351
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null-- cyim] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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352
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 order by 1-- sjme] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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353
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 4117=cast((chr(113)||chr(112)||chr(98)||chr(118)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4117=4117) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(118)||chr(106)||chr(118)||chr(113)) as numeric)-- ovcz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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354
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null-- wfxj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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355
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Zhang J, Ding K, Han T, Chen X. Preparation of Multi-target Fusarium Toxins (Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 Toxins) Immunoaffinity Column Using Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene as Matrix. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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356
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Kovalsky P, Kos G, Nährer K, Schwab C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G, Sulyok M, Krska R. Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Finished Feed and Maize-An Extensive Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E363. [PMID: 27929415 PMCID: PMC5198557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global trade of agricultural commodities (e.g., animal feed) requires monitoring for fungal toxins. Also, little is known about masked and emerging toxins and metabolites. 1926 samples from 52 countries were analysed for toxins and metabolites. Of 162 compounds detected, up to 68 metabolites were found in a single sample. A subset of 1113 finished feed, maize and maize silage samples containing 57 compounds from 2012 to 2015 from 44 countries was investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins showed large increases of annual medians in Europe. Within a region, distinct trends were observed, suggesting importance of local meteorology and cultivars. In 2015, median DON concentrations increased to 1400 μ g·kg - 1 in Austria, but were stable in Germany at 350 μ g·kg - 1 . In 2014, enniatins occurred at median concentrations of 250 μ g·kg - 1 in Europe, at levels similar to DON and ZEN. The latter were frequently correlated with DON-3-glucoside and ZEN-14-sulfate. Co-occurrence of regulated toxins was frequent with e.g., enniatins, and moniliformin. Correlation was observed between DON and DON-3-glucoside and with beauvericin. Results indicate that considerably more than 25% of agricultural commodities could be contaminated with mycotoxins as suggested by FAO, although this is at least partly due to the lower limits of detection in the current survey. Observed contamination percentages ranged from 7.1 to 79% for B trichothecenes and 88% for ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
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357
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Wambui JM, Karuri EG, Ojiambo JA, Njage PMK. Application of Probabilistic Modeling to Quantify the Reduction Levels of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Attributable to Chronic Aflatoxins Exposure. Nutr Cancer 2016; 69:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1247892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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358
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Dall'Asta C. Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.11131/2016/101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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359
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Foschia M, Horstmann S, Arendt EK, Zannini E. Nutritional therapy – Facing the gap between coeliac disease and gluten-free food. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 239:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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360
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Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B 1 , ochratoxin A and fuminisins of adults in Lao Cai province, Viet Nam: A total dietary study approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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361
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Ragona M. Mycotoxins, the unknowns: trends in food availability and consumer perceptions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food consumption habits have been changing rapidly over the last decades, and the impact of these changes on the levels of dietary exposure to mycotoxins could be relevant. In this paper, trends in availability of specific foods that are most affected by mycotoxins were analysed, and comparisons were made among different world regions. The food commodities that have been registering very high availability levels and annual increases over the last 20 years are groundnuts and nuts in Africa and Asia, and maize in Africa, which represent an important part of the diets in those regions. Other foods, which are regularly consumed only by subgroups of populations, show increasing trends in many high- or medium-income regions. Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Australia & New Zealand, Western Africa and Eastern Asia are the regions experiencing the most dynamic changes in availability for selected foods. As individual food consumption is determined, among others, by personal risk perceptions, a literature review on the level and drivers of awareness and perception of mycotoxin risks was conducted. The scarce evidence found show a very low level of awareness and a generally moderate perception of risks derived from mycotoxin exposure, lower than risk perceptions associated with other foodborne hazards. Among the determinants of perceived risks, the education level emerges as being inversely related to the risk perception. More research is needed on these aspects, in order to better inform risk management and communication strategies related to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ragona
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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362
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Wambui J, Karuri E, Ojiambo J, Njage P. Adaptation and mitigation options to manage aflatoxin contamination in food with a climate change perspective. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of climate change remains vital for food safety and public health. Of particular importance is the influence of climatic conditions on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of their toxins. Nevertheless, little is known about the actual impact of climate change on the issue. Setting up of relevant measures to manage the impact has therefore become a daunting task especially in developing nations. Therefore, this study aimed at providing adaptation and mitigation options to manage this risk with a special focus on Kenya where cases of aflatoxicosis have been recurrent. We used a systematic literature review of review and research articles, with limited searching but systematic screening to explore available qualitative and quantitative data. Projections from the data, showed that on average, a 58.9% increase of aflatoxin contamination in the Central and Western parts and a decrease of 44.6% in the Eastern and Southern parts is expected but with several possible scenarios. This makes the impact of climate change on aflatoxin contamination in Kenya complex. To protect the public and environment from the negative impact, a regulatory framework that allows for an integrated management of aflatoxins in a changing climate was proposed. The management practices in the framework are divided into agronomic, post-harvest and institutional levels. Given the multiple points of application, coordination amongst stakeholders along the chain is fundamental. We therefore proposed a complimentary framework that allows the food safety issues to be addressed in an integrated manner while allowing for transparent synergies and trade-offs (in implementing the measures). A policy-oriented foresight should be carried out to provide policy based evidence for the applicability of the proposed adaptation and mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Wambui
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Nutritionists and Dieticians Institute, P.O. Box 20436, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E.G. Karuri
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J.A. Ojiambo
- Kenya Nutritionists and Dieticians Institute, P.O. Box 20436, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P.M.K. Njage
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
- Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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363
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364
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Beyene A, Woldegiorgis A, Adish A, De Saeger S, Tolossa A. Assessment of mothers’ knowledge and practice towards aflatoxin contamination in complementary foods in Ethiopia: from pre-harvest to household. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the knowledge and practices of the mothers in Ethiopia on issues related to aflatoxin in complementary foods (CFs) using structured questionnaires. The study involved 195 mothers from Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions and addressed a range of issues used to prevent the risks of mould and aflatoxin contamination from farm-to-table. Of the 195 mothers who responded; 186 (95%) were ploughing their land before growing the next crop, 177 (91%) used the crop rotation schedule, 157 (81%) reported the practice of removing old seed heads and stalks used as an inoculum for aflatoxin contamination, 185 (95%) harvested the crops as soon as the crops were matured, 138 (70%) used a threshing method known as ‘trampling by hoofed animals’. After threshing, about 124 (64%) respondents had the knowledge and practice of drying cereals and legumes to decrease the moisture content, 134 (68%) used solar drying on a bare ground, 184 (94%) cleaned and disinfected the storage structures before storage. Almost all the respondents practiced the CFs processing steps properly and they used colour, type, odour, insect infestations, mouldiness and all these criteria to select the CFs ingredients. A total of 78 (40%) respondents had the practice of feeding mouldy cereals and legumes to animals, and 89 (46%) of the respondents erroneously believed that roasting can decontaminate the aflatoxin produced from mouldy cereals. As a general conclusion, the majority of the respondents are practicing good agricultural practices in the field, but they use poor storage and processing practices at homes which are susceptible to mould and aflatoxin contamination. Besides, they lack awareness about the toxic effects of aflatoxin on human health. Therefore, awareness creation about the health impacts of aflatoxin and methods of prevention need to be implemented in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Beyene
- Department of Post-Harvest Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A.Z. Woldegiorgis
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A.A. Adish
- Micronutrient Initiative (MI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A.L. Tolossa
- Micronutrient Initiative (MI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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365
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Jeszka-Skowron M, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Stanisz E, Waśkiewicz A. Potential health benefits and quality of dried fruits: Goji fruits, cranberries and raisins. Food Chem 2016; 221:228-236. [PMID: 27979197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dried fruits are important snacks and additives to other foods due to their taste and nutritional advantages. Therefore there is an important goal to control the quality of the food on the market for consumer's safety. Antioxidant activity of goji fruits (Lycium barbarum), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and oxycoccus) and raisins (Vitis vinifera) were studied using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Cu, Mn and Ge influencing antioxidant activity were determined together with selected toxic metals (Cd, Ni and Pb). Contamination with fungi was studied by quantification of their marker - ergosterol and important mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, and ochratoxin A) were also determined. Antioxidant activity of all tested dried fruits was confirmed with goji fruits being the most profitable for consumers. Contamination of the tested fruits with toxic metals and mycotoxins was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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366
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Determination of multi-mycotoxin occurrence in maize based porridges from selected regions of Tanzania by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a longitudinal study. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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367
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Shi J, He J, Lin J, Sun X, Sun F, Ou C, Jiang C. Distinct response of the hepatic transcriptome to Aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis and resistance in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31898. [PMID: 27545718 PMCID: PMC4992951 DOI: 10.1038/srep31898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a natural potent carcinogen and a major cause of liver cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinogenesis remain largely unexplored. In this study, we profiled global gene expression in liver tissues of rats that developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) administration and those that were AFB1-resistant, as well as rats without AFB1 exposure as a control. AFB1 exposure resulted in extensive perturbation in gene expression with different functions in HCC and AFB1 resistance (AR) samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC sample were enriched for cell proliferation, cell adhesion and vasculature development that largely contribute to carcinogenesis. Anti-apoptosis genes were up-regulated in HCC sample whereas apoptosis-induction genes were up-regulated in AR sample. AFB1 exposure also caused extensive alteration in expression level of lncRNAs. Among all the 4511 annotated lncRNAs, half of them were highly expressed only in HCC sample and up-regulated a group of protein-coding genes with cancer-related functions: apoptosis regulation, DNA repair, and cell cycle. Intriguingly, these genes were down-regulated by lncRNAs highly expressed in AR sample. Collectively, apoptosis is the critical biological process for carcinogenesis in response to AFB1 exposure through changes in expression level of both protein-coding and lncRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejun Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangtu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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368
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Rizzello CG, Montemurro M, Gobbetti M. Characterization of the Bread Made with Durum Wheat Semolina Rendered Gluten Free by Sourdough Biotechnology in Comparison with Commercial Gluten-Free Products. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2263-72. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Montemurro
- Dept. of Soil, Plant and Food Science; Univ. of Bari Aldo Moro; 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Dept. of Soil, Plant and Food Science; Univ. of Bari Aldo Moro; 70126 Bari Italy
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369
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Protective effects of three luteolin derivatives on aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity on human blood cells. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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370
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Qian G, Tang L, Lin S, Xue KS, Mitchell NJ, Su J, Gelderblom WC, Riley RT, Phillips TD, Wang JS. Sequential dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in F344 rats increases liver preneoplastic changes indicative of a synergistic interaction. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:188-95. [PMID: 27430420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary co-exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and their interaction on hepatocellular carcinogenesis is of particular concern in toxicology and public health. In this study we evaluated the liver preneoplastic effects of single and sequential dietary exposure to AFB1 and FB1 in the F344 rat carcinogenesis model. Serum biochemical alterations, liver histopathological changes, and the formation of liver glutathione S transferase positive (GST-P+) foci were the major outcome parameters examined. Compared to the AFB1-only treatment, the FB1-only treatment induced less dysplasia, and more apoptosis and mitoses. Sequential AFB1 and FB1 treatment lead to increased numbers of dysplasia, apoptosis and foci of altered hepatocytes, as compared to either mycotoxin treatment alone. More importantly, sequential exposure to AFB1 and FB1 synergistically increased the numbers of liver GTP-P+ foci by approximately 7.3-and 12.9-fold and increased the mean sizes of GST-P+ foci by 6- and 7.5-fold, respectively, as compared to AFB1- or FB1-only treatment groups. In addition, liver ALT and AST levels were significantly increased after sequential treatment as compared to single treatment groups. The results demonstrate the interactive effect of dietary AFB1 and FB1 in inducing liver GST-P+ foci formation and provide information to model future intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Qian
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shuhan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicole J Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jianjia Su
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wentzel C Gelderblom
- Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Ronald T Riley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, National Poultry Disease Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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371
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NAMJOO M, SALAMAT F, RAJABLI N, HAJIHOSEEINI R, NIKNEJAD F, KOHSAR F, JOSHAGHANI H. Quantitative Determination of Aflatoxin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Wheat Silos in Golestan Province, North of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:905-10. [PMID: 27516997 PMCID: PMC4980345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are the most common mycotoxins that contaminate crops. They are produced by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Wheat (Tricitumaestivum) is one of the most important staple foods used in Iran, and the environmental conditions in the north of Iran are favorable to fungal growth. This study was designed in order to determine the aflatoxin concentration in wheat samples from silos in Golestan Province north of Iran. METHODS Samples were collected from three silos of Golestan province. First, aflatoxins were isolated using immunoaffinity chromatography. Then the aflatoxin concentrations were determined by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and fluorescence detector. RESULTS Ten out of 34 samples (29.4% of samples) were contaminated by aflatoxins.No concentration was found above permitted aflatoxin levels in Iran (15 ng/g). In one sample (2.9%), aflatoxin B1 was seen over the permissible limits in Iran. The highest level found in samples for total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 were 7.08 ng/g, 6.91 ng/g, 0.29 ng/g, 1.37 ng/g and 0.23 ng/g, respectively. No correlation was found between humidity levels in wheat samples contained aflatoxin and wheat samples without aflatoxin. CONCLUSION Despite the total aflatoxins determined in samples were below the permissible limits in Iran, the 29% aflatoxin contamination rate can negatively affect health factors and it should not be neglected. So, it is predictable that if the storage duration of samples increases, the aflatoxin contamination levels will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh NAMJOO
- Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Faezeh SALAMAT
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Niloofar RAJABLI
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Farhad NIKNEJAD
- Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Faramarz KOHSAR
- Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza JOSHAGHANI
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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372
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van der Fels-Klerx H, Bouzembrak Y. Modelling approach to limit aflatoxin B1 contamination in dairy cattle compound feed. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding dairy cattle with safe compound feed helps farmers to ensure food safety. However, several ingredients often used in compound feed production can be contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which may result into milk contaminated with aflatoxin M1. Given the number of ingredients and their amounts used in the production of compound feed, it is very costly to check every batch of ingredients for AFB1 contamination. Which is the reason, why a risk-based approach is taken in the latest years. This study aimed to estimate the probability of AFB1 contamination of compound feed for dairy cattle, and to limit this contamination, by optimisation of the compound feed formulation, using a modelling approach. The modelling approach comprised integrating a linear optimisation programming model to a Monte Carlo simulation model. This model was applied to the case of producing compound feed for dairy cattle in the Netherlands, using national monitoring data on AFB1 contamination in feed materials collected in the period 2000-2010. Results from this case study showed the model can be used to produce safe compound feed with the lowest possible probability of AFB1 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y. Bouzembrak
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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373
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Lin H, Liu W, Zeng H, Pu C, Zhang R, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Wang L, Tan Y, Zheng C, Yang X, Tian Y, Huang Y, Luo J, Luo Y, Feng X, Xiao G, Feng L, Li H, Wang F, Yuan C, Wang J, Zhou Z, Wei T, Zuo Y, Wu L, He L, Guo Y, Shu W. Determination of Environmental Exposure to Microcystin and Aflatoxin as a Risk for Renal Function Based on 5493 Rural People in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5346-56. [PMID: 27071036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the nephrotoxicity of microcystin and aflatoxin has been observed in animal and clinical cases, few population data are available. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Southwest China to investigate the association of renal function indicators (RFIs, including BUN, SCr, and eGFR) with exposure to microcystin and aflatoxin in 5493 members of the general population. Microcystin-LR levels in water and aquatic products and aflatoxin B1 levels in daily foods were measured by ELISA, and individual estimated daily intake (EDI) was assessed on the basis of the measurement and questionnaire. We found that participants with abnormal RFIs had a much higher mean level of microcystin-LR EDI than those with normal RFIs and that there was a significant increasing trend for abnormal rates and odds ratios of RFIs with increasing microcystin-LR EDI quartiles (p for trend = 0.000). Compared with the lowest quartile of microcystin-LR exposure, those in the highest quartile had significantly higher risks of abnormal BUN (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.34-2.42), SCr (OR = 4.58, 95% CI = 2.92-7.21), and eGFR (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.55-7.63), respectively, but no higher risk was found in subjects with higher AFB1 exposure. After adjustment for confounding factors, risk associations with microcystin-LR persisted. Consequently, our results suggest that microcystin, rather than aflatoxin, might be one important risk of renal-function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chaowen Pu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Renping Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yingqiao Tian
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University , Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404100 China
| | - Lei Feng
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Heng Li
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Township Central Hospital in Yihe Town , Fuling District, Chongqing, 408104 China
| | - Changyou Yuan
- Community Health Service Center in Lidu Town , Fuling District, Chongqing, 408103 China
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374
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Mlombe YB, Rosenberg NE, Wolf LL, Dzamalala CP, Chalulu K, Chisi J, Shaheen NJ, Hosseinipour MC, Shores CG. Environmental risk factors for oesophageal cancer in Malawi: A case-control study. Malawi Med J 2016; 27:88-92. [PMID: 26715952 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM There is a high burden of oesophageal cancer in Malawi with dismal outcomes. It is not known whether environmental factors are associated with oesophageal cancer. Without knowing this critical information, prevention interventions are not possible. The purpose of this analysis was to explore environmental factors associated with oesophageal cancer in the Malawian context. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study of the association between environmental risk factors and oesophageal cancer was conducted at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi and Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Ninety-six persons with squamous cell carcinoma and 180 controls were enrolled and analyzed. These two groups were compared for a range of environmental risk factors, using logistic regression models. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS Firewood cooking, cigarette smoking, and use of white maize flour all had strong associations with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, with adjusted odds ratios of 12.6 (95% CI: 4.2-37.7), 5.4 (95% CI: 2.0-15.2) and 6.6 (95% CI: 2.3-19.3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Several modifiable risk factors were found to be strongly associated with squamous cell carcinoma. Research is needed to confirm these associations and then determine how to intervene on these modifiable risk factors in the Malawian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Mlombe
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N E Rosenberg
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi ; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - L L Wolf
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - C P Dzamalala
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - K Chalulu
- Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Chisi
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N J Shaheen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M C Hosseinipour
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi ; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C G Shores
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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375
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Alberts JF, van Zyl WH, Gelderblom WCA. Biologically Based Methods for Control of Fumonisin-Producing Fusarium Species and Reduction of the Fumonisins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:548. [PMID: 27199904 PMCID: PMC4845651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp. and subsequent fumonisin contamination of maize adversely affect international trade and economy with deleterious effects on human and animal health. In developed countries high standards of the major food suppliers and retailers are upheld and regulatory controls deter the importation and local marketing of fumonisin-contaminated food products. In developing countries regulatory measures are either lacking or poorly enforced, due to food insecurity, resulting in an increased mycotoxin exposure. The lack and poor accessibility of effective and environmentally safe control methods have led to an increased interest in practical and biological alternatives to reduce fumonisin intake. These include the application of natural resources, including plants, microbial cultures, genetic material thereof, or clay minerals pre- and post-harvest. Pre-harvest approaches include breeding for resistant maize cultivars, introduction of biocontrol microorganisms, application of phenolic plant extracts, and expression of antifungal proteins and fumonisin degrading enzymes in transgenic maize cultivars. Post-harvest approaches include the removal of fumonisins by natural clay adsorbents and enzymatic degradation of fumonisins through decarboxylation and deamination by recombinant carboxylesterase and aminotransferase enzymes. Although, the knowledge base on biological control methods has expanded, only a limited number of authorized decontamination products and methods are commercially available. As many studies detailed the use of natural compounds in vitro, concepts in reducing fumonisin contamination should be developed further for application in planta and in the field pre-harvest, post-harvest, and during storage and food-processing. In developed countries an integrated approach, involving good agricultural management practices, hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) production, and storage management, together with selected biologically based treatments, mild chemical and physical treatments could reduce fumonisin contamination effectively. In rural subsistence farming communities, simple, practical, and culturally acceptable hand-sorting, maize kernel washing, and dehulling intervention methods proved to be effective as a last line of defense for reducing fumonisin exposure. Biologically based methods for control of fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp. and decontamination of the fumonisins could have potential commercial application, while simple and practical intervention strategies could also impact positively on food safety and security, especially in rural populations reliant on maize as a dietary staple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F. Alberts
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyBellville, South Africa
| | - Willem H. van Zyl
- Microbiology Department, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wentzel C. A. Gelderblom
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyBellville, South Africa
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376
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Pierron A, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP. Impact of mycotoxin on immune response and consequences for pig health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:63-68. [PMID: 29767037 PMCID: PMC5941016 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites detected in many agricultural commodities, especially cereals. Due to their high consumption of cereals, pigs are exposed to these toxins. In the European Union, regulations and/or recommendations exist in pig feed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin. These mycotoxins have different toxic effects, but they all target the immune system. They have immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects depending on the toxin, the concentration and the parameter investigated. The immune system is primarily responsible for defense against invading organisms. The consequences of the ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated feed are an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, a reactivation of chronic infection and a decreased vaccine efficacy. In this review we summarized the data available on the effect of mycotoxins on the immune system and the consequences for pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- INRA, UMR 1331, ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France.,Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331, ToxAlim, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France.,BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- INRA, UMR 1331, ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France.,Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331, ToxAlim, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331, ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France.,Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331, ToxAlim, BP93173, Toulouse Cedex 03 31027, France
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377
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Rieswijk L, Claessen SM, Bekers O, van Herwijnen M, Theunissen DH, Jennen DG, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC, van Breda SG. Aflatoxin B1 induces persistent epigenomic effects in primary human hepatocytes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicology 2016; 350-352:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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378
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Gong YY, Watson S, Routledge MN. Aflatoxin Exposure and Associated Human Health Effects, a Review of Epidemiological Studies. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:14-27. [PMID: 32231900 PMCID: PMC6989156 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2015026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that possess acute life threatening toxicity, carcinogenic properties and other potential chronic adverse effects. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is considered a major public health concern, especially for subsistence farming communities in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where dietary staple food crops such as groundnuts and maize are often highly contaminated with aflatoxin due to hot and humid climates and poor storage, together with low awareness of risk and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits. Biomarkers have been developed and applied in many epidemiological studies assessing aflatoxin exposure and the associated health effects in these high-risk population groups. This review discusses the recent epidemiological evidence for aflatoxin exposure, co-exposure with other mycotoxins and associated health effects in order to provide evidence on risk assessment, and highlight areas where further research is necessary. Aflatoxin exposure can occur at any stage of life and is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, especially when hepatitis B infection is present. Recent evidence suggests that aflatoxin may be an underlying determinant of stunted child growth, and may lower cell-mediated immunity, thereby increasing disease susceptibility. However, a causal relationship between aflatoxin exposure and these latter adverse health outcomes has not been established, and the biological mechanisms for these have not been elucidated, prompting further research. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding the health effects of co-exposure to aflatoxin with other mycotoxins. Recent developments of biomarkers provide opportunities for important future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yun Gong
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Sinead Watson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Michael N Routledge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
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379
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Watson S, Chen G, Sylla A, Routledge MN, Gong YY. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin and micronutrient status among young children from Guinea. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:511-8. [PMID: 26603511 PMCID: PMC4915736 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. Animal feeding studies have postulated that aflatoxin exposure may be exacerbating micronutrient deficiencies. Evidence available in human subjects is limited and inconsistent. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient status among young Guinean children. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 305 children (28.8 ± 8.4 months) were recruited at groundnut harvest (rainy season), of which 288 were followed up 6 months later postharvest (dry season). Blood samples were collected at each visit. Aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels were measured by ELISA. Vitamin A, vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations were measured using HPLC methods. Zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent in this population and were influenced by season, with levels increasing between harvest and postharvest. At harvest, children in the highest aflatoxin exposure group, compared to the lowest, were 1.98 (95%CI: 1.00, 3.92) and 3.56 (95%CI: 1.13, 11.15) times more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient. CONCLUSION Although children with high aflatoxin exposure levels were more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient, further research is necessary to determine a cause and effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Watson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gaoyun Chen
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Yun Yun Gong
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Divison of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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380
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Dellafiora L, Perotti A, Galaverna G, Buschini A, Dall'Asta C. On the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside. Does the mask truly hide? Toxicon 2016; 111:139-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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381
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Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for determination of aflatoxins using dummy molecularly imprinted polymers deposited on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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382
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Pinotti L, Ottoboni M, Giromini C, Dell'Orto V, Cheli F. Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:45. [PMID: 26891326 PMCID: PMC4773798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a risk to the feed supply chain with an impact on economies and international trade. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. In most cases, the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union (EU) guidance values or maximum admitted levels. However, mycotoxin co-contamination might still exert adverse effects on animals due to additive/synergistic interactions. Studies on the fate of mycotoxins during cereal processing, such as milling, production of ethanol fuels, and beer brewing, have shown that mycotoxins are concentrated into fractions that are commonly used as animal feed. Published data show a high variability in mycotoxin repartitioning, mainly due to the type of mycotoxins, the level and extent of fungal contamination, and a failure to understand the complexity of food processing technologies. Precise knowledge of mycotoxin repartitioning during technological processes is critical and may provide a sound technical basis for feed managers to conform to legislation requirements and reduce the risk of severe adverse market and trade repercussions. Regular, economical and straightforward feed testing is critical to reach a quick and accurate diagnosis of feed quality. The use of rapid methods represents a future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Dell'Orto
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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383
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Mwalwayo DS, Thole B. Prevalence of aflatoxin and fumonisins (B 1 + B 2) in maize consumed in rural Malawi. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:173-179. [PMID: 28959537 PMCID: PMC5615831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to assess levels of contamination of aflatoxins and fumonisins (B1 + B2) in maize produced, stored and consumed in rural households in Malawi. A total of 9 districts were selected across the country representing 3 districts from each of the Northern, Central and Southern regions respectively. Households were selected at random in each district where 10 maize samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay based on a competitive immunoassay format. The detection limit for aflatoxins was 2 μg/kg with a quantitation range of 2–150 μg/kg and that for fumonisins was 1 mg/kg with a quantitation range of 1–7 mg/kg. It was found that samples in the Southern region were highly contaminated, with the Chikhwawa district having high levels of both aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize. The Northern region had the least contamination. The maximum detected amount of aflatoxins was 140 μg/kg. The maximum detected amounts of fumonisins was 7 mg/kg. About 20% of maize samples exceeded the tolerable maximum limit for aflatoxins in Malawi. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were found to co-occur with contamination levels exceeding 100 μg/kg for both aflatoxins and fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Thole
- Polytechnic, University of Malawi, P/B 303, Blantyre 3, Malawi
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384
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Liu JW, Lu CC, Liu BH, Yu FY. Development of novel monoclonal antibodies-based ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid immunochromatographic strip for aflatoxin B1 detection. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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385
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386
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Egbuta MA, Mwanza M, Phoku JZ, Chilaka CA, Dutton MF. Comparative Analysis of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Contaminating Soya Bean Seeds and Processed Soya Bean from Nigerian Markets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.614102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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387
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Álvarez SP, López NEL, Lozano JM, Negrete EAR, Cervantes MES. Plant Fungal Disease Management Using Nanobiotechnology as a Tool. ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS THROUGH FUNGAL NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42990-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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388
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Kotinagu K, Mohanamba T, Kumari LR. Assessment of aflatoxin B1 in livestock feed and feed ingredients by high-performance thin layer chromatography. Vet World 2015; 8:1396-9. [PMID: 27047050 PMCID: PMC4774816 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1396-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Detection of aflatoxin B1 in Livestock compound Feed and feed ingredients by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Materials and Methods: Chromatography was performed on HPTLC silica gel 60 F 254, aluminum sheets by CAMAG automatic TLC sampler 4, with mobile phase condition chloroform:acetone:water (28:4:0.06). Extraction of aflatoxin B1 from samples was done as per AOAC method and screening and quantification done by HPTLC Scanner 4 under wavelength 366 nm. Results: A total of 97 livestock feed (48) and feed ingredients (49) samples received from different livestock farms and farmers were analyzed for aflatoxin B1of which 29 samples were contaminated, constituting 30%. Out of 48 livestock compound feed samples, aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 16 samples representing 33%, whereas in livestock feed ingredients out of 49 samples, 13 found positive for aflatoxin B1 representing 24.5%. Conclusion: HPTLC assures good recovery, precision, and linearity in the quantitative determination of aflatoxin B1 extracted from Livestock compound feed and feed ingredients. As more number of feed and feed ingredients are contaminated with aflatoxin B1 which causes deleterious effects in both animal and human beings, so there is a need for identifying the source of contamination, executing control measures, enabling better risk assessment techniques, and providing economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrapati Kotinagu
- Toxicology and Feed Analysis Laboratory Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Shanti Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - T Mohanamba
- Toxicology and Feed Analysis Laboratory Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Shanti Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - L Rathna Kumari
- Toxicology and Feed Analysis Laboratory Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Shanti Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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389
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Martins IJ. Overnutrition Determines LPS Regulation of Mycotoxin Induced Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29554-73. [PMID: 26690419 PMCID: PMC4691133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are now associated with obesity and diabetes and linked to the developing and developed world. Interests in healthy diets have escalated that may prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The global metabolic syndrome involves lipoprotein abnormalities and insulin resistance and is the major disorder for induction of neurological disease. The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on dyslipidemia and NAFLD indicate that the clearance and metabolism of fungal mycotoxins are linked to hypercholesterolemia and amyloid beta oligomers. LPS and mycotoxins are associated with membrane lipid disturbances with effects on cholesterol interacting proteins, lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane apo E/amyloid beta interactions relevant to hypercholesterolemia with close connections to neurological diseases. The influence of diet on mycotoxin metabolism has accelerated with the close association between mycotoxin contamination from agricultural products such as apple juice, grains, alcohol, and coffee. Cholesterol efflux in lipoproteins and membrane cholesterol are determined by LPS with involvement of mycotoxin on amyloid beta metabolism. Nutritional interventions such as diets low in fat/carbohydrate/cholesterol have become of interest with relevance to low absorption of lipophilic LPS and mycotoxin into lipoproteins with rapid metabolism of mycotoxin to the liver with the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
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390
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Lewczuk B, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Gajęcka M, Targońska K, Ziółkowska N, Prusik M, Gajęcki M. Histological structure of duodenum in gilts receiving low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:157-66. [PMID: 26679981 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), produced by microfungi of the Fusarium family, are among the most commonly occurring mycotoxins. They are considered important factors affecting human and animal health as well as livestock productivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low doses of these mycotoxins on the histological structure of the pig duodenum. The study was performed on 72 gilts, with initial weights of approximately 25kg, divided into 4 equal groups. Group I received per os ZEN (40μg/kg BW), group II-DON (12μg/kg BW), group III-ZEN (40μg/kg BW) and DON (12μg/kg BW), and group IV-vehicle. The pigs were killed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of the treatment, and the duodenum samples were prepared for histological investigations. The slides were digitalized and subjected to morphometrical analysis. The treatment with DON and ZEN did not change the architecture of the mucosa or the ratio between goblet and adsorptive cells in the epithelium. The administration of DON induced an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the mucosal epithelium. Both mycotoxins, administered alone or together, increased the quantity of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages with black-brown granules in the lamina propria. The time-courses of changes in the number of defense system cells evoked by DON and ZEN were different. In conclusion, dietary exposure to low doses of Fusarium mycotoxins should be considered an important risk factor for subclinical inflammation in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Lewczuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Przybylska-Gornowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Targońska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziółkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Prusik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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391
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Sultana B, Naseer R, Nigam P. Utilization of agro-wastes to inhibit aflatoxins synthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus: A biotreatment of three cereals for safe long-term storage. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 197:443-450. [PMID: 26356116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins production were inhibited during storage of three important cereals (wheat, maize and rice) using leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica) and kikar (Acacia nilotica). Cereals were inoculated with mould spores and stabilized by neem and kikar leaves-powder. Test samples with moisture levels of 21% were stored at 30°C for a period of 9months. Aflatoxins were quantified at different time intervals in stored cereals. Neem leaves fully inhibited all types of aflatoxins synthesis for 4months in wheat and for 2months in maize while in rice inhibited synthesis of only B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxin for 3months. Kikar leaves fully inhibited aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 for 3months in wheat, and for 2months in maize. Among two investigated plants, neem leaves were found more effective for preventing the production of all types of aflatoxins in cereals' long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - R Naseer
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Poonam Nigam
- Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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392
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393
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Lindahl JF, Grace D. The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:30048. [PMID: 26615822 PMCID: PMC4663196 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.30048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human population is growing, requiring more space for food production, and needing more animals to feed it. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing, causing losses in both human and animal lives, as well as large costs to society. Many factors are contributing to disease emergence, including climate change, globalization and urbanization, and most of these factors are to some extent caused by humans. Pathogens may be more or less prone to emergence in themselves, and rapidly mutating viruses are more common among the emerging pathogens. The climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases are likely to be emerging due to climate changes and environmental changes, such as increased irrigation. This review lists the factors within pathogens that make them prone to emergence, and the modes of transmission that are affected. The anthropogenic changes contributing to disease emergence are described, as well as how they directly and indirectly cause either increased numbers of susceptible or exposed individuals, or cause increased infectivity. Many actions may have multiple direct or indirect effects, and it may be difficult to assess what the consequences may be. In addition, most anthropogenic drivers are related to desired activities, such as logging, irrigation, trade, and travelling, which the society is requiring. It is important to research more about the indirect and direct effects of the different actions to understand both the benefits and the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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394
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Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon AG, de Souza Dias BF, Ezeh A, Frumkin H, Gong P, Head P, Horton R, Mace GM, Marten R, Myers SS, Nishtar S, Osofsky SA, Pattanayak SK, Pongsiri MJ, Romanelli C, Soucat A, Vega J, Yach D. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet 2015; 386:1973-2028. [PMID: 26188744 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitmee
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Andy Haines
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Anthony G Capon
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Alex Ezeh
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Howard Frumkin
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Gong
- Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Head
- The Ecological Sequestration Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Marten
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel S Myers
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Subhrendu K Pattanayak
- Sanford School of Public Policy and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeanette Vega
- The National Chilean Public Health Insurance Agency, Santiago, Chile
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395
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Abstract
Rising global temperature is causing major physical, chemical, and ecological changes across the planet. There is wide consensus among scientific organizations and climatologists that these broad effects, known as climate change, are the result of contemporary human activity. Climate change poses threats to human health, safety, and security. Children are uniquely vulnerable to these threats. The effects of climate change on child health include physical and psychological sequelae of weather disasters, increased heat stress, decreased air quality, altered disease patterns of some climate-sensitive infections, and food, water, and nutrient insecurity in vulnerable regions. Prompt implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies will protect children against worsening of the problem and its associated health effects. This technical report reviews the nature of climate change and its associated child health effects and supports the recommendations in the accompanying policy statement on climate change and children's health.
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396
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Phoku JZ, Barnard TG, Potgieter N, Dutton MF. Fungal dissemination by housefly (Musca domestica L.) and contamination of food commodities in rural areas of South Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:177-81. [PMID: 26544205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several insects that act as vectors, including houseflies (Musca domestica L.), are often considered to be an important source of fungal contamination in human foods. Houseflies are also involved in the transmission of bacterial pathogens that may pose a serious hazard to human health. Thus, the rural population of South Africa, as typified by that in the Gauteng Province investigated in this study, is at high risk from fungal exposure disseminated by houseflies and it is therefore important to assess the role of flies in contaminating various food commodities. Eighty four samples of houseflies (captured from households and pit toilets) were studied for their potential to carry fungal spores into food commodities. The fungi occurring in samples of raw maize (15) and porridge (19) were also assessed. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics by conventional identification methods. Fifteen genera of fungi were isolated and identified, of which Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Moniliella and Mucor were the most prevalent in all three sample types analysed. The incidence rates of fungal contamination per total fungal count isolated in houseflies, maize and porridge were recorded with mean fungal load of 2×10(8) CFU/ml, 1×10(7)CFU/g and 2×10(7)CFU/g respectively. Additionally, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, P. verrucosum, P. aurantiogriseum and M. suaveolens were the most frequent fungal isolates in houseflies with incidence rate of 34%, 11%, 27%, 21%, 22%, 17% and 32% respectively. F. verticillioides, A. flavus, A. niger and P. oslonii were the most prevalent species contaminating porridge and maize with incidence rate of 23%, 32%, 16% and 28% in maize samples, while incidence rates of 59%, 15% and 29% were recorded in porridge samples with the exception of F. verticillioides. The prevalence of these genera of fungi may pose serious health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Phoku
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - T G Barnard
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - N Potgieter
- Environmental Health, Domestic Hygiene and Microbial Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - M F Dutton
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
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397
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Falavigna C, Lazzaro I, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Battilani P. Oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 are differently produced by Fusarium verticillioides on maize and rice based media. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:79-84. [PMID: 26492388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of fumonisins, namely oleoyl- and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 (EFB1OA and EFB1LA, respectively), are modified forms of fumonisins whose formation and occurrence have been reported so far in naturally infected maize and in artificially inoculated rice. There is a lack of knowledge about the mechanism of formation, mainly in relation to the role played by the substrate. Therefore, in this work we studied the dynamics of accumulation of the toxin and its esters, together with their precursor, in maize and rice based media inoculated with different strains of F. verticillioides and incubated at 25 °C for 7-45 days. The production pattern of FB1 and its modified forms was significantly influenced by growth media, reaching a higher concentration in cornmeal compared to rice based medium. Similarly, cornmeal was more supportive for the conversion of FB1 by considering the esterification rate, with a prevalence of linoleoyl esters compared to oleoyl esters resembling the OA/LA rate in both media. The conversion of FB1 into fatty acid esters was also shown as strain-related. Results, thus, strongly support the hypothesis that fatty acid esters of FB1 are produced by the fungus itself at a late stage of growth, or at a certain point of FB1 accumulation in the medium, using fatty acids from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falavigna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - I Lazzaro
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - G Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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398
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Cheli F, Giromini C, Baldi A. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
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399
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Accardi R, Gruffat H, Sirand C, Fusil F, Gheit T, Hernandez-Vargas H, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Traverse-Glehen A, Cosset FL, Manet E, Wild CP, Tommasino M. The mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 stimulates Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell transformation in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1440-51. [PMID: 26424750 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is widely distributed, certain EBV-driven malignancies are geographically restricted. EBV-associated Burkitt's lymphoma (eBL) is endemic in children living in sub-Saharan Africa. This population is heavily exposed to food contaminated with the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Here, we show that exposure to AFB1 in in vitro and in vivo models induces activation of the EBV lytic cycle and increases EBV load, two events that are associated with an increased risk of eBL in vivo. AFB1 treatment leads to the alteration of cellular gene expression, with consequent activations of signaling pathways, e.g. PI3K, that in turn mediate reactivation of the EBV life cycle. Finally, we show that AFB1 triggers EBV-driven cellular transformation both in primary human B cells and in a humanized animal model. In summary, our data provide evidence for a role of AFB1 as a cofactor in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France,
| | - Henri Gruffat
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Cécilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Evelyne Manet
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Christopher P Wild
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
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400
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Ali N, Hossain K, Blaszkewicz M, Rahman M, Mohanto NC, Alim A, Degen GH. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in urines from rural and urban adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1749-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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