reporter mice to identify γδ T cells, we measured their intracellular free calcium concentration in response to TCR-crosslinking. In contrast to systemic γδ T cells, CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL showed high basal calcium levels and were refractory to TCR-dependent calcium-flux induction; however, they readily produced CC chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) and IFN-γ upon TCR triggering in vitro. Notably, in vivo blocking of the γδ TCR with specific mAb led to a decrease of basal calcium levels in CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL. This suggests that the γδ TCR of CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL is constantly being triggered and therefore functional in vivo.
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373
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Poggi A, Zancolli M, Boero S, Catellani S, Musso A, Zocchi MR. Differential survival of γδT cells, αβT cells and NK cells upon engagement of NKG2D by NKG2DL-expressing leukemic cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:387-96. [PMID: 20853320 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show that γδT, CD8(+) αβT lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells display a different sensitivity to survival signals delivered via NKG2D surface receptor. All the three effector cell populations activate Akt1/PKBalpha through the engagement of this molecule. Upon binding to leukemic cells expressing NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), including chronic lymphocytic leukemias treated with transretinoic acid, most γδT (>60%) and half CD8(+) αβT cells (about 50%) received a survival signal, at variance with the majority of NK cells (>80%) that underwent apoptosis by day 5. Interestingly, oligomerization of NKG2D in γδT or CD8(+) αβT cells, led to a significant rise in nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of both NF-kBp52 and RelB, the two NF-kB subunits mainly involved in the transcription of antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl family. Indeed, the ratio between the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L) and the proapoptotic protein Bax raised in γδT or CD8(+) αβT cells following NKG2D engagement by specific monoclonal antibodies or by NKG2DL expressing leukemic cells. Conversely, nuclear translocation of NF-kBp52 or RelB did not increase, nor the Bcl-2/Bax or the Bcl-x(L) /Bax ratios changed significantly, in NK cells upon oligomerizaton of NKG2D. Of note, transcripts for α5 importin, responsible for nuclear translocation of NF-kBp52/Rel B heterodimer, are significantly higher in γδT and CD8(+) αβT cells than in NK cells. These biochemical data may explain, at least in part, why γδT and CD8(+) αβT cells are cytolytic effector cells more resistant to target-induced apoptosis than NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, National Institute for Cancer Research, I-16132 Genoa.
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374
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Ribot JC, Chaves-Ferreira M, d'Orey F, Wencker M, Gonçalves-Sousa N, Decalf J, Simas JP, Hayday AC, Silva-Santos B. Cutting edge: adaptive versus innate receptor signals selectively control the pool sizes of murine IFN-γ- or IL-17-producing γδ T cells upon infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6421-6425. [PMID: 21037088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes are commonly viewed as embracing properties of both adaptive and innate immunity. Contributing to this is their responsiveness to pathogen products, either with or without the involvement of the TCR and its coreceptors. This study clarifies this paradoxical behavior by showing that these two modes of responsiveness are the properties of two discrete sets of murine lymphoid γδ T cells. Thus, MyD88 deficiency severely impaired the response to malaria infection of CD27((-)), IL-17A-producing γδ T cells, but not of IFN-γ-producing γδ cells. Instead, the latter compartment was severely contracted by ablating CD27, which synergizes with TCRγδ in the induction of antiapoptotic mediators and cell cycle-promoting genes in CD27((+)), IFN-γ-secreting γδ T cells. Hence, innate versus adaptive receptors differentially control the peripheral pool sizes of discrete proinflammatory γδ T cell subsets during immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Francisco d'Orey
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields.,Department of Immunobiology, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Gonçalves-Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jérémie Decalf
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa
| | - João P Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields.,Department of Immunobiology, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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375
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Holtmeier W, Gille J, Zeuzem S, Sinkora M. Distribution and development of the postnatal murine Vδ1 T-cell receptor repertoire. Immunology 2010; 131:192-201. [PMID: 20465568 PMCID: PMC2967265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine γ/δ T cells express canonical Vγ5Vδ1 chains in the epidermis and Vγ6Vδ1 chains at reproductive sites. Both subsets carry an identical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain which completely lacks junctional diversity. These cells are thought to monitor tissue integrity via recognition of stress-induced self antigens. In this study, we showed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping and sequencing of the junctional regions of Vδ1 chains from C57BL/6 mice (aged 1 day to 14 months) that the canonical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain is also consistently present at other sites such as the thymus, gut, lung, liver, spleen and peripheral blood. In addition, we found multiple Vδ1 chains with fetal type rearrangements which were also shared among organs and among animals. These Vδ1 chains were typically characterized by a conserved amino acid motif, 'GGIRA'. Furthermore, by analysing the early postnatal period at days 10 and 16, we demonstrated that the diversification of the thymic Vδ1 repertoire is not paralleled by a diversification of extrathymic Vδ1+γ/δ T cells. This indicates that only fetal type rearrangements survive at extrathymic sites. In conclusion, γ/δ T cells expressing the canonical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain are not unique to the skin and reproductive sites. Furthermore, we found other γ/δ T cells expressing fetal type Vδ1 chains which were shared among different organs and animals. Thus, γ/δ T cells expressing conserved Vδ1 chains are likely to have important functions. We suggest a model in which this subset continuously recirculates throughout the organism and rapidly responds to stress-induced self antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Fetus/immunology
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Immune System/cytology
- Immune System/growth & development
- Immune System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Holtmeier
- Medizinische Klinik I, Division of Gastroenterology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
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376
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Abstract
The development of T cells in the thymus involves several differentiation and proliferation events, during which hematopoietic precursors give rise to T cells ready to respond to antigen stimulation and undergo effector differentiation. This review addresses signaling and transcriptional checkpoints that control the intrathymic journey of T cell precursors. We focus on the divergence of alphabeta and gammadelta lineage cells and the elaboration of the alphabeta T cell repertoire, with special emphasis on the emergence of transcriptional programs that direct lineage decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Carpenter
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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377
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Swamy M, Jamora C, Havran W, Hayday A. Epithelial decision makers: in search of the 'epimmunome'. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:656-65. [PMID: 20644571 PMCID: PMC2950874 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frequent microbial and nonmicrobial challenges to epithelial cells trigger discrete pathways, promoting molecular changes such as the secretion of specific cytokines and chemokines and alterations to molecules displayed at the epithelial cell surface. In combination, these molecules impose key decisions on innate and adaptive immune cells. Depending on context, those decisions can be as diverse as those imposed by professional antigen-presenting cells, benefiting the host by balancing immune competence with the avoidance of immunopathology. Nonetheless, this potency of epithelial cells is also consistent with the causal contribution of epithelial dysregulation to myriad inflammatory diseases. This pathogenic axis provides an attractive target for tissue-specific clinical manipulation. In this context, a research goal should be to identify all molecules used by epithelial cells to instruct immune cells. We term this the 'epimmunome'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Swamy
- London Research Institute, CRUK, and Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Colin Jamora
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Natural Science Building, Room 6311, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0380, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wendy Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adrian Hayday
- London Research Institute, CRUK, and Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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378
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Havran WL, Jameson JM. Epidermal T cells and wound healing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5423-8. [PMID: 20483798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The murine epidermis contains resident T cells that express a canonical gammadelta TCR. These cells arise from fetal thymic precursors and use a TCR that is restricted to the skin in adult animals. These cells assume a dendritic morphology in normal skin and constitutively produce low levels of cytokines that contribute to epidermal homeostasis. When skin is wounded, an unknown Ag is expressed on damaged keratinocytes. Neighboring gammadelta T cells then round up and contribute to wound healing by local production of epithelial growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of skin gammadelta T cells, wound healing is impaired. Similarly, epidermal T cells from patients with healing wounds are activated and secreting growth factors. Patients with nonhealing wounds have a defective epidermal T cell response. Information gained on the role of epidermal-resident T cells in the mouse may provide information for development of new therapeutic approaches to wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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379
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Key roles of dendritic cells in lung infection and improving anthrax vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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380
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Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) has received considerable attention since the discovery of a distinct CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cell subset that produces it, known as the T(H)17 cell subset. Despite the fact that most of the recent literature describes IL-17 as a T cell-secreted cytokine, much of the IL-17 released during an inflammatory response is produced by innate immune cells. In this Review, we explore the many innate immune cell populations that are an early source of IL-17 in response to stress, injury or pathogens. These early sources have been shown to have a central role in the initiation of IL-17-dependent immune responses, even before the first CD4(+)T cell sees its cognate antigen and initiates the T(H)17 cell developmental programme.
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381
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Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:467-78. [PMID: 20539306 DOI: 10.1038/nri2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells have several innate cell-like features that allow their early activation following recognition of conserved stress-induced ligands. Here we review recent observations revealing the ability of gammadelta T cells to rapidly produce cytokines that regulate pathogen clearance, inflammation and tissue homeostasis in response to tissue stress. These studies provide insights into how they acquire these properties, through both developmental programming in the thymus and functional polarization in the periphery. Innate features of gammadelta T cells underlie their non-redundant role in several physiopathological contexts and are therefore being exploited in the design of new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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382
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Immunoglobulin E and cancer: a meta-analysis and a large Swedish cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1657-67. [PMID: 20533084 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We quantified associations between IgE and cancer in a meta-analysis and cohort study. Pubmed and Embase were searched to extract information using predefined inclusion criteria. In the Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk (AMORIS) database, 24,820 persons had IgE measurements. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze associations between IgE and cancer. Twenty-seven studies were reviewed from which seven case-control studies were included for analysis. The pooled relative risk (random effects model) was 0.97 (95% CI 0.86-1.09). Cell types of tumor origin (mesenchymal tissue or cells of the nervous system, lymphatic or hematopoietic tissue, and epithelium) modified the effect. In the AMORIS cohort, 862 persons developed cancer. Hazard ratios comparing quartiles of IgE were similar to the findings in the meta-analysis (HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.72-1.06); 0.94 (0.78-1.14); 0.90 (0.74-1.10) for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile compared to the 1st quartile), but there was no pattern by tumor origin. Both studies showed a weak inverse association between IgE and cancer, but a pattern by cancer type was only seen in the meta-analysis. Our findings suggest the need for prospective studies studying IgE and cancer. Measurements of IgE should be combined with other information, e.g., bio-banked samples containing other key immunological discriminators.
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383
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Meraviglia S, Eberl M, Vermijlen D, Todaro M, Buccheri S, Cicero G, La Mendola C, Guggino G, D'Asaro M, Orlando V, Scarpa F, Roberts A, Caccamo N, Stassi G, Dieli F, Hayday AC. In vivo manipulation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells with zoledronate and low-dose interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of advanced breast cancer patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:290-7. [PMID: 20491785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent anti-tumour activities of gammadelta T cells have prompted the development of protocols in which gammadelta-agonists are administered to cancer patients. Encouraging results from small Phase I trials have fuelled efforts to characterize more clearly the application of this approach to unmet clinical needs such as metastatic carcinoma. To examine this approach in breast cancer, a Phase I trial was conducted in which zoledronate, a Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell agonist, plus low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 were administered to 10 therapeutically terminal, advanced metastatic breast cancer patients. Treatment was well tolerated and promoted the effector maturation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in all patients. However, a statistically significant correlation of clinical outcome with peripheral Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell numbers emerged, as seven patients who failed to sustain Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells showed progressive clinical deterioration, while three patients who sustained robust peripheral Vgamma9Vdelta2 cell populations showed declining CA15-3 levels and displayed one instance of partial remission and two of stable disease, respectively. In the context of an earlier trial in prostate cancer, these data emphasize the strong linkage of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell status to reduced carcinoma progression, and suggest that zoledronate plus low-dose IL-2 offers a novel, safe and feasible approach to enhance this in a subset of treatment-refractory patients with advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meraviglia
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Universita di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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384
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Nedellec S, Bonneville M, Scotet E. Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells: from signals to functions. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:199-206. [PMID: 20447835 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, a major innate-like peripheral T cell subset, are thought to play in vivo a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection agents and tumors. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation is tightly regulated by a variety of activating or inhibitory receptors which are specific for constitutively expressed or stress-modulated ligands. However, the mechanisms and signal transduction pathways regulating their broad effector functions, such as cytotoxicity and cytokine responses, remain poorly understood. Here we provide an updated overview of the activation modalities of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by highlighting the respective role played by T cell receptor (TCR) versus non-TCR stimuli, and focus on recent studies showing how Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells integrate the numerous activating and inhibitory signals and translate them into a particular effector and biological function. A better understanding of these critical issues should help optimize immunotherapeutic approaches targeting Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Nedellec
- INSERM, U892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Nantes, France
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385
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Prolonged antigen survival and cytosolic export in cross-presenting human gammadelta T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8730-5. [PMID: 20413723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002769107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells respond to signals from microbes and tumors and subsequently differentiate into professional antigen-presenting cells (gammadelta T-APCs) for induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. gammadelta T-APCs readily take up and degrade exogenous soluble protein for peptide loading on MHC I, in a process termed antigen cross-presentation. The mechanisms underlying antigen cross-presentation are ill-defined, most notably in human dendritic cells (DCs), and no study has addressed this process in gammadelta T-APCs. Here we show that intracellular protein degradation and endosomal acidification were significantly delayed in gammadelta T-APCs compared with human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Such conditions are known to favor antigen cross-presentation. In both gammadelta T-APCs and moDCs, internalized antigen was transported across insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)-positive early and late endosomes; however, and in contrast to various human DC subsets, gammadelta T-APCs efficiently translocated soluble antigen into the cytosol for processing via the cytosolic proteasome-dependent cross-presentation pathway. Of note, gammadelta T-APCs cross-presented influenza antigen derived from virus-infected cells and from free virus particles. The robust cross-presentation capability appears to be a hallmark of gammadelta T-APCs and underscores their potential application in cellular immunotherapy.
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386
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Mohammed J, Ryscavage A, Perez-Lorenzo R, Gunderson AJ, Blazanin N, Glick AB. TGFbeta1-induced inflammation in premalignant epidermal squamous lesions requires IL-17. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2295-303. [PMID: 20410912 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) in the normal epidermis can provoke an inflammatory response, but whether this occurs within a developing tumor is not clear. To test this, we used an inducible transgenic mouse to overexpress TGFbeta1 in premalignant squamous lesions. Within 48 hours of TGFbeta1 induction, there was an increase in IL-17 production by both CD4(+) and gammadelta(+) T cells, together with increased expression of T-helper-17 (Th17)-polarizing cytokines. Induction of TGFbeta1 in premalignant primary keratinocytes elevated the expression of proinflammatory and Th17-polarizing cytokines, and the keratinocyte-conditioned media caused IL-17 production by naive T cells that was dependent on T-cell TGFbeta1 signaling. Microarray analysis showed significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes 2 days after TGFbeta1 induction, and this was followed by increased MPO(+), F4/80(+), and CD8(+) cells in tumors, increased CD8(+) effectors and IFNgamma(+) cells in skin-draining LNs, and tumor regression. In parallel, the percentage of tumor CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) neutrophils was reduced. Neutralization of IL-17 blocked TGFbeta1-induced CD11b(+) Ly6G(-) tumor infiltration but did not alter the reduction of neutrophils or tumor regression. Thus, TGFbeta1 overexpression causes IL-17-dependent and IL-17-independent changes in the premalignant tumor inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
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387
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Born WK, Yin Z, Hahn YS, Sun D, O'Brien RL. Analysis of gamma delta T cell functions in the mouse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4055-61. [PMID: 20368285 PMCID: PMC4476288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease and injury have been invaluable in investigations of the functional role of gammadelta T cells. They show that gammadelta T cells engage in immune responses both early and late, that they can function both polyclonally and as peripherally selected clones, and that they can be effector cells and immune regulators. They also suggest that functional development of gammadelta T cells occurs stepwise in thymus and periphery, and that it is governed by gammadelta TCR-signaling and other signals. Finally, they indicate that gammadelta T cell functions often segregate with TCR-defined subsets, in contrast to conventional T cells. From the functional studies in mice and other animal models, gammadelta T cells emerge as a distinct lymphocyte population with a unique and broad functional repertoire, and with important roles in Ab responses, inflammation and tissue repair. They also are revealed as a potentially useful target for immune intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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388
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Vermijlen D, Brouwer M, Donner C, Liesnard C, Tackoen M, Van Rysselberge M, Twité N, Goldman M, Marchant A, Willems F. Human cytomegalovirus elicits fetal gammadelta T cell responses in utero. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:807-21. [PMID: 20368575 PMCID: PMC2856038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The fetus and infant are highly susceptible to viral infections. Several viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (CMV), cause more severe disease in early life compared with later life. It is generally accepted that this is a result of the immaturity of the immune system. gammadelta T cells are unconventional T cells that can react rapidly upon activation and show major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted activity. We show that upon CMV infection in utero, fetal gammadelta T cells expand and become differentiated. The expansion was restricted to Vgamma9-negative gammadelta T cells, irrespective of their Vdelta chain expression. Differentiated gammadelta T cells expressed high levels of IFN-gamma, transcription factors T-bet and eomes, natural killer receptors, and cytotoxic mediators. CMV infection induced a striking enrichment of a public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR, containing the germline-encoded complementary-determining-region-3 (CDR3) delta1-CALGELGDDKLIF/CDR3gamma8-CATWDTTGWFKIF. Public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR-expressing cell clones produced IFN-gamma upon coincubation with CMV-infected target cells in a TCR/CD3-dependent manner and showed antiviral activity. Differentiated gammadelta T cells and public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR were detected as early as after 21 wk of gestation. Our results indicate that functional fetal gammadelta T cell responses can be generated during development in utero and suggest that this T cell subset could participate in antiviral defense in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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389
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News & Highlights. Mucosal Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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390
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Perreault C. The Origin and Role of MHC Class I-Associated Self-Peptides. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:41-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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391
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Eberl M, Moser B. Monocytes and gammadelta T cells: close encounters in microbial infection. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:562-8. [PMID: 19853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells comprise an evolutionarily conserved yet poorly understood subset of T cells. Numerous features place these unconventional lymphocytes at the branching point between antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells of the innate immune system and major-histocompatibility-complex-restricted alphabeta T cells of the adaptive immune system. We propose a role for human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in the generation of monocyte-derived inflammatory dendritic cells during infection. Our model incorporates the peculiar innate-like specificity of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells for the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), co-recruitment of monocytes and Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells to sites of infection, and their crosstalk, with profound consequences for the initiation of antigen-specific alphabeta T-cell responses. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells act thus as a cellular switch between innate and adaptive defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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392
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Innate source of IL-17. Nat Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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