351
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Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI. Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31214598 PMCID: PMC6557987 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that affects whole body metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical exercise results in numerous health benefits and is an important tool to combat obesity and its co-morbidities, including cardiovascular disease. Exercise prevents both the onset and development of cardiovascular disease and is an important therapeutic tool to improve outcomes for patients with cardiovascular disease. Some benefits of exercise include enhanced mitochondrial function, restoration and improvement of vasculature, and the release of myokines from skeletal muscle that preserve or augment cardiovascular function. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms through which exercise promotes cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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352
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Mignemi NA, McClatchey PM, Kilchrist KV, Williams IM, Millis BA, Syring KE, Duvall CL, Wasserman DH, McGuinness OP. Rapid changes in the microvascular circulation of skeletal muscle impair insulin delivery during sepsis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1012-E1023. [PMID: 30860883 PMCID: PMC6620574 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00501.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis costs the healthcare system $23 billion annually and has a mortality rate between 10 and 40%. An early indication of sepsis is the onset of hyperglycemia, which is the result of sepsis-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Previous investigations have focused on events in the myocyte (e.g., insulin signaling and glucose transport and subsequent metabolism) as the causes for this insulin-resistant state. However, the delivery of insulin to the skeletal muscle is also an important determinant of insulin action. Skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow, which delivers the insulin to the muscle, is known to be decreased during sepsis. Here we test whether the reduced capillary blood flow to skeletal muscle belies the sepsis-induced insulin resistance by reducing insulin delivery to the myocyte. We hypothesize that decreased capillary flow and consequent decrease in insulin delivery is an early event that precedes gross cardiovascular alterations seen with sepsis. This hypothesis was examined in mice treated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polymicrobial sepsis followed by intravital microscopy of the skeletal muscle microcirculation. We calculated insulin delivery to the myocyte using two independent methods and found that LPS and sepsis rapidly reduce insulin delivery to the skeletal muscle by ~50%; this was driven by decreases in capillary flow velocity and the number of perfused capillaries. Furthermore, the changes in skeletal muscle microcirculation occur before changes in both cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. These data suggest that a rapid reduction in skeletal muscle insulin delivery contributes to the induction of insulin resistance during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mignemi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - P Mason McClatchey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kameron V Kilchrist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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353
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Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal miR-29a regulates obesity-associated insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:352-358. [PMID: 31153636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a forerunner of type 2 diabetes. Macrophages reside within adipose tissue (ATMs) have been reported to regulate insulin sensitivity through secreting miRNAs containing exosomes. Here, we show that miR-29a is increased in obese ATMs derived exosomes (ATMs-Exos) and can be transferred into adipocytes, myocytes and hepatocytes causing insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo. Administration of obese ATMs-Exos impairs insulin sensitivity of lean mice. While knockdown miR-29a level in obese ATM-Exos blunts this effect. PPAR-δ is identified to function as downstream target of miR-29a in regulating insulin resistance. PPAR-δ agonist GW501516 partially rescued the insulin resistance induced by miR-29a. Taken together, these findings suggest that ATMs derived exosomal miR-29a could regulate obesity-associated insulin resistance, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
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354
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Rochette E, Bourdier P, Pereira B, Echaubard S, Borderon C, Caron N, Chausset A, Courteix D, Fel S, Kanold J, Paysal J, Ratel S, Rouel N, Sarret C, Terral D, Usclade A, Merlin E, Duché P. Impaired Muscular Fat Metabolism in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Inactive Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:528. [PMID: 31118902 PMCID: PMC6506786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate muscular metabolic function in children with inactive juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods: Fifteen children with inactive JIA and fifteen healthy controls were matched by sex, biological age, and Tanner stage. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test to determine their fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Results: Between the two groups, heart rate values and carbohydrate oxidation rates were the same, regardless of the relative intensity of exercise. Lipid oxidation rates were lower in JIA patients, regardless of the percentage of VO2 peak (p < 0.05). Respiratory exchange ratios beyond 50% of VO2 peak were higher in patients with JIA (p < 0.05). Respective maximal fat oxidation rates (MFO) for controls and children with JIA were 218.7 ± 92.2 vs. 157.5 ± 65.9 mg ⋅ min-1 (p = 0.03) and 4.9 ± 1.9 vs. 3.4 ± 1.2 mg ⋅ min-1 ⋅ kg-1 (p = 0.04). There was no difference between the two groups in heart rate, percentage of VO2 peak, or power of exercise to achieve MFO. Controls reached their MFO at an exercise power significantly higher than did JIA subjects (42.8 ± 16.8 and 31.9 ± 9.8 W, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Children with JIA show metabolic disturbance during exercise, even when the disease is considered inactive. This disturbance is seen in a lower lipid oxidation rate during submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Rochette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en Conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en Conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Echaubard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Borderon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Caron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Chausset
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en Conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Solenne Fel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Justyna Kanold
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Justine Paysal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en Conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nadège Rouel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Terral
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Usclade
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, ECREIN, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en Conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
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355
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Jing H, Gao X, Xu L, Lin H, Zhang Z. H 2S promotes a glycometabolism disorder by disturbing the Th1/Th2 balance during LPS-induced inflammation in the skeletal muscles of chickens. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:124-131. [PMID: 30703651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a common environmental pollutant. In humans, H2S enters the body and is transported to different tissues and organs, inducing various types of damage such as chronic inflammatory reactions. Glucose metabolism disorders have been shown to be closely associated with chronic inflammation. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of H2S on glycometabolism disorders and chronic inflammatory responses. A chronic inflammation model in the skeletal muscles of chickens was induced using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which the animals were exposed to exogenous H2S. Subsequently, the glucose metabolism and the pathways associated with chronic inflammation were analyzed. The pathological analysis showed that significant inflammatory injury to skeletal muscles occurred after animals exposed to H2S. The Th1/Th2 ratio imbalance was exacerbated after exposure to H2S with IFNγ downregulated and IL-1, IL-4, and IL-6 upregulated. In addition, the level of IκBα was suppressed and induced the expression of NF-κB, significantly activating the inflammatory pathway, while the expression of heat shock proteins was elevated. In addition, glucose metabolism factors were analyzed. IRS1 phosphorylation was inhibited in animals exposed to H2S, and the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway-related factors was upregulated to promote insulin resistance, causing glucose metabolism disorders. The results of this study revealed that H2S can trigger changes in the ratio of Th1/Th2 to produce more proinflammatory cytokines that disturb the insulin signaling pathway, causing glycometabolism disorders during the inflammatory response in the skeletal muscles of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Gao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
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356
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Park J, Joe Y, Ryter SW, Surh YJ, Chung HT. Similarities and Distinctions in the Effects of Metformin and Carbon Monoxide in Immunometabolism. Mol Cells 2019; 42:292-300. [PMID: 31091555 PMCID: PMC6530647 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism, defined as the interaction of metabolic pathways with the immune system, influences the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Metformin and carbon monoxide (CO) are two pharmacological agents known to ameliorate metabolic disorders. There are notable similarities and differences in the reported effects of metformin and CO on immunometabolism. Metformin, an anti-diabetes drug, has positive effects on metabolism and can exert anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent mechanisms. CO, an endogenous product of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), can exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects at low concentration. CO can confer cytoprotection in metabolic disorders and cancer via selective activation of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) pathway. Both metformin and CO can induce mitochondrial stress to produce a mild elevation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) by distinct mechanisms. Metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), while CO inhibits ETC complex IV. Both metformin and CO can differentially induce several protein factors, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and sestrin2 (SESN2), which maintain metabolic homeostasis; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of the antioxidant response; and REDD1, which exhibits an anticancer effect. However, metformin and CO regulate these effects via different pathways. Metformin stimulates p53- and AMPK-dependent pathways whereas CO can selectively trigger the PERK-dependent signaling pathway. Although further studies are needed to identify the mechanistic differences between metformin and CO, pharmacological application of these agents may represent useful strategies to ameliorate metabolic diseases associated with altered immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Stefan W. Ryter
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, NY 10065,
USA
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08733,
Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
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357
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Orsso CE, Tibaes JRB, Oliveira CLP, Rubin DA, Field CJ, Heymsfield SB, Prado CM, Haqq AM. Low muscle mass and strength in pediatrics patients: Why should we care? Clin Nutr 2019; 38:2002-2015. [PMID: 31031136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays major roles in metabolism and overall health across the lifecycle. Emerging evidence indicates that prenatal (maternal diet during pregnancy and genetic defects) and postnatal factors (physical activity, hormones, dietary protein, and obesity) influence muscle mass acquisition and strength early in life. As a consequence, low muscle mass and strength contributes to several adverse health outcomes during childhood. Specifically, studies demonstrated inverse associations of muscle mass and strength to single and clustered metabolic risk factors. The literature also consistently reports that low muscle mass and strength are associated with reduced bone parameters during growth, increasing the risk of osteoporosis in old age. Furthermore, muscle mass gains are associated with improved neurodevelopment in the first years of life. Given these negative implications of low muscle mass and strength on health, it is crucial to track muscle mass and strength development from childhood to adolescence. Several body composition techniques are currently available for estimation of muscle mass, all with unique advantages and disadvantages. The value of ultrasound as a technique to measure muscle mass is emerging in pediatric research with potential for translating the research findings to clinical settings. For the assessment of muscle strength, the handgrip strength test has been widely employed but without a standardized protocol. Although further research is needed to define normative data and cut points for the low muscle mass and strength phenotype, the use of such non-invasive medical monitoring is a promising strategy to identify early abnormalities and prevent low muscle mass in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila E Orsso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jenneffer R B Tibaes
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila L P Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniela A Rubin
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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358
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Role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its microvascular complications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:75-81. [PMID: 30954933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors can be found in many tissues and organs, where they mediate several biological functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in which the key clinical features are impaired insulin secretion and sensitivity, hyperglycemia, coexistence of other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, and subclinical inflammation. The receptor modulates crucial pathways in the pancreatic islets (where it can either exert a trophic or detrimental action on β cells), and in the liver, in the adipose tissue and in the skeletal muscle, which are main sites of insulin resistance. P2X7 receptors also modulate a series of inflammatory responses that participate in the development of the microvascular complications of the disease. Potent and selective P2X7R blockers are available to be tested in Phase I/II clinical studies for the treatment of several chronic diseases, and it might be worthwhile to consider inclusion of patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications.
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359
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Yamashita M, Kamiya K, Matsunaga A, Kitamura T, Hamazaki N, Matsuzawa R, Nozaki K, Tanaka S, Nakamura T, Maekawa E, Masuda T, Ako J, Miyaji K. Prognostic value of sarcopenic obesity estimated by computed tomography in patients with cardiovascular disease and undergoing surgery. J Cardiol 2019; 74:273-278. [PMID: 30928108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic obesity is a health condition involving a combination of excess adipose tissue and loss of muscle mass. Although sarcopenic obesity is known to contribute to the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases, limited data are available in patients with cardiovascular disease. The present study was performed to examine whether sarcopenic obesity determined by preoperative computed tomography (CT) is a useful predictor of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. METHODS We reviewed the findings in 664 consecutive cardiovascular surgery patients (mean age, 65.8±12.7 years; male, 66.6%) who underwent preoperative CT including the level of the third lumbar vertebra for clinical purposes. Psoas muscle attenuation (MA) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured as metrics of sarcopenia and obesity, respectively. Sarcopenia was defined as low MA (below median), while obesity was defined as high VAT (≥103cm2 for males and ≥69cm2 for females). The endpoint was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were muscle function. RESULTS After adjusting for age and sex, sarcopenic obesity showed significant associations with lower grip strength and quadriceps strength, slower gait speed, and shorter 6-min walking distance compared to the normal group (p<0.05). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, sarcopenic obesity was associated with increased risk of mortality after adjusting for EuroSCORE (hazard ratio, 3.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-7.40). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenic obesity is associated with poor muscle function and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yamashita
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kamiya
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiko Matsunaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Hamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuzawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kohei Nozaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Emi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kagami Miyaji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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360
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Zhou LN, Lin YN, Gu CJ, Zhou JP, Sun XW, Cai XT, Du J, Li QY. AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathway is indispensable in visfatin-regulated myosin heavy chain expression in C2C12 myotubes. Life Sci 2019; 224:197-203. [PMID: 30926551 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have addressed the effects of visfatin on skeletal muscle remodeling. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of visfatin on the expressions of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and its isoforms, the major indicator of fiber types and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of MHC, MHC I, MHC IIa, MHC IIb, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPK and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) were tested in visfatin-treated C2C12 myotubes. C2C12 myotubes were treated with visfatin combined with AMPK inhibitor or AMPK activator to investigate the role of AMPK in visfatin-mediated MHC expression. FOXO1 was overexpressed or knocked down in C2C12 myotubes to explore the role of FOXO1 in visfatin-mediated MHC expression. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle group, treatment with 5 μg/ml visfatin increased the levels of total MHC and its isoforms, MHC I, MHC IIa and MHC IIb, by 1.93, 1.84, 1.80, and 1.92 folds, respectively (all p = 0,001). Visfatin suppressed AMPK phosphorylation and decreased FOXO1 expression in C2C12 myotubes. The effects of visfatin on MHC I and MHC IIa expression were canceled by AMPK activator AICAR. FOXO1 overexpression minimized the visfatin-induced upregulation of MHC I, MHC IIa and MHC IIb. The effect of AMPK activator AICAR on MHC and its isoforms expression was minimized by knockdown of FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that visfatin promoted expressions of MHC and its isoforms in C2C12 myotubes via suppressing AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 281000, China
| | - Ying Ni Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chen Juan Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Ping Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Wen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Ting Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 281000, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 281000, China
| | - Qing Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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361
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Limongi D, Baldelli S, Checconi P, Marcocci ME, De Chiara G, Fraternale A, Magnani M, Ciriolo MR, Palamara AT. GSH-C4 Acts as Anti-inflammatory Drug in Different Models of Canonical and Cell Autonomous Inflammation Through NFκB Inhibition. Front Immunol 2019; 10:155. [PMID: 30787932 PMCID: PMC6372722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in GSH/GSSG ratio represents a triggering event in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanism(s) through which GSH regulates macrophage and cell autonomous inflammation remains not deeply understood. Here, we investigated the effects of a derivative of GSH, the N-butanoyl glutathione (GSH-C4), a cell permeable compound, on lipopolisaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, and human macrophages. LPS alone induces a significant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and a significant decrement of GSH content. Such events were significantly abrogated by treatment with GSH-C4. Moreover, GSH-C4 was highly efficient in buffering cell autonomous inflammatory status of aged C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found that inflammation was paralleled by a strong induction of the phosphorylated form of NFκB, which translocates into the nucleus; a process that was also efficiently inhibited by the treatment with GSH-C4. Overall, the evidence suggests that GSH decrement is required for efficient activation of an inflammatory condition and, at the same time, GSH-C4 can be envisaged as a good candidate to abrogate such process, expanding the anti-inflammatory role of this molecule in chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Limongi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Checconi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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362
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Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Inflamed Microvasculature: Fire from Within. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030562. [PMID: 30699907 PMCID: PMC6387226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a vascular hormone and regulates vascular tone and reactivity. Muscle is a major insulin target that is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated glucose use. Evidence confirms that muscle microvasculature is an important insulin action site and critically regulates insulin delivery to muscle and action on myocytes, thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Insulin via activation of its signaling cascade in the endothelial cells increases muscle microvascular perfusion, which leads to an expansion of the endothelial exchange surface area. Insulin’s microvascular actions closely couple with its metabolic actions in muscle and blockade of insulin-mediated microvascular perfusion reduces insulin-stimulated muscle glucose disposal. Type 2 diabetes is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which engenders both metabolic and microvascular insulin resistance through endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of multiple pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we review the crucial role of muscle microvasculature in the regulation of insulin action in muscle and how inflammation in the muscle microvasculature affects insulin’s microvascular actions as well as metabolic actions. We propose that microvascular insulin resistance induced by inflammation is an early event in the development of metabolic insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications, and thus is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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363
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Al-Hail N, Butler AE, Dargham SR, Abou Seif A, Atkin SL. Creatine Kinase Is a Marker of Metabolic Syndrome in Qatari Women With and Without Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:659. [PMID: 31608014 PMCID: PMC6773810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To correlate features of metabolic syndrome with creatine kinase (CK) in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Comparative cross-sectional analysis. Methods: Demographic and metabolic data from Qatari women aged 18-40 years from the Qatar Biobank (97 diagnosed with PCOS, 563 controls). The primary outcome was the association between plasma CK and features of metabolic syndrome. Results: CK increased when the waist circumference was >80 cm (p < 0.015) and when associated with 2 or more features of the metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01). CK correlated with BMI (p < 0.003) but not with waist/hip ratio. Overall, CK did not differ between PCOS and controls, rising equally in both as body mass index (BMI) increased. C reactive protein (CRP) was higher in obese PCOS (P < 0.05) compared to controls, but did not correlate with CK (p > 0.05). Conclusion: CK was associated with an increase in BMI, waist circumference >80 cm and 2 or more features of the metabolic syndrome, in accord with the central role of type II skeletal muscle fibers in energy metabolism and obesity. CK was, however, independent of the PCOS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Al-Hail
- Research Faculty, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soha R. Dargham
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Abou Seif
- Department of Obstetrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Research Faculty, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Stephen L. Atkin
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364
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de Candia P, Prattichizzo F, Garavelli S, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Di Rella F, Spagnuolo MI, Colamatteo A, Fusco C, Micillo T, Bruzzaniti S, Ceriello A, Puca AA, Matarese G. Type 2 Diabetes: How Much of an Autoimmune Disease? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:451. [PMID: 31333589 PMCID: PMC6620611 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by a progressive status of chronic, low-grade inflammation (LGI) that accompanies the whole trajectory of the disease, from its inception to complication development. Accumulating evidence is disclosing a long list of possible "triggers" of inflammatory responses, many of which are promoted by unhealthy lifestyle choices and advanced age. Diabetic patients show an altered number and function of immune cells, of both innate and acquired immunity. Reactive autoantibodies against islet antigens can be detected in a subpopulation of patients, while emerging data are also suggesting an altered function of specific T lymphocyte populations, including T regulatory (Treg) cells. These observations led to the hypothesis that part of the inflammatory response mounting in T2D is attributable to an autoimmune phenomenon. Here, we review recent data supporting this framework, with a specific focus on both tissue resident and circulating Treg populations. We also propose that selective interception (or expansion) of T cell subsets could be an alternative avenue to dampen inappropriate inflammatory responses without compromising immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Candia
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola de Candia
| | | | - Silvia Garavelli
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Dipartimento di Senologia, Oncologia Medica, IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Micillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Ceriello
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Annibale A. Puca
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Giuseppe Matarese
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365
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Kalathookunnel Antony A, Lian Z, Wu H. T Cells in Adipose Tissue in Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2945. [PMID: 30619305 PMCID: PMC6299975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to obesity, aging is associated with visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Inflammation in adipose tissue, mainly evidenced by increased accumulation and proinflammatory polarization of T cells and macrophages, has been well-documented in obesity and may contribute to the associated metabolic dysfunctions including insulin resistance. Studies show that increased inflammation, including inflammation in adipose tissue, also occurs in aging, so-called "inflamm-aging." Aging-associated inflammation in adipose tissue has some similarities but also differences compared to obesity-related inflammation. In particular, conventional T cells are elevated in adipose tissue in both obesity and aging and have been implicated in metabolic functions in obesity. However, the changes and also possibly functions of regulatory T cells (Treg) in adipose tissue are different in aging and obesity. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in research on the changes of these immune cells in adipose tissue with aging and obesity and discuss their possible contributions to metabolism and the potential of these immune cells as novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases associated with aging or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeqin Lian
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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366
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Cordeiro AV, Silva VRR, Pauli JR, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Moura LP, Ropelle ER. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in skeletal muscle: Physiology, mechanisms, and clinical perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10047-10059. [PMID: 30523638 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids were discovered more than a century ago and were simply considered as a class of cell membrane lipids for a long time. However, after the discovery of several intracellular functions and their role in the control of many physiological and pathophysiological conditions, these molecules have gained much attention. For instance, the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a circulating bioactive sphingolipid capable of triggering strong intracellular reactions through the family of S1P receptors (S1PRs) spread in several cell types and tissues. Recently, the role of S1P in the control of skeletal muscle metabolism, atrophy, regeneration, and metabolic disorders has been widely investigated. In this review, we summarized the knowledge of S1P and its effects in skeletal muscle metabolism, highlighting the role of S1P/S1PRs axis in skeletal muscle regeneration, fatigue, ceramide accumulation, and insulin resistance. Finally, we discussed the physical exercise role in S1P/S1PRs signaling in skeletal muscle cells, and how this nonpharmacological strategy may be prospective for future investigations due to its ability to increase S1P levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- André V Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vagner R R Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Center of Research in Sport Sciences (CEPECE), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Center of Research in Sport Sciences (CEPECE), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Center of Research in Sport Sciences (CEPECE), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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367
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Can obesity-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle and intramuscular adipose tissue accurately detect liver fibrosis? JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2018; 18:509-524. [PMID: 30511955 PMCID: PMC6313048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is characterized by a chronic, low grade, systemic inflammation. However, little is known about the role of skeletal muscle, which represents an active metabolic organ whose activities need to be determined. The purpose of our study was to detect relationships between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue inflammation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes, as well as to explore associations with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Our study population consisted of 50 morbidly obese patients undergoing planned bariatric surgery. Biopsies were taken from visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), skeletal muscle (SM), extramyocellular adipose tissue (EMAT) and liver. The expression of CD68 and CD3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our findings suggest a complex inter- and intra-tissue co-expression network that links obesity-induced inflammation in adipose depots and skeletal muscle with NAFLD. A novel finding is the intricate cross-talk between SM, EMAT and the liver and the probable correlation between SM, EMAT inflammation and the presence of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Although the mechanisms of obesity-induced inflammation and its association with NAFLD and liver fibrosis are incompletely understood, our findings indicate an extensive and complex tissue network that needs to be further investigated.
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368
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Villalobos-Labra R, Subiabre M, Toledo F, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and development of insulin resistance in adipose, skeletal, liver, and foetoplacental tissue in diabesity. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:49-61. [PMID: 30472165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabesity is an abnormal metabolic condition shown by patients with obesity that develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabesity present with insulin resistance, reduced vascular response to insulin, and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Along with the several well-described mechanisms of insulin resistance, a state of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, where the primary human targets are the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and the foetoplacental vasculature, is apparent. ER stress characterises by the activation of the unfolded protein response via three canonical ER stress sensors, i.e., the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6. Slightly different cell signalling mechanisms preferentially enable in diabesity in the ER stress-associated insulin resistance for adipose tissue (IRE1α/X-box binding protein 1 mRNA splicing/c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation), skeletal muscle (tribbles-like protein 3 (TRB3)/proinflammatory cytokines activation), and liver (PERK/activating transcription factor 4/TRB3 activation). There is no information in human subjects with diabesity in the foetoplacental vasculature. However, the available literature shows that pregnant women with pre-pregnancy obesity or overweight that develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their newborn show insulin resistance. ER stress is recently reported to be triggered in endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein from mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity. However, whether a different metabolic alteration to obesity in pregnancy or GDM is present in women with pre-pregnancy obesity that develop GDM, is unknown. In this review, we summarised the findings on diabesity-associated mechanisms of insulin resistance with emphasis in the primary targets adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and foetoplacental tissues. We also give evidence on the possibility of a new GDM-associated metabolic condition triggered in pregnancy by maternal obesity, i.e. gestational diabesity, leading to ER stress-associated insulin resistance in the human foetoplacental vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile.
| | - Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, 3780000, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center of Territorial Health Research (CIISTe), San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2172972, San Felipe, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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369
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de Matos MA, Vieira DV, Pinhal KC, Lopes JF, Dias-Peixoto MF, Pauli JR, de Castro Magalhães F, Little JP, Rocha-Vieira E, Amorim FT. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Markers of Oxidative Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Individuals With Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1451. [PMID: 30429793 PMCID: PMC6220130 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The excess body fat characteristic of obesity is related to various metabolic alterations, which includes insulin resistance (IR). Among the non-pharmacological measures used to improve insulin sensitivity are aerobic physical training, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study investigated the effects of 8 weeks of HIIT on blood and skeletal muscle markers related to IR and oxidative metabolism in physically inactive individuals with obesity and compared the changes between insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant phenotypes. Methods: Initially to investigate the effect of obesity and IR in the analyzed parameters, insulin-sensitive eutrophic volunteers (CON; n = 9) and obese non-insulin (OB; n = 9) and insulin-resistant (OBR; n = 8) were enrolled. Volunteers with obesity completed 8 weeks of HIIT in a cycle ergometer. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained before and after the HIIT. Body composition and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were estimated before and after HIIT. Results: HIIT reduced IR assessed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in OBR (4.4 ± 1.4 versus 4.1 ± 2.2 μU L−2), but not in OB (HOMA-IR 1.8 ± 0.5 versus 2.3 ± 1.0 μU L−2) volunteers. HIIT increased VO2peak with no change in body fat in both groups. In skeletal muscle, HIIT increased the phosphorylation of IRS (Tyr612), Akt (Ser473), and increased protein content of β-HAD and COX-IV in both groups. There was a reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in OBR after HIIT. Conclusion: Eight weeks of HIIT increased the content of proteins related to oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of individuals with obesity, independent of changes total body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aguiar de Matos
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Dênia Vargas Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Pinhal
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Freitas Lopes
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Exercício, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.,Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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370
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Wang Q, Wu H. T Cells in Adipose Tissue: Critical Players in Immunometabolism. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2509. [PMID: 30459770 PMCID: PMC6232870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue performs immunoregulatory functions in addition to fat storage. Various T cells in different fat depots either help maintain metabolic homeostasis under healthy conditions or contribute to metabolic disorders in pathological conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or even cancer. These T cells play critical roles in immunometabolism, which refers to the intersection of immunity and metabolism. Numerous studies have examined the presence and changes of different T cell subsets, including helper T cells, regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer T cells, in adipose depots in health and diseases. In this review, we will discuss the adipose tissue niches that influence the patterns and functions of T cell subsets and in turn the impact of these T cells on cell- or body-based immunometabolism accounting for health and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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371
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Yan X, Wu Y, Zhong F, Jiang Q, Zhou T, Guo Y, Yang X, Liang J, Joshua Liao D, Lan G. iTRAQ and PRM-based quantitative proteomics in T2DM-susceptible and -tolerant models of Bama mini-pig. Gene 2018; 675:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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372
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Sánchez-Aguilera P, Diaz-Vegas A, Campos C, Quinteros-Waltemath O, Cerda-Kohler H, Barrientos G, Contreras-Ferrat A, Llanos P. Role of ABCA1 on membrane cholesterol content, insulin-dependent Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake in adult skeletal muscle fibers from mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1469-1477. [PMID: 30254016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) promotes cellular cholesterol efflux, leading to cholesterol binding to the extracellular lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I. ABCA1 regulates lipid content, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. In skeletal muscle, most GLUT4-mediated glucose transport occurs in the transverse tubule, a system composed by specialized cholesterol-enriched invaginations of the plasma membrane. We have reported that insulin resistant mice have higher cholesterol levels in transverse tubule from adult skeletal muscle. These high levels correlate with decreased GLUT4 trafficking and glucose uptake; however, the role of ABCA1 on skeletal muscle insulin-dependent glucose metabolism remains largely unexplored. Here, we evaluated the functional role of the ABCA1 on insulin-dependent signaling pathways, glucose uptake and cellular cholesterol content in adult skeletal muscle. Male mice were fed for 8 weeks with normal chow diet (NCD) or high fat diet (HFD). Compared to NCD-fed mice, ABCA1 mRNA levels and protein content were lower in muscle homogenates from HFD-fed mice. In Flexor digitorum brevis muscle from NCD-fed mice, shABCA1-RFP in vivo electroporation resulted in 65% reduction of ABCA1 protein content, 1.6-fold increased fiber cholesterol levels, 74% reduction in insulin-dependent Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation, total suppression of insulin-dependent GLUT4 translocation and decreased 2-NBDG uptake compared to fibers electroporated with the scrambled plasmid. Pre-incubation with methyl-β cyclodextrin reestablished both GLUT4 translocation and 2-NBDG transport. Based on the present results, we suggest that decreased ABCA1 contributes to the anomalous cholesterol accumulation and decreased glucose transport displayed by skeletal muscle membranes in the insulin resistant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sánchez-Aguilera
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis Diaz-Vegas
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ariel Contreras-Ferrat
- ACCDiS, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Chile; CEMC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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373
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Effects of Vaspin on Insulin Resistance in Rats and Underlying Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13542. [PMID: 30202052 PMCID: PMC6131547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is the main pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and a shared pathophysiological change in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, adiposity, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (Vaspin) is a newly discovered adipocytokine with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. To examine if vaspin can improve insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet via the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/glucose transport (IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut) and inhibitory κB alpha/nuclear factor-kappa B (IκBα/NF-κB) signalling pathways, thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the normal control group (NC group, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HFD group, n = 10) and vaspin intervention group (HFD + vaspin group, n = 10). Results showed that intervention with vaspin significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) concentrations in HFD − fed rats without significantly affecting body weight or triglyceride (TG) or total cholesterol (TC) levels. The areas under the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) curves were significantly decreased in HFD + vaspin group compared with the HFD group, and the glucose infusion rate (GIR) showed the same trends. Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining showed that vaspin could improve insulin resistance in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by activating the IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut signalling pathway and inhibiting the IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.
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374
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Zhang N, Zhou Y, Yuan Q, Gao Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Cui X, Xu P, Ji C, Guo X, You L, Gu N, Zeng Y. Dynamic transcriptome profile in db/db skeletal muscle reveal critical roles for long noncoding RNA regulator. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:14-24. [PMID: 30179676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T2DM is a global health problem that seriously lowers the quality of life and insulin resistance makes a considerable contribution to the pathophysiology of T2DM. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs in db/db mice skeletal muscle and their potential roles involved in skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) remains poorly characterized. Here, we identified 331 lncRNAs, 172 upregulated and 159 downregulated (|fold change|>2, q<0.05), differentially expressed in db/db mice skeletal muscle. Gene Ontology analysis, Pathway analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of network gene expression revealed the potential functions of dysregulated lncRNAs may involve skeletal muscle function, fatty acid metabolism and the PPAR signaling pathway. In addition, differentially expressed lncRNAs were verified in skeletal muscle from the widely known IR mouse models (db/db and ob/ob mice). Further validation of lncRNAs in C2C12 myotubes exposed with various concentrations of palmitate uncovered that lncRNAs were responsive to palmitate exposure at the high concentrations (0.5mM and 0.75mM). Coexpression analysis revealed the key lncRNA-mRNA interactions and indicated a potential regulatory role of lncRNAs. Moreover, we characterized two candidate lncRNAs Gm15441 and 3110045C21Rik by a comprehensive examination of their genomic context and validated their expression with neighboring genes (Txnip and Ddr2) by the Spearman correlation analysis. Collectively, these findings improve our understanding of lncRNAs that mediate skeletal muscle insulin resistance in diabetes and represent potential molecular therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China; The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Xu Zhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital of LianYun Gang, The First Affiliated Hospital of KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, LianYun Gang, 222000, China
| | - Yahui Zhou
- Department ofPediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, 214500, China
| | - Qingxin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Gao
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xirong Guo
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Lianghui You
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Nan Gu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
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375
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Iloun P, Abbasnejad Z, Janahmadi M, Ahmadiani A, Ghasemi R. Investigating the role of P38, JNK and ERK in LPS induced hippocampal insulin resistance and spatial memory impairment: effects of insulin treatment. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:825-839. [PMID: 30233281 PMCID: PMC6141830 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the consensus that neuro-inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) are two hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD), the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of IR remain uncharacterized. MAPKs are signaling molecules that are implicated in the pathology of AD and have a role in IR development. Given that inflammatory mediators are shown to interfere with insulin signaling pathway in different cell types, the present work aimed to investigate whether neuro-inflammation induced memory loss is associated with hippocampal IR and whether insulin treatment protects against this IR. Subsequently, possible roles of MAPKs in this situation were investigated. Male Wistar rats were cannulated, and LPS (15 µg, day 0), insulin (3 mU) or saline (vehicle) were administered intra-cerebroventricularly (ICV) (days 1-6). Spatial memory performance was assessed during days 7-10 by Morris Water Maze test. Consequently, analysis of the amount of hippocampal phosphorylated forms of P38, JNK, ERK, IRS1 (ser307) and Akt (ser473) were done by Western blot. The outcomes indicated that while LPS induced memory loss and hippocampal IR (shown by elevated IRS1 and decreased Akt phosphorylation), insulin treatment nullified these effects. Molecular results also showed that LPS mediated IR and memory loss are associated with P38 but not JNK and ERK activation; this P38 activation was reversed by insulin treatment. These observations implied that one of the ways by which neuro-inflammation participates in AD is via induction of IR. It seems that this IR is mainly mediated by P38. Therefore, P38 could be considered as a molecular target for preventing IR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Iloun
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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376
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Hernandez-Carretero A, Weber N, LaBarge SA, Peterka V, Doan NYT, Schenk S, Osborn O. Cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 regulates glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E267-E278. [PMID: 29634311 PMCID: PMC6139493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the major site of postprandial peripheral glucose uptake, but in obesity-induced insulin-resistant states insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is markedly impaired. Despite the importance of skeletal muscle in regulating glucose homeostasis, the specific transcriptional changes associated with insulin-sensitive vs. -resistant states in muscle remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, using an RNA-seq approach we identified 20 genes differentially expressed in an insulin-resistant state in skeletal muscle, including cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 ( Csrp3), which was highly expressed in insulin-sensitive conditions but significantly reduced in the insulin-resistant state. CSRP3 has diverse functional roles including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal organization, but its role in glucose homeostasis has yet to be explored. Thus, we investigated the role of CSRP3 in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance in vivo. High-fat diet-fed CSRP3 knockout (KO) mice developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance as well as increased inflammation in skeletal muscle compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CSRP3-KO mice had significantly impaired insulin signaling, decreased GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, and enhanced levels of phospho-PKCα in muscle, which all contributed to reduced insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in muscle in HFD-fed KO mice compared with WT mice. CSRP3 is a highly inducible protein and its expression is acutely increased after fasting. After 24h fasting, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in WT mice, but this effect was blunted in CSRP3-KO mice. In summary, we identify a novel role for Csrp3 expression in skeletal muscle in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Veronika Peterka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nhu Y Thi Doan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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377
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Cruz VH, Arner EN, Wynne KW, Scherer PE, Brekken RA. Loss of Tbk1 kinase activity protects mice from diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. Mol Metab 2018; 16:139-149. [PMID: 29935921 PMCID: PMC6157474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) has been implicated in the regulation of metabolism through studies with the drug amlexanox, an inhibitor of the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases. Amlexanox induced weight loss, reduced fatty liver and insulin resistance in high fat diet (HFD) fed mice and has now progressed into clinical testing for the treatment and prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, since amlexanox is a dual IKKε/TBK1 inhibitor, the specific metabolic contribution of TBK1 is not clear. METHODS To distinguish metabolic functions unique to TBK1, we examined the metabolic profile of global Tbk1 mutant mice challenged with an obesogenic diet and investigated potential mechanisms for the improved metabolic phenotype. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We report that systemic loss of TBK1 kinase function has an overall protective effect on metabolic readouts in mice on an obesogenic diet, which is mediated by loss of an inhibitory interaction between TBK1 and the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H Cruz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, USA
| | - Emily N Arner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, USA
| | - Katherine W Wynne
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, USA
| | | | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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378
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Rajna A, Gibling H, Sarr O, Matravadia S, Holloway GP, Mutch DM. Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid differentially regulate the skeletal muscle secretome of obese Zucker rats. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:580-589. [PMID: 29727591 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that proteins secreted from skeletal muscle influence a broad range of metabolic signaling pathways. We previously reported that essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) improved whole-body glucose homeostasis in obese Zucker rats; however, the mechanisms underlying these benefits remain enigmatic. While PUFA and obesity influence skeletal muscle function, their effects on the secretome are unknown. The aim of this work was to determine if improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis in obese Zucker rats fed diets supplemented with either linoleic acid (LA) or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) for 12 wk are related to changes in the skeletal muscle secretome. Secreted proteins were identified with a predictive bioinformatic analysis of microarray gene expression from red tibialis anterior skeletal muscle. Approximately 130 genes were differentially expressed (false discovery rate = 0.05) in obese rats compared with lean controls. The expression of 15 genes encoding secreted proteins was differentially regulated in obese controls, obese LA-supplemented, and obese ALA-supplemented rats compared with lean controls. Five secreted proteins ( Col3a1, Col15a1, Pdgfd, Lyz2, and Angptl4) were differentially regulated by LA and ALA. Most notably, ALA supplementation reduced Angptl4 gene expression compared with obese control and obese-LA supplemented rats and reduced circulating ANGPTL4 serum concentrations. ALA also influenced Angptl4 gene expression and ANGPTL4 secretion from differentiated rat L6 myotubes. Altogether, the present data indicate that obesity has a greater global impact on skeletal muscle gene expression than either essential PUFA; however, LA and ALA may exert their metabolic benefits in part by regulating the skeletal muscle secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rajna
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Heather Gibling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Sarthak Matravadia
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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379
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Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Insulin treatment in patients with diabetes and heart failure: defendant on the stand. Eur J Heart Fail 2018. [PMID: 29517118 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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380
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381
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Xu L, Li Y, Dai Y, Peng J. Natural products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology and mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:451-465. [PMID: 29395440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have implied that diabetes mellitus (DM) will become an epidemic accompany with metabolic and endocrine disorders worldwide. Most of DM patients are affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect. Generally, the strategies to treat T2DM are diet control, moderate exercise, hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing agents. Despite the therapeutic benefits for the treatment of T2DM, most of the drugs can produce some undesirable side effects. Considering the pathogenesis of T2DM, natural products (NPs) have become the important resources of bioactive agents for anti-T2DM drug discovery. Recently, more and more natural components have been elucidated to possess anti-T2DM properties, and many efforts have been carried out to elucidate the possible mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to overview the activities and underlying mechanisms of NPs against T2DM. Developments of anti-T2DM agents will be greatly promoted with the increasing comprehensions of NPs for their multiple regulating effects on various targets and signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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382
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Lee YS, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. An Integrated View of Immunometabolism. Cell 2018; 172:22-40. [PMID: 29328913 PMCID: PMC8451723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has emerged as a major cause of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Chronic tissue inflammation is a well-recognized feature of obesity, and the field of immunometabolism has witnessed many advances in recent years. Here, we review the major features of our current understanding with respect to chronic obesity-related inflammation in metabolic tissues and focus on how these inflammatory changes affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, food intake, and glucose homeostasis. There is a growing appreciation of the varied and sometimes integrated crosstalk between cells within a tissue (intraorgan) and tissues within an organism (interorgan) that supports inflammation in the context of metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these pathways and modes of communication has implications for translational studies. We also briefly summarize the state of this field with respect to potential current and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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383
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Update on the Impact of Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Sarcopenia: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010218. [PMID: 29324650 PMCID: PMC5796167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly and patients affected by chronic diseases face a high risk of muscle loss and impaired physical function. Omega 3 fatty acids (FA) attenuate inflammation and age-associated muscle loss, prevent systemic insulin resistance and improve plasma lipids, potentially impacting on sarcopenia. This paper aims to review recent randomized clinical studies assessing the effects a chronic omega 3 FA supplementation on inflammatory and metabolic profile during conditions characterized by sarcopenia (aging, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, chronic renal failure). A comprehensive search of three online databases was performed to identify eligible trials published between 2012 and 2017. A total of 36 studies met inclusion criteria. Omega 3 FA yielded mixed results on plasma triglycerides in the elderly and no effects in renal patients. No changes in systemic insulin resistance were observed. Inflammation markers did not benefit from omega 3 FA in insulin resistant and in renal subjects while decreasing in obese and elderly. Muscle related parameters improved in elderly and in renal patients. In conclusion, in aging- and in chronic disease-associated sarcopenia omega 3 FA are promising independently of associated anabolic stimuli or of anti-inflammatory effects. The evidence for improved glucose metabolism in insulin resistant and in chronic inflammatory states is less solid.
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384
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385
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Li C, Xu MM, Wang K, Adler AJ, Vella AT, Zhou B. Macrophage polarization and meta-inflammation. Transl Res 2018; 191:29-44. [PMID: 29154757 PMCID: PMC5776711 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and obesity induces low-grade inflammation throughout the body. Termed "meta-inflammation," this chronic state of inflammation is mediated by macrophages located within the colon, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. A sentinel orchestrator of immune activity and homeostasis, macrophages adopt variable states of activation as a function of time and environmental cues. Meta-inflammation phenotypically skews these polarization states and has been linked to numerous metabolic disorders. The past decade has revealed several key regulators of macrophage polarization, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription family, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) family, and the interferon regulatory factors. Recent studies have also suggested that microRNAs and long noncoding RNA influence macrophage polarization. The pathogenic alteration of macrophage polarization in meta-inflammation is regulated by both extracellular and intracellular cues, resulting in distinct secretome profiles. Meta-inflammation-altered macrophage polarization has been linked to insulin insensitivity, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and autoimmunity. Thus, further mechanistic exploration into the skewing of macrophage polarization promises to have profound impacts on improving global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn.
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn.
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386
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Abstract
The mammalian Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are an evolutionarily conserved family of NAD+-dependent deacylase and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase. Sirtuins display distinct subcellular localizations and functions and are involved in cell survival, senescence, metabolism and genome stability. Among the mammalian Sirtuins, SIRT1 and SIRT6 have been thoroughly investigated and have prominent metabolic regulatory roles. Moreover, SIRT1 and SIRT6 have been implicated in obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. However, the roles of other Sirtuins are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that these Sirtuins also play important roles in inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism. Insulin resistance is the critical pathological trait of obesity and metabolic syndrome as well as the core defect in T2DM. Accumulating clinical and experimental animal evidence suggests the potential roles of the remaining Sirtuins in the regulation of insulin resistance through diverse biological mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the functions of Sirtuins in various insulin resistance-associated physiological processes, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the insulin signaling pathway, glucose, and lipid metabolism. In addition, we highlight the important gaps that must be addressed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqiang Tang
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Hou-Zao Chen ;
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387
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Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Esfandiary E, Taheripak G, Codoñer‐Franch P, Alonso‐Iglesias E, Mirzaei H. Molecular aspects of diabetes mellitus: Resistin, microRNA, and exosome. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1257-1272. [PMID: 28688216 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Saeedi Borujeni
- Department of Anatomical SCIENCES and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiary
- Department of Anatomical SCIENCES and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Gholamreza Taheripak
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of BiochemistryIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pilar Codoñer‐Franch
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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388
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SOCS molecules: the growing players in macrophage polarization and function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60710-60722. [PMID: 28948005 PMCID: PMC5601173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of macrophage polarization is defined in terms of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity and functional diversity. Cytokines signals are thought to be required for the polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages in development, homeostasis and disease. The suppressors of cytokine signaling family of proteins contribute to the magnitude and duration of cytokines signaling, which ultimately control the subtle adjustment of the balance between divergent macrophage phenotypes. This review highlights the specific roles and mechanisms of various cytokines family and their negative regulators link to the macrophage polarization programs. Eventually, breakthrough in the identification of these molecules will provide the novel therapeutic approaches for a host of diseases by targeting macrophage phenotypic shift.
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389
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Wang YH, Zhang YG. Poly (I:C) alleviates obesity related pro-inflammatory status and promotes glucose homeostasis. Cytokine 2017; 99:225-232. [PMID: 28757363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity associated insulin resistance (IR) is implicated in chronic inflammation that mediated by the immune system. Imbalance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory response contributes to the origins and drivers of IR. However, cells of innate and adaptive immune system participate in the pathogenesis of IR, while glucose homeostasis related immune tolerance could be compromised high fat diet (HFD) reduced metabolic disorder. Although previous studies have demonstrated that anti-inflammatory therapy has a protective role in alleviating the pro-inflammatory status in HFD induced IR, the precise mechanism is still unclear. Ploy (I:C) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA that activates innate and/or adaptive immune response via retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). In the present study, we initially perform a novel research on the relationship between Poly (I:C) preconditioning and improved glucose metabolism in obesity related IR. Interestingly, Poly (I:C) treatment has alleviated the pro-inflammatory status and promoted glucose homeostasis during a HFD feeding. Improved insulin sensitivity is consistent with enhanced immune tolerance, which accompanied with increased Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Of note, Tregs have a pivotal role in orchestrating the self-balance between autoimmunity and inflammation reaction. Thus, our findings reveal that Ploy (I:C) preconditioning prevents HFD induced glucose intolerance, which may be recognized as vaccination by the host. Overall, selectively targeting precise immune regulators may lead to new classes of potentially meaningful therapies for IR in the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yu-Gen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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390
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Abstract
There are currently over 1.9 billion people who are obese or overweight, leading to a rise in related health complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The finding that obesity and metabolic disorder are accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation has fundamentally changed our view of the underlying causes and progression of obesity and metabolic syndrome. We now know that an inflammatory program is activated early in adipose expansion and during chronic obesity, permanently skewing the immune system to a proinflammatory phenotype, and we are beginning to delineate the reciprocal influence of obesity and inflammation. Reviews in this series examine the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in obesity; inflammation within diabetic islets, brain, liver, gut, and muscle; the role of inflammation in fibrosis and angiogenesis; the factors that contribute to the initiation of inflammation; and therapeutic approaches to modulate inflammation in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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