351
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Lau J, Ilkhanizadeh S, Wang S, Miroshnikova YA, Salvatierra NA, Wong RA, Schmidt C, Weaver VM, Weiss WA, Persson AI. STAT3 Blockade Inhibits Radiation-Induced Malignant Progression in Glioma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4302-11. [PMID: 26282165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High grade gliomas (HGG) are classified into four subgroups based on transcriptional signatures and phenotypic characteristics. In particular, the proneural-to-mesenchymal transition (PMT) is associated with increased malignancy, poor prognosis, and disease recurrence, but the underlying causes of PMT are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether radiotherapy promotes PMT using a genetically engineered mouse model of proneural HGG. We found that cranial ionizing radiation induced robust and durable PMT in tumors. Additionally, we isolated primary proneural HGG cells from mouse and human tumors and demonstrate that radiation induced a sustained cell-intrinsic mesenchymal transition associated with increased invasiveness and resistance to the alkylating agent temozolomide. Expectedly, irradiation-induced PMT was also associated with activation of the STAT3 transcription factor, and the combination of STAT3 blockade using JAK2 inhibitors with radiation abrogated the mesenchymal transition and extended survival of mice. Taken together, our data suggest that clinical JAK2 inhibitors should be tested in conjunction with radiation in patients with proneural HGG as a new strategy for blocking the emergence of therapy-resistant mesenchymal tumors at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nicolas A Salvatierra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robyn A Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Departments of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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352
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Yang SM, Yasgar A, Miller B, Lal-Nag M, Brimacombe K, Hu X, Sun H, Wang A, Xu X, Nguyen K, Oppermann U, Ferrer M, Vasiliou V, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ. Discovery of NCT-501, a Potent and Selective Theophylline-Based Inhibitor of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1). J Med Chem 2015; 58:5967-78. [PMID: 26207746 PMCID: PMC5185321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) metabolize reactive aldehydes and possess important physiological and toxicological functions in areas such as CNS, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Increased ALDH (e.g., ALDH1A1) gene expression and catalytic activity are vital biomarkers in a number of malignancies and cancer stem cells, highlighting the need for the identification and development of small molecule ALDH inhibitors. A new series of theophylline-based analogs as potent ALDH1A1 inhibitors is described. The optimization of hits identified from a quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) campaign led to analogs with improved potency and early ADME properties. This chemotype exhibits highly selective inhibition against ALDH1A1 over ALDH3A1, ALDH1B1, and ALDH2 isozymes as well as other dehydrogenases such as HPGD and HSD17β4. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic evaluation of selected analog 64 (NCT-501) is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ming Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Bettina Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Madhu Lal-Nag
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kyle Brimacombe
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Amy Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kimloan Nguyen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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353
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Ju X, Lan J, Zou H, Li S, Qi Y, Jia W, Hu J, Liang W, Zhang W, Pang L, Li F. Clinicopathological significance of ALDH1A1 in lung, colorectal, and breast cancers: a meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2015; 9:777-90. [PMID: 26230297 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) is a putative cancer stem cell marker. This meta-analysis evaluated ALDH1A1 expression's clinicopathological associations with lung cancer (LC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC). MATERIALS & METHODS Publications were retrieved from various databases and assessed for relevance and quality. Relationships between ALDH1A1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated using Review Manager 5.2 software. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included (6057 patients). ALDH1A1 expression was significantly associated with the presence of LC; lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and differentiation in LC and BC; and molecular subtype in BC (p < 0.05). There were no significant association with BC tumor size and CRC. CONCLUSION ALDH1A1 may be a stem cell marker in LC and BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yixun Wang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinxin Ju
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lan
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weihua Liang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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354
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Badawy AAB, Bano S. Elevation of Kynurenine Metabolites in Rat Liver and Serum: A Potential Additional Mechanism of the Alcohol Aversive and Anti-cancer Effects of Disulfiram? Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [PMID: 26224731 PMCID: PMC4678950 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) inhibit the liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase and possess alcohol-aversive and immunosuppressant properties. As the disulfiram (DS) metabolite carbon disulphide activates enzymes forming 3-HK and 3-HAA, we investigated if repeated disulfiram treatment increases the hepatic and serum levels of these 2 metabolites. Methods Livers and sera of male Wistar rats were analysed for tryptophan and kynurenine metabolites after repeated DS treatment for 7 days. Results DS increased liver and serum [3-HK] and [3-HAA] possibly by increasing the flux of tryptophan down the hepatic kynurenine pathway and activation of kynurenine hydroxylase and kynureninase. Conclusions We provisionally suggest that elevation of some kynurenine metabolites may be an additional mechanism of the alcohol-aversive and anticancer effects of disulfiram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Samina Bano
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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355
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Liang P, Yu H, Guntupalli B, Xiao Y. Paper-Based Device for Rapid Visualization of NADH Based on Dissolution of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15023-15030. [PMID: 26098585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a paper-based device that enables rapid and sensitive room-temperature detection of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) via a colorimetric readout and demonstrate its value for monitoring NAD+-driven enzymatic reactions. Our system is based on NADH-mediated inhibition of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) dissolution in a Au3+-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. We fabricated a device consisting of a mixed cellulose ester paper featuring a wax-encircled, AuNP-coated film atop a cotton absorbent layer sandwiched between two plastic cover layers. In the absence of NADH, the Au3+-CTAB complex dissolves the AuNP layer completely, generating a white color in the test zone. In the presence of NADH, Au3+ is rapidly reduced to Au+, greatly decreasing the dissolution of AuNPs and yielding a red color that becomes stronger at increasing concentrations of NADH. This device exploits capillary force-assisted vertical diffusion, allowing us to apply a 25 μL sample to a surface-confined test zone to achieve a detection limit of 12.5 μM NADH. We used the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase as a model to demonstrate that our paper-based device can monitor NAD+-driven biochemical processes with and without selective dehydrogenase inhibitors by naked-eye observation within 4 min at room temperature in a small sample volume. We believe that our paper-based device could offer a valuable and low-cost analytical tool for monitoring NAD+-associated enzymatic reactions and screening for dehydrogenase inhibitors in a variety of testing contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Haixiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Bhargav Guntupalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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356
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Abstract
The cysteine (Cys) proteome is a major component of the adaptive interface between the genome and the exposome. The thiol moiety of Cys undergoes a range of biologic modifications enabling biological switching of structure and reactivity. These biological modifications include sulfenylation and disulfide formation, formation of higher oxidation states, S-nitrosylation, persulfidation, metalation, and other modifications. Extensive knowledge about these systems and their compartmentalization now provides a foundation to develop advanced integrative models of Cys proteome regulation. In particular, detailed understanding of redox signaling pathways and sensing networks is becoming available to allow the discrimination of network structures. This research focuses attention on the need for atlases of Cys modifications to develop systems biology models. Such atlases will be especially useful for integrative studies linking the Cys proteome to imaging and other omics platforms, providing a basis for improved redox-based therapeutics. Thus, a framework is emerging to place the Cys proteome as a complement to the quantitative proteome in the omics continuum connecting the genome to the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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357
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Pharmacological chaperone therapies: Can aldehyde dehydrogenase activator make us healthier? J Hepatol 2015; 62:1228-30. [PMID: 25681554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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358
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van Zyl P, Joubert G. Acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora in alcoholics during early recovery. Alcohol 2015; 49:283-90. [PMID: 25819530 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a relationship exists between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora (sAPC) in recovering alcoholics, and craving, and/or resumption of drinking within 12 weeks after embarking on an abstinence-based treatment program. Serial sAPC measurements were determined by gas chromatography on spontaneous saliva samples of 30 male alcoholics on days 2, 4, 11, and 18 during a 21-day in-patient treatment program. Craving was measured simultaneously with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Outcome over 12 weeks was assessed by telephone interviews. There was no significant change in sAPC values from day 2 to day 18, while craving scores decreased markedly between day 2 to day 4. Sixteen participants remained abstinent for the full 12 weeks. Statistically significant differences were found between the sAPC values of the group that remained abstinent and the group that resumed drinking within 12 weeks. The highest sAPC value measured on day 2 had a strong predictive value for maintained abstinence at 12 weeks for beer-only drinkers or drinkers consuming less than 320 g of alcohol per week. The study is the first investigation into a potential relationship between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora and early resumption of drinking in recovering alcoholics. The findings suggest that such a relationship indeed exists for beer-only drinkers, possibly linked to lower alcohol intake, and that it is unrelated to withdrawal craving. sAPC is proposed as a candidate biomarker with diagnostic and/or prognostic potential.
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359
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Arif S, Borgognone A, Lin ELS, O'Sullivan AG, Sharma V, Drury NE, Menon A, Nightingale P, Mascaro J, Bonser RS, Horowitz JD, Feelisch M, Frenneaux MP, Madhani M. Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in hypoxic vasodilator effects of nitrite in rats and humans. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3341-52. [PMID: 25754766 PMCID: PMC4500370 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxic conditions favour the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) to elicit vasodilatation, but the mechanism(s) responsible for bioconversion remains ill defined. In the present study, we assess the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in nitrite bioactivation under normoxia and hypoxia in the rat and human vasculature. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The role of ALDH2 in vascular responses to nitrite was studied using rat thoracic aorta and gluteal subcutaneous fat resistance vessels from patients with heart failure (HF; 16 patients) in vitro and by measurement of changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) during intra-arterial nitrite infusion (21 patients) in vivo. Specifically, we investigated the effects of (i) ALDH2 inhibition by cyanamide or propionaldehyde and the (ii) tolerance-independent inactivation of ALDH2 by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on the vasodilator activity of nitrite. In each setting, nitrite effects were measured via evaluation of the concentration-response relationship under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the absence or presence of ALDH2 inhibitors. KEY RESULTS Both in rat aorta and human resistance vessels, dilatation to nitrite was diminished following ALDH2 inhibition, in particular under hypoxia. In humans there was a non-significant trend towards attenuation of nitrite-mediated increases in FBF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In human and rat vascular tissue in vitro, hypoxic nitrite-mediated vasodilatation involves ALDH2. In patients with HF in vivo, the role of this enzyme in nitrite bioactivation is at the most, modest, suggesting the involvement of other more important mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayqa Arif
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alessandra Borgognone
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Erica Lai-Sze Lin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aine G O'Sullivan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nigel E Drury
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashvini Menon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jorge Mascaro
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert S Bonser
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - John D Horowitz
- Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Melanie Madhani
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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360
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Yao CT, Lai CL, Yin SJ. Steady-State Metabolism of Ethanol in Perfused Rat Livers Treated with Cyanamide: Quantitative Analysis of Acetaldehyde Effects on the Metabolic Flux Rates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:798-807. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Tay Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Cathay General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Nursing; Oriental Institute of Technology; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Ching-Long Lai
- Department of Nursing; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jiun Yin
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan
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361
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Dollé L, Boulter L, Leclercq IA, van Grunsven LA. Next generation of ALDH substrates and their potential to study maturational lineage biology in stem and progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G573-8. [PMID: 25656041 PMCID: PMC4385895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00420.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a feature of stem cells from normal and cancerous tissues and a reliable universal marker used to isolate them. There are numerous ALDH isoforms with preferred substrate specificity variably expressed depending on tissue, cell type, and organelle and cell status. On the other hand, a given substrate may be metabolized by several enzyme isoforms. Currently ALDH activity is evidenced by using Aldefluor, a fluorescent substrate likely to be metabolized by numerous ALDH isoforms. Therefore, isolation techniques based on ALDH activity detection select a heterogeneous population of stem or progenitor cells. Despite active research in the field, the precise role(s) of different ALDH isoforms in stem cells remains enigmatic. Understanding the metabolic role of different ALDH isoform in the control of stem cell phenotype and cell fate during development, tissue homeostasis, or repair, as well as carcinogenesis, should open perspectives to significant discoveries in tissue biology. In this perspective, novel ALDH substrates are being developed. Here we describe how new substrates could be instrumental for better isolation of cell population with stemness potential and for defining hierarchy of cell populations in tissue. Finally, we speculate on other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 2MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- 3Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
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362
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XXXV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 26–29 May 2015, St Julian's, Malta. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1024953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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363
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Luo M, Gates KS, Henzl MT, Tanner JJ. Diethylaminobenzaldehyde is a covalent, irreversible inactivator of ALDH7A1. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:693-7. [PMID: 25554827 DOI: 10.1021/cb500977q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) because of their overexpression in cancer stem cells and the ability to mediate resistance to cancer drugs. Here, we report the first crystal structure of an aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with the inhibitor 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB). Contrary to the widely held belief that DEAB is a reversible inhibitor of ALDHs, we show that DEAB irreversibly inactivates ALDH7A1 via formation of a stable, covalent acyl-enzyme species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Michael T. Henzl
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - John J. Tanner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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364
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Senol S, Yildırım A, Akalin I, Uruç F, Çobanoğlu B, Yilmaz S, Ceyran B, Kösemetin D, Ece D, Aydın A. Relation of stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD44 with clinicopathological factors in urothelial carcinomas of urinary bladder. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:4195-4203. [PMID: 26064330 PMCID: PMC4443164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies are ongoing in regards to superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) either to define targeted therapy or to better select aggressive therapy candidates and also to delineate the outcome of the disease. In this study, we aimed to present the impact of ALDH1 and CD44 as stem cell markers in tumorigenesis and their prognostic value in urothelial carcinoma. We investigated ALDH1 and CD44 immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded material of 125 non-muscle-invasive (NMI) cases in 163 UCB patients. In the NMI-UCB subgroup, we found ALDH1 to be significantly correlated with all poor prognostic factors, including high stage (≥pT2), high grade, recurrence and progression development and poor survey (P=0.001) in contrast to CD44 expression (P>0.05). Although ALDH1 expression had a good correlation with a poor clinical course of UCB, it could be used as a molecular marker to determine the best treatment strategy and could contribute to the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Senol
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asif Yildırım
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Akalin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Uruç
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bengü Çobanoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sarenur Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Ceyran
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kösemetin
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ece
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Aydın
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
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365
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Guo Y, Cui JY, Lu H, Klaassen CD. Effect of various diets on the expression of phase-I drug-metabolizing enzymes in livers of mice. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:586-97. [PMID: 25733028 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1006300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Previous studies have shown that diets can alter the metabolism of drugs; however, it is difficult to compare the effects of multiple diets on drug metabolism among different experimental settings. Phase-I-related genes play a major role in the biotransformation of pro-drugs and drugs. 2. In the current study, effects of nine diets on the mRNA expression of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes in livers of mice were simultaneously investigated. Compared to the AIN-93M purified diet (control), 73 of the 132 critical phase-I drug-metabolizing genes were differentially regulated by at least one diet. Diet restriction produced the largest number of changed genes (51), followed by the atherogenic diet (27), high-fat diet (25), standard rodent chow (21), western diet (20), high-fructose diet (5), EFA deficient diet (3) and low n-3 FA diet (1). The mRNAs of the Fmo family changed most, followed by Cyp2b and 4a subfamilies, as well as Por (from 1121- to 21-fold increase of theses mRNAs). There were 59 genes not altered by any of these diets. 3. The present results may improve the interpretation of studies with mice and aid in determining effective and safe doses for individuals with different nutritional diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , People's Republic of China
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366
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare, tumour-initiating cells that exhibit stem cell properties: capacity of self-renewal, pluripotency, highly tumorigenic potential, and resistance to therapy. Cancer stem cells have been characterised and isolated from many cancers, including breast cancer. Developmental pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch/γ-secretase/Jagged, Shh (sonic hedgehog), and BMP signalling pathways, which direct proliferation and differentiation of normal stem cells, have emerged as major signalling pathways that contribute to the self-renewal of stem and/or progenitor cells in a variety of organs and cancers. Deregulation of these signalling pathways is frequently linked to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and breast CSCs often possess properties of cells that have undergone the EMT process. Signalling networks mediated by microRNAs and EMT-inducing transcription factors tie the EMT process to regulatory networks that maintain "stemness". Recent studies have elucidated epigenetic mechanisms that control pluripotency and stemness, which allows an assessment on how embryonic and normal tissue stem cells are deregulated during cancerogenesis to give rise to CSCs. Epigenetic-based mechanisms are reversible, and the possibility of "resetting" the abnormal cancer epigenome by applying pharmacological compounds targeting epigenetic enzymes is a promising new therapeutic strategy. Chemoresistance of CSCs is frequently driven by various mechanisms, including aberrant expression/activity of ABC transporters, aldehyde dehydrogenase and anti-oncogenic proteins (i.e. BCL2, B-cell lymphoma-2), enhanced DNA damage response, activation of pro-survival signalling pathways, and epigenetic deregulations. Despite controversy surrounding the CSC hypothesis, there is substantial evidence for their role in cancer, and a number of drugs intended to specifically target CSCs have entered clinical trials.
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367
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Morgan CA, Hurley TD. Characterization of two distinct structural classes of selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1964-75. [PMID: 25634381 DOI: 10.1021/jm501900s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) catalyze the irreversible oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acid. Alterations in ALDH1A1 activity are associated with such diverse diseases as cancer, Parkinson's disease, obesity, and cataracts. Inhibitors of ALDH1A1 could aid in illuminating the role of this enzyme in disease processes. However, there are no commercially available selective inhibitors for ALDH1A1. Here we characterize two distinct chemical classes of inhibitors that are selective for human ALDH1A1 compared to eight other ALDH isoenzymes. The prototypical members of each structural class, CM026 and CM037, exhibit submicromolar inhibition constants but have different mechanisms of inhibition. The crystal structures of these compounds bound to ALDH1A1 demonstrate that they bind within the aldehyde binding pocket of ALDH1A1 and exploit the presence of a unique glycine residue to achieve their selectivity. These two novel and selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors may serve as chemical tools to better understand the contributions of ALDH1A1 to normal biology and to disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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368
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Ucchino S, Giamberardino MA, Di Ilio C, Cuccurullo F. Reactive aldehyde-scavenging enzyme activities in atherosclerotic plaques of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Atherosclerosis 2015; 238:190-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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369
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Retson TA, Reyes B, Van Bockstaele EJ. Chronic alcohol exposure differentially affects activation of female locus coeruleus neurons and the subcellular distribution of corticotropin releasing factor receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:66-74. [PMID: 25149913 PMCID: PMC4258542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological bases for sex differences in alcohol dependence is needed to help guide the development of individualized therapies for alcohol abuse disorders. In the present study, alcohol-induced adaptations in (1) anxiety-like behavior, (2) patterns of c-Fos activation and (3) subcellular distribution of corticotropin releasing factor receptor in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons was investigated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats that were chronically exposed to ethanol using a liquid diet. Results confirm and extend reports by others showing that chronic ethanol exposure produces an anxiogenic-like response in both male and female subjects. Ethanol-induced sex differences were observed with increased c-Fos expression in LC neurons of female ethanol-treated subjects compared to controls or male subjects. Results also reveal sex differences in the subcellular distribution of the CRFr in LC-noradrenergic neurons with female subjects exposed to ethanol exhibiting a higher frequency of plasmalemmal CRFrs. These adaptations have implications for LC neuronal activity and its neural targets across the sexes. Considering the important role of the LC in ethanol-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the present results indicate important sex differences in feed-forward regulation of the HPA axis that may render alcohol dependent females more vulnerable to subsequent stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Retson
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - B.A. Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - E. J. Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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370
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Outhwaite JE, Natale BV, Natale DRC, Simmons DG. Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, member A3 in glycogen trophoblast cells of the murine placenta. Placenta 2014; 36:304-11. [PMID: 25577283 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is a well known regulator of trophoblast differentiation and placental development, and maternal decidual cells are recognized as the source of much of this RA. We explored possible trophoblast-derived sources of RA by examining the expression of RA synthesis enzymes in the developing mouse placenta, as well as addressed potential sites of RA action by examining the ontogeny of gene expression for other RA metabolizing and receptor genes. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of endogenous RA production on trophoblast differentiation. METHODS Placental tissues were examined by in situ hybridization and assayed for RARE-LacZ transgene activity to locate sites of RAR signaling. Trophoblast stem cell cultures were differentiated in the presence of ALDH1 inhibitors (DEAB and citral), and expression of labyrinth (Syna, Ctsq) and junctional zone (Tpbpa, Prl7b1, Prl7a2) marker genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We show Aldh1a3 is strongly expressed in a subset of ectoplacental cone cells and in glycogen trophoblast cells of the definitive murine placenta. Most trophoblast subtypes of the placenta express RA receptor combinations that would enable them to respond to RA signaling. Furthermore, expression of junctional zone markers decrease in differentiating trophoblast cultures when endogenous ALDH1 enzymes are inhibited. DISCUSSION Aldh1a3 is a novel marker for glycogen trophoblast cells and their precursors and may play a role in the differentiation of junctional zone cell types via production of a local source of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Outhwaite
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - B V Natale
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D R C Natale
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D G Simmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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371
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N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) as a substrate and mechanism-based inhibitor for human ALDH isoenzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:18-28. [PMID: 25512087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) is a commonly used "selective" inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cancer stem cell biology due to its inclusion as a negative control compound in the widely utilized Aldefluor assay. Recent evidence has accumulated that DEAB is not a selective inhibitory agent when assayed in vitro versus ALDH1, ALDH2 and ALDH3 family members. We sought to determine the selectivity of DEAB toward ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH1L1, ALDH2, ALDH3A1, ALDH4A1 and ALDH5A1 isoenzymes and determine the mechanism by which DEAB exerts its inhibitory action. We found that DEAB is an excellent substrate for ALDH3A1, exhibiting a Vmax/KM that exceeds that of its commonly used substrate, benzaldehyde. DEAB is also a substrate for ALDH1A1, albeit an exceptionally slow one (turnover rate ∼0.03 min(-1)). In contrast, little if any turnover of DEAB was observed when incubated with ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH2 or ALDH5A1. DEAB was neither a substrate nor an inhibitor for ALDH1L1 or ALDH4A1. Analysis by enzyme kinetics and QTOF mass spectrometry demonstrates that DEAB is an irreversible inhibitor of ALDH1A2 and ALDH2 with apparent bimolecular rate constants of 2900 and 86,000 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The mechanism of inactivation is consistent with the formation of quinoid-like resonance state following hydride transfer that is stabilized by local structural features that exist in several of the ALDH isoenzymes.
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372
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Cai H, Liu G, Sun L, Ding J. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 making molecular inroads into the differential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron subtypes in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 25705376 PMCID: PMC4334846 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A preferential dysfunction/loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) accounts for the main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement disorder. However, the neuronal loss is not stochastic, but rather displays regionally selectivity, indicating the existence of different DA subpopulations in the SNpc. To identify the underlying molecular determinants is thereby instrumental in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD-related neuron dysfunction/loss and offering new therapeutic targets. Recently, we have demonstrated that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) is one such molecular determinant that defines and protects an SNpc DA neuron subpopulation preferentially affected in PD. In this review, we provide further analysis and discussion on the roles of ALDH1A1 in the function and survival of SNpc DA neurons in both rodent and human brains. We also explore the feasibility of ALDH1A1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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373
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Morgan CA, Hurley TD. Development of a high-throughput in vitro assay to identify selective inhibitors for human ALDH1A1. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:29-37. [PMID: 25450233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily consists of at least 19 enzymes that metabolize endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. Currently, there are no commercially available inhibitors that target ALDH1A1 but have little to no effect on the structurally and functionally similar ALDH2. Here we present the first human ALDH1A1 structure, as the apo-enzyme and in complex with its cofactor NADH to a resolution of 1.75 and 2.1Å, respectfully. Structural comparisons of the cofactor binding sites in ALDH1A1 with other closely related ALDH enzymes illustrate a high degree of similarity. In order to minimize discovery of compounds that inhibit both isoenzymes by interfering with their conserved cofactor binding sites, this study reports the use of an in vitro, NAD(+)-independent, esterase-based high-throughput screen (HTS) of 64,000 compounds to discover novel, selective inhibitors of ALDH1A1. We describe 256 hits that alter the esterase activity of ALDH1A1. The effects on aldehyde oxidation of 67 compounds were further analyzed, with 30 selectively inhibiting ALDH1A1 compared to ALDH2 and ALDH3A1. One compound inhibited ALDH1A1 and ALDH2, while another inhibited ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and the more distantly related ALDH3A1. The results presented here indicate that this in vitro enzyme activity screening protocol successfully identified ALDH1A1 inhibitors with a high degree of isoenzyme selectivity. The compounds identified via this screen plus the screening methodology itself represent a starting point for the development of highly potent and selective inhibitors of ALDH1A1 that may be utilized to better understand the role of this enzyme in both normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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374
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Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part II. {[Fe2S2](SγCys)4} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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375
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Song YH, Zhong MZ, Gan PP, Yi PY, Tang YH, Liu YP, Jiang JQ, Li L. ALDH1A1 mediates resistance of diffuse large B cell lymphoma to the CHOP regimen. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11809-17. [PMID: 25344211 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the resistance of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to chemotherapy, there are few efficient treatment strategies for recurrent/refractory DLBCL. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1 in the resistance of diffuse large B cell lymphoma to the chemotherapeutic mixture consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP). The involvement of ALDH1A1 in DLBCL was elucidated by knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition; Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and clone formation assays were used to determine its role in CHOP sensitivity and clone formation ability. Caspase colorimetric assay was used to measure the extent of apoptosis. Western blot analysis was used to measure signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling proteins, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to measure the differential expression of ALDH1A1 of DLBCL patients and healthy donors. ALDH1A1 showed a 5.64-fold higher expression in malignant B cells than in normal B cells. Diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) decreased the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the CHOP regimen in Farage cells from 344.78 ± 65.75 to 183.88 ± 49.75 ng/ml (P = 0.004). Both knockdown and inhibition of ALDH1A1 reduced clonogenicity, increased caspase-3/caspase-9 activity, and attenuated the phosphorylation status of STAT3/NF-κB. The prognosis of patients with a high level of ALDH1A1 expression was poor compared with that of patients with low levels of expression (P = 0.044). ALDH1A1 is a new mediator for resistance of DLBCL to CHOP; it is a predictor of clinical prognosis and may serve as a potential target to improve chemotherapy responsiveness of human DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Song
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 88 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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376
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Gross ER, Zambelli VO, Small BA, Ferreira JCB, Chen CH, Mochly-Rosen D. A personalized medicine approach for Asian Americans with the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2*2 variant. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:107-27. [PMID: 25292432 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Asian Americans are one of the fastest-growing populations in the United States. A relatively large subset of this population carries a unique loss-of-function point mutation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ALDH2*2. Found in approximately 560 million people of East Asian descent, ALDH2*2 reduces enzymatic activity by approximately 60% to 80% in heterozygotes. Furthermore, this variant is associated with a higher risk for several diseases affecting many organ systems, including a particularly high incidence relative to the general population of esophageal cancer, myocardial infarction, and osteoporosis. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology associated with the ALDH2*2 variant, describe why this variant needs to be considered when selecting drug treatments, and suggest a personalized medicine approach for Asian American carriers of this variant. We also discuss future clinical and translational perspectives regarding ALDH2*2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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377
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Pors K, Moreb JS. Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cancer: an opportunity for biomarker and drug development? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1953-63. [PMID: 25256776 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) belong to a superfamily of 19 isozymes that are known to participate in many physiologically important biosynthetic processes including detoxification of specific endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates. The high expression levels of an emerging number of ALDHs in various cancer tissues suggest that these enzymes have pivotal roles in cancer cell survival and progression. Mapping out the heterogeneity of tumours and their cancer stem cell (CSC) component will be key to successful design of strategies involving therapeutics that are targeted against specific ALDH isozymes. This review summarises recent progress in ALDH-focused cancer research and discovery of small-molecule-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Jan S Moreb
- Hematological Malignancies, PO Box 100278, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA.
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378
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Yasgar A, Simeonov A. Current approaches for the discovery of drugs that deter substance and drug abuse. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1319-31. [PMID: 25251069 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.956721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much has been presented and debated on the topic of drug abuse and its multidimensional nature, including the role of society and its customs and laws, economical factors, and the magnitude and nature of the burden. Given the complex nature of the receptors and pathways implicated in regulation of the cognitive and behavioral processes associated with addiction, a large number of molecular targets have been interrogated during recent years to discover starting points for development of small-molecule interventions. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent developments in the field of early drug discovery for drug abuse interventions with an emphasis on the advances published during the 2012 - 2014 period. EXPERT OPINION Technologically, the processes/platforms utilized in drug abuse drug discovery are nearly identical to those used in the other disease areas. A key complicating factor in drug abuse research is the enormous biological complexity surrounding the brain processes involved and the associated difficulty in finding 'good' targets and achieving exquisite selectivity of treatment agents. While tremendous progress has been made during recent years to use the power of high-throughput technologies to discover proof-of-principle molecules for many new targets, next-generation models will be especially important in this field. Examples include: seeking advantageous drug-drug combinations, the use of automated whole-animal behavioral screening systems, advancing our understanding of the role of epigenetics in drug addiction and the employment of organoid-level 3D test platforms (also referred to as tissue-chip or organs-on-chip).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yasgar
- National Institutes of Health, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA +1 301 217 5721 ; +1 301 217 5736 ;
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379
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A transposable element insertion confers xenobiotic resistance in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004560. [PMID: 25122208 PMCID: PMC4133159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in availability of whole genome sequences makes it possible to search for evidence of adaptation at an unprecedented scale. Despite recent progress, our understanding of the adaptive process is still very limited due to the difficulties in linking adaptive mutations to their phenotypic effects. In this study, we integrated different levels of biological information to pinpoint the ecologically relevant fitness effects and the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms of a putatively adaptive TE insertion in Drosophila melanogaster: the pogo transposon FBti0019627. We showed that other than being incorporated into Kmn1 transcript, FBti0019627 insertion also affects the polyadenylation signal choice of CG11699 gene. Consequently, only the short 3'UTR transcript of CG11699 gene is produced and the expression level of this gene is higher in flies with the insertion. Our results indicated that increased CG11699 expression leads to xenobiotic stress resistance through increased ALDH-III activity: flies with FBti0019627 insertion showed increased survival rate in response to benzaldehyde, a natural xenobiotic, and to carbofuran, a synthetic insecticide. Although differences in survival rate between flies with and without the insertion were not always significant, when they were, they were consistent with FBti0019627 mediating resistance to xenobiotics. Taken together, our results provide a plausible explanation for the increase in frequency of FBti0019627 in natural populations of D. melanogaster and add to the limited number of examples in which a natural genetic mutation has been linked to its ecologically relevant phenotype. Furthermore, the widespread distribution of TEs across the tree of life and conservation of stress response pathways across organisms make our results relevant not only for Drosophila, but for other organisms as well.
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380
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Casida JE, Ford B, Jinsmaa Y, Sullivan P, Cooney A, Goldstein DS. Benomyl, aldehyde dehydrogenase, DOPAL, and the catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1359-61. [PMID: 25045800 PMCID: PMC4137984 DOI: 10.1021/tx5002223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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The
dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL)
is detoxified mainly by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). We find that
the fungicide benomyl potently and rapidly inhibits ALDH and builds
up DOPAL in vivo in mouse striatum and in
vitro in PC12 cells and human cultured fibroblasts and glial
cells. The in vivo results resemble those noted previously
with knockouts of the genes encoding ALDH1A1 and 2, a mouse model
of aging-related Parkinson’s disease (PD). Exposure to pesticides
that inhibit ALDH may therefore increase PD risk via DOPAL buildup.
This study lends support to the “catecholaldehyde hypothesis”
that the autotoxic dopamine metabolite DOPAL plays a pathogenic role
in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-3112, United States
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381
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Doorn JA, Florang VR, Schamp JH, Vanle BC. Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition generates a reactive dopamine metabolite autotoxic to dopamine neurons. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20 Suppl 1:S73-5. [PMID: 24262193 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(13)70019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is important for numerous biological functions, including control of movement. Oxidation of DA to highly toxic and reactive species has been hypothesized to contribute to the selective neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). DA catabolism is initiated by oxidative deamination via monoamine oxidase to yield 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). Such metabolism can be problematic as it greatly increases the toxicity of DA by production of DOPAL, known to be a toxic and reactive intermediate. DOPAL undergoes carbonyl metabolism primarily via aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes to a less toxic acid product. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that cellular ALDH enzymes are sensitive towards products of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which are thought to be elevated during PD pathogenesis. Inhibition of ALDH and the resulting accumulation of DOPAL are concerning as DOPAL is toxic to dopaminergic cells, readily modifies proteins and causes protein aggregation. In addition, pesticides with association between exposure and PD incidence can interfere with DA metabolism and trafficking and/or ALDH activity, directly or indirectly, yielding elevation of DOPAL. Therefore, impairment of carbonyl metabolism is a potential mechanistic link between cellular insult and generation of a toxic and reactive intermediate endogenous to dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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382
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Liu Y, Lv DL, Duan JJ, Xu SL, Zhang JF, Yang XJ, Zhang X, Cui YH, Bian XW, Yu SC. ALDH1A1 expression correlates with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis of breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:444. [PMID: 24938375 PMCID: PMC4070403 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) has been identified as a putative cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in breast cancer. However, the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of this protein in breast cancer patients remains controversial. METHODS This meta-analysis was conducted to address the above issues using 15 publications covering 921 ALDH1A1(+) cases and 2353 controls. The overall and subcategory analyses were performed to detect the association between ALDH1A1 expression and clinicopathological/prognostic parameters in breast cancer patients. RESULTS The overall analysis showed that higher expression of ALDH1A1 is associated with larger tumor size, higher histological grade, greater possibility of lymph node metastasis (LNM), higher level expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and lower level expression of estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR). The prognosis of breast cancer patients with ALDH1A1(+) tumors was poorer than that of the ALDH1A1(-) patients. Although the relationships between ALDH1A1 expression and some clinicopathological parameters (tumor size, LNM, and the expression of HER2) was not definitive to some degree when we performed a subcategory analysis, the predictive values of ALDH1A1 expression for histological grade and survival of breast cancer patients were significant regardless of the different cutoff values of ALDH1A1 expression, the different districts where the patients were located, the different clinical stages of the patients, the difference in antibodies used in the studies, and the surgery status. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ALDH1A1 is a biomarker to predict tumor progression and poor survival of breast cancer patients. This marker should be taken into consideration in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic program for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiu-wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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383
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Rothwell CM, Spencer GE. Retinoid signaling is necessary for, and promotes long-term memory formation following operant conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:127-40. [PMID: 24925874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, is proposed to play an important role in vertebrate learning and memory, as well as hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, it has not yet been determined whether retinoic acid plays a similar role in learning and memory in invertebrates. In this study, we report that retinoid signaling in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, is required for long-term memory formation following operant conditioning of its aerial respiratory behaviour. Animals were exposed to inhibitors of the RALDH enzyme (which synthesizes retinoic acid), or various retinoid receptor antagonists. Following exposure to these inhibitors, neither learning nor intermediate-term memory (lasting 2 h) was affected, but long-term memory formation (tested at either 24 or 72 h) was inhibited. We next demonstrated that various retinoid receptor agonists promoted long-term memory formation. Using a training paradigm shown only to produce intermediate-term memory (lasting 2 h, but not 24 h) we found that exposure of animals to synthetic retinoids promoted memory formation that lasted up to 30 h. These findings suggest that the role of retinoids in memory formation is ancient in origin, and that retinoid signaling is also important for the formation of implicit memories, in addition to its previously demonstrated role in hippocampal-dependent memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin M Rothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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384
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Abstract
Cellular proteins are decorated with a wide range of acetyl and other acyl modifications. Many studies have demonstrated regulation of site-specific acetylation by acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Acylation is emerging as a new type of lysine modification, but less is known about its overall regulatory role. Furthermore, the mechanisms of lysine acylation, its overlap with protein acetylation, and how it influences cellular function are major unanswered questions in the field. In this review, we discuss the known roles of acetyltransferases and deacetylases and the sirtuins as a conserved family of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent protein deacylases that are important for response to cellular stress and homeostasis. We also consider the evidence for an emerging idea of nonenzymatic protein acylation. Finally, we put forward the hypothesis that protein acylation is a form of protein "carbon stress" that the deacylases evolved to remove as a part of a global protein quality-control network.
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385
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Ghorbani M, Mohamadpour AH, Mehri S, Abnous K, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat M. Proteomics screening of molecular targets of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the mouse brain and PC12 cell line. Life Sci 2014; 108:44-7. [PMID: 24831556 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a new neuroprotective agent, binds to its specific receptors in the brain. In this study we hypothesized that at least a part of G-CSF's neuroprotective effect may be mediated through its interaction with other proteins in the brain. MAIN METHODS Using an immunoprecipitation (IP) kit, at first the antibody of G-CSF was covalently crosslinked to protein A/G agarose. Then the mouse brain or PC12 cell lysate mixed with G-CSF was added to the agarose beads plus antibody. After immunoaffinity isolation of target proteins, gel electrophoresis was performed and protein bands were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF and MASCOT software. KEY FINDINGS Our data show that G-CSF physically binds to cellular proteins like sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, beta actin, aldehyde dehydrogenase, regucalcin and glutathione-s-transferase. These proteins are involved in membrane transportation, cell structure, signal transduction, enzymes involve in calcium related cell signaling and redox homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE Interaction of G-CSF with these proteins can explain some of its pharmacological effects in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohamadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassanzadeh-Khayyat
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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386
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Raha D, Wilson TR, Peng J, Peterson D, Yue P, Evangelista M, Wilson C, Merchant M, Settleman J. The cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase is required to maintain a drug-tolerant tumor cell subpopulation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3579-90. [PMID: 24812274 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective kinase inhibitors have emerged as an important class of cancer therapeutics, and several such drugs are now routinely used to treat advanced-stage disease. However, their clinical benefit is typically short-lived because of the relatively rapid acquisition of drug resistance following treatment response. Accumulating preclinical and clinical data point to a role for a heterogeneous response to treatment within a subpopulation of tumor cells that are intrinsically drug-resistant, such as cancer stem cells. We have previously described an epigenetically determined reversibly drug-tolerant subpopulation of cancer cells that share some properties with cancer stem cells. Here, we define a requirement for the previously established cancer stem cell marker ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the maintenance of this drug-tolerant subpopulation. We find that ALDH protects the drug-tolerant subpopulation from the potentially toxic effects of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells, and pharmacologic disruption of ALDH activity leads to accumulation of ROS to toxic levels, consequent DNA damage, and apoptosis specifically within the drug-tolerant subpopulation. Combining ALDH inhibition with other kinase-directed treatments delayed treatment relapse in vitro and in vivo, revealing a novel combination treatment strategy for cancers that might otherwise rapidly relapse following single-agent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Raha
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology
| | | | | | | | - Peng Yue
- Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Jeff Settleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology,
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387
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Papagerakis S, Pannone G, Zheng L, About I, Taqi N, Nguyen NPT, Matossian M, McAlpin B, Santoro A, McHugh J, Prince ME, Papagerakis P. Oral epithelial stem cells - implications in normal development and cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:111-29. [PMID: 24803391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is continuously exposed to environmental forces and has to be constantly renewed. Accordingly, the oral mucosa epithelium contains a large reservoir of epithelial stem cells necessary for tissue homeostasis. Despite considerable scientific advances in stem cell behavior in a number of tissues, fewer studies have been devoted to the stem cells in the oral epithelium. Most of oral mucosa stem cells studies are focused on identifying cancer stem cells (CSC) in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) among other head and neck cancers. OSCCs are the most prevalent epithelial tumors of the head and neck region, marked by their aggressiveness and invasiveness. Due to their highly tumorigenic properties, it has been suggested that CSC may be the critical population of cancer cells in the development of OSCC metastasis. This review presents a brief overview of epithelium stem cells with implications in oral health, and the clinical implications of the CSC concept in OSCC metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Nawar Taqi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nghia P T Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margarite Matossian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Blake McAlpin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jonathan McHugh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Organogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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388
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Cortes-Dericks L, Froment L, Boesch R, Schmid RA, Karoubi G. Cisplatin-resistant cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma cell lines show ALDH(high)CD44(+) phenotype and sphere-forming capacity. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:304. [PMID: 24884875 PMCID: PMC4021184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has minimal impact on patient survival due to the supposed chemoresistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). We sought to identify a sub-population of chemoresistant cells by using putative CSC markers, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD44 in three MPM cell lines; H28, H2052 and Meso4. Methods The Aldefluor assay was used to measure ALDH activity and sort ALDHhigh and ALDHlow cells. Drug-resistance was evaluated by cell viability, anchorage-independent sphere formation, flow-cytometry and qRT-PCR analyses. Results The ALDHhigh - and ALDHlow -sorted fractions were able to demonstrate phenotypic heterogeneity and generate spheres, the latter being less efficient, and both showed an association with CD44. Cis- diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) treatment failed to reduce ALDH activity and conferred only a short-term inhibition of sphere generation in both ALDHhigh and ALDHlow fractions of the three MPM cell lines. Induction of drug sensitivity by an ALDH inhibitor, diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) resulted in significant reductions in cell viability but not a complete elimination of the sphere-forming cells, suggestive of the presence of a drug-resistant subpopulation. At the transcript level, the cisplatin + DEAB-resistant cells showed upregulated mRNA expression levels for ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3 isozymes and CD44 indicating the involvement of these markers in conferring chemoresistance in both ALDHhigh and ALDHlow fractions of the three MPM cell lines. Conclusions Our study shows that ALDHhigh CD44+ cells are implicated in conveying tolerance to cisplatin in the three MPM cell lines. The combined use of CD44 and ALDH widens the window for identification and targeting of a drug-resistant population which may improve the current treatment modalities in mesothelioma.
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389
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 associates with prostate tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2593-603. [PMID: 24762960 PMCID: PMC4021532 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence demonstrates high levels of aldehyde dehydrogense (ALDH) activity in human cancer types, in part, because of its association with cancer stem cells. Whereas ALDH1A1 and ALDH7A1 isoforms were reported to associate with prostate tumorigenesis, whether other ALDH isoforms are associated with prostate cancer (PC) remains unclear. Methods: ALDH3A1 expression was analysed in various PC cell lines. Xenograft tumours and 54 primary and metastatic PC tumours were stained using immunohistochemistry for ALDH3A1 expression. Results: In comparison with the non-stem counterparts, a robust upregulation of ALDH3A1 was observed in DU145-derived PC stem cells (PCSCs). As DU145 PCSCs produced xenograft tumours with more advanced features compared with those derived from DU145 cells, higher levels of ALDH3A1 were detected in the former; a dramatic elevation of ALDH3A1 occurred in DU145 cell-derived lung metastasis compared with local xenograft tumours. Furthermore, while ALDH3A1 was not observed in prostate glands, ALDH3A1 was clearly present in PIN, and further increased in carcinomas. In comparison with the paired local carcinomas, ALDH3A1 was upregulated in lymph node metastatic tumours; the presence of ALDH3A1 in bone metastatic PC was also demonstrated. Conclusions: We report here the association of ALDH3A1 with PC progression.
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390
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Ming W, Ma W, Chen LH, Volk C, Michael MD, Xu Y, Zhang F, Wang X. Development and validation of a 96-well cellular assay for the discovery of ALDH1A1 inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2014; 11:388-95. [PMID: 23957476 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. The two-step production of retinoic acid from vitamin A (retinol) is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases, which are potential therapeutic targets for numerous diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Currently, the lack of a suitable high-throughput cellular assay hinders efforts to identify therapeutic small molecular inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase, such as ALDH1A1. In this report, we utilized high-content imaging technology and a commercially available cell permeable ALDH substrate to develop a 96-well cellular ALDH1A1 assay. This assay has a robust and sensitive readout and is amenable to automation. With this cellular assay, we identified potent selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors to explore the role of retinoic acid production in various preclinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ming
- Endocrine and Cardiovascular Research Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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391
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Duong HQ, Yi YW, Kang HJ, Bae I, Jang YJ, Kwak SJ, Seong YS. Combination of dasatinib and gemcitabine reduces the ALDH1A1 expression and the proliferation of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:2132-8. [PMID: 24676703 PMCID: PMC4063532 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the standard for treatment of pancreatic cancer; however, intrinsic and acquired resistance to gemcitabine commonly occurs. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), one of the characteristic features of tumor-initiating and/or cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, is important in both intrinsic and acquired resistance to gemcitabine. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of dasatinib, an SRC inhibitor, and gemcitabine combination to inhibit the survivals of parental (MIA PaCa-2/P) and gemcitabine-resistant (MIA PaCa-2/GR) cell lines. In MIA PaCa-2/GR cells, the levels of phospho-SRC and ALDH1A1 were increased compared to MIA PaCa-2/P cells. Inhibition of SRC by dasatinib or siRNA synergistically enhanced gemcitabine-induced anti-proliferative effects and induced apoptotic cell death in these cells. Furthermore, combination of SRC inhibition (either by dasatinib or siRNA) and gemcitabine significantly decreased the levels of ALDH1A1 expression. These results suggest that dasatinib and gemcitabine combination may be a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome gemcitabine resistance by decreasing the levels of ALDH1A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Quan Duong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Insoo Bae
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahng-June Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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392
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Lee HR, Shin S, Yoon JH, Roh EY, Kim BJ, Song EY. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-bright cells correlated with the colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage assay of thawed cord blood units. Transfusion 2014; 54:1871-5. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Gyeongsang National University Hospital; Jinju Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Cord Blood Bank (Allcord); Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Cord Blood Bank (Allcord); Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Youn Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Cord Blood Bank (Allcord); Seoul Korea
| | - Byoung Jae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Young Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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393
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Chen CH, Ferreira JCB, Gross ER, Mochly-Rosen D. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: new therapeutic opportunities. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1-34. [PMID: 24382882 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of detoxifying enzymes called aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) has been a subject of recent interest, as its role in detoxifying aldehydes that accumulate through metabolism and to which we are exposed from the environment has been elucidated. Although the human genome has 19 ALDH genes, one ALDH emerges as a particularly important enzyme in a variety of human pathologies. This ALDH, ALDH2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix with much known about its role in ethanol metabolism. Less known is a new body of research to be discussed in this review, suggesting that ALDH2 dysfunction may contribute to a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that ALDH2 dysfunction is also associated with Fanconi anemia, pain, osteoporosis, and the process of aging. Furthermore, an ALDH2 inactivating mutation (termed ALDH2*2) is the most common single point mutation in humans, and epidemiological studies suggest a correlation between this inactivating mutation and increased propensity for common human pathologies. These data together with studies in animal models and the use of new pharmacological tools that activate ALDH2 depict a new picture related to ALDH2 as a critical health-promoting enzyme.
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394
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Herradón G, Pérez-García C. Targeting midkine and pleiotrophin signalling pathways in addiction and neurodegenerative disorders: recent progress and perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:837-48. [PMID: 23889475 PMCID: PMC3925022 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midkine (MK) and pleiotrophin (PTN) are two neurotrophic factors that are highly up-regulated in different brain regions after the administration of various drugs of abuse and in degenerative areas of the brain. A deficiency in both MK and PTN has been suggested to be an important genetic factor, which confers vulnerability to the development of the neurodegenerative disorders associated with drugs of abuse in humans. In this review, evidence demonstrating that MK and PTN limit the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and, potentially, prevent drug relapse is compiled. There is also convincing evidence that MK and PTN have neuroprotective effects against the neurotoxicity and development of neurodegenerative disorders induced by drugs of abuse. Exogenous administration of MK and/or PTN into the CNS by means of non-invasive methods is proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for addictive and neurodegenerative diseases. Identification of new molecular targets downstream of the MK and PTN signalling pathways or pharmacological modulation of those already known may also provide a more traditional, but probably effective, therapeutic strategy for treating addictive and neurodegenerative disorders. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herradón
- Pharmacology lab Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloBoadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Pérez-García
- Pharmacology lab Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloBoadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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395
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Vaeteewoottacharn K, Seubwai W, Bhudhisawasdi V, Okada S, Wongkham S. Potential targeted therapy for liver fluke associated cholangiocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 21:362-70. [PMID: 24408866 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biliary tree cancer or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an unusual subtype of liver cancer with exceptionally poor prognosis. Lack of specific symptoms and availability of early diagnostic markers account for late diagnosis of CCA. Surgical treatment is a gold standard choice but few patients are candidates and local recurrence after surgery is high. Benefit of systemic chemotherapy is limited; hence, better treatment options are required. The differences in etiology, anatomical positions and pathology make it difficult to generalize all CCA subtypes for a single treatment regimen. Herein, we review the uniqueness of molecular profiling identified by multiple approaches, for example, serial analysis of gene expression, exome sequencing, transcriptomics/proteomics profiles, protein kinase profile, etc., that provide the opportunity for treatment of liver fluke-associated CCA. Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator/immunosuppressor, epidermal growth factor receptor or platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitors, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IL6 antagonist, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, histone modulator, proteasome inhibitor as well as specific inhibitors suggested from various study approaches, such as MetAP2 inhibitor, 1,25(OH)2 D3 and cyclosporine A are suggested in this review for the treatments of this specific CCA subtype. This might provide an alternative treatment option for CCA patients; however, clinical trials in this specific CCA group are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Road, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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396
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Fjeld H, Raknes G. Er det virkelig farlig å kombinere metronidazol og alkohol? TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2014; 134:1661-3. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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397
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Sonoda K, Ohtake K, Kubo Y, Uchida H, Uchida M, Natsume H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 partly mediates hypotensive effect of nitrite onl-NAME-induced hypertension in normoxic rat. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013; 36:410-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2013.846355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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398
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Pemberton TA, Tanner JJ. Structural basis of substrate selectivity of Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH4A1): semialdehyde chain length. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 538:34-40. [PMID: 23928095 PMCID: PMC3915059 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (aka P5CDH and ALDH4A1) is an aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of γ-glutamate semialdehyde to l-glutamate. The crystal structures of mouse P5CDH complexed with glutarate, succinate, malonate, glyoxylate, and acetate are reported. The structures are used to build a structure-activity relationship that describes the semialdehyde carbon chain length and the position of the aldehyde group in relation to the cysteine nucleophile and oxyanion hole. Efficient 4- and 5-carbon substrates share the common feature of being long enough to span the distance between the anchor loop at the bottom of the active site and the oxyanion hole at the top of the active site. The inactive 2- and 3-carbon semialdehydes bind the anchor loop but are too short to reach the oxyanion hole. Inhibition of P5CDH by glyoxylate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, and l-glutamate is also examined. The Ki values are 0.27 mM for glyoxylate, 58 mM for succinate, 30 mM for glutarate, and 12 mM for l-glutamate. Curiously, malonate is not an inhibitor. The trends in Ki likely reflect a trade-off between the penalty for desolvating the carboxylates of the free inhibitor and the number of compensating hydrogen bonds formed in the enzyme-inhibitor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - John J. Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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399
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Paterson EK, Ho H, Kapadia R, Ganesan AK. 9-cis retinoic acid is the ALDH1A1 product that stimulates melanogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:202-9. [PMID: 23489423 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of lipid aldehydes to lipid carboxylic acids, plays pleiotropic roles in UV-radiation resistance, melanogenesis and stem cell maintenance. In this study, a combination of RNAi and pharmacologic approaches were used to determine which ALDH1A1 substrates and products regulate melanogenesis. Initial studies revealed that neither the UV-induced lipid aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal nor the ALDH1A1 product all-trans retinoic acid appreciably induced melanogenesis. In contrast, both the ALDH1A1 substrate 9-cis retinal and its corresponding product 9-cis retinoic acid potently induced the accumulation of MITF mRNA, Tyrosinase mRNA and melanin. ALDH1A1 depletion inhibited the ability of 9-cis retinal but not 9-cis retinoic acid to stimulate melanogenesis, indicating that ALDH1A1 regulates melanogenesis by catalysing the conversion of 9-cis retinal to 9-cis retinoic acid. The addition of potent ALDH1A inhibitors (cyanamide or Angeli's salt) suppressed Tyrosinase and MITF mRNA accumulation in vitro and also melanin accumulation in skin equivalents, suggesting that 9-cis retinoids regulate melanogenesis in the intact epidermis. Taken together, these studies not only identify cyanamide as a potential novel treatment for hyperpigmentary disorders, but also identify 9-cis retinoic acid as a pigment stimulatory agent that may have clinical utility in the treatment of hypopigmentary disorders, such as vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse K Paterson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2400, USA
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400
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Li R, Liang T, He Q, Guo C, Xu L, Zhang K, Duan X. Puerarin, isolated from Kudzu root (Willd.), attenuates hepatocellular cytotoxicity and regulates the GSK-3β/NF-κB pathway for exerting the hepatoprotection against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:71-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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