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Inman JL, Robertson C, Mott JD, Bissell MJ. Mammary gland development: cell fate specification, stem cells and the microenvironment. Development 2015; 142:1028-42. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.087643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of the mammary gland is unique: the final stages of development occur postnatally at puberty under the influence of hormonal cues. Furthermore, during the life of the female, the mammary gland can undergo many rounds of expansion and proliferation. The mammary gland thus provides an excellent model for studying the ‘stem/progenitor’ cells that allow this repeated expansion and renewal. In this Review, we provide an overview of the different cell types that constitute the mammary gland, and discuss how these cell types arise and differentiate. As cellular differentiation cannot occur without proper signals, we also describe how the tissue microenvironment influences mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Inman
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Claire Robertson
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joni D. Mott
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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352
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Huang J, Lin X, Shi Y, Liu W. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in basic research: a year in review of 2014. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:167-76. [PMID: 25625754 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) remains to be one of the fastest growing fields, which covers a wide scope of topics of both basic and applied biological researches. This overview article summarized the advancements in basic researches of TERM area, including stem cell biology, cell engineering, somatic nuclear transfer, genomic editing, discovery of new tissue progenitor/stem cells, and immunomodulation of stem cells and tissue regeneration. It reflects the cutting-edge achievements in basic researches, which will lay solid scientific foundation for future TERM translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
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Rajaram RD, Buric D, Caikovski M, Ayyanan A, Rougemont J, Shan J, Vainio SJ, Yalcin-Ozuysal O, Brisken C. Progesterone and Wnt4 control mammary stem cells via myoepithelial crosstalk. EMBO J 2015; 34:641-52. [PMID: 25603931 PMCID: PMC4365033 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian hormones increase breast cancer risk by poorly understood mechanisms. We assess the role of progesterone on global stem cell function by serially transplanting mouse mammary epithelia. Progesterone receptor (PR) deletion severely reduces the regeneration capacity of the mammary epithelium. The PR target, receptor activator of Nf-κB ligand (RANKL), is not required for this function, and the deletion of Wnt4 reduces the mammary regeneration capacity even more than PR ablation. A fluorescent reporter reveals so far undetected perinatal Wnt4 expression that is independent of hormone signaling. Pubertal and adult Wnt4 expression is specific to PR+ luminal cells and requires intact PR signaling. Conditional deletion of Wnt4 reveals that this early, previously unappreciated, Wnt4 expression is functionally important. We provide genetic evidence that canonical Wnt signaling in the myoepithelium required PR and Wnt4, whereas the canonical Wnt signaling activities observed in the embryonic mammary bud and in the stroma around terminal end buds are independent of Wnt4. Thus, progesterone and Wnt4 control stem cell function through a luminal-myoepithelial crosstalk with Wnt4 acting independent of PR perinatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuga Devi Rajaram
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duje Buric
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marian Caikovski
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ayyakkannu Ayyanan
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Rougemont
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jingdong Shan
- Faculty of Biochemisty and Molecular Medicine (FBMM), Biocenter Oulu and Infotech Oulu Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemisty and Molecular Medicine (FBMM), Biocenter Oulu and Infotech Oulu Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ozden Yalcin-Ozuysal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Soady KJ, Kendrick H, Gao Q, Tutt A, Zvelebil M, Ordonez LD, Quist J, Tan DWM, Isacke CM, Grigoriadis A, Smalley MJ. Mouse mammary stem cells express prognostic markers for triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:31. [PMID: 25849541 PMCID: PMC4381533 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of tumours in which chemotherapy, the current mainstay of systemic treatment, is often initially beneficial but with a high risk of relapse and metastasis. There is currently no means of predicting which TNBC will relapse. We tested the hypothesis that the biological properties of normal stem cells are re-activated in tumour metastasis and that, therefore, the activation of normal mammary stem cell-associated gene sets in primary TNBC would be highly prognostic for relapse and metastasis. METHODS Mammary basal stem and myoepithelial cells were isolated by flow cytometry and tested in low-dose transplant assays. Gene expression microarrays were used to establish expression profiles of the stem and myoepithelial populations; these were compared to each other and to our previously established mammary epithelial gene expression profiles. Stem cell genes were classified by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and the expression of a subset analysed in the stem cell population at single cell resolution. Activation of stem cell genes was interrogated across different breast cancer cohorts and within specific subtypes and tested for clinical prognostic power. RESULTS A set of 323 genes was identified that was expressed significantly more highly in the purified basal stem cells compared to all other cells of the mammary epithelium. A total of 109 out of 323 genes had been associated with stem cell features in at least one other study in addition to our own, providing further support for their involvement in the biology of this cell type. GO analysis demonstrated an enrichment of these genes for an association with cell migration, cytoskeletal regulation and tissue morphogenesis, consistent with a role in invasion and metastasis. Single cell resolution analysis showed that individual cells co-expressed both epithelial- and mesenchymal-associated genes/proteins. Most strikingly, we demonstrated that strong activity of this stem cell gene set in TNBCs identified those tumours most likely to rapidly progress to metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the biological properties of normal stem cells are drivers of metastasis and that these properties can be used to stratify patients with a highly heterogeneous disease such as TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Soady
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
- />MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Qiong Gao
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Marketa Zvelebil
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Liliana D Ordonez
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Jelmar Quist
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - David Wei-Min Tan
- />Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648 Singapore
| | - Clare M Isacke
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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355
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Fu NY, Rios AC, Pal B, Soetanto R, Lun ATL, Liu K, Beck T, Best SA, Vaillant F, Bouillet P, Strasser A, Preiss T, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. EGF-mediated induction of Mcl-1 at the switch to lactation is essential for alveolar cell survival. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:365-75. [PMID: 25730472 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expansion and remodelling of the mammary epithelium requires a tight balance between cellular proliferation, differentiation and death. To explore cell survival versus cell death decisions in this organ, we deleted the pro-survival gene Mcl-1 in the mammary epithelium. Mcl-1 was found to be essential at multiple developmental stages including morphogenesis in puberty and alveologenesis in pregnancy. Moreover, Mcl-1-deficient basal cells were virtually devoid of repopulating activity, suggesting that this gene is required for stem cell function. Profound upregulation of the Mcl-1 protein was evident in alveolar cells at the switch to lactation, and Mcl-1 deficiency impaired lactation. Interestingly, EGF was identified as one of the most highly upregulated genes on lactogenesis and inhibition of EGF or mTOR signalling markedly impaired lactation, with concomitant decreases in Mcl-1 and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6. These data demonstrate that Mcl-1 is essential for mammopoiesis and identify EGF as a critical trigger of Mcl-1 translation to ensure survival of milk-producing alveolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anne C Rios
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rina Soetanto
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Aaron T L Lun
- 1] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [2] Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin Liu
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tamara Beck
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- 1] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [2] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- 1] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [2] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Preiss
- 1] Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia [2] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- 1] Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia [3] Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- 1] ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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356
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Tordonato C, Di Fiore PP, Nicassio F. The role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of stem cells and progenitors in the normal mammary gland and in breast tumors. Front Genet 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25774169 PMCID: PMC4343025 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outlook on stem cell (SC) biology is shifting from a rigid hierarchical to a more flexible model in which the identity and the behavior of adult SCs, far from being fixed, are determined by the dynamic integration of cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. Within this framework, the recent discovery of thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with regulatory function is redefining the landscape of transcriptome regulation, highlighting the interplay of epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the specification of cell fate and in the regulation of developmental processes. Furthermore, the expression of ncRNAs is often tissue- or even cell type-specific, emphasizing their involvement in defining space, time and developmental stages in gene regulation. Such a role of ncRNAs has been investigated in embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs, and in numerous types of adult SCs and progenitors, including those of the breast, which will be the topic of this review. We will focus on ncRNAs with an important role in breast cancer, in particular in mammary cancer SCs and progenitors, and highlight the ncRNA-based circuitries whose subversion alters a number of the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional events that control “stemness” in the physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tordonato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy ; Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan Italy
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357
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Expansion of stem cells counteracts age-related mammary regression in compound Timp1/Timp3 null mice. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:217-27. [PMID: 25706237 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Age is the primary risk factor for breast cancer in women. Bipotent basal stem cells actively maintain the adult mammary ductal tree, but with age tissues atrophy. We show that cell-extrinsic factors maintain the adult stem cell pool during ageing and dictate tissue stoichiometry. Mammary stem cells spontaneously expand more than 11-fold in virgin adult female mice lacking specific genes for TIMPs, the natural metalloproteinase inhibitors. Compound Timp1/Timp3 null glands exhibit Notch activation and accelerated gestational differentiation. Proteomics of mutant basal cells uncover altered cytoskeletal and extracellular protein repertoires, and we identify aberrant mitotic spindle orientation in these glands, a process that instructs asymmetric cell division and fate. We find that progenitor activity normally declines with age, but enriched stem/progenitor pools prevent tissue regression in Timp mutant mammary glands without affecting carcinogen-induced cancer susceptibility. Thus, improved stem cell content can extend mouse mammary tissue lifespan without altering cancer risk in this mouse model.
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358
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The origin of breast tumor heterogeneity. Oncogene 2015; 34:5309-16. [PMID: 25703331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How breast diversity is generated is a fascinating and fundamental question with important clinical implications. It is clear that the diversity of phenotypes displayed by breast cancer cells reflects the array of cell types present in the disease-free breast epithelium, including luminal, basal and stem cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the molecular regulators governing normal development of the breast epithelium may double as engines of breast tumor diversity. In the past few years, a deepened understanding of the mammary epithelial hierarchy has prompted the search for the cellular precursors of breast tumors. At the same time, the use of novel experimental strategies including the new technology of massively parallel sequencing has provided insight into the origin and evolution of breast tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the basis of the intrinsic subtypes and the sources of inter-tumor heterogeneity.
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359
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Luminal progenitors restrict their lineage potential during mammary gland development. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002069. [PMID: 25688859 PMCID: PMC4331521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between stem cells and progenitors that guide mammary gland morphogenesis are still poorly defined. While multipotent basal stem cells have been found within the myoepithelial compartment, the in vivo lineage potential of luminal progenitors is unclear. Here we used the expression of the Notch1 receptor, previously implicated in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis, to elucidate the hierarchical organization of mammary stem/progenitor cells by lineage tracing. We found that Notch1 expression identifies multipotent stem cells in the embryonic mammary bud, which progressively restrict their lineage potential during mammary ductal morphogenesis to exclusively generate an ERαneg luminal lineage postnatally. Importantly, our results show that Notch1-labelled cells represent the alveolar progenitors that expand during pregnancy and survive multiple successive involutions. This study reveals that postnatal luminal epithelial cells derive from distinct self-sustained lineages that may represent the cells of origin of different breast cancer subtypes. Stem cells in the embryonic mammary gland that express the Notch1 receptor are initially multipotent and highly regenerative, but they progressively restrict their lineage potential to the lumen of the mammary duct, where they may give rise to breast cancer. Tissue-specific stem cells are believed to be multipotent, thus able to generate all cell types of their tissue of origin. In the mammary gland epithelium, however, the existence of multipotent versus unipotent adult stem cells is currently under debate. In this study, we have identified and characterized a population of mammary luminal progenitors that express the Notch1 receptor. Using lineage tracing experiments, we found that these cells are self-sustained unipotent adult progenitors with high self-renewal capacity. Although they lack estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors, these cells are highly responsive to hormones. Importantly, Notch1-expressing cells are multipotent during embryonic mammary development, when they can give rise to all mammary cell types, while they become lineage-restricted postnatally. The cells characterized in this study also present extensive plasticity, as they can repopulate the entire mammary gland in transplantation experiments. Our study reveals that the Notch1 receptor is a specific marker for the identification of luminal progenitors that lack expression of hormone receptors and that can be critical for breast cancer initiation.
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360
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Lindley LE, Curtis KM, Sanchez-Mejias A, Rieger ME, Robbins DJ, Briegel KJ. The WNT-controlled transcriptional regulator LBH is required for mammary stem cell expansion and maintenance of the basal lineage. Development 2015; 142:893-904. [PMID: 25655704 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs) has provided an explanation for the unique regenerative capacity of the mammary gland throughout adult life. However, it remains unclear what genes maintain MaSCs and control their specification into the two epithelial lineages: luminal and basal. LBH is a novel transcription co-factor in the WNT pathway with hitherto unknown physiological function. LBH is expressed during mammary gland development and aberrantly overexpressed in aggressive 'basal' subtype breast cancers. Here, we have explored the in vivo role of LBH in mammopoiesis. We show that in postnatal mammary epithelia, LBH is predominantly expressed in the Lin(-)CD29(high)CD24(+) basal MaSC population. Upon conditional inactivation of LBH, mice exhibit pronounced delays in mammary tissue expansion during puberty and pregnancy, accompanied by increased luminal differentiation at the expense of basal lineage specification. These defects could be traced to a severe reduction in the frequency and self-renewal/differentiation potential of basal MaSCs. Mechanistically, LBH induces expression of key epithelial stem cell transcription factor ΔNp63 to promote a basal MaSC state and repress luminal differentiation genes, mainly that encoding estrogen receptor α (Esr1/ERα). Collectively, these studies identify LBH as an essential regulator of basal MaSC expansion/maintenance, raising important implications for its potential role in breast cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E Lindley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kevin M Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Avencia Sanchez-Mejias
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Megan E Rieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Karoline J Briegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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361
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Roarty K, Shore AN, Creighton CJ, Rosen JM. Ror2 regulates branching, differentiation, and actin-cytoskeletal dynamics within the mammary epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:351-66. [PMID: 25624393 PMCID: PMC4315251 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201408058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intricate cross-talk between classical and alternative Wnt signaling pathways includes an essential role for Ror2 in mammary epithelial development and differentiation. Wnt signaling encompasses β-catenin–dependent and –independent networks. How receptor context provides Wnt specificity in vivo to assimilate multiple concurrent Wnt inputs throughout development remains unclear. Here, we identified a refined expression pattern of Wnt/receptor combinations associated with the Wnt/β-catenin–independent pathway in mammary epithelial subpopulations. Moreover, we elucidated the function of the alternative Wnt receptor Ror2 in mammary development and provided evidence for coordination of this pathway with Wnt/β-catenin–dependent signaling in the mammary epithelium. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated depletion of Ror2 in vivo increased branching and altered the differentiation of the mammary epithelium. Microarray analyses identified distinct gene level alterations within the epithelial compartments in the absence of Ror2, with marked changes observed in genes associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Modeling of branching morphogenesis in vitro defined specific defects in cytoskeletal dynamics accompanied by Rho pathway alterations downstream of Ror2 loss. The current study presents a model of Wnt signaling coordination in vivo and assigns an important role for Ror2 in mammary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Amy N Shore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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362
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Huh SJ, Clement K, Jee D, Merlini A, Choudhury S, Maruyama R, Yoo R, Chytil A, Boyle P, Ran FA, Moses HL, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Jackson-Grusby L, Meissner A, Polyak K. Age- and pregnancy-associated DNA methylation changes in mammary epithelial cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:297-311. [PMID: 25619437 PMCID: PMC4325231 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal mammary gland development and differentiation occur during puberty and pregnancy. To explore the role of DNA methylation in these processes, we determined the genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(hi), CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(lo), and CD24(+)CD61(-)CD29(lo) cell populations that were previously associated with distinct biological properties at different ages and reproductive stages. We found that pregnancy had the most significant effects on CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(hi) and CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(lo) cells, inducing distinct epigenetic states that were maintained through life. Integrated analysis of gene expression, DNA methylation, and histone modification profiles revealed cell-type- and reproductive-stage-specific changes. We identified p27 and TGFβ signaling as key regulators of CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(lo) cell proliferation, based on their expression patterns and results from mammary gland explant cultures. Our results suggest that relatively minor changes in DNA methylation occur during luminal differentiation compared with the effects of pregnancy on CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(hi) and CD24(+)CD61(+)CD29(lo) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Huh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kendell Clement
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Jee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sibgat Choudhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronnie Yoo
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Chytil
- Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick Boyle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fei Ann Ran
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laurie Jackson-Grusby
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Khaled WT, Choon Lee S, Stingl J, Chen X, Raza Ali H, Rueda OM, Hadi F, Wang J, Yu Y, Chin SF, Stratton M, Futreal A, Jenkins NA, Aparicio S, Copeland NG, Watson CJ, Caldas C, Liu P. BCL11A is a triple-negative breast cancer gene with critical functions in stem and progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5987. [PMID: 25574598 PMCID: PMC4338552 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor prognostic outcome compared with other types of breast cancer. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying TNBC pathology are not fully understood. Here, we report that the transcription factor BCL11A is overexpressed in TNBC including basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and that its genomic locus is amplified in up to 38% of BLBC tumours. Exogenous BCL11A overexpression promotes tumour formation, whereas its knockdown in TNBC cell lines suppresses their tumourigenic potential in xenograft models. In the DMBA-induced tumour model, Bcl11a deletion substantially decreases tumour formation, even in p53-null cells and inactivation of Bcl11a in established tumours causes their regression. At the cellular level, Bcl11a deletion causes a reduction in the number of mammary epithelial stem and progenitor cells. Thus, BCL11A has an important role in TNBC and normal mammary epithelial cells. This study highlights the importance of further investigation of BCL11A in TNBC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid T. Khaled
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Song Choon Lee
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Xiongfeng Chen
- SAIC-Frederic, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA
| | - H. Raza Ali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Oscar M. Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Fazal Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Juexuan Wang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Yong Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mike Stratton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Andy Futreal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Nancy A. Jenkins
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sam Aparicio
- Molecular Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Neal G. Copeland
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
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364
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Avdulov S, Herrera J, Smith K, Peterson M, Gomez-Garcia JR, Beadnell TC, Schwertfeger KL, Benyumov AO, Manivel JC, Li S, Bielinsky AK, Yee D, Bitterman PB, Polunovsky VA. eIF4E threshold levels differ in governing normal and neoplastic expansion of mammary stem and luminal progenitor cells. Cancer Res 2014; 75:687-97. [PMID: 25524901 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation factor eIF4E mediates normal cell proliferation, yet induces tumorigenesis when overexpressed. The mechanisms by which eIF4E directs such distinct biologic outputs remain unknown. We found that mouse mammary morphogenesis during pregnancy and lactation is accompanied by increased cap-binding capability of eIF4E and activation of the eIF4E-dependent translational apparatus, but only subtle oscillations in eIF4E abundance. Using a transgenic mouse model engineered so that lactogenic hormones stimulate a sustained increase in eIF4E abundance in stem/progenitor cells of lactogenic mammary epithelium during successive pregnancy/lactation cycles, eIF4E overexpression increased self-renewal, triggered DNA replication stress, and induced formation of premalignant and malignant lesions. Using complementary in vivo and ex vivo approaches, we found that increasing eIF4E levels rescued cells harboring oncogenic c-Myc or H-RasV12 from DNA replication stress and oncogene-induced replication catastrophe. Our findings indicate that distinct threshold levels of eIF4E govern its biologic output in lactating mammary glands and that eIF4E overexpression in the context of stem/progenitor cell population expansion can initiate malignant transformation by enabling cells to evade DNA damage checkpoints activated by oncogenic stimuli. Maintaining eIF4E levels below its proneoplastic threshold is an important anticancer defense in normal cells, with important implications for understanding pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Avdulov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexey O Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - J Carlos Manivel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shunan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Departament of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Yee
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Vitaly A Polunovsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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365
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Boras-Granic K, Dann P, Wysolmerski JJ. Embryonic cells contribute directly to the quiescent stem cell population in the adult mouse mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:487. [PMID: 25467960 PMCID: PMC4308878 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have identified multi-potent stem cells in the adult mammary gland. More recent studies have suggested that the embryonic mammary gland may also contain stem/progenitor cells that contribute to initial ductal development. We were interested in determining whether embryonic cells might also directly contribute to long-lived stem cells that support homeostasis and development in the adult mammary gland. METHODS We used DNA-label retention to detect long label-retaining cells in the mammary gland. Mouse embryos were labeled with 5-ethynl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) between embryonic day 14.5 and embryonic day 18.5 and were subsequently sacrificed and examined for EdU retention at various intervals after birth. EdU retaining cells were co-stained for various lineage markers and identified after fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of specific epithelial subsets. EdU-labeled mice were subjected to subsequent 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine administration to determine whether EdU-labeled cells could re-enter the cell cycle. Finally, EdU-labeled cells were grown under non-adherent conditions to assess their ability to form mammospheres. RESULTS We demonstrate embryonically-derived, long label-retaining cells (eLLRCs) in the adult mammary gland. eLLRCs stain for basal markers and are enriched within the mammary stem cell population identified by cell sorting. eLLRCs are restricted to the primary ducts near the nipple region. Interestingly, long label retaining cells (labeled during puberty) are found just in front of the eLLRCs, near where the ends of the ducts had been at the time of DNA labeling in early puberty. A subset of eLLRCs becomes mitotically active during periods of mammary growth and in response to ovarian hormones. Finally, we show that eLLRCs are contained within primary and secondary mammospheres. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a subset of proliferating embryonic cells subsequently becomes quiescent and contributes to the pool of long-lived mammary stem cells in the adult. eLLRCs can re-enter the cell cycle, produce both mammary lineages and self-renew. Thus, our studies have identified a putative stem/progenitor cell population of embryonic origin. Further study of these cells will contribute to an understanding of how quiescent stem cells are generated during development and how fetal exposures may alter future breast cancer risk in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Boras-Granic
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine TAC S131, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA.
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine TAC S131, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA.
| | - John J Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine TAC S131, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA.
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366
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Abstract
For many decades, developmental biologists and cancer researchers alike have been trying to understand the relationship between the basal and luminal cell compartments in the mouse mammary epithelium. Delineating the mammary stem and progenitor cell hierarchy will provide fundamental knowledge of how cell proliferation and differentiation are orchestrated to build, maintain and regenerate a complex mammalian tissue. Moreover, it is expected to offer insight into the cells of origin for human breast cancer. A new lineage-tracing study has fuelled the discussion as to the existence of bipotent stem cells in the basal layer of the mouse mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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367
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van Bragt MPA, Hu X, Xie Y, Li Z. RUNX1, a transcription factor mutated in breast cancer, controls the fate of ER-positive mammary luminal cells. eLife 2014; 3:e03881. [PMID: 25415051 PMCID: PMC4381933 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 encodes a RUNX family transcription factor (TF) and was
recently identified as a novel mutated gene in human luminal breast cancers. We found
that Runx1 is expressed in all subpopulations of murine mammary
epithelial cells (MECs) except the secretory alveolar luminal cells. Conditional
knockout of Runx1 in MECs by MMTV-Cre led to a
decrease in luminal MECs, largely due to a profound reduction in the estrogen
receptor (ER)-positive mature luminal subpopulation, a phenotype that could be
rescued by the loss of either Trp53 or Rb1.
Mechanistically RUNX1 represses Elf5, a master regulatory TF gene
for alveolar cells, and regulates mature luminal TF/co-factor genes (e.g.,
Foxa1 and Cited1) involved in the ER program.
Collectively, our data identified a key regulator of the ER+ luminal
lineage whose disruption may contribute to the development of ER+
luminal breast cancer when under the background of either TP53 or
RB1 loss. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03881.001 Stem cells can develop into the many types of specialized cell found in the body.
Several proteins regulate these transformations by switching on and off the
expression of genes that are specific to different cell types. Disrupting these
proteins can cause the development of cells to go awry and can lead to cancer. A protein called RUNX1 controls gene expression to direct the development of blood
cells. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein have been linked to blood cancers
and a particular type of breast cancer, which begins in the cells that line the ducts
that carry milk towards the nipple. Mammary duct-lining cells develop from a pool of stem cells that produces breast
tissue cells. Now van Bragt et al. have found that RUNX1 is expressed in the cells
lining the ducts of the mammary glands, except those that produce milk. Deleting the
gene for RUNX1 in mice reduced the number of duct-lining cells, especially a subgroup
of cells that are the sensors for the hormone estrogen. Through experiments on breast
cancer cells, van Bragt et al. found that RUNX1 is able to dictate the fate of
duct-lining breast cells by controlling other protein regulators. RUNX1 boosts the
activity of at least one regulator that encourages the cells to become duct-lining
cells and represses another regulatory protein that turns cells into milk-producing
cells. Next, van Bragt et al. found that, in mice lacking the gene for RUNX1, reducing the
amounts of certain proteins that normally suppress the formation of tumors restored
the populations of estrogen-sensing duct-lining cells. This suggests that mutations
in the gene encoding RUNX1, coupled with the loss of a tumor-suppressing protein, may
contribute to the development of cancer in the cells that line the breast ducts. The next challenge is to determine exactly how RUNX1 mutations work together with the
loss of the tumor-suppressing protein to drive breast cancer development. This
knowledge may translate into new approaches to prevent or treat this type of breast
cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03881.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
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368
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Rytlewski JA, Beronja S. RNAi in the mouse: rapid and affordable gene function studies in a vertebrate system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 4:45-57. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Rytlewski
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
| | - Slobodan Beronja
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
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369
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Scheeren FA, Kuo AH, van Weele LJ, Cai S, Glykofridis I, Sikandar SS, Zabala M, Qian D, Lam JS, Johnston D, Volkmer JP, Sahoo D, van de Rijn M, Dirbas FM, Somlo G, Kalisky T, Rothenberg ME, Quake SR, Clarke MF. A cell-intrinsic role for TLR2–MYD88 in intestinal and breast epithelia and oncogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1238-48. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Arendt LM, St. Laurent J, Wronski A, Caballero S, Lyle SR, Naber SP, Kuperwasser C. Human breast progenitor cell numbers are regulated by WNT and TBX3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111442. [PMID: 25350852 PMCID: PMC4211891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human breast development is mediated by hormonal and non-hormonal means, the mechanisms that regulate breast progenitor cell activity remain to be clarified. This limited understanding of breast progenitor cells has been due in part to the lack of appropriate model systems to detect and characterize their properties. METHODS To examine the effects of WNT signaling and TBX3 expression on progenitor activity in the breast, primary human mammary epithelial cells (MEC) were isolated from reduction mammoplasty tissues and transduced with lentivirus to overexpress WNT1 or TBX3 or reduce expression of their cognate receptors using shRNA. Changes in progenitor activity were quantified using characterized assays. We identified WNT family members expressed by cell populations within the epithelium and assessed alterations in expression of WNT family ligands by MECs in response to TBX3 overexpression and treatment with estrogen and progesterone. RESULTS Growth of MECs on collagen gels resulted in the formation of distinct luminal acinar and basal ductal colonies. Overexpression of TBX3 in MECs resulted in increased ductal colonies, while shTBX3 expression diminished both colony types. Increased WNT1 expression led to enhanced acinar colony formation, shLRP6 decreased both types of colonies. Estrogen stimulated the formation of acinar colonies in control MEC, but not shLRP6 MEC. Formation of ductal colonies was enhanced in response to progesterone. However, while shLRP6 decreased MEC responsiveness to progesterone, shTBX3 expression did not alter this response. CONCLUSIONS We identified two phenotypically distinguishable lineage-committed progenitor cells that contribute to different structural elements and are regulated via hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms. WNT signaling regulates both types of progenitor activity. Progesterone favors the expansion of ductal progenitor cells, while estrogen stimulates the expansion of acinar progenitor cells. Paracrine WNT signaling is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone, while autocrine WNT signaling is induced by the embryonic T-box transcription factor TBX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Arendt
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica St. Laurent
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ania Wronski
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Silvia Caballero
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Lyle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Naber
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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371
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Kunasegaran K, Ho V, Chang TH.T, De Silva D, Bakker ML, Christoffels VM, Pietersen AM. Transcriptional repressor Tbx3 is required for the hormone-sensing cell lineage in mammary epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110191. [PMID: 25343378 PMCID: PMC4208772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Tbx3 is involved in lineage specification in several tissues during embryonic development. Germ-line mutations in the Tbx3 gene give rise to Ulnar-Mammary Syndrome (comprising reduced breast development) and Tbx3 is required for mammary epithelial cell identity in the embryo. Notably Tbx3 has been implicated in breast cancer, which develops in adult mammary epithelium, but the role of Tbx3 in distinct cell types of the adult mammary gland has not yet been characterized. Using a fluorescent reporter knock-in mouse, we show that in adult virgin mice Tbx3 is highly expressed in luminal cells that express hormone receptors, and not in luminal cells of the alveolar lineage (cells primed for milk production). Flow cytometry identified Tbx3 expression already in progenitor cells of the hormone-sensing lineage and co-immunofluorescence confirmed a strict correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) and Tbx3 expression in situ. Using in vivo reconstitution assays we demonstrate that Tbx3 is functionally relevant for this lineage because knockdown of Tbx3 in primary mammary epithelial cells prevented the formation of ER+ cells, but not luminal ER- or basal cells. Interestingly, genes that are repressed by Tbx3 in other cell types, such as E-cadherin, are not repressed in hormone-sensing cells, highlighting that transcriptional targets of Tbx3 are cell type specific. In summary, we provide the first analysis of Tbx3 expression in the adult mammary gland at a single cell level and show that Tbx3 is important for the generation of hormone-sensing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Kunasegaran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Ho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ted H-. T. Chang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duvini De Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martijn L. Bakker
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexandra M. Pietersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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372
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Identification of multipotent mammary stem cells by protein C receptor expression. Nature 2014; 517:81-4. [PMID: 25327250 DOI: 10.1038/nature13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is composed of multiple types of epithelial cells, which are generated by mammary stem cells (MaSCs) residing at the top of the hierarchy. However, the existence of these multipotent MaSCs remains controversial and the nature of such cells is unknown. Here we demonstrate that protein C receptor (Procr), a novel Wnt target in the mammary gland, marks a unique population of multipotent mouse MaSCs. Procr-positive cells localize to the basal layer, exhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition characteristics, and express low levels of basal keratins. Procr-expressing cells have a high regenerative capacity in transplantation assays and differentiate into all lineages of the mammary epithelium by lineage tracing. These results define a novel multipotent mammary stem cell population that could be important in the initiation of breast cancer.
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373
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Clevers H, Loh KM, Nusse R. Stem cell signaling. An integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration: Wnt signaling and stem cell control. Science 2014; 346:1248012. [PMID: 25278615 DOI: 10.1126/science.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells fuel tissue development, renewal, and regeneration, and these activities are controlled by the local stem cell microenvironment, the "niche." Wnt signals emanating from the niche can act as self-renewal factors for stem cells in multiple mammalian tissues. Wnt proteins are lipid-modified, which constrains them to act as short-range cellular signals. The locality of Wnt signaling dictates that stem cells exiting the Wnt signaling domain differentiate, spatially delimiting the niche in certain tissues. In some instances, stem cells may act as or generate their own niche, enabling the self-organization of patterned tissues. In this Review, we discuss the various ways by which Wnt operates in stem cell control and, in doing so, identify an integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht and CancerGenomics.nl, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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374
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Prater MD, Petit V, Alasdair Russell I, Giraddi RR, Shehata M, Menon S, Schulte R, Kalajzic I, Rath N, Olson MF, Metzger D, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA, Stingl J. Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:942-50, 1-7. [PMID: 25173976 PMCID: PMC4183554 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contractile myoepithelial cells dominate the basal layer of the mammary epithelium and are considered to be differentiated cells. However, we observe that up to 54% of single basal cells can form colonies when seeded into adherent culture in the presence of agents that disrupt actin-myosin interactions, and on average, 65% of the single-cell-derived basal colonies can repopulate a mammary gland when transplanted in vivo. This indicates that a high proportion of basal myoepithelial cells can give rise to a mammary repopulating unit (MRU). We demonstrate that myoepithelial cells, flow-sorted using two independent myoepithelial-specific reporter strategies, have MRU capacity. Using an inducible lineage-tracing approach we follow the progeny of myoepithelial cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and show that they function as long-lived lineage-restricted stem cells in the virgin state and during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Prater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Valérie Petit
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - I Alasdair Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rajshekhar R Giraddi
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3705, USA
| | - Nicola Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg/Collège de France), Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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375
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Rauner G, Barash I. Xanthosine administration does not affect the proportion of epithelial stem cells in bovine mammary tissue, but has a latent negative effect on cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:186-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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376
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Cai C, Yu QC, Jiang W, Liu W, Song W, Yu H, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zeng YA. R-spondin1 is a novel hormone mediator for mammary stem cell self-renewal. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2205-18. [PMID: 25260709 PMCID: PMC4201283 DOI: 10.1101/gad.245142.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cai et al. find that Rspo1 cooperates with another hormonal mediator, Wnt4, to promote mammary stem cell (MaSC) self-renewal through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Hormonal treatment that stimulates the expression of both Rspo1 and Wnt4 can completely substitute for exogenous Wnt proteins, potently expand MaSCs, and maintain their full development potential in transplantation. This study shows that hormones can induce a collaborative local niche environment for stem cells. Signals from the niche play pivotal roles in regulating adult stem cell self-renewal. Previous studies indicated that the steroid hormones can expand mammary stem cells (MaSCs) in vivo. However, the facilitating local niche factors that directly contribute to the MaSC expansion remain unclear. Here we identify R-spondin1 (Rspo1) as a novel hormonal mediator in the mammary gland. Pregnancy and hormonal treatment up-regulate Rspo1 expression. Rspo1 cooperates with another hormonal mediator, Wnt4, to promote MaSC self-renewal through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Knockdown of Rspo1 and Wnt4 simultaneously abolishes the stem cell reconstitution ability. In culture, hormonal treatment that stimulates the expression of both Rspo1 and Wnt4 can completely substitute for exogenous Wnt proteins, potently expand MaSCs, and maintain their full development potential in transplantation. Our data unveil the intriguing concept that hormones induce a collaborative local niche environment for stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheguo Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing Cissy Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenqian Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hua Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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377
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Rinaldi L, Benitah SA. Epigenetic regulation of adult stem cell function. FEBS J 2014; 282:1589-604. [PMID: 25060320 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that specify cell lineages throughout development, and that maintain tissue homeostasis during adulthood, is paramount towards our understanding of why we age or develop pathologies such as cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms ensure that genetically identical cells acquire different fates during embryonic development and are therefore essential for the proper progression of development. How they do so is still a matter of intense investigation, but there is sufficient evidence indicating that they act in a concerted manner with inductive signals and tissue-specific transcription factors to promote and stabilize fate changes along the three germ layers during development. In consequence, it is generally hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms are also required for the continuous maintenance of cell fate during adulthood. However, in vivo models in which different epigenetic factors have been depleted in different tissues do not show overt changes in cell lineage, thus not strongly supporting this view. Instead, the function of some of these factors appears to be primarily associated with tissue functionality, and a strong causal relationship has been established between their misregulation and a diseased state. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of epigenetic factors in adult stem cell function and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rinaldi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
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378
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Jay FF, Schneider MR. A reporter mouse line with doxycyclin-inducible expression of β-glucosidase. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:721-4. [PMID: 25091595 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mouse lines allowing the inducible expression of transgenes became essential tools for studying gene function and for developing accurate animal models for human diseases. A key component of this tool is the availability of "reporter" lines, mice expressing transgenes encoding easily detectable enzymes or other proteins normally not associated with eukaryotic tissues. Such lines may be suitable for a number of applications, including lineage tracing, label-retaining experiments, and the identification and monitoring of regulatory elements important for tissue-specific gene expression. However, only a limited number of reporter lines suitable for inducible expression systems are available. Here, we employed pronuclear DNA microinjection to generate a new reporter mouse line that allows the inducible expression of β-glucosidase, a recently reported stable and easily detectable protein, upon administration of doxycyclin to the drinking water. This novel line was established in the widely used inbreed background C57BL/6, and the transgene is transmitted between generations in a Mendelian fashion. When crossed to a K14-rtTA mouse line, activation of β-glucosidase expression in the epidermal basal layer is easily detected in double-transgenic animals receiving doxycyclin, while no expression is seen in double-transgenic mice without doxycyclin treatment or in animals carrying only one transgene. We anticipate that this new mouse line will become a valuable tool for a number of applications in vivo, including label-retaining experiments and testing the appropriate regulation of rtTA cassettes under different promoters in novel transgenic mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya F Jay
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
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379
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Abstract
While it has been known for decades that androgen hormones influence normal breast development and breast carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have only been recently elucidated. To date, most studies have focused on androgen action in breast cancer cell lines, yet these studies represent artificial systems that often do not faithfully replicate/recapitulate the cellular, molecular and hormonal environments of breast tumours in vivo. It is critical to have a better understanding of how androgens act in the normal mammary gland as well as in in vivo systems that maintain a relevant tumour microenvironment to gain insights into the role of androgens in the modulation of breast cancer development. This in turn will facilitate application of androgen-modulation therapy in breast cancer. This is particularly relevant as current clinical trials focus on inhibiting androgen action as breast cancer therapy but, depending on the steroid receptor profile of the tumour, certain individuals may be better served by selectively stimulating androgen action. Androgen receptor (AR) protein is primarily expressed by the hormone-sensing compartment of normal breast epithelium, commonly referred to as oestrogen receptor alpha (ERa (ESR1))-positive breast epithelial cells, which also express progesterone receptors (PRs) and prolactin receptors and exert powerful developmental influences on adjacent breast epithelial cells. Recent lineage-tracing studies, particularly those focussed on NOTCH signalling, and genetic analysis of cancer risk in the normal breast highlight how signalling via the hormone-sensing compartment can influence normal breast development and breast cancer susceptibility. This provides an impetus to focus on the relationship between androgens, AR and NOTCH signalling and the crosstalk between ERa and PR signalling in the hormone-sensing component of breast epithelium in order to unravel the mechanisms behind the ability of androgens to modulate breast cancer initiation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL)Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL)Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL)Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL)Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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380
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Vaccheli E, Michels J, Hadoux J, Lotz JP. American association for cancer research — AACR congress 2014. ONCOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-014-2414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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381
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Salmans ML, Yu Z, Watanabe K, Cam E, Sun P, Smyth P, Dai X, Andersen B. The co-factor of LIM domains (CLIM/LDB/NLI) maintains basal mammary epithelial stem cells and promotes breast tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004520. [PMID: 25079073 PMCID: PMC4117441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland branching morphogenesis and ductal homeostasis relies on mammary stem cell function for the maintenance of basal and luminal cell compartments. The mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the basal cell compartment are currently unknown. We explored these mechanisms in the basal cell compartment and identified the Co-factor of LIM domains (CLIM/LDB/NLI) as a transcriptional regulator that maintains these cells. Clims act within the basal cell compartment to promote branching morphogenesis by maintaining the number and proliferative potential of basal mammary epithelial stem cells. Clim2, in a complex with LMO4, supports mammary stem cells by directly targeting the Fgfr2 promoter in basal cells to increase its expression. Strikingly, Clims also coordinate basal-specific transcriptional programs to preserve luminal cell identity. These basal-derived cues inhibit epidermis-like differentiation of the luminal cell compartment and enhance the expression of luminal cell-specific oncogenes ErbB2 and ErbB3. Consistently, basal-expressed Clims promote the initiation and progression of breast cancer in the MMTV-PyMT tumor model, and the Clim-regulated branching morphogenesis gene network is a prognostic indicator of poor breast cancer outcome in humans. Recent advancements in mammary gland biology demonstrate conflicting models in maintenance of basal and luminal cell compartments by either unipotent or bipotent mammary stem cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying control of the basal cell compartment, including stem cells, remain poorly understood. Here we explore the currently unknown transcriptional mechanisms of basal stem cell (BSC) maintenance, in addition to addressing the role of the basal cell compartment in preserving luminal cell fate and promoting development of human breast tumors of luminal origin. We discover a novel function for the Co-factor of LIM domains (Clim) transcriptional regulator in promoting mammary gland branching morphogenesis and breast tumorigenesis through maintenance of the basal stem cell population. The transcriptional networks coordinated by Clims in basal mammary epithelial cells also preserve the identity of luminal epithelial cells, demonstrating a crosstalk between these two cellular compartments. Furthermore, we correlate developmental gene expression data with human breast cancer to investigate the role of developmental pathways during the initiation and progression of breast cancer. The gene regulatory networks identified during development, including those specifically coordinated by Clims, correlate with breast cancer patient outcome, suggesting these genes play an important role in the progression of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- LIM Domain Proteins/genetics
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Neoplasms, Basal Cell/genetics
- Neoplasms, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Salmans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kazuhide Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Cam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Padhraic Smyth
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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382
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The mammary cellular hierarchy and breast cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4301-24. [PMID: 25080108 PMCID: PMC4207940 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the study of hematopoietic cell maturation have paved the way to a deeper understanding the stem and progenitor cellular hierarchy in the mammary gland. The mammary epithelium, unlike the hematopoietic cellular hierarchy, sits in a complex niche where communication between epithelial cells and signals from the systemic hormonal milieu, as well as from extra-cellular matrix, influence cell fate decisions and contribute to tissue homeostasis. We review the discovery, definition and regulation of the mammary cellular hierarchy and we describe the development of the concepts that have guided our investigations. We outline recent advances in in vivo lineage tracing that is now challenging many of our assumptions regarding the behavior of mammary stem cells, and we show how understanding these cellular lineages has altered our view of breast cancer.
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383
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Shehata M, van Amerongen R, Zeeman AL, Giraddi RR, Stingl J. The influence of tamoxifen on normal mouse mammary gland homeostasis. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:411. [PMID: 25056669 PMCID: PMC4303226 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lineage tracing using inducible genetic labeling has emerged to be a powerful method for interrogating the developmental fate of cells in intact tissues. A common induction mechanism is the use of tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase (CreER and CreERT2), but the effects of tamoxifen at doses normally used in lineage-tracing studies on normal adult mammary gland homeostasis are not known. METHODS We used flow cytometry and immunostaining of intact glands to determine whether varying doses of tamoxifen skew the distribution and the apoptosis and proliferation status of different types of mammary epithelial cells in vivo. We also examined how tamoxifen influences the number of progenitor and mammary repopulating units (MRUs). RESULTS Our results indicate that ≥5 mg/25 g body weight of tamoxifen induces a transient increase in cell proliferation and in the number of basal cells in the adult mammary epithelium up to 7 days after tamoxifen administration. However, in the medium term (3 weeks), all doses of tamoxifen≥1 mg/25 g body weight result in a decrease in the number of basal and EpCAM+CD49b- luminal cells and a decrease in progenitor cell function. Tamoxifen at doses≥5 mg/25 g body weight induced a transient increase in caspase-3-mediated apoptotic cell death within the mammary epithelium. However, mammary epithelial cell numbers in all subpopulations were restored to their original levels by 8 weeks. No long-lasting effects of tamoxifen on MRU numbers or on pubertal ductal development were observed. CONCLUSION Tamoxifen can skew the distribution of mammary cell types in a dose-dependent manner, and thus caution must be taken when interpreting lineage-tracing studies using high doses of tamoxifen, particularly when short-duration analyses of a quantitative nature are being performed.
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384
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Owens TW, Rogers RL, Best S, Ledger A, Mooney AM, Ferguson A, Shore P, Swarbrick A, Ormandy CJ, Simpson PT, Carroll JS, Visvader J, Naylor MJ. Runx2 is a novel regulator of mammary epithelial cell fate in development and breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5277-5286. [PMID: 25056120 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulators of differentiated cell fate can offer targets for managing cancer development and progression. Here, we identify Runx2 as a new regulator of epithelial cell fate in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Runx2 is expressed in the epithelium of pregnant mice in a strict temporally and hormonally regulated manner. During pregnancy, Runx2 genetic deletion impaired alveolar differentiation in a manner that disrupted alveolar progenitor cell populations. Conversely, exogenous transgenic expression of Runx2 in mammary epithelial cells blocked milk production, suggesting that the decrease in endogenous Runx2 observed late in pregnancy is necessary for full differentiation. In addition, overexpression of Runx2 drove epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like changes in normal mammary epithelial cells, whereas Runx2 deletion in basal breast cancer cells inhibited cellular phenotypes associated with tumorigenesis. Notably, loss of Runx2 expression increased tumor latency and enhanced overall survival in a mouse model of breast cancer, with Runx2-deficient tumors exhibiting reduced cell proliferation. Together, our results establish a previously unreported function for Runx2 in breast cancer that may offer a novel generalized route for therapeutic interventions. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5277-86. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Owens
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Renee L Rogers
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sarah Best
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anita Ledger
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Mooney
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alison Ferguson
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Shore
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter T Simpson
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jane Visvader
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J Naylor
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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385
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Abstract
Based on transplantation and lineage tracing studies, a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells has been shown to exist among the mammary epithelium. In this review, Visvader and Stingl integrate recent data on the mammary stem cell differentiation hierarchy and its control at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels. They also discuss the relevance of the evolving hierarchy to the identification of “cells of origin” of breast cancer. The mammary epithelium is highly responsive to local and systemic signals, which orchestrate morphogenesis of the ductal tree during puberty and pregnancy. Based on transplantation and lineage tracing studies, a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells has been shown to exist among the mammary epithelium. Lineage tracing has highlighted the existence of bipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs) in situ as well as long-lived unipotent cells that drive morphogenesis and homeostasis of the ductal tree. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence for a heterogeneous MaSC compartment comprising fetal MaSCs, slow-cycling cells, and both long-term and short-term repopulating cells. In parallel, diverse luminal progenitor subtypes have been identified in mouse and human mammary tissue. Elucidation of the normal cellular hierarchy is an important step toward understanding the “cells of origin” and molecular perturbations that drive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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386
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Both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling independently promote stem cell growth in mammospheres. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101800. [PMID: 25019931 PMCID: PMC4096729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of mammary stem cells, and signals that regulate their behavior, is of central importance in understanding developmental changes in the mammary gland and possibly for targeting stem-like cells in breast cancer. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a signaling mechanism associated with maintenance of self-renewing stem cells in many tissues, including mammary epithelium, and can be oncogenic when deregulated. Wnt1 and Wnt3a are examples of ligands that activate the canonical pathway. Other Wnt ligands, such as Wnt5a, typically signal via non-canonical, β-catenin-independent, pathways that in some cases can antagonize canonical signaling. Since the role of non-canonical Wnt signaling in stem cell regulation is not well characterized, we set out to investigate this using mammosphere formation assays that reflect and quantify stem cell properties. Ex vivo mammosphere cultures were established from both wild-type and Wnt1 transgenic mice and were analyzed in response to manipulation of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. An increased level of mammosphere formation was observed in cultures derived from MMTV-Wnt1 versus wild-type animals, and this was blocked by treatment with Dkk1, a selective inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling. Consistent with this, we found that a single dose of recombinant Wnt3a was sufficient to increase mammosphere formation in wild-type cultures. Surprisingly, we found that Wnt5a also increased mammosphere formation in these assays. We confirmed that this was not caused by an increase in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling but was instead mediated by non-canonical Wnt signals requiring the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 and activity of the Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK. We conclude that both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signals have positive effects promoting stem cell activity in mammosphere assays and that they do so via independent signaling mechanisms.
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387
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Choudhary RK. Mammary stem cells: expansion and animal productivity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 25057352 PMCID: PMC4107933 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells from dairy animals is important in the understanding of mammogenesis, tissue turnover, lactation persistency and regenerative therapy. It has been realized by many investigators that altered lactation, long dry periods (non-milking period between two consecutive lactation cycles), abrupt cessation of lactation (common in water buffaloes) and disease conditions like mastitis, greatly reduce milk yield thus render huge financial losses within the dairy sector. Cellular manipulation of specialized cell types within the mammary gland, called mammary stem cells (MaSCs)/progenitor cells, might provide potential solutions to these problems and may improve milk production. In addition, MaSCs/progenitor cells could be used in regenerative therapy against tissue damage caused by mastitis. This review discusses methods of MaSC/progenitor cell manipulation and their mechanisms in bovine and caprine animals. Author believes that intervention of MaSCs/progenitor cells could lessen the huge financial losses to the dairy industry globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan K Choudhary
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
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388
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Naik SH, Schumacher TN, Perié L. Cellular barcoding: a technical appraisal. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:598-608. [PMID: 24996012 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular barcoding involves the tagging of individual cells of interest with unique genetic heritable identifiers or barcodes and is emerging as a powerful tool to address individual cell fates on a large scale. However, as with many new technologies, diverse technical and analytical challenges have emerged. Here, we review those challenges and highlight both the power and limitations of cellular barcoding. We then illustrate the contribution of cellular barcoding to the understanding of hematopoiesis and outline the future potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin H Naik
- Molecular Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leïla Perié
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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389
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Menzl I, Lebeau L, Pandey R, Hassounah NB, Li FW, Nagle R, Weihs K, McDermott KM. Loss of primary cilia occurs early in breast cancer development. Cilia 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24987519 PMCID: PMC4076761 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface. Primary cilia play a critical role in development and disease through regulation of signaling pathways including the Hedgehog pathway. Recent mouse models have also linked ciliary dysfunction to cancer. However, little is known about the role of primary cilia in breast cancer development. Primary cilia expression was characterized in cancer cells as well as their surrounding stromal cells from 86 breast cancer patients by counting cilia and measuring cilia length. In addition, we examined cilia expression in normal epithelial and stromal cells from reduction mammoplasties as well as histologically normal adjacent tissue for comparison. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells on both premalignant lesions as well as in invasive cancers. This loss of cilia does not correlate with increased proliferative index (Ki67-positive cells). However, we did detect rare ciliated cancer cells present in patients with invasive breast cancer and found that these express a marker of basaloid cancers that is associated with poor prognosis (Cytokeratin 5). Interestingly, the percentage of ciliated stromal cells associated with both premalignant and invasive cancers decreased when compared to stromal cells associated with normal tissue. To understand how cilia may be lost during cancer development we analyzed the expression of genes required for ciliogenesis and/or ciliary function and compared their expression in normal versus breast cancer samples. We found that expression of ciliary genes were frequently downregulated in human breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that primary cilia are lost early in breast cancer development on both the cancer cells and their surrounding stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Menzl
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren Lebeau
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nadia B Hassounah
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Frank W Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ray Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karen Weihs
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kimberly M McDermott
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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390
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Watanabe K, Villarreal-Ponce A, Sun P, Salmans ML, Fallahi M, Andersen B, Dai X. Mammary morphogenesis and regeneration require the inhibition of EMT at terminal end buds by Ovol2 transcriptional repressor. Dev Cell 2014; 29:59-74. [PMID: 24735879 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells possess remarkable plasticity, having the ability to become mesenchymal cells through alterations in adhesion and motility (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT]). However, how epithelial plasticity is kept in check in epithelial cells during tissue development and regeneration remains to be fully understood. Here we show that restricting the EMT of mammary epithelial cells by transcription factor Ovol2 is required for proper morphogenesis and regeneration. Deletion of Ovol2 blocks mammary ductal morphogenesis, depletes stem and progenitor cell reservoirs, and leads epithelial cells to undergo EMT in vivo to become nonepithelial cell types. Ovol2 directly represses myriad EMT inducers, and its absence switches response to TGF-β from growth arrest to EMT. Furthermore, forced expression of the repressor isoform of Ovol2 is able to reprogram metastatic breast cancer cells from a mesenchymal to an epithelial state. Our findings underscore the critical importance of exquisitely regulating epithelial plasticity in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alvaro Villarreal-Ponce
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael L Salmans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Magid Fallahi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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391
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Blanpain C, Fuchs E. Stem cell plasticity. Plasticity of epithelial stem cells in tissue regeneration. Science 2014; 344:1242281. [PMID: 24926024 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissues rely upon stem cells for homeostasis and repair. Recent studies show that the fate and multilineage potential of epithelial stem cells can change depending on whether a stem cell exists within its resident niche and responds to normal tissue homeostasis, whether it is mobilized to repair a wound, or whether it is taken from its niche and challenged to de novo tissue morphogenesis after transplantation. In this Review, we discuss how different populations of naturally lineage-restricted stem cells and committed progenitors can display remarkable plasticity and reversibility and reacquire long-term self-renewing capacities and multilineage differentiation potential during physiological and regenerative conditions. We also discuss the implications of cellular plasticity for regenerative medicine and for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Blanpain
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium. Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels B-1070, Belgium.
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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392
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Pelissier FA, Garbe JC, Ananthanarayanan B, Miyano M, Lin C, Jokela T, Kumar S, Stampfer MR, Lorens JB, LaBarge MA. Age-related dysfunction in mechanotransduction impairs differentiation of human mammary epithelial progenitors. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1926-39. [PMID: 24910432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional progenitor and luminal cells with acquired basal cell properties accumulate during human mammary epithelial aging for reasons not understood. Multipotent progenitors from women aged <30 years were exposed to a physiologically relevant range of matrix elastic modulus (stiffness). Increased stiffness causes a differentiation bias towards myoepithelial cells while reducing production of luminal cells and progenitor maintenance. Lineage representation in progenitors from women >55 years is unaffected by physiological stiffness changes. Efficient activation of Hippo pathway transducers YAP and TAZ is required for the modulus-dependent myoepithelial/basal bias in younger progenitors. In older progenitors, YAP and TAZ are activated only when stressed with extraphysiologically stiff matrices, which bias differentiation towards luminal-like phenotypes. In vivo YAP is primarily active in myoepithelia of younger breasts, but localization and activity increases in luminal cells with age. Thus, aging phenotypes of mammary epithelia may arise partly because alterations in Hippo pathway activation impair microenvironment-directed differentiation and lineage specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - James C Garbe
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Masaru Miyano
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - ChunHan Lin
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiina Jokela
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James B Lorens
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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393
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Guo W. Concise review: breast cancer stem cells: regulatory networks, stem cell niches, and disease relevance. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:942-8. [PMID: 24904174 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs), the cancer cells that have long-term proliferative potential and the ability to regenerate tumors with phenotypically heterogeneous cell types, are important mediators of tumor metastasis and cancer relapse. In breast cancer, these cells often possess attributes of cells that have undergone an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Signaling networks mediated by microRNAs and EMT-inducing transcription factors connect the EMT program with the core stem cell regulatory machineries. These signaling networks are also regulated by extrinsic niche signals that induce and maintain CSCs, contributing to metastatic colonization and promoting the reactivation of dormant tumor cells. Targeting these CSC pathways is likely to improve the efficacy of conventional chemo- and radiotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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394
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Norum JH, Andersen K, Sørlie T. Lessons learned from the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer in the quest for precision therapy. Br J Surg 2014; 101:925-38. [PMID: 24849143 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wide variability in breast cancer, between patients and within each individual neoplasm, adds confounding complexity to the treatment of the disease. In clinical practice, hormone receptor status has been used to classify breast tumours and to guide treatment. Modern classification systems should take the wide tumour heterogeneity into account to improve patient outcome. METHODS This article reviews the identification of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer, their prognostic and therapeutic implications, and the impact of tumour heterogeneity on cancer progression and treatment. The possibility of functionally addressing tumour-specific characteristics in in vivo models to inform decisions for precision therapies is also discussed. RESULTS Despite the robust breast tumour classification system provided by gene expression profiling, heterogeneity is also evident within these molecular portraits. A complicating factor in breast cancer classification is the process of selective clonality within developing neoplasms. Phenotypically and functionally distinct clones representing the intratumour heterogeneity might confuse molecular classification. Molecular portraits of the heterogeneous primary tumour might not necessarily reflect the subclone of cancer cells that causes the disease to relapse. Studies of reciprocal relationships between cancer cell subpopulations within developing tumours are therefore needed, and are possible only in genetically engineered mouse models or patient-derived xenograft models, in which the treatment-induced selection pressure on individual cell clones can be mimicked. CONCLUSION In the future, more refined classifications, based on integration of information at several molecular levels, are required to improve treatment guidelines. Large-scale translational research efforts paved the way for identification of the intrinsic subtypes, and are still fundamental for ensuring future progress in cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Norum
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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395
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Lineage tracing of mammary epithelial cells using cell-type-specific cre-expressing adenoviruses. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:770-9. [PMID: 24936465 PMCID: PMC4050356 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage tracing using Cre/lox transgenic mice provides a powerful tool for studying normal mammary epithelial cell (MEC) development and the cellular origins of mammary tumors under physiological settings. However, generation of new transgenic mice for lineage-tracing purposes is often time consuming. Here, we report a lineage-tracing tool for MECs based on intraductal injection of lineage-specific Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Cre). Using well-characterized promoters for Keratin 8 and Keratin 14, we generated lineage-specific Ad-Cre lines for luminal and basal MECs, respectively. By pulse-chase lineage tracing using these Ad-Cre lines, we showed that luminal and basal lineages are largely self-sustained and that IRS1 and IRS2 are essential for maintaining the basal lineage; we also showed that heterogeneous mammary tumors can be induced from luminal MECs in mice carrying the Etv6-NTRK3 fusion gene. Overall, we validated the Ad-Cre system as a promising and efficient tool for fate mapping of normal and malignant cells in adult tissues. Adenovirus-Cre can be used for pulse-chase lineage tracing of adult stem cells Mammary luminal and basal lineages in adults are largely self-sustained IRS1 and IRS2 are essential for maintaining the adult mammary basal lineage Multiple adult mammary luminal cell types may serve as breast cancer cellular origins
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396
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Abstract
The stem/progenitor cells in the murine mammary gland are a highly dynamic population of cells that are responsible for ductal elongation in puberty, homeostasis maintenance in adult, and lobulo-alveolar genesis during pregnancy. In recent years understanding the epithelial cell hierarchy within the mammary gland is becoming particularly important as these different stem/progenitor cells were perceived to be the cells of origin for various subtypes of breast cancer. Although significant advances have been made in enrichment and isolation of stem/progenitor cells by combinations of antibodies against cell surface proteins together with flow cytometry, and in identification of stem/progenitor cells with multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal using mammary fat pad reconstitution assay and in vivo genetic labeling technique, a clear understanding of how these different stem/progenitors are orchestrated in the mammary gland is still lacking. Here we discuss the different in vivo and in vitro methods currently available for stem/progenitor identification, their associated caveats, and a possible new hierarchy model to reconcile various putative stem/progenitor cell populations identified by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxiang Dong
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA ; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA ; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA
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397
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Huebner RJ, Ewald AJ. Cellular foundations of mammary tubulogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:124-31. [PMID: 24747369 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is composed of a highly branched network of epithelial tubes, embedded within a complex stroma. The mammary epithelium originates during embryonic development from an epidermal placode. However, the majority of ductal elongation and bifurcation occurs postnatally, in response to steroid hormone and growth factor receptor signaling. The process of pubertal branching morphogenesis involves both elongation of the primary ducts across the length of the fat pad and a wave of secondary branching that elaborates the ductal network. Recent studies have revealed that mammary epithelial morphogenesis is accomplished by transitions between simple and stratified organization. During active morphogenesis, the epithelium is stratified, highly proliferative, has few intercellular junctions, and exhibits incomplete apico-basal polarity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between epithelial architecture, epithelial polarity, and ductal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huebner
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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398
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Huntingtin regulates mammary stem cell division and differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:491-506. [PMID: 24749073 PMCID: PMC3986500 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation during mammary gland morphogenesis. Here, we report the presence of huntingtin, the protein mutated in Huntington’s disease, in mouse mammary basal and luminal cells throughout mammogenesis. Keratin 5-driven depletion of huntingtin results in a decreased pool and specification of basal and luminal progenitors, and altered mammary morphogenesis. Analysis of mitosis in huntingtin-depleted basal progenitors reveals mitotic spindle misorientation. In mammary cell culture, huntingtin regulates spindle orientation in a dynein-dependent manner. Huntingtin is targeted to spindle poles through its interaction with dynein and promotes the accumulation of NUMA and LGN. Huntingtin is also essential for the cortical localization of dynein, dynactin, NUMA, and LGN by regulating their kinesin 1-dependent trafficking along astral microtubules. We thus suggest that huntingtin is a component of the pathway regulating the orientation of mammary stem cell division, with potential implications for their self-renewal and differentiation properties. HTT regulates MaSC self-renewal and cell fate specification HTT is essential for mammary epithelial morphogenesis in vivo HTT regulates spindle orientation in a dynein-dependent manner HTT mediates the cortical localization of dynein/dynactin/LGN/NUMA through kinesin 1
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399
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Skibinski A, Breindel JL, Prat A, Galván P, Smith E, Rolfs A, Gupta PB, LaBaer J, Kuperwasser C. The Hippo transducer TAZ interacts with the SWI/SNF complex to regulate breast epithelial lineage commitment. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1059-1072. [PMID: 24613358 PMCID: PMC4011189 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-committed cells of many tissues exhibit substantial plasticity in contexts such as wound healing and tumorigenesis, but the regulation of this process is not well understood. We identified the Hippo transducer WWTR1/TAZ in a screen of transcription factors that are able to prompt lineage switching of mammary epithelial cells. Forced expression of TAZ in luminal cells induces them to adopt basal characteristics, and depletion of TAZ in basal and/or myoepithelial cells leads to luminal differentiation. In human and mouse tissues, TAZ is active only in basal cells and is critical for basal cell maintenance during homeostasis. Accordingly, loss of TAZ affects mammary gland development, leading to an imbalance of luminal and basal populations as well as branching defects. Mechanistically, TAZ interacts with components of the SWI/SNF complex to modulate lineage-specific gene expression. Collectively, these findings uncover a new role for Hippo signaling in the determination of lineage identity through recruitment of chromatin-remodeling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Skibinski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jerrica L Breindel
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Patricia Galván
- Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Andreas Rolfs
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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400
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Kuo AH, Scheeren FA. Cell-intrinsic TLR2/MyD88 pathway in breast and colon cancer. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3785-6. [PMID: 25457615 PMCID: PMC4612108 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.989947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angera H Kuo
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford, CA USA
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