351
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Brain tumor initiating cells adapt to restricted nutrition through preferential glucose uptake. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1373-82. [PMID: 23995067 PMCID: PMC3930177 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like all cancers, brain tumors require a continuous source of energy and molecular resources for new cell production. In normal brain, glucose is an essential neuronal fuel, but the blood-brain barrier limits its delivery. We now report that nutrient restriction contributes to tumor progression by enriching for brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) due to preferential BTIC survival and adaptation of non-BTICs through acquisition of BTIC features. BTICs outcompete for glucose uptake by co-opting the high affinity neuronal glucose transporter, type 3 (Glut3, SLC2A3). BTICs preferentially express Glut3 and targeting Glut3 inhibits BTIC growth and tumorigenic potential. Glut3, but not Glut1, correlates with poor survival in brain tumors and other cancers; thus, TICs may extract nutrients with high affinity. As altered metabolism represents a cancer hallmark, metabolic reprogramming may instruct the tumor hierarchy and portend poor prognosis.
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352
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Rafalski VA, Mancini E, Brunet A. Energy metabolism and energy-sensing pathways in mammalian embryonic and adult stem cell fate. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:5597-608. [PMID: 23420198 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is influenced by age, food intake, and conditions such as diabetes and obesity. How do physiological or pathological metabolic changes influence stem cells, which are crucial for tissue homeostasis? This Commentary reviews recent evidence that stem cells have different metabolic demands than differentiated cells, and that the molecular mechanisms that control stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are functionally connected to the metabolic state of the cell and the surrounding stem cell niche. Furthermore, we present how energy-sensing signaling molecules and metabolism regulators are implicated in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the emerging literature on the metabolism of induced pluripotent stem cells and how manipulating metabolic pathways might aid cellular reprogramming. Determining how energy metabolism regulates stem cell fate should shed light on the decline in tissue regeneration that occurs during aging and facilitate the development of therapies for degenerative or metabolic diseases.
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353
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Corominas-Faja B, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, López-Bonet E, Lupu R, Alarcón T, Vellon L, Iglesias JM, Leis O, Martín ÁG, Vazquez-Martin A, Menendez JA. Nuclear reprogramming of luminal-like breast cancer cells generates Sox2-overexpressing cancer stem-like cellular states harboring transcriptional activation of the mTOR pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3109-24. [PMID: 23974095 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism plasticity enables stemness programs during the reprogramming of somatic cells to an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. This relationship may introduce a new era in the understanding of Warburg's theory on the metabolic origin of cancer at the level of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we used Yamanaka's stem cell technology in an attempt to create stable CSC research lines in which to dissect the transcriptional control of mTOR--the master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism--in CSC-like states. The rare colonies with iPSC-like morphology, obtained following the viral transduction of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) stemness factors into MCF-7 luminal-like breast cancer cells (MCF-7/Rep), demonstrated an intermediate state between cancer cells and bona fide iPSCs. MCF-7/Rep cells notably overexpressed SOX2 and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 proteins; however, other stemness-related markers (OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-1, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) were found at low to moderate levels. The transcriptional analyses of OSKM factors confirmed the strong but unique reactivation of the endogenous Sox2 stemness gene accompanied by the silencing of the exogenous Sox2 transgene in MCF-7/Rep cells. Some but not all MCF-7/Rep cells acquired strong alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity compared with MCF-7 parental cells. SOX2-overexpressing MCF-7/Rep cells contained drastically higher percentages of CD44(+) and ALDEFLUOR-stained ALDH(bright) cells than MCF-7 parental cells. The overlap between differentially expressed mTOR signaling-related genes in 3 different SOX2-overexpressing CSC-like cell lines revealed a notable downregulation of 3 genes, PRKAA1 (which codes for the catalytic α 1 subunit of AMPK), DDIT4/REDD1 (a stress response gene that operates as a negative regulator of mTOR), and DEPTOR (a naturally occurring endogenous inhibitor of mTOR activity). The insulin-receptor gene (INSR) was differentially upregulated in MCF-7/Rep cells. Consistent with the downregulation of AMPK expression, immunoblotting procedures confirmed upregulation of p70S6K and increased phosphorylation of mTOR in Sox2-overexpressing CSC-like cell populations. Using an in vitro model of the de novo generation of CSC-like states through the nuclear reprogramming of an established breast cancer cell line, we reveal that the transcriptional suppression of mTOR repressors is an intrinsic process occurring during the acquisition of CSC-like properties by differentiated populations of luminal-like breast cancer cells. This approach may provide a new path for obtaining information about preventing the appearance of CSCs through the modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
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354
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Son MJ, Jeong BR, Kwon Y, Cho YS. Interference with the mitochondrial bioenergetics fuels reprogramming to pluripotency via facilitation of the glycolytic transition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2512-8. [PMID: 23939289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The switch in cell metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is critical for the reprogramming of cells to pluripotency. Here, we demonstrate that the disturbance of mitochondrial metabolism by canonical mitochondrial inhibitors enhances metabolic reprogramming toward a glycolytic state, enabling the highly efficient generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. This interference with mitochondrial bioenergetics resulted in enriched reprogrammable subpopulations and accelerated the conversion of refractory intermediates to pluripotent states without requiring additional genetic or epigenetic modifications. Conversely, the reprogramming efficiency and accelerated reprogramming kinetics promoted by mitochondrial inhibition were obstructed by glycolysis inhibitors. We suggest that changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics are a novel mechanism involved in the regulation of cell fate and, more importantly, in the reprogramming of cells to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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355
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Faustino RS, Arrell DK, Folmes CD, Terzic A, Perez-Terzic C. Stem cell systems informatics for advanced clinical biodiagnostics: tracing molecular signatures from bench to bedside. Croat Med J 2013; 54:319-29. [PMID: 23986272 PMCID: PMC3760656 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of innovative high throughput technologies has enabled a variety of molecular landscapes to be interrogated with an unprecedented degree of detail. Emergence of next generation nucleotide sequencing methods, advanced proteomic techniques, and metabolic profiling approaches continue to produce a wealth of biological data that captures molecular frameworks underlying phenotype. The advent of these novel technologies has significant translational applications, as investigators can now explore molecular underpinnings of developmental states with a high degree of resolution. Application of these leading-edge techniques to patient samples has been successfully used to unmask nuanced molecular details of disease vs healthy tissue, which may provide novel targets for palliative intervention. To enhance such approaches, concomitant development of algorithms to reprogram differentiated cells in order to recapitulate pluripotent capacity offers a distinct advantage to advancing diagnostic methodology. Bioinformatic deconvolution of several "-omic" layers extracted from reprogrammed patient cells, could, in principle, provide a means by which the evolution of individual pathology can be developmentally monitored. Significant logistic challenges face current implementation of this novel paradigm of patient treatment and care, however, several of these limitations have been successfully addressed through continuous development of cutting edge in silico archiving and processing methods. Comprehensive elucidation of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic networks that define normal and pathological states, in combination with reprogrammed patient cells are thus poised to become high value resources in modern diagnosis and prognosis of patient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S. Faustino
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D. Kent Arrell
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Clifford D.L. Folmes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carmen Perez-Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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356
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Shyh-Chang N, Daley GQ, Cantley LC. Stem cell metabolism in tissue development and aging. Development 2013; 140:2535-47. [PMID: 23715547 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in metabolomics and computational analysis have deepened our appreciation for the role of specific metabolic pathways in dictating cell fate. Once thought to be a mere consequence of the state of a cell, metabolism is now known to play a pivotal role in dictating whether a cell proliferates, differentiates or remains quiescent. Here, we review recent studies of metabolism in stem cells that have revealed a shift in the balance between glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress during the maturation of adult stem cells, and during the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. These insights promise to inform strategies for the directed differentiation of stem cells and to offer the potential for novel metabolic or pharmacological therapies to enhance regeneration and the treatment of degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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357
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Folmes CD, Arrell DK, Zlatkovic-Lindor J, Martinez-Fernandez A, Perez-Terzic C, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Metabolome and metaboproteome remodeling in nuclear reprogramming. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2355-65. [PMID: 23839047 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming resets differentiated tissue to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. While genomic attributes underlying reacquisition of the embryonic-like state have been delineated, less is known regarding the metabolic dynamics underscoring induction of pluripotency. Metabolomic profiling of fibroblasts vs. iPS cells demonstrated nuclear reprogramming-associated induction of glycolysis, realized through augmented utilization of glucose and accumulation of lactate. Real-time assessment unmasked downregulated mitochondrial reserve capacity and ATP turnover correlating with pluripotent induction. Reduction in oxygen consumption and acceleration of extracellular acidification rates represent high-throughput markers of the transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, characterizing stemness acquisition. The bioenergetic transition was supported by proteome remodeling, whereby 441 proteins were altered between fibroblasts and derived iPS cells. Systems analysis revealed overrepresented canonical pathways and interactome-associated biological processes predicting differential metabolic behavior in response to reprogramming stimuli, including upregulation of glycolysis, purine, arginine, proline, ribonucleoside and ribonucleotide metabolism, and biopolymer and macromolecular catabolism, with concomitant downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, phosphate metabolism regulation, and precursor biosynthesis processes, prioritizing the impact of energy metabolism within the hierarchy of nuclear reprogramming. Thus, metabolome and metaboproteome remodeling is integral for induction of pluripotency, expanding on the genetic and epigenetic requirements for cell fate manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Dl Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN USA
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358
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Zhang J, Nuebel E, Daley GQ, Koehler CM, Teitell MA. Metabolic regulation in pluripotent stem cells during reprogramming and self-renewal. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:589-95. [PMID: 23122286 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small, rapidly dividing pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have unique energetic and biosynthetic demands compared with typically larger, quiescent differentiated cells. Shifts between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation with PSC differentiation or reprogramming to pluripotency are accompanied by changes in cell cycle, biomass, metabolite levels, and redox state. PSC and cancer cell metabolism are overtly similar, with metabolite levels influencing epigenetic/genetic programs. Here, we discuss the emerging roles for metabolism in PSC self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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359
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Folmes CDL, Dzeja PP, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Metabolic plasticity in stem cell homeostasis and differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:596-606. [PMID: 23122287 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in energy metabolism allows stem cells to match the divergent demands of self-renewal and lineage specification. Beyond a role in energetic support, new evidence implicates nutrient-responsive metabolites as mediators of crosstalk between metabolic flux, cellular signaling, and epigenetic regulation of cell fate. Stem cell metabolism also offers a potential target for controlling tissue homeostasis and regeneration in aging and disease. In this Perspective, we cover recent progress establishing an emerging relationship between stem cell metabolism and cell fate control.
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360
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361
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Bi H, Krausz KW, Manna SK, Li F, Johnson CH, Gonzalez FJ. Optimization of harvesting, extraction, and analytical protocols for UPLC-ESI-MS-based metabolomic analysis of adherent mammalian cancer cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5279-89. [PMID: 23604415 PMCID: PMC3678261 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics protocol was optimized for quenching, harvesting, and extraction of metabolites from the human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1. Trypsin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment and cell scraping in water were compared for sample harvesting. Four different extraction methods were compared to investigate the efficiency of intracellular metabolite extraction, including pure acetonitrile, methanol, methanol/chloroform/H2O, and methanol/chloroform/acetonitrile. The separation efficiencies of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with UPLC-QTOF-MS were also evaluated. Global metabolomics profiles were compared; the number of total detected features and the recovery and relative extraction efficiencies of target metabolites were assessed. Trypsin/EDTA treatment caused substantial metabolite leakage proving it inadequate for metabolomics studies. Direct scraping after flash quenching with liquid nitrogen was chosen to harvest Panc-1 cells which allowed for samples to be stored before extraction. Methanol/chloroform/H2O was chosen as the optimal extraction solvent to recover the highest number of intracellular features with the best reproducibility. HILIC had better resolution for intracellular metabolites of Panc-1 cells. This optimized method therefore provides high sensitivity and reproducibility for a variety of cellular metabolites and can be applicable to further LC/MS-based global metabolomics study on Panc-1 cell lines and possibly other cancer cell lines with similar chemical and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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362
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León Z, García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Lahoz A. Mammalian cell metabolomics: experimental design and sample preparation. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2762-75. [PMID: 23436493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics represents the global assessment of metabolites in a biological sample and reports the closest information to the phenotype of the biological system under study. Mammalian cell metabolomics has emerged as a promising tool with potential applications in many biotechnology and research areas. Metabolomics workflow includes experimental design, sampling, sample processing, metabolite analysis, and data processing. Given their influence on metabolite content and biological interpretation of data, a good experimental design and the appropriate choice of a sample processing method are prerequisites for success in any metabolomic study. The use of mammalian cells in the metabolomics field involves harder sample processing methods, including metabolism quenching and metabolite extraction, as compared to the use of body fluids, although such critical issues are frequently overlooked. This review aims to overview the common experimental procedures used in mammalian cell metabolomics based on mass spectrometry, by placing special emphasis on discussing sample preparation approaches, although other aspects, such as cell metabolomics applications, culture systems, cellular models, analytical platforms, and data analysis, are also briefly covered. This review intends to be a helpful tool to assist researchers in addressing decisions when planning a metabolomics study involving the use of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacarías León
- Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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363
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Forristal CE, Christensen DR, Chinnery FE, Petruzzelli R, Parry KL, Sanchez-Elsner T, Houghton FD. Environmental oxygen tension regulates the energy metabolism and self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62507. [PMID: 23671606 PMCID: PMC3645991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is intrinsic to cell viability but surprisingly has been little studied in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The current study aims to investigate the effect of environmental O2 tension on carbohydrate utilisation of hESCs. Highly pluripotent hESCs cultured at 5% O2 consumed significantly more glucose, less pyruvate and produced more lactate compared to those maintained at 20% O2. Moreover, hESCs cultured at atmospheric O2 levels expressed significantly less OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG than those maintained at 5% O2. To determine whether this difference in metabolism was a reflection of the pluripotent state, hESCs were cultured at 5% O2 in the absence of FGF2 for 16 hours leading to a significant reduction in the expression of SOX2. In addition, these cells consumed less glucose and produced significantly less lactate compared to those cultured in the presence of FGF2. hESCs maintained at 5% O2 were found to consume significantly less O2 than those cultured in the absence of FGF2, or at 20% O2. GLUT1 expression correlated with glucose consumption and using siRNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation was found to be directly regulated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α at 5% O2. In conclusion, highly pluripotent cells associated with hypoxic culture consume low levels of O2, high levels of glucose and produce large amounts of lactate, while at atmospheric conditions glucose consumption and lactate production are reduced and there is an increase in oxidative metabolism. These data suggest that environmental O2 regulates energy metabolism and is intrinsic to the self-renewal of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Forristal
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Christensen
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fay E. Chinnery
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Petruzzelli
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Parry
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Franchesca D. Houghton
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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364
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Han C, Gu H, Wang J, Lu W, Mei Y, Wu M. Regulation ofL-Threonine Dehydrogenase in Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2013; 31:953-65. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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365
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Menendez JA, Joven J, Cufí S, Corominas-Faja B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, Martin-Castillo B, López-Bonet E, Alarcón T, Vazquez-Martin A. The Warburg effect version 2.0: metabolic reprogramming of cancer stem cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1166-79. [PMID: 23549172 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When fighting cancer, knowledge on metabolism has always been important. Today, it matters more than ever. The restricted cataloging of cancer genomes is quite unlikely to achieve the task of curing cancer, unless it is integrated into metabolic networks that respond to and influence the constantly evolving cancer stem cell (CSC) cellular states. Once the genomic era of carcinogenesis had pushed the 1920s Otto Warburg's metabolic cancer hypothesis into obscurity for decades, the most recent studies begin to support a new developing paradigm, in which the molecular logic behind the conversion of non-CSCs into CSCs can be better understood in terms of the "metabolic facilitators" and "metabolic impediments" that operate as proximate openings and roadblocks, respectively, for the transcriptional events and signal transduction programs that ultimately orchestrate the intrinsic and/or microenvironmental paths to CSC cellular states. Here we propose that a profound understanding of how human carcinomas install a proper "Warburg effect version 2.0" allowing them to "run" the CSCs' "software" programs should guide a new era of metabolo-genomic-personalized cancer medicine. By viewing metabolic reprogramming of CSCs as an essential characteristic that allows dynamic, multidimensional and evolving cancer populations to compete successfully for their expansion on the organism, we now argue that CSCs bioenergetics might be another cancer hallmark. A definitive understanding of metabolic reprogramming in CSCs may complement or to some extent replace, the 30-y-old paradigm of targeting oncogenes to treat human carcinomas, because it can be possible to metabolically create non-permissive or "hostile" metabotypes to prevent the occurrence of CSC cellular states with tumor- and metastasis-initiating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona), Girona, Spain.
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366
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Kramer AS, Harvey AR, Plant GW, Hodgetts SI. Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:571-617. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Kramer
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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367
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Vazquez-Martin A, Cufi S, Corominas-Faja B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vellon L, Menendez JA. Mitochondrial fusion by pharmacological manipulation impedes somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency: new insight into the role of mitophagy in cell stemness. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:393-401. [PMID: 22713507 PMCID: PMC3409676 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a pivotal role for autophagy in stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been also suggested to bio-energetically take advantage of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). We have preliminary addressed how mitophagy might play a role in the regulation of induced pluripotency using mdivi-1 (for mitochondrial division inhibitor), a highly efficacious small molecule that selectively inhibits the self-assembly of DRP1, a member of the dynamin family of large GTPases that mediates mitochondrial fission. At mdivi-1 concentrations that rapidly induced the formation of mitochondrial net-like or collapsed perinuclear mitochondrial structures, we observed that the reprogramming efficiency of mouse embryonic fibroblasts transduced with the Yamanaka three-factor cocktail (OCT4, KLF4, and SOX2) is drastically reduced by more than 95%. Treatment of MEFs with mdivi-1 at the early stages of reprogramming before the appearance of iPSC colonies was sufficient to completely inhibit somatic cell reprogramming. Therefore, the observed effects on reprogramming efficiencies were due likely to the inhibition of the process of reprogramming itself and not to an impairment of iPSC colony survival or growth. Moreover, the typical morphology of established iPSC colonies with positive alkaline phosphatase staining was negatively affected by mdivi-1 exposure. In the presence of mdivi-1, the colony morphology of the iPSCs was lost, and they somewhat resembled fibroblasts. The alkaline phosphatase staining was also significantly reduced, a finding that is indicative of differentiation. Our current findings provide new insight into how mitochondrial division is integrated into the reprogramming factors-driven transcriptional network that specifies the unique pluripotency of stem cells.
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368
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Zhu ZJ, Schultz AW, Wang J, Johnson CH, Yannone SM, Patti GJ, Siuzdak G. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry characterization of metabolites guided by the METLIN database. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:451-60. [PMID: 23391889 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics provides a comprehensive platform for identifying metabolites whose levels are altered between two or more populations. By using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), hundreds to thousands of peaks with a unique m/z ratio and retention time are routinely detected from most biological samples in an untargeted profiling experiment. Each peak, termed a metabolomic feature, can be characterized on the basis of its accurate mass, retention time and tandem mass spectral fragmentation pattern. Here a seven-step protocol is suggested for such a characterization by using the METLIN metabolite database. The protocol starts from untargeted metabolomic LC-Q-TOF-MS data that have been analyzed with the bioinformatics program XCMS, and it describes a strategy for selecting interesting features as well as performing subsequent targeted tandem MS. The seven steps described will require 2-4 h to complete per feature, depending on the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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369
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Ramm Sander P, Hau P, Koch S, Schütze K, Bogdahn U, Kalbitzer HR, Aigner L. Stem cell metabolic and spectroscopic profiling. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:204-13. [PMID: 23384506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells offer great potential for regenerative medicine because they regenerate damaged tissue by cell replacement and/or by stimulating endogenous repair mechanisms. Although stem cells are defined by their functional properties, such as the potential to proliferate, to self-renew, and to differentiate into specific cell types, their identification based on the expression of specific markers remains vague. Here, profiles of stem cell metabolism might highlight stem cell function more than the expression of single genes/markers. Thus, systematic approaches including spectroscopy might yield insight into stem cell function, identity, and stemness. We review the findings gained by means of metabolic and spectroscopic profiling methodologies, for example, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS), mass spectrometry (MS), and Raman spectroscopy (RS), with a focus on neural stem cells and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ramm Sander
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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370
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Rodríguez-Jimnez FJ, Alastrue-Agudo A, Erceg S, Stojkovic M, Moreno-Manzano V. FM19G11 favors spinal cord injury regeneration and stem cell self-renewal by mitochondrial uncoupling and glucose metabolism induction. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2221-33. [PMID: 22865656 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a major cause of paralysis with no currently effective therapies. Induction of self-renewal and proliferation of endogenous regenerative machinery with noninvasive and nontoxic therapies could constitute a real hope and an alternative to cell transplantation for spinal cord injury patients. We previously showed that FM19G11 promotes differentiation of adult spinal cord-derived ependymal stem cells under hypoxia. Interestingly, FM19G11 induces self-renewal of these ependymal stem cells grown under normoxia. The analysis of the mechanism of action revealed an early increment of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 and 2 with an early drop of ATP, followed by a subsequent compensatory recovery with activated mitochondrial metabolism and the induction of glucose uptake by upregulation of the glucose transporter GLUT-4. Here we show that phosphorylation of AKT and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is involved in FM19G11-dependent activation of GLUT-4, glucose influx, and consequently in stem cell self-renewal. Small interfering RNA of uncoupling protein 1/2, GLUT-4 and pharmacological inhibitors of AKT, mTOR and AMPK signaling blocked the FM19G11-dependent induction of the self-renewal-related markers Sox2, Oct4, and Notch1. Importantly, FM19G11-treated animals showed accelerated locomotor recovery. In vivo intrathecal sustained administration of FM19G11 in rats after spinal cord injury showed more neurofilament TUJ1-positive fibers crossing the injured area surrounded by an increase of neural precursor Vimentin-positive cells. Overall, FM19G11 exerts an important influence on the self-renewal of ependymal stem progenitor cells with a plausible neuroprotective role, providing functional benefits for spinal cord injury treatment.
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371
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Vazquez-Martin A, Corominas-Faja B, Cufi S, Vellon L, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Menendez OJ, Joven J, Lupu R, Menendez JA. The mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase and the lipogenic switch: new core components of metabolic reprogramming in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:207-18. [PMID: 23287468 PMCID: PMC3575450 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells share some basic properties, such as self-renewal and pluripotency, with cancer cells, and they also appear to share several metabolic alterations that are commonly observed in human tumors. The cancer cells' glycolytic phenotype, first reported by Otto Warburg, is necessary for the optimal routing of somatic cells to pluripotency. However, how iPS cells establish a Warburg-like metabolic phenotype and whether the metabolic pathways that support the bioenergetics of iPS cells are produced by the same mechanisms that are selected during the tumorigenic process remain largely unexplored. We recently investigated whether the reprogramming-competent metabotype of iPS cells involves changes in the activation/expression status of the H(+)-ATPase, which is a core component of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that is repressed at both the activity and protein levels in human carcinomas, and of the lipogenic switch, which refers to a marked overexpression and hyperactivity of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) lipogenic enzymes that has been observed in nearly all examined cancer types. A comparison of a starting population of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and their iPS cell progeny revealed that somatic cell reprogramming involves a significant increase in the expression of ATPase inhibitor factor 1 (IF1), accompanied by extremely low expression levels of the catalytic β-F1-ATPase subunit. The pharmacological inhibition of ACACA and FASN activities markedly decreases reprogramming efficiency, and ACACA and FASN expression are notably upregulated in iPS cells. Importantly, iPS cells exhibited a significant intracellular accumulation of neutral lipid bodies; however, these bodies may be a reflection of intense lysosomal/autophagocytic activity rather than bona fide lipid droplet formation in iPS cells, as they were largely unresponsive to pharmacological modulation of PPARgamma and FASN activities. The AMPK agonist metformin, which endows somatic cells with a bioenergetic infrastructure that is protected against reprogramming, was found to drastically elongate fibroblast mitochondria, fully reverse the high IF1/β-F1-ATPase ratio and downregulate the ACACA/FASN lipogenic enzymes in iPS cells. The mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase and the ACACA/FASN-driven lipogenic switch are newly characterized as instrumental metabolic events that, by coupling the Warburg effect to anabolic metabolism, enable de-differentiation during the reprogramming of somatic cells to iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vazquez-Martin
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Cufi
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Luciano Vellon
- Reprogramming Unit; Fundación INBIOMED; San Sebastián; Gipuzkua, Spain
| | - Cristina Oliveras-Ferraros
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Octavio J. Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; Division of Experimental Pathology; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN USA
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
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372
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Zotarelli Filho IJ, Frascino LF, Greco OT, Araújo JDD, Bilaqui A, Kassis EN, Ardito RV, Bonilla-Rodriguez GO. A clinical and radiographic evaluation of the management of periodontal osseous defects with alloplast and platelet rich plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-1218-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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373
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Liang G, Zhang Y. Embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell: an epigenetic perspective. Cell Res 2012; 23:49-69. [PMID: 23247625 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, like embryonic stem cells (ESCs), have specialized epigenetic landscapes, which are important for pluripotency maintenance. Transcription factor-mediated generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires global change of somatic cell epigenetic status into an ESC-like state. Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms not only play important roles in the iPSC generation process, but also affect the properties of reprogrammed iPSCs. Understanding the roles of various epigenetic factors in iPSC generation contributes to our knowledge of the reprogramming mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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374
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Folmes CDL, Martinez-Fernandez A, Faustino RS, Yamada S, Perez-Terzic C, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Nuclear reprogramming with c-Myc potentiates glycolytic capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:10-21. [PMID: 23247633 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming strategies influence the differentiation capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Removal of the reprogramming factor c-Myc reduces tumorigenic incidence and increases cardiogenic potential of iPS cells. c-Myc is a regulator of energy metabolism, yet the impact on metabolic reprogramming underlying pluripotent induction is unknown. Here, mitochondrial and metabolic interrogation of iPS cells derived with (4F) and without (3F) c-Myc demonstrated that nuclear reprogramming consistently reverted mitochondria to embryonic-like immature structures. Metabolomic profiling segregated derived iPS cells from the parental somatic source based on the attained pluripotency-associated glycolytic phenotype and discriminated between 3F versus 4F clones based upon glycolytic intermediates. Real-time flux analysis demonstrated a greater glycolytic capacity in 4F iPS cells, in the setting of equivalent oxidative capacity to 3F iPS cells. Thus, inclusion of c-Myc potentiates the pluripotent glycolytic behavior of derived iPS cells, supporting c-Myc-free reprogramming as a strategy to facilitate oxidative metabolism-dependent lineage engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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375
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Abstract
Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. The role of genetic alterations in cancer development has been demonstrated by reverse genetic approaches. However, evidence indicating the functional significance of epigenetic abnormalities remains limited due to the lack of means to actively modify coordinated epigenetic regulations in the genome. Application of the reprogramming technology may help researchers to overcome this limitation and shed new light on cancer research. Reprogramming is accompanied by dynamic changes of epigenetic modifications and is therefore considered to be a useful tool to induce global epigenetic changes in cancer genomes. We herein discuss the similarities between reprogramming processes and carcinogenesis and propose the potential use of reprogramming technology to help understanding of the significance of epigenetic regulations in cancer cells. We, also discuss the application of induced pluripotent stem cell technology to cancer modeling based on the similar characteristics between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Semi
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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376
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Abstract
The establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines (hESCs) created the basis for new approaches in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Despite the potential of hESCs for cell based therapies, ethical controversies limit their use. These obstacles could be overcome by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that are generated by reprogramming somatic cells. Before iPSCs can be used for clinical applications, however, they must be thoroughly analyzed for aberrations in the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome. Here, we review how 'omics' technologies can be employed for a quantitative and definitive assessment of these cells.
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377
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Mahmoudi S, Brunet A. Aging and reprogramming: a two-way street. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:744-56. [PMID: 23146768 PMCID: PMC3540161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by the functional decline of cells, tissues, and organs, as well as a striking increase in a wide range of diseases. The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opens new avenues for the aging field and has important applications for therapeutic treatments of age-related diseases. Here we review emerging studies on how aging and age-related pathways influence iPSC generation and property. We discuss the exciting possibility that reverting to a pluripotent stem cell stage erases several deficits associated with aging and offers new strategies for rejuvenation. Finally, we argue that reprogramming provides a unique opportunity to model aging and perhaps exceptional longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mahmoudi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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378
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Riggs JW, Barrilleaux BL, Varlakhanova N, Bush KM, Chan V, Knoepfler PS. Induced pluripotency and oncogenic transformation are related processes. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:37-50. [PMID: 22998387 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential for creating patient-specific regenerative medicine therapies, but the links between pluripotency and tumorigenicity raise important safety concerns. More specifically, the methods employed for the production of iPSCs and oncogenic foci (OF), a form of in vitro produced tumor cells, are surprisingly similar, raising potential concerns about iPSCs. To test the hypotheses that iPSCs and OF are related cell types and, more broadly, that the induction of pluripotency and tumorigenicity are related processes, we produced iPSCs and OF in parallel from common parental fibroblasts. When we compared the transcriptomes of these iPSCs and OF to their parental fibroblasts, similar transcriptional changes were observed in both iPSCs and OF. A significant number of genes repressed during the iPSC formation were also repressed in OF, including a large cohort of differentiation-associated genes. iPSCs and OF shared a limited number of genes that were upregulated relative to parental fibroblasts, but gene ontology analysis pointed toward monosaccharide metabolism as upregulated in both iPSCs and OF. iPSCs and OF were distinct in that only iPSCs activated a host of pluripotency-related genes, while OF activated cellular damage and specific metabolic pathways. We reprogrammed oncogenic foci (ROF) to produce iPSC-like cells, a process dependent on Nanog. However, the ROF had reduced differentiation potential compared to iPSC, suggesting that oncogenic transformation leads to cellular changes that impair complete reprogramming. Taken together, these findings support a model in which OF and iPSCs are related, yet distinct cell types, and in which induced pluripotency and induced tumorigenesis are similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Riggs
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95616, USA
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379
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Meissen JK, Yuen BTK, Kind T, Riggs JW, Barupal DK, Knoepfler PS, Fiehn O. Induced pluripotent stem cells show metabolomic differences to embryonic stem cells in polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines and primary metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46770. [PMID: 23077522 PMCID: PMC3471894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells are different from embryonic stem cells as shown by epigenetic and genomics analyses. Depending on cell types and culture conditions, such genetic alterations can lead to different metabolic phenotypes which may impact replication rates, membrane properties and cell differentiation. We here applied a comprehensive metabolomics strategy incorporating nanoelectrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography-time of flight MS, and hydrophilic interaction- and reversed phase-liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight MS to examine the metabolome of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) compared to parental fibroblasts as well as to reference embryonic stem cells (ESCs). With over 250 identified metabolites and a range of structurally unknown compounds, quantitative and statistical metabolome data were mapped onto a metabolite networks describing the metabolic state of iPSCs relative to other cell types. Overall iPSCs exhibited a striking shift metabolically away from parental fibroblasts and toward ESCs, suggestive of near complete metabolic reprogramming. Differences between pluripotent cell types were not observed in carbohydrate or hydroxyl acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway metabolites, or free fatty acids. However, significant differences between iPSCs and ESCs were evident in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipid structures, essential and non-essential amino acids, and metabolites involved in polyamine biosynthesis. Together our findings demonstrate that during cellular reprogramming, the metabolome of fibroblasts is also reprogrammed to take on an ESC-like profile, but there are select unique differences apparent in iPSCs. The identified metabolomics signatures of iPSCs and ESCs may have important implications for functional regulation of maintenance and induction of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Meissen
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. K. Yuen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tobias Kind
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John W. Riggs
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Barupal
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Knoepfler
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSK); (OF)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSK); (OF)
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380
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Endogenous fluorescence signatures in living pluripotent stem cells change with loss of potency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43708. [PMID: 22952742 PMCID: PMC3430704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of stem cells is limited by the non-uniformity of their phenotypic state. Thus it would be advantageous to noninvasively monitor stem cell status. Driven by this challenge, we employed multidimensional multiphoton microscopy to quantify changes in endogenous fluorescence occurring with pluripotent stem cell differentiation. We found that global and cellular-scale fluorescence lifetime of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) consistently decreased with differentiation. Less consistent were trends in endogenous fluorescence intensity with differentiation, suggesting intensity is more readily impacted by nuances of species and scale of analysis. What emerges is a practical and accessible approach to evaluate, and ultimately enrich, living stem cell populations based on changes in metabolism that could be exploited for both research and clinical applications.
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381
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Vacanti NM, Metallo CM. Exploring metabolic pathways that contribute to the stem cell phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2361-9. [PMID: 22917650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells must negotiate their surrounding nutritional and signaling environment and respond accordingly to perform various functions. Metabolic pathways enable these responses, providing energy and biosynthetic precursors for cell proliferation, motility, and other functions. As a result, metabolic enzymes and the molecules which control them are emerging as attractive targets for the manipulation of stem cells. To exploit these targets a detailed characterization of metabolic flux regulation is required. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we outline recent advances in our understanding of metabolism in pluripotent stem cells and adult progenitors. We describe the regulation of glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism, and the redox state of stem cells, highlighting key enzymes and transcription factors involved in the control of these pathways. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A general description of stem cell metabolism has emerged, involving increased glycolysis, limited oxidative metabolism, and resistance to oxidative damage. Moving forward, the application of systems-based approaches to stem cells will help shed light on metabolic pathway utilization in proliferating and quiescent stem cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic flux contributes to the unique properties of stem cells and progenitors. This review provides a detailed overview of how stem cells metabolize their surrounding nutrients to proliferate and maintain lineage homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Vacanti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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382
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Menendez JA, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cufí S, Corominas-Faja B, Joven J, Martin-Castillo B, Vazquez-Martin A. Metformin is synthetically lethal with glucose withdrawal in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2782-92. [PMID: 22809961 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose deprivation is a distinctive feature of the tumor microecosystem caused by the imbalance between poor supply and an extraordinarily high consumption rate. The metabolic reprogramming from mitochondrial respiration to aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells (the "Warburg effect") is linked to oncogenic transformation in a manner that frequently implies the inactivation of metabolic checkpoints such as the energy rheostat AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Because the concept of synthetic lethality in oncology can be applied not only to genetic and epigenetic intrinsic differences between normal and cancer cells but also to extrinsic ones such as altered microenvironment, we recently hypothesized that stress-energy mimickers such as the AMPK agonist metformin should produce metabolic synthetic lethality in a glucose-starved cell culture milieu imitating the adverse tumor growth conditions in vivo. Under standard high-glucose conditions, metformin supplementation mostly caused cell cycle arrest without signs of apoptotic cell death. Under glucose withdrawal stress, metformin supplementation circumvented the ability of oncogenes (e.g., HER2) to protect breast cancer cells from glucose-deprivation apoptosis. Significantly, representative cell models of breast cancer heterogeneity underwent massive apoptosis (by >90% in some cases) when glucose-starved cell cultures were supplemented with metformin. Our current findings may uncover crucial issues regarding the cell-autonomous metformin's anti-cancer actions: (1) The offently claimed clinically irrelevant, non-physiological concentrations needed to observe the metformin's anti-cancer effects in vitro merely underlie the artifactual interference of erroneous glucose-rich experimental conditions that poorly reflect glucose-starved in vivo conditions; (2) the preferential killing of cancer stem cells (CSC) by metformin may simply expose the best-case scenario for its synthetically lethal activity because an increased dependency on Warburg-like aerobic glycolysis (hyperglycolytic phenotype) is critical to sustain CSC stemness and immortality; (3) the microenvironment-mediated contextual synthetic lethality of metformin should be expected to enormously potentiate the anti-cancer effect of anti-angiogenesis agents that promote severe oxygen and glucose deprivation in certain areas of the tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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383
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Knoepfler PS. Key anticipated regulatory issues for clinical use of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Med 2012; 7:713-20. [PMID: 22830621 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has greatly expanded the realm of possible stem cell-based regenerative medicine therapies and has particularly exciting potential for autologous therapies. However, future therapies based on hiPSCs will first have to address not only similar regulatory issues as those facing human embryonic stem cells with the US FDA and international regulatory agencies, but also hiPSCs have raised unique concerns as well. While the first possible clinical use of hiPSCs remains down the road, as a field it would be wise for us to anticipate potential roadblocks and begin formulating solutions. In this article, I discuss the potential regulatory issues facing hiPSCs and propose some potential changes in the direction of the field in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall 4303, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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384
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Abu Dawud R, Schreiber K, Schomburg D, Adjaye J. Human embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells have overlapping and distinct metabolic signatures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39896. [PMID: 22768158 PMCID: PMC3387229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human embryonal carcinoma cells (hECCs) have been studied extensively at the levels of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and epigenome our knowledge of their corresponding metabolomes is limited. Here, we present the metabolic signatures of hESCs and hESCs obtained by untargeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Whilst some metabolites are common to both cell types, representing the self-renewal and house-keeping signatures, others were either higher (e.g., octadecenoic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, 4-hydroxyproline) or lower (e.g., glutamic acid, mannitol, malic acid, GABA) in hESCs (H9) compared to hECCs (NTERA2), these represent cell type specific signatures. Further, our combined results of GC-MS and microarray based gene expression profiling of undifferentiated and OCT4-depleted hESCs are consistent with the Warburg effect which is increased glycolysis in embryonic cells and tumor cells in the presence of O2 while oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is impaired or even shut down. RNAi-based OCT4 knock down mediated differentiation resulted in the activation of the poised OXPHOS machinery by expressing missing key proteins such as NDUFC1, UQCRB and COX, increase in TCA cycle activity and decreased lactate metabolism. These results shed light on the metabolite layer of pluripotent stem cells and could potentially establish novel metabolic markers of self renewal and pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Abu Dawud
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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385
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Folmes CDL, Nelson TJ, Dzeja PP, Terzic A. Energy metabolism plasticity enables stemness programs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1254:82-89. [PMID: 22548573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Engineering pluripotency through nuclear reprogramming and directing stem cells into defined lineages underscores cell fate plasticity. Acquisition of and departure from stemness are governed by genetic and epigenetic controllers, with modulation of energy metabolism and associated signaling increasingly implicated in cell identity determination. Transition from oxidative metabolism, typical of somatic tissues, into glycolysis is a prerequisite to fuel-proficient reprogramming, directing a differentiated cytotype back to the pluripotent state. The glycolytic metabotype supports the anabolic and catabolic requirements of pluripotent cell homeostasis. Conversely, redirection of pluripotency into defined lineages requires mitochondrial biogenesis and maturation of efficient oxidative energy generation and distribution networks to match demands. The vital function of bioenergetics in regulating stemness and lineage specification implicates a broader role for metabolic reprogramming in cell fate decisions and determinations of tissue regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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386
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McNamara LE, Sjöström T, Meek RMD, Oreffo ROC, Su B, Dalby MJ, Burgess KEV. Metabolomics: a valuable tool for stem cell monitoring in regenerative medicine. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:1713-24. [PMID: 22628210 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a method for investigation of changes in the global metabolite profile of cells. This paper discusses the technical application of the approach, considering metabolite extraction, separation, mass spectrometry and data interpretation. A particular focus is on the application of metabolomics to the study of stem cell physiology in the context of biomaterials and regenerative medicine. Case studies are used to illustrate key points, focusing on the use of metabolomics in the examination of mesenchymal stem cell responses to titania-nanopillared substrata designed for orthopaedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McNamara
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Division of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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387
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388
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Menendez JA, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Martin-Castillo B, Joven J, Vellon L, Vazquez-Martin A. Metformin and the ATM DNA damage response (DDR): accelerating the onset of stress-induced senescence to boost protection against cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 3:1063-77. [PMID: 22170748 PMCID: PMC3249452 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By activating the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA Damage Response (DDR), the AMPK agonist metformin might sensitize cells against further damage, thus mimicking the precancerous stimulus that induces an intrinsic barrier against carcinogenesis. Herein, we present the new hypothesis that metformin might function as a tissue sweeper of pre-malignant cells before they gain stem cell/tumor initiating properties. Because enhanced glycolysis (the Warburg effect) plays a causal role in the gain of stem-like properties of tumor-initiating cells by protecting them from the pro-senescent effects of mitochondrial respiration-induced oxidative stress, metformin's ability to disrupt the glycolytic metabotype may generate a cellular phenotype that is metabolically protected against immortalization. The bioenergetic crisis imposed by metformin, which may involve enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress, can lower the threshold for cellular senescence by pre-activating an ATM-dependent pseudo-DDR. This allows an accelerated onset of cellular senescence in response to additional oncogenic stresses. By pushing cancer cells to use oxidative phosphorylation instead of glycolysis, metformin can rescue cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression that is downregulated by oncogenic transformation, a crucial adaptation of tumor cells to avoid the adaptive immune response by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Aside from restoration of tumor immunosurveillance at the cell-autonomous level, metformin can activate a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) to reinforce senescence growth arrest, which might trigger an immune-mediated clearance of the senescent cells in a non-cell-autonomous manner. By diminishing the probability of escape from the senescence anti-tumor barrier, the net effect of metformin should be a significant decrease in the accumulation of dysfunctional, pre-malignant cells in tissues, including those with the ability to initiate tumors. As life-long or late-life removal of senescent cells has been shown to prevent or delay the onset or progression of age-related disorders, the tissue sweeper function of metformin may inhibit the malignant/metastatic progression of pre-malignant/senescent tumor cells and increase the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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389
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Cufí S, Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Quirantes R, Segura-Carretero A, Micol V, Joven J, Bosch-Barrera J, Del Barco S, Martin-Castillo B, Vellon L, Menendez JA. Metformin lowers the threshold for stress-induced senescence: A role for the microRNA-200 family and miR-205. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1235-46. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.6.19665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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390
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Chae YC, Kim JH. Insulin response to glucose and glucose tolerance following feeding in sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 51:319-326. [PMID: 29764565 PMCID: PMC6089865 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.7.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer stem cell (CSC) theory represents an important mechanism underlying the observed failure of existing therapeutic modalities to fully eradicate cancers. In addition to their more established role in maintaining minimal residual disease after treatment and forming the new bulk of the tumor, CSCs might also critically contribute to tumor recurrence and metastasis. For this reason, specific elimination of CSCs may thus represent one of the most important treatment strategies. Emerging evidence has shown that CSCs have a different metabolic phenotype to that of differentiated bulk tumor cells, and these specific metabolic activities directly participate in the process of CSC transformation or support the biological processes that enable tumor progression. Exploring the role of CSC metabolism and the mechanism of the metabolic plasticity of CSCs has become a major focus in current cancer research. The targeting of CSC metabolism may provide new effective therapies to reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the most significant discoveries regarding the metabolism of CSCs and highlight recent approaches in targeting CSC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Chae
- School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50621,
Korea
- Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621,
Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel: +82-51-510-8073; Fax: +82-51-510-8076; E-mail:
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