351
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Ding L, Wu JP, Xu G, Zhu B, Zeng QM, Li DF, Lu W. Lentiviral-mediated RNAi targeting caspase-3 inhibits apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in rat endplate chondrocytes in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:445-51. [PMID: 24878605 PMCID: PMC4086170 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current studies find that degenerated cartilage endplates (CEP) of vertebrae, with
fewer diffusion areas, decrease nutrient supply and accelerate intervertebral disc
degeneration. Many more apoptotic cells have been identified in degenerated than in
normal endplates, and may be responsible for the degenerated grade. Previous findings
suggest that inhibition of apoptosis is one possible approach to improve disc
regeneration. It is postulated that inhibition of CEP cell apoptosis may be
responsible for the regeneration of endplates. Caspase-3, involved in the execution
phase of apoptosis, is a candidate for regulating the apoptotic process. In the
present study, CEP cells were incubated in 1% fetal bovine serum. Activated caspases
were detected to identify the apoptotic pathway, and apoptosis was quantified by flow
cytometry. Lentiviral caspase-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to study its
protective effects against serum deprivation. Silencing of caspase-3 expression was
quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots, and
inhibition of apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Serum deprivation increased
apoptosis of rat CEP cells through activation of a caspase cascade. Lentiviral
caspase-3 shRNA was successfully transduced into CEP cells, and specifically silenced
endogenous caspase-3 expression. Surviving cells were protected by the downregulation
of caspase-3 expression and activation. Thus, lentiviral caspase-3 shRNA-mediated
RNAi successfully silenced endogenous caspase-3 expression, preventing inappropriate
or premature apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - J P Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - G Xu
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - B Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Q M Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - D F Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
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352
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Yagi Y, Nakamura T, Small I. The potential for manipulating RNA with pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:772-82. [PMID: 24471963 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family, which is particularly prevalent in plants, includes many sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins involved in all aspects of organelle RNA metabolism, including RNA stability, processing, editing and translation. PPR proteins consist of a tandem array of 2-30 PPR motifs, each of which aligns to one nucleotide in the RNA target. The amino acid side chains at two or three specific positions in each motif confer nucleotide specificity in a predictable and programmable manner. Thus, PPR proteins appear to provide an extremely promising opportunity to create custom RNA-binding proteins with tailored specificity. We summarize recent progress in understanding RNA recognition by PPR proteins, with a particular focus on potential applications of PPR-based tools for manipulating RNA, and on the challenges that remain to be overcome before these tools may be routinely used by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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353
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O'Mahony AM, Cronin MF, Mcmahon A, Evans JC, Daly K, Darcy R, O'Driscoll CM. Biophysical and Structural Characterisation of Nucleic Acid Complexes with Modified Cyclodextrins Using Circular Dichroism. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1346-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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354
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Gindy ME, DiFelice K, Kumar V, Prud'homme RK, Celano R, Haas RM, Smith JS, Boardman D. Mechanism of macromolecular structure evolution in self-assembled lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4613-22. [PMID: 24684657 DOI: 10.1021/la500630h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a leading platform for therapeutic delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Optimization of LNPs as therapeutic products is enabled by the development of structure-activity relationships (SAR) linking LNP physiochemical and macromolecular properties to bioperformance. Methods by which LNP properties can be rationally manipulated are thus critical enablers of this fundamental knowledge build. In this work, we present a mechanistic study of LNP self-assembly via a rapid antisolvent precipitation process and identify critical physiochemical and kinetic parameters governing the evolution of LNP three-dimensional macromolecular structure as a biorelevant SAR feature. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, LNPs are shown to undergo a temporal evolution in macromolecular structure during self-assembly, rearranging from initially disordered phases after precipitation into well-ordered structures following a necessary annealing stage of the assembly sequence. The ability of LNPs to undergo structural reorganization is shown to be effected by the chemical nature of the aqueous antisolvent used for precipitation. Antisolvents of varying buffering species differentially influence LNP macromolecular features, revealing a new participatory role of buffer ions in LNP self-assembly. Furthermore, the formation of macromolecular structure in LNPs is shown to improve the efficiency of siRNA encapsulation, thereby offering a simple, nonchemical route for preparation of high-payload LNPs that minimize the dose of lipid excipients. The developed LNP precipitation process and mechanistic understanding of self-assembly are shown to be generalizable, enabling the production of LNPs with a tunable range of macromolecular features, as evidenced by the cubic, hexagonal, and oligo-lamellar phase LNPs exemplarily generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Gindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of RNA Therapeutics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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355
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Oligonucleotide-based therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2014; 1584:116-28. [PMID: 24727531 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetics insight into the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer׳s disease, Parkinson׳s disease, Huntington׳s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, encourages direct interference with the activity of neurotoxic genes or the molecular activation of neuroprotective pathways. Oligonucleotide-based therapies are recently emerging as an efficient strategy for drug development and these can be employed as new treatments of neurodegenerative states. Here we review advances in this field in recent years which suggest an encouraging assessment that oligonucleotide technologies for targeting of RNAs will enable the development of new therapies and will contribute to preservation of brain integrity.
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356
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Dong W, Zhao H, Zhang C, Geng P, Sarengaowa, Li Q, Zhu J, Li G, Zhang S, Ye M, Xiao W. Gene silencing of heparanase results in suppression of invasion and migration of hepatoma cells. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:85. [PMID: 25185798 PMCID: PMC4222455 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effect of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of the heparanase gene on hepatoma SMCC-7721 cells. Methods SiRNAs targeting the promoter region and coding region of the heparanase gene were designed and synthesized. Then the siRNAs were transfected into hepatoma SMCC-7721 cells by nuclear transfection or cytoplasmic transfection. The expression of heparanase was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post-transfection. In addition, wound healing and invasion assays were performed to estimate the effect of TGS of the heparanase gene on the migration and invasion of hepatoma SMCC-7721 cells. Results Protein and mRNA expression of the heparanase gene were interfered with by TGS or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) 48 h after transfection. At 72 h post-transfection, the expression of the PTGS group of genes had recovered unlike the TGS group. At 96 h post-transfection, the expression of the heparanase gene had recovered in both the TGS group and PTGS group. Invasion and wound healing assays showed that both TGS and PTGS of the heparanase gene could inhibit invasion and migration of hepatoma SMCC-7721 cells, especially the TGS group. Conclusions TGS can effectively interfere with the heparanase gene to reduce the invasion and migration of hepatoma SMCC-7721 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenhua Xiao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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357
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Nielsen C, Kjems J, Sørensen KR, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. Advances in targeted delivery of small interfering RNA using simple bioconjugates. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:791-822. [PMID: 24669756 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.896898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of drugs based on RNA interference by small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been progressing slowly due to a number of challenges associated with the in vivo behavior of siRNA. A central problem is controlling siRNA delivery to specific cell types. Here, we review existing literature on one type of strategy for solving the issue of cell-specific delivery of siRNA, namely delivering the siRNA as part of simple bioconjugate constructs. AREAS COVERED This review presents current experience from strategies aimed at targeting siRNA to specific cell types, by associating the siRNA with a targeting moiety, in a simple bioconjugate construct. We discuss the use of different types of targeting moieties, as well as the different conjugation strategies employed for preparing these bioconjugate constructs that deliver the siRNA to target cells. We focus especially on the in-built or passive functionalities associated with each strategy, in order to identify key elements of successful siRNA delivery strategies with potential for further exploration. EXPERT OPINION By evaluating the current literature on this subject, we identify strategies and concepts that are suitable for future studies, to enable the development of highly efficient simple bioconjugates for targeted siRNA delivery with therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Copenhagen Biocenter, Finsen Laboratory , Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark +45 35 45 60 33 ;
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358
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Terp MC, Wu Y, Yu B, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ. Microwell array guided assembly of lipoplex nanoparticles containing siRNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2873-2878. [PMID: 24564319 DOI: 10.1021/la404366p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid based therapeutics has been widely explored to treat genetic and acquired diseases. However, the clinical translation of nucleic acid based therapies has been challenged by low delivery efficiency, off-target effects, poor cellular uptake, and limited serum stability. Lipopoplex nanoparticles, as one of the major nanocarrier systems, have shown great potential in overcoming these challenges. Current techniques for lipoplex nanoparticle preparation rely on self-assembly at macroscale, which suffers from limited control over particle structure and composition due to local fluctuations in the concentration of the constituent materials. We have developed a discontinuous dewetting/imprinting method that guided the assembly of lipoplex nanoparticles containing siRNA in a microwell array, which achieved much better control on particle size and composition. The lipoplex nanoparticles prepared by the discontinuous dewetting/imprinting method showed unilamellar core-shell-like structure in contrast to the multilamellar onion-like structure generally observed in lipoplex nanoparticles prepared by the conventional bulk mixing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Terp
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University , 174 W 18th Ave, Room 1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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359
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Cai H, Ma H, Zhao D, Zhang X, Li Z, Wang S, Wang J, Liu R, Li Y, Qian J, Wei H, Niu L, Liu Y, Xiao L, Ding M, Jiang S. RNAi targeting GPR4 influences HMEC-1 gene expression by microarray analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:607-615. [PMID: 24753754 PMCID: PMC3992399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) belongs to a protein family comprised of 3 closely related G protein-coupled receptors. Recent studies have shown that GPR4 plays important roles in angiogenesis, proton sensing, and regulating tumor cells as an oncogenic gene. How GPR4 conducts its functions? Rare has been known. In order to detect the genes related to GPR4, microarray technology was employed. GPR4 is highly expressed in human vascular endothelial cell HMEC-1. Small interfering RNA against GPR4 was used to knockdown GPR4 expression in HMEC-1. Then RNA from the GPR4 knockdown cells and control cells were analyzed through genome microarray. Microarray results shown that among the whole genes and expressed sequence tags, 447 differentially expressed genes were identified, containing 318 up-regulated genes and 129 down-regulated genes. These genes whose expression dramatically changed may be involved in the GPR4 functions. These genes were related to cell apoptosis, cytoskeleton and signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentiation and cell-cycle regulation, gene transcription and translation and cell material and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Cancer CenterXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuelang Zhang
- Department of Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongbing Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | - Zongfang Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | - Rui Liu
- Cancer CenterXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Cancer CenterXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | - Liying Niu
- Cancer CenterXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Cancer CenterXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lisha Xiao
- Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Muyang Ding
- Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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360
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Laganà A, Acunzo M, Romano G, Pulvirenti A, Veneziano D, Cascione L, Giugno R, Gasparini P, Shasha D, Ferro A, Croce CM. miR-Synth: a computational resource for the design of multi-site multi-target synthetic miRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5416-25. [PMID: 24627222 PMCID: PMC4027198 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi is a powerful tool for the regulation of gene expression. It is widely and successfully employed in functional studies and is now emerging as a promising therapeutic approach. Several RNAi-based clinical trials suggest encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Here we present miR-Synth, a computational resource for the design of synthetic microRNAs able to target multiple genes in multiple sites. The proposed strategy constitutes a valid alternative to the use of siRNA, allowing the employment of a fewer number of molecules for the inhibition of multiple targets. This may represent a great advantage in designing therapies for diseases caused by crucial cellular pathways altered by multiple dysregulated genes. The system has been successfully validated on two of the most prominent genes associated to lung cancer, c-MET and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). (See http://microrna.osumc.edu/mir-synth).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Laganà
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Alfredo Pulvirenti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95100 Italy
| | - Dario Veneziano
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95100 Italy
| | - Luciano Cascione
- IOR-Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, 6500 Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95100 Italy
| | - Pierluigi Gasparini
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Dennis Shasha
- Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012 USA
| | - Alfredo Ferro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95100 Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
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361
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Targeted small interfering RNA-immunoliposomes as a promising therapeutic agent against highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2816-24. [PMID: 24614365 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02768-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a proof-of-concept study on the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-immunoliposomes as a therapeutic agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection. siRNA specific for influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA was employed as the key antiviral agent to inhibit viral replication in this study. A humanized single-chain Fv antibody (huscFv) against the hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) was used as the targeting molecule to HA of H5N1 virus, which is abundantly expressed on the surface of infected cells (the HA target cells). The huscFv was applied to cationic polyethylene glycol-conjugated 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol-dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEGylated DC-Chol-DOPE) liposomes to generate immunoliposomes for siRNA delivery. The immunoliposomes were shown to specifically bind HA-expressing Sf9 cells and demonstrated enhanced siRNA transfection efficiency. The siRNA transfection efficiency was significantly reduced after preincubation of the HA target cells with an excess amount of free huscFv. These results therefore demonstrated that the enhanced siRNA delivery by use of immunoliposomes was mediated via targeting by huscFv. Furthermore, the siRNA silencing effect was more pronounced when the immunoliposomes were administered 6 to 12 h post-H5N1 infection in MDCK cells compared with the nontargeted liposomes. This proof-of-concept study may contribute to the future design and development of an siRNA delivery system for combating viral infectious diseases in humans.
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362
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Malefyt AP, Wu M, Vocelle DB, Kappes SJ, Lindeman SD, Chan C, Walton SP. Improved asymmetry prediction for short interfering RNAs. FEBS J 2014; 281:320-30. [PMID: 24393396 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the development of RNA interference therapeutics, merely selecting short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences that are complementary to the mRNA target does not guarantee target silencing. Current algorithms for selecting siRNAs rely on many parameters, one of which is asymmetry, often predicted through calculation of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two ends of the siRNA. However, we have previously shown that highly active siRNA sequences are likely to have particular nucleotides at each 5'-end, independently of their thermodynamic asymmetry. Here, we describe an algorithm for predicting highly active siRNA sequences based only on these two asymmetry parameters. The algorithm uses end-sequence nucleotide preferences and predicted thermodynamic stabilities, each weighted on the basis of training data from the literature, to rank the probability that an siRNA sequence will have high or low activity. The algorithm successfully predicts weakly and highly active sequences for enhanced green fluorescent protein and protein kinase R. Use of these two parameters in combination improves the prediction of siRNA activity over current approaches for predicting asymmetry. Going forward, we anticipate that this approach to siRNA asymmetry prediction will be incorporated into the next generation of siRNA selection algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Malefyt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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363
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Falcone G, Perfetti A, Cardinali B, Martelli F. Noncoding RNAs: emerging players in muscular dystrophies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:503634. [PMID: 24729974 PMCID: PMC3960514 DOI: 10.1155/2014/503634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fascinating world of noncoding RNAs has recently come to light, thanks to the development of powerful sequencing technologies, revealing a variety of RNA molecules playing important regulatory functions in most, if not all, cellular processes. Many noncoding RNAs have been implicated in regulatory networks that are determinant for skeletal muscle differentiation and disease. In this review, we outline the noncoding RNAs involved in physiological mechanisms of myogenesis and those that appear dysregulated in muscle dystrophies, also discussing their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Falcone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Perfetti
- Policlinico San Donato-IRCCS, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Policlinico San Donato-IRCCS, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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364
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Prados J, Melguizo C, Roldan H, Alvarez PJ, Ortiz R, Arias JL, Aranega A. RNA interference in the treatment of colon cancer. BioDrugs 2014; 27:317-27. [PMID: 23553339 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women and has shown a progressive increase over the past 20 years. Current chemotherapy has major limitations, and a novel therapeutic approach is required. Given that neoplastic transformation of colon epithelial cells is a consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy that offers important advantages over conventional treatments, with high specificity and potency and low toxicity. RNAi has been employed as an effective tool to study the function of genes, preventing their expression and leading to the development of new approaches to cancer treatment. In malignancies, including colon cancer, RNAi is being used for "silencing" genes that are deregulated by different processes such as gene amplification, mutation, or overexpression and may be the cause of oncogenesis. This strategy not only provides information on the involvement of certain genes in colon cancer, but also opens up a new perspective for its treatment. However, most studies have used adenovirus or lentivirus vectors to transport RNAi into tumor cells or tumors in animal models, because several technical obstacles must be overcome before RNAi can be used in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge on the use of RNAi techniques in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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365
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Liu C, Liu X, Rocchi P, Qu F, Iovanna JL, Peng L. Arginine-terminated generation 4 PAMAM dendrimer as an effective nanovector for functional siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:521-32. [PMID: 24494983 DOI: 10.1021/bc4005156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Successful therapeutic implementation of RNA interference critically depends on systems able to safely and efficiently deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA). Dendrimers are emerging as appealing nanovectors for siRNA delivery by virtue of their unique well-defined dendritic nanostructure within which is confined an intriguing cooperativity and multivalency. We have previously demonstrated that structurally flexible triethanolamine (TEA) core poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of high generations are effective nanovectors for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we have developed arginine-terminated dendrimers with the aim of combining and harnessing the unique siRNA delivery properties of the TEA-core PAMAM dendrimer and the cell-penetrating advantages of the arginine-rich motif. A generation 4 dendrimer of this family (G4Arg) formed stable dendriplexes with siRNA, leading to improved cell uptake of siRNA by comparison with its nonarginine bearing dendrimer counterpart. Moreover, G4Arg was demonstrated to be an excellent nanocarrier for siRNA delivery, yielding potent gene silencing and anticancer effects in prostate cancer models both in vitro and in vivo with no discernible toxicity. Consequently, importing an arginine residue on the surface of a dendrimer is an appealing option to improve delivery efficiency, and at the same time, the dendrimer G4Arg constitutes a highly promising nanovector for efficacious siRNA delivery and holds great potential for further therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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366
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France M, Schofield J, Kwok S, Soran H. Treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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367
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Synthesis and properties of double-stranded RNA-bindable oligodiaminogalactose derivatives conjugated with vitamin E. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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368
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Stroynowska-Czerwinska A, Fiszer A, Krzyzosiak WJ. The panorama of miRNA-mediated mechanisms in mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2253-70. [PMID: 24468964 PMCID: PMC4031385 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs comprise a large family of short, non-coding RNAs that are present in most eukaryotic organisms and are typically involved in downregulating the expression of protein-coding genes. The detailed mechanisms of miRNA functioning in animals and plants have been under investigation for more than decade. In mammalian cells, miRNA guides the effector complex miRISC to bind with partially complementary sequences, usually within the 3′UTR of mRNAs, and inhibit protein synthesis with or without transcript degradation. In addition to these main mechanisms, several other modes of miRNA-mediated gene expression regulation have been described, but their scale and importance remain a matter of debate. In this review, we briefly summarize the pathway of miRNA precursor processing during miRNA biogenesis and continue with the description of the miRISC assembly process. Then, we present the miRNA-mediated mechanisms of gene expression regulation in detail, and we gather information concerning the proteins involved in these processes. In addition, we briefly refer to the current applications of miRNA mechanisms in therapeutic strategies. Finally, we highlight some of the remaining controversies surrounding the regulation of mammalian gene expression by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stroynowska-Czerwinska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
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369
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Liao GL, Xiao WD. DNA methyltransferases and pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:345-349. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal methylation of the promoter of suppressor genes plays an important role in the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. The degree of methylation is closely related to the activity of DNA methyltransferases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous, small non-coding RNA that can regulate DNA methylation (DNA methylation can also regulate miRNAs) and affect the occurrence of pancreatic cancer. In recent years, demethylation drugs or RNA interference have been widely used to study the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer, and are expected to become effective means of treatment for pancreatic cancer. This article will give a review of the functions of DNA methyltransferases and the relationship between DNA methyltransferases and pancreatic cancer.
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370
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Groop L, Pociot F. Genetics of diabetes--are we missing the genes or the disease? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:726-739. [PMID: 23587769 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action (American Diabetes Association, 2011). The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad categories. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, whereas in type 2 diabetes (T2D), the cause is a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. However, the subdivision into two main categories represents a simplification of the real situation, and research during the recent years has shown that the disease is much more heterogeneous than a simple subdivision into two major subtypes assumes. Worldwide prevalence figures estimate that there are 280 million diabetic patients in 2011 and more than 500 million in 2030 (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). In Europe, about 6-8% of the population suffer from diabetes, of them about 90% has T2D and 10% T1D, thereby making T2D to the fastest increasing disease in Europe and worldwide. This epidemic has been ascribed to a collision between the genes and the environment. While our knowledge about the genes is clearly better for T1D than for T2D given the strong contribution of variation in the HLA region to the risk of T1D, the opposite is the case for T2D, where our knowledge about the environmental triggers (obesity, lack of exercise) is much better than the understanding of the underlying genetic causes. This lack of knowledge about the underlying genetic causes of diabetes is often referred to as missing heritability (Manolio et al., 2009) which exceeds 80% for T2D but less than 25% for T1D. In the following review, we will discuss potential sources of this missing heritability which also includes the possibility that our definition of diabetes and its subgroups is imprecise and thereby making the identification of genetic causes difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, University Hospital Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, University Hospital Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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371
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McCarroll J, Teo J, Boyer C, Goldstein D, Kavallaris M, Phillips PA. Potential applications of nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Front Physiol 2014; 5:2. [PMID: 24478715 PMCID: PMC3900771 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in our understanding of pancreatic cancer and the emerging concept of personalized medicine for the treatment of this disease, it is still the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the western world. It is established that pancreatic cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease with a complex tumor microenvironment. Indeed the extensive stroma surrounding the cancer cells has been shown to be important in promoting tumor growth and metastases, as well as sequestering chemotherapeutic agents consequently decreasing delivery to the tumor cells. Nanotechnology has come to the forefront in the areas of medical diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic drug delivery. This review will focus on the potential applications of nanotechnology for diagnosis, imaging, and delivery of therapeutic agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua McCarroll
- Tumor Biology and Targeting Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joann Teo
- Tumor Biology and Targeting Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Panceatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Panceatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Tumor Biology and Targeting Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phoebe A Phillips
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Panceatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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372
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Long-term in vivo imaging of translated RNAs for gene therapy. Gene Ther 2014; 21:434-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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373
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Silencing sexually transmitted infections: topical siRNA-based interventions for the prevention of HIV and HSV. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2014; 2014:125087. [PMID: 24526828 PMCID: PMC3913465 DOI: 10.1155/2014/125087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global impact of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is significant. The sexual transmission of viruses such as herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), has been especially difficult to control. To date, no effective vaccines have been developed to prevent the transmission of these STIs. Although antiretroviral drugs have been remarkably successful in treating the symptoms associated with these viral infections, the feasibility of their widespread use for prevention purposes may be more limited. Microbicides might provide an attractive alternative option to reduce their spread. In particular, topically applied small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to not only block transmission of viral STIs to mucosal tissues both in vitro and in vivo, but also confer durable knockdown of target gene expression, thereby circumventing the need to apply a microbicide around the time of sexual encounter, when compliance is mostly difficult. Despite numerous clinical trials currently testing the efficacy of siRNA-based therapeutics, they have yet to be approved for use in the treatment of viral STIs. While several obstacles to their successful implementation in the clinic still exist, promising preclinical studies suggest that siRNAs are a viable modality for the future prevention and treatment of HSV and HIV.
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374
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Lee MY, Kong WH, Jung HS, Hahn SK. Hyaluronic acid–siRNA conjugates complexed with cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for target specific gene silencing. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reducible hyaluronic acid (HA)–siRNA conjugates complexed with cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency was successfully developed for effective liver-specific gene silencing by the dual targeting effect of HA and CSLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang, Korea
| | - Won Ho Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang, Korea
| | - Ho Sang Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang, Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang, Korea
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375
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Tamura A, Yui N. Threaded macromolecules as a versatile framework for biomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13433-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this feature article, the recent progress in biomaterial application of threaded macromolecules including polyrotaxanes such as drug delivery and gene delivery is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Department of Organic Biomaterials
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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376
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Xing ZH, Wei JH, Cheang TY, Wang ZR, Zhou X, Wang SS, Chen W, Wang SM, Luo JH, Xu AW. Bifunctional pH-sensitive Zn(ii)–curcumin nanoparticles/siRNA effectively inhibit growth of human bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2714-2724. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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377
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El-Sagheer AH, Brown T. Combined nucleobase and backbone modifications enhance DNA duplex stability and preserve biocompatibility. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51753e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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378
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Liu H, Qiao C, Yang J, Weng J, Zhang X. Self-assembling doxorubicin-prodrug nanoparticles as siRNA drug delivery system for cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5910-5924. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DOX-prodrug NPs can complex siRNA in pH 3 citrate buffer and have slight negative charges on the surface of NPs in pH 7.4 PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chenmeng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
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379
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Brendel C, Kaufmann KB, Krattenmacher A, Pahujani S, Grez M. Generation of X-CGD cells for vector evaluation from healthy donor CD34(+) HSCs by shRNA-mediated knock down of gp91(phox). MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14037. [PMID: 26015977 PMCID: PMC4362359 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innovative approaches for the treatment of rare inherited diseases are hampered by limited availability of patient derived samples for preclinical research. This also applies for the evaluation of novel vector systems for the gene therapy of monogenic hematological diseases like X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gp91phox subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase. Since current gene therapy protocols involve ex vivo gene modification of autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), the ideal preclinical model should simulate faithfully this procedure. However, the low availability of patient-derived CD34+ cells limits the feasibility of this approach. Here, we describe a straightforward experimental strategy that circumvents this limitation. The knock down of gp91phox expression upon lentiviral delivery of shRNAs into CD34+ cells from healthy donors generates sufficient amounts of X-CGD CD34+ cells which subsequently can be used for the evaluation of novel gene therapeutic strategies using a codon-optimized gp91phox transgene. We have used this strategy to test the potential of a novel gene therapy vector for X-CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brendel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin B Kaufmann
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Krattenmacher
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shweta Pahujani
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus , Frankfurt, Germany
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380
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Fakhoury JJ, McLaughlin CK, Edwardson TW, Conway JW, Sleiman HF. Development and Characterization of Gene Silencing DNA Cages. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:276-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401532n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johans J. Fakhoury
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Christopher K. McLaughlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of, Toronto, Room 514, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Thomas W. Edwardson
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Justin W. Conway
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hanadi F. Sleiman
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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381
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Broad therapeutic benefit after RNAi expression vector delivery to deep cerebellar nuclei: implications for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 therapy. Mol Ther 2013; 22:588-595. [PMID: 24419082 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant, late-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the ataxin-1 protein, which causes progressive neurodegeneration in cerebellar Purkinje cells and brainstem nuclei. Here, we tested if reducing mutant ataxin-1 expression would significantly improve phenotypes in a knock-in (KI) mouse model that recapitulates spatial and temporal aspects of SCA1. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), expressing inhibitory RNAs targeting ataxin-1, were injected into the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of KI mice. This approach induced ataxin-1 suppression in the cerebellar cortex and in brainstem neurons. RNA interference (RNAi) of ataxin-1 preserved cerebellar lobule integrity and prevented disease-related transcriptional changes for over a year. Notably, RNAi therapy also preserved rotarod performance and neurohistology. These data suggest that delivery of AAVs encoding RNAi sequences against ataxin-1, to DCN alone, may be sufficient for SCA1 therapy.
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382
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RNAi-based inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in transgenic pigs. J Biotechnol 2013; 171:17-24. [PMID: 24333125 PMCID: PMC7127135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We generated transgenic pig expressing PRRSV-specific siRNA. Stability of siRNA expression was proved in two generations. Type I interferon was not elicited by the expression of siRNA in vivo. We proved that transgenic pigs showed substantially decreased virus load in serum after PRRSV infection.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating viral disease causing heavy losses to the swine industry worldwide. Many studies have shown that transient delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) or adenovirus-mediated RNA interfere (RNAi) could potentially inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication in vivo and in vitro. Here, we applied RNAi to produce transgenic (TG) pigs that constitutively expressed PRRSV-specific siRNA derived from small hairpin RNA (shRNA). First, we evaluated siRNA expression in the founding and F1 generation pigs and confirmed stable transmission. Then, we detected the expression of IFN-β and protein kinase R (PKR) and found no difference among TG, non-transgenic (NTG), and wild-type pigs. Lastly, the F1 generation pigs, including TG and NTG piglets, were challenged with 3 × 104.5 TCID50 of JXA1, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). Our results showed that the in vivo siRNA expression substantially reduced the serum HP-PRRSV titers and increased survival time by 3 days when TG pigs were compared with the NTG controls. These data suggested that RNAi-based genetic modification might be used to breed viral-resistant livestock with stable siRNA expression with no complications of siRNA toxicity.
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383
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Sun JZ, Wang J, Yuan D, Wang S, Li Z, Yi B, Mao Y, Hou Q, Liu W. Cellular microRNA miR-181b inhibits replication of mink enteritis virus by repression of non-structural protein 1 translation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81515. [PMID: 24349084 PMCID: PMC3859502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mink enteritis virus (MEV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in the mink industry. Recent studies have showed that microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs of length ranging from 18-23 nucleotides (nt) participate in host-pathogen interaction networks; however, whether or not miRNAs are involved in MEV infection has not been reported. Our study revealed that miRNA miR-181b inhibited replication of MEV in the feline kidney (F81) cell line by targeting the MEV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) messenger RNA (mRNA) coding region, resulting in NS1 translational repression, while MEV infection reduced miR-181b expression. This is the first description of cellular miRNAs modulating MEV infection in F81 cells, providing further insight into the mechanisms of viral infection, and may be useful in development of naturally-occurring miRNAs antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-zeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jigui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daoli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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384
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Rungta RL, Choi HB, Lin PJ, Ko RW, Ashby D, Nair J, Manoharan M, Cullis PR, Macvicar BA. Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of siRNA to Silence Neuronal Gene Expression in the Brain. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e136. [PMID: 24301867 PMCID: PMC3889191 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of gene expression in the brain is fundamental for understanding the function of proteins involved in neuronal processes. In this article, we show a method for using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to efficiently silence neuronal gene expression in cell culture and in the brain in vivo through intracranial injection. We show that neurons accumulate these LNPs in an apolipoprotein E-dependent fashion, resulting in very efficient uptake in cell culture (100%) with little apparent toxicity. In vivo, intracortical or intracerebroventricular (ICV) siRNA-LNP injections resulted in knockdown of target genes either in discrete regions around the injection site or in more widespread areas following ICV injections with no apparent toxicity or immune reactions from the LNPs. Effective targeted knockdown was demonstrated by showing that intracortical delivery of siRNA against GRIN1 (encoding GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)) selectively reduced synaptic NMDAR currents in vivo as compared with synaptic AMPA receptor currents. Therefore, LNP delivery of siRNA rapidly manipulates expression of proteins involved in neuronal processes in vivo, possibly enabling the development of gene therapies for neurological disorders.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e136; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.65; published online 3 December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi L Rungta
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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385
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Younai FS. Thirty years of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic and beyond. Int J Oral Sci 2013; 5:191-9. [PMID: 24136672 PMCID: PMC3967318 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than 30 years of battling a global epidemic, the prospect of eliminating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the most challenging infectious disease of the modern era is within our reach. Major scientific discoveries about the virus responsible for this immunodeficiency disease state, including its pathogenesis, transmission patterns and clinical course, have led to the development of potent antiretroviral drugs that offer great hopes in HIV treatment and prevention. Although these agents and many others still in development and testing are capable of effectively suppressing viral replication and survival, the medical management of HIV infection at the individual and the population levels remains challenging. Timely initiation of antiretroviral drugs, adherence to the appropriate therapeutic regimens, effective use of these agents in the pre and post-exposure prophylaxis contexts, treatment of comorbid conditions and addressing social and psychological factors involved in the care of individuals continue to be important considerations.
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386
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Abstract
RNA transcripts that do not code for proteins have been long known to lie at the heart of many biological processes, such as splicing and translation. Yet their full potential has only been appreciated recently and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now attracting increasing attention. Pioneering work in yeast and plant systems has revealed that non-coding RNAs can have a major influence on the deposition of histone and DNA modifications. This can introduce heritable variation into gene expression and, thus, be the basis of epigenetic phenomena. Mechanistically, such processes have been studied extensively in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, providing an important conceptual framework for possible modes of action of ncRNAs also in other organisms. In this review, we highlight mechanistic insights into chromatin-associated ncRNA activities gained from work with fission yeast, and we draw parallels to studies in other eukaryotes that indicate evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Keller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bühler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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387
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved, endogenous process for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Although RNAi therapeutics have recently progressed through the pipeline toward clinical trials, the application of these as ideal, clinical therapeutics requires the development of safe and effective delivery systems. Inspired by the immense progress with nanotechnology in drug delivery, efforts have been dedicated to the development of nanoparticle-based RNAi delivery systems. For example, a precisely engineered, multifunctional nanocarrier with combined passive and active targeting capabilities may address the delivery challenges for the widespread use of RNAi as a therapy. Therefore, in this review, we introduce the major hurdles in achieving efficient RNAi delivery and discuss the current advances in applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to overcome the delivery hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. In particular, some representative examples of nanoparticle-based delivery formulations for targeted RNAi therapeutics are highlighted.
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388
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Fujita Y, Takeshita F, Mizutani T, Ohgi T, Kuwano K, Ochiya T. A novel platform to enable inhaled naked RNAi medicine for lung cancer. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3325. [PMID: 24270189 PMCID: PMC3839038 DOI: 10.1038/srep03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics have been used in humans and offer distinct advantages over traditional therapies. However, previous investigations have shown that there are several technical obstacles that need to be overcome before routine clinical applications are used. Currently, we are launching a novel class of RNAi therapeutic agents (PnkRNA™, nkRNA) that show high resistance to degradation and are less immunogenic, less cytotoxic, and capable of efficient intracellular delivery. Here, we develop a novel platform to promote naked RNAi approaches administered through inhalation without sophisticated delivery technology in mice. Furthermore, a naked and unmodified novel RNAi agent, such as ribophorin II (RPN2-PnkRNA), which has been selected as a therapeutic target for lung cancer, resulted in efficient inhibition of tumor growth without any significant toxicity. Thus, this new technology using aerosol delivery could represent a safe, potentially RNAi-based strategy for clinical applications in lung cancer treatment without delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujita
- 1] Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan [2] Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
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389
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Mathis G, Bourg S, Aci-Sèche S, Truffert JC, Asseline U. Synthesis and properties of 2'-O-neopentyl modified oligonucleotides. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1345-57. [PMID: 23318410 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2'-O-Neopentyldeoxyuridine (Un) was synthesized and incorporated into a series of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Single and triple incorporations in various arrangements were performed. The Watson and Crick pairing properties with complementary DNA and RNA were investigated by UV melting curves, CD spectroscopy, and molecular dynamic simulations. The results were compared to those obtained with DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA duplexes involving dU at the same positions. Oligonucleotides containing Un clearly demonstrated their ability to form duplexes with both complementary DNA and RNA but with higher stabilities for the DNA-RNA duplexes similar to the one of the parent DNA-RNA duplex. Investigations into the thermodynamic properties of these 17-base-pair duplexes revealed ΔG values (37 °C) that are in line with the measured T(m) values for both the DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA duplexes. CD spectroscopic structural investigations indicated that the conformations of the DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA duplexes involving Un are similar to those of the dT-rA and dU-rA containing duplexes. Only small changes in intensities and weak blue shifts were observed when three Uns were incorporated into the duplexes. The results of the molecular dynamic simulations showed, for the six duplexes involving the modified nucleoside Un, calculated curvatures similar to those of the corresponding unmodified duplexes without base-pair disruption. The neopentyl group is able to be accommodated in the minor grooves of both the DNA-DNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. However, molecular dynamic simulations indicated that the Uns adopt a C2'-exo sugar pucker conformation close to an A-helix type without perturbing the C2'-endo sugar pucker conformations of their 2'-deoxynucleoside neighbours. These results confirm the potential of 2'-O-neopentyldeoxyuridine as a nucleoside surrogate for oligonucleotide based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Mathis
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR 4301 CNRS, Conventionnée avec l'Université d'Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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390
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Li Z, Zhou X. Small RNA biology: from fundamental studies to applications. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:1059-1062. [PMID: 23943246 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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391
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Chtarto A, Bockstael O, Tshibangu T, Dewitte O, Levivier M, Tenenbaum L. A next step in adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy for neurological diseases: regulation and targeting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:217-32. [PMID: 23331189 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors mediating long term transgene expression are excellent gene therapy tools for chronic neurological diseases. While rAAV2 was the first serotype tested in the clinics, more efficient vectors derived from the rh10 serotype are currently being evaluated and other serotypes are likely to be tested in the near future. In addition, aside from the currently used stereotaxy-guided intraparenchymal delivery, new techniques for global brain transduction (by intravenous or intra-cerebrospinal injections) are very promising. Various strategies for therapeutic gene delivery to the central nervous system have been explored in human clinical trials in the past decade. Canavan disease, a genetic disease caused by an enzymatic deficiency, was the first to be approved. Three gene transfer paradigms for Parkinson's disease have been explored: converting L-dopa into dopamine through AADC gene delivery in the putamen; synthesizing GABA through GAD gene delivery in the overactive subthalamic nucleus and providing neurotrophic support through neurturin gene delivery in the nigro-striatal pathway. These pioneer clinical trials demonstrated the safety and tolerability of rAAV delivery in the human brain at moderate doses. Therapeutic effects however, were modest, emphasizing the need for higher doses of the therapeutic transgene product which could be achieved using more efficient vectors or expression cassettes. This will require re-addressing pharmacological aspects, with attention to which cases require either localized and cell-type specific expression or efficient brain-wide transgene expression, and when it is necessary to modulate or terminate the administration of transgene product. The ongoing development of targeted and regulated rAAV vectors is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahed Chtarto
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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392
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Abstract
The past two decades have seen an explosion in research on non-coding RNAs and their physiological and pathological functions. Several classes of small (20-30 nucleotides) and long (>200 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs have been firmly established as key regulators of gene expression in myriad processes ranging from embryonic development to innate immunity. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). In addition, we briefly review the relevance of small and long non-coding RNAs to human physiology and pathology and their potential to be exploited as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena S Patil
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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393
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Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Liu V, Fang C, Stephen ZR, Ellenbogen RG, Zhang M. In vivo safety evaluation of polyarginine coated magnetic nanovectors. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4099-106. [PMID: 24099143 DOI: 10.1021/mp4005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Safety and efficacy are of critical importance to any nanomaterial-based diagnostic and therapy. The innocuity and functionality of a nanomaterial in vivo is largely dependent on the physicochemical properties of the material, particularly its surface coating. Here, we evaluated the influence of polycationic coating on the efficacy, clearance organ uptake, and safety of magnetic nanovectors designed for siRNA delivery. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of 12 nm in core diameter were modified with a polycationic coating of either poly-l-arginine (pArg) or polyethylenimine (PEI) and further covalently functionalized with siRNA oligonucleotides. The produced NP-pArg-siRNA and NP-PEI-siRNA nanovectors were similar in hydrodynamic size (21 and 22 nm, respectively) but significantly differed in zeta potentials (+2.1 mV and +29.8 mV, respectively). Fluorescence quantification assays revealed that the NP-pArg-siRNA nanovector was 3-fold more potent than NP-PEI-siRNA in delivering siRNA and 1.8-fold more effective in gene silencing when tested in rat C6 glioblastoma cells. In vivo, both nanovector formulations were similarly taken up by the spleen and liver as determined by histopathological and hemopathological assays. However, PEI coated nanovectors elicited severe hemoincompatibility and damage to the liver and spleen, while pArg coated nanovectors were found to be safe and tolerable. Combined, our findings suggest that polycationic coatings of pArg were more effective and safer than commonly used PEI coatings for preparation of nanovectors. The NP-pArg-siRNA nanovector formulation developed here shows great potential for in vivo based biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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394
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Falsini S, Ciani L, Ristori S, Fortunato A, Arcangeli A. Advances in Lipid-Based Platforms for RNAi Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1138-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400791q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Falsini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.
B. Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Ciani
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Angelo Fortunato
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.
B. Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.
B. Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
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395
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MHC universal cells survive in an allogeneic environment after incompatible transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:796046. [PMID: 24350288 PMCID: PMC3856147 DOI: 10.1155/2013/796046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell, tissue, and organ transplants are commonly performed for the treatment of different diseases. However, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) diversity often prevents complete donor-recipient matching, resulting in graft rejection. This study evaluates in a preclinical model the capacity of MHC class I-silenced cells to engraft and grow upon allogeneic transplantation. Short hairpin RNA targeting β2-microglobulin (RN_shβ2m) was delivered into fibroblasts derived from LEW/Ztm (RT1l) (RT1-Al) rats using a lentiviral-based vector. MHC class I (RT1-A-) expressing and -silenced cells were injected subcutaneously in LEW rats (RT1l) and MHC-congenic LEW.1W rats (RT1u), respectively. Cell engraftment and the status of the immune response were monitored for eight weeks after transplantation. In contrast to RT1-A-expressing cells, RT1-A-silenced fibroblasts became engrafted and were still detectable eight weeks after allogeneic transplantation. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in animals transplanted with RT1-A-expressing cells than in those receiving RT1-A-silenced cells. Furthermore, alloantigen-specific T-cell proliferation rates derived from rats receiving RT1-A-expressing cells were higher than those in rats transplanted with RT1-A-silenced cells. These data suggest that silencing MHC class I expression might overcome the histocompatibility barrier, potentially opening up new avenues in the field of cell transplantation and regenerative medicine.
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396
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Molinaro R, Wolfram J, Federico C, Cilurzo F, Di Marzio L, Ventura CA, Carafa M, Celia C, Fresta M. Polyethylenimine and chitosan carriers for the delivery of RNA interference effectors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1653-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.840286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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397
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Advances in siRNA delivery to T-cells: potential clinical applications for inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. Biochem J 2013; 455:133-47. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of RNAi and its ability to silence ‘undruggable’ targets has made inhibition of gene expression in T-cells with siRNAs an attractive potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. However, delivery of siRNAs into primary T-cells represents a major hurdle to their use as potential therapeutic agents. Recent advances in siRNA delivery through the use of electroporation/nucleofection, viral vectors, peptides/proteins, nanoparticles, aptamers and other agents have now enabled efficient gene silencing in primary T-cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overcoming such barriers in siRNA delivery offers exciting new prospects for directly targeting T-cells systemically with siRNAs, or adoptively transferring T-cells back into patients following ex vivo manipulation with siRNAs. In the present review, we outline the challenges in delivering siRNAs into primary T-cells and discuss the mechanism and therapeutic opportunities of each delivery method. We emphasize studies that have exploited RNAi-mediated gene silencing in T-cells for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection using mouse models. We also discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of manipulating T-cells using siRNAs for the treatment of human diseases.
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398
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Rasanen K, Sriswasdi S, Valiga A, Tang HY, Zhang G, Perego M, Somasundaram R, Li L, Speicher K, Klein-Szanto AJ, Basu D, Rustgi AK, Speicher DW, Herlyn M. Comparative secretome analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal subpopulations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma identifies S100A4 as a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3778-92. [PMID: 24037664 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key contributor in tumor progression and metastasis. EMT produces cellular heterogeneity within head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) by creating a phenotypically distinct mesenchymal subpopulation that is resistant to conventional therapies. In this study, we systematically characterized differences in the secretomes of E-cadherin high epithelial-like and E-cadherin low mesenchymal-like subpopulations using unbiased and targeted proteomics. A total 1765 proteins showed significant changes with 177 elevated in the epithelial subpopulation and 173 elevated in the mesenchymal cells. Key nodes in affected networks included NFκB, Akt, and ERK, and most implicated cellular components involved various aspects of the extracellular matrix. In particular, large changes were observed in multiple collagens with most affected collagens at much higher abundance levels in the mesenchymal subpopulation. These cells also exhibited a secretome profile resembling that of cancer-associated fibroblastic cells (CAF). S100A4, a commonly used marker for cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, was elevated more than 20-fold in the mesenchymal cells and this increase was further verified at the transcriptome level. S100A4 is a known mediator of EMT, leading to metastasis and EMT has been proposed as a potential source of cancer-associated fibroblastic cells in solid tumors. S100A4 knockdown by small interfering RNA led to decreased expression, secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2, as verified by quantitative PCR, multiple reaction monitoring and zymography analyses, and reduced invasion in collagen-embedded spheroids. Further confirmation in three-dimensional organotypic reconstructs showed less invasion and advanced differentiation in the S100A4 RNA interference samples. Orthotopic metastasis model, developed to validate the findings in vivo, demonstrated a decrease in spontaneous metastasis and augmented differentiation in the primary tumor in siS100A4 xenografts. These results demonstrate the value of secretome profiling to evaluate phenotypic conversion and identify potential novel therapeutic targets such as S100A4.
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399
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Blaisdell TP, Lee S, Kasaplar P, Sun X, Tan KL. Practical silyl protection of ribonucleosides. Org Lett 2013; 15:4710-3. [PMID: 24000770 DOI: 10.1021/ol402023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the site-selective silylation of the ribonucelosides. The method enables a simple and efficient procedure for accessing suitably protected monomers for automated RNA synthesis. Switching to the opposite enantiomer of the catalyst allows for the selective silylation of the 3'-hydroxyl, which could be used in the synthesis of unnatural RNA or for the analoging of ribonucelosides. Lastly, the procedure was extended to ribavirin a potent antiviral therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Blaisdell
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , Av. Paisos Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Boston College , 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
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400
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Harris JF, Micheva-Viteva S, Li N, Hong-Geller E. Small RNA-mediated regulation of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence 2013; 4:785-95. [PMID: 23958954 PMCID: PMC3925712 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial drug resistance, alongside the failure of conventional research to discover new antibiotics, will inevitably lead to a public health crisis that can drastically curtail our ability to combat infectious disease. Thus, there is a great global health need for development of antimicrobial countermeasures that target novel cell molecules or processes. RNA represents a largely unexploited category of potential targets for antimicrobial design. For decades, control of cellular behavior was thought to be the exclusive purview of protein-based regulators. The recent discovery of small RNAs (sRNAs) as a universal class of powerful RNA-based regulatory biomolecules has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of gene regulation in practically all biological functions. In general, sRNAs regulate gene expression by base-pairing with multiple downstream target mRNAs to prevent translation of mRNA into protein. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that document discovery of bacterial, viral, and human sRNAs and their molecular mechanisms in regulation of pathogen virulence and host immunity. Illuminating the functional roles of sRNAs in virulence and host immunity can provide the fundamental knowledge for development of next-generation antibiotics using sRNAs as novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Harris
- Bioscience Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Nan Li
- Bioscience Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos, NM USA
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