351
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Spranger S, Dai D, Horton B, Gajewski TF. Tumor-Residing Batf3 Dendritic Cells Are Required for Effector T Cell Trafficking and Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:711-723.e4. [PMID: 28486109 PMCID: PMC5650691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells have the capability of recognizing and killing cancer cells. However, whether tumors can become immune resistant through exclusion of effector T cells from the tumor microenvironment is not known. By using a tumor model resembling non-T cell-inflamed human tumors, we assessed whether adoptive T cell transfer might overcome failed spontaneous priming. Flow cytometric assays combined with intra-vital imaging indicated failed trafficking of effector T cells into tumors. Mechanistically, this was due to the absence of CXCL9/10, which we found to be produced by CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in T cell-inflamed tumors. Our data indicate that lack of CD103+ DCs within the tumor microenvironment dominantly resists the effector phase of an anti-tumor T cell response, contributing to immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daisy Dai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brendan Horton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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352
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Idorn M, Thor Straten P. Exercise and cancer: from "healthy" to "therapeutic"? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:667-671. [PMID: 28324125 PMCID: PMC5406418 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise improves functional capacity and patient-reported outcomes across a range of cancer diagnoses. The mechanisms behind this protection have been largely unknown, but exercise-mediated changes in body composition, sex hormone levels, systemic inflammation, and immune cell function have been suggested to play a role. We recently demonstrated that voluntary exercise leads to an influx of immune cells in tumors, and a more than 60% reduction in tumor incidence and growth across several mouse models. Given the common mechanisms of immune cell mobilization in mouse and man during exercise, we hypothesize that this link between exercise and the immune system can be exploited in cancer therapy in particular in combination with immunotherapy. Thus, we believe that exercise may not just be "healthy" but may in fact be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Idorn
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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353
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Wang Q, Wu X. Primary and acquired resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:210-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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354
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Gotwals P, Cameron S, Cipolletta D, Cremasco V, Crystal A, Hewes B, Mueller B, Quaratino S, Sabatos-Peyton C, Petruzzelli L, Engelman JA, Dranoff G. Prospects for combining targeted and conventional cancer therapy with immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:286-301. [PMID: 28338065 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, research in cancer therapeutics has largely focused on two distinct lines of enquiry. In one approach, efforts to understand the underlying cell-autonomous, genetic drivers of tumorigenesis have led to the development of clinically important targeted agents that result in profound, but often not durable, tumour responses in genetically defined patient populations. In the second parallel approach, exploration of the mechanisms of protective tumour immunity has provided several therapeutic strategies - most notably the 'immune checkpoint' antibodies that reverse the negative regulators of T cell function - that accomplish durable clinical responses in subsets of patients with various tumour types. The integration of these potentially complementary research fields provides new opportunities to improve cancer treatments. Targeted and immune-based therapies have already transformed the standard-of-care for several malignancies. However, additional insights into the effects of targeted therapies, along with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, on the induction of antitumour immunity will help to advance the design of combination strategies that increase the rate of complete and durable clinical response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gotwals
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Scott Cameron
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Daniela Cipolletta
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Adam Crystal
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Becker Hewes
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Britta Mueller
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Sonia Quaratino
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | | | - Lilli Petruzzelli
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
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355
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Abstract
The past decade of cancer research has been marked by a growing appreciation of the role of immunity in cancer. Mutations in the tumour genome can cause tumours to express mutant proteins that are tumour specific and not expressed on normal cells (neoantigens). These neoantigens are an attractive immune target because their selective expression on tumours may minimize immune tolerance as well as the risk of autoimmunity. In this Review we discuss the emerging evidence that neoantigens are recognized by the immune system and can be targeted to increase antitumour immunity. We also provide a framework for personalized cancer immunotherapy through the identification and selective targeting of individual tumour neoantigens, and present the potential benefits and obstacles to this approach of targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Burles A Johnson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Eric R Lutz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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356
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Stroncek DF, Butterfield LH, Cannarile MA, Dhodapkar MV, Greten TF, Grivel JC, Kaufman DR, Kong HH, Korangy F, Lee PP, Marincola F, Rutella S, Siebert JC, Trinchieri G, Seliger B. Systematic evaluation of immune regulation and modulation. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28331613 PMCID: PMC5359947 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies are showing promising clinical results in a variety of malignancies. Monitoring the immune as well as the tumor response following these therapies has led to significant advancements in the field. Moreover, the identification and assessment of both predictive and prognostic biomarkers has become a key component to advancing these therapies. Thus, it is critical to develop systematic approaches to monitor the immune response and to interpret the data obtained from these assays. In order to address these issues and make recommendations to the field, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer reconvened the Immune Biomarkers Task Force. As a part of this Task Force, Working Group 3 (WG3) consisting of multidisciplinary experts from industry, academia, and government focused on the systematic assessment of immune regulation and modulation. In this review, the tumor microenvironment, microbiome, bone marrow, and adoptively transferred T cells will be used as examples to discuss the type and timing of sample collection. In addition, potential types of measurements, assays, and analyses will be discussed for each sample. Specifically, these recommendations will focus on the unique collection and assay requirements for the analysis of various samples as well as the high-throughput assays to evaluate potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 3C720, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology & Immunobiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, Box 208021, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- GI-Malignancy Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 12 N226, 9000 Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jean Charles Grivel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Al Luqta Street, Doha, Qatar
| | - David R Kaufman
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 1000, UG 3CD28, North Wales, PA 19454 USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, MSC 1908, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908 USA
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- GI-Malignancy Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 12 N226, 9000 Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Al Luqta Street, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sergio Rutella
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Janet C Siebert
- CytoAnalytics, 3500 South Albion Street, Cherry Hills Village, CO 80113 USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37/Room 4146, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, Halle, Germany
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357
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Nada MH, Wang H, Workalemahu G, Tanaka Y, Morita CT. Enhancing adoptive cancer immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells through pulse zoledronate stimulation. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28239463 PMCID: PMC5319075 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human γδ T cells expressing Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptors monitor foreign- and self-prenyl pyrophosphate metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis to mediate immunity to microbes and tumors. Adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells has been used to treat cancer patients with partial and complete remissions. Most clinical trials and preclinical studies have used continuous zoledronate exposure to expand Vγ2Vδ2 cells where zoledronate is slowly diluted over the course of the culture. Zoledronate inhibits farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in monocytes causing isopentenyl pyrophosphate to accumulate that then stimulates Vγ2Vδ2 cells. Because zoledronate inhibition of FDPS is also toxic for T cells, we hypothesized that a short period of exposure would reduce T cell toxicity but still be sufficient for monocytes uptake. Additionally, IL-15 increases the anti-tumor activity of murine αβ T cells in mice but its effect on the in vivo anti-tumor activity of human Vγ2Vδ2 cells has not been assessed. Methods Human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were expanded by pulse or continuous zoledronate stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 cells were tested for their expression of effector molecules and killing of tumor cells as well as their in vivo control of human prostate cancer tumors in immunodeficient NSG mice. Results Pulse zoledronate stimulation with either IL-2 or IL-15 resulted in more uniform expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 cells with higher purity and cell numbers as compared with continuous exposure. The Vγ2Vδ2 cells had higher levels of CD107a and perforin and increased tumor cytotoxicity. Adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 cells derived by pulse stimulation controlled human PC-3 prostate cancer tumors in NSG mice significantly better than those derived by continuous stimulation, halting tumor growth. Although pulse zoledronate stimulation with IL-15 preserved early memory subsets, adoptive immunotherapy with IL-15-derived Vγ2Vδ2 cells equally inhibited PC-3 tumor growth as those derived with IL-2. Conclusions Pulse zoledronate stimulation maximizes the purity, quantity, and quality of expanded Vγ2Vδ2 cells for adoptive immunotherapy but there is no advantage to using IL-15 over IL-2 in our humanized mouse model. Pulse zoledronate stimulation is a simple modification to existing protocols that will enhance the effectiveness of adoptively transferred Vγ2Vδ2 cells by increasing their numbers and anti-tumor activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0209-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad H Nada
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA
| | - Grefachew Workalemahu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Craig T Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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358
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Williams JB, Horton BL, Zheng Y, Duan Y, Powell JD, Gajewski TF. The EGR2 targets LAG-3 and 4-1BB describe and regulate dysfunctional antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Med 2017; 214:381-400. [PMID: 28115575 PMCID: PMC5294847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) indicates an endogenous antitumor response, immune regulatory pathways can subvert the effector phase and enable tumor escape. Negative regulatory pathways include extrinsic suppression mechanisms, but also a T cell-intrinsic dysfunctional state. A more detailed study has been hampered by a lack of cell surface markers defining tumor-specific dysfunctional TILs, and PD-1 alone is not sufficient. Recently, we identified the transcription factor Egr2 as a critical component in controlling the anergic state in vitro. In this study, we show that the Egr2-driven cell surface proteins LAG-3 and 4-1BB can identify dysfunctional tumor antigen-specific CD8+ TIL. Co-expression of 4-1BB and LAG-3 was seen on a majority of CD8+ TILs, but not in lymphoid organs. Functional analysis revealed defective IL-2 and TNF production yet retained expression of IFN-γ and regulatory T cell-recruiting chemokines. Transcriptional and phenotypic characterization revealed coexpression of multiple additional co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors. Administration of anti-LAG-3 plus anti-4-1BB mAbs was therapeutic against tumors in vivo, which correlated with phenotypic normalization. Our results indicate that coexpression of LAG-3 and 4-1BB characterize dysfunctional T cells within tumors, and that targeting these receptors has therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Williams
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Brendan L Horton
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yan Zheng
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yukan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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359
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Tyler PM, Servos MM, de Vries RC, Klebanov B, Kashyap T, Sacham S, Landesman Y, Dougan M, Dougan SK. Clinical Dosing Regimen of Selinexor Maintains Normal Immune Homeostasis and T-cell Effector Function in Mice: Implications for Combination with Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:428-439. [PMID: 28148714 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selinexor (KPT-330) is a first-in-class nuclear transport inhibitor currently in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. To determine how selinexor might affect antitumor immunity, we analyzed immune homeostasis in mice treated with selinexor and found disruptions in T-cell development, a progressive loss of CD8 T cells, and increases in inflammatory monocytes. Antibody production in response to immunization was mostly normal. Precursor populations in bone marrow and thymus were unaffected by selinexor, suggesting that normal immune homeostasis could recover. We found that a high dose of selinexor given once per week preserved nearly normal immune functioning, whereas a lower dose given 3 times per week did not restore immune homeostasis. Both naïve and effector CD8 T cells cultured in vitro showed impaired activation in the presence of selinexor. These experiments suggest that nuclear exportins are required for T-cell development and function. We determined the minimum concentration of selinexor required to block T-cell activation and showed that T-cell-inhibitory effects of selinexor occur at levels above 100 nmol/L, corresponding to the first 24 hours post-oral dosing. In a model of implantable melanoma, selinexor treatment at 10 mg/kg with a 4-day drug holiday led to intratumoral IFNγ+, granzyme B+ cytotoxic CD8 T cells that were comparable with vehicle-treated mice. Overall, selinexor treatment leads to transient inhibition of T-cell activation, but clinically relevant once and twice weekly dosing schedules that incorporate sufficient drug holidays allow for normal CD8 T-cell functioning and development of antitumor immunity. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 428-39. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Farren et al., p. 417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Tyler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Romy C de Vries
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Amsterdam, Program in Biomedical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sharon Sacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
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360
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Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F, Aptsiauri N. Rejection versus escape: the tumor MHC dilemma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:259-271. [PMID: 28040849 PMCID: PMC11028748 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most tumor cells derive from MHC-I-positive normal counterparts and remain positive at early stages of tumor development. T lymphocytes can infiltrate tumor tissue, recognize and destroy MHC class I (MHC-I)-positive cancer cells ("permissive" phase I). Later, MHC-I-negative tumor cell variants resistant to T-cell killing emerge. During this process, tumors first acquire a heterogeneous MHC-I expression pattern and finally become uniformly MHC-I-negative. This stage (phase II) represents a "non-permissive" encapsulated structure with tumor nodes surrounded by fibrous tissue containing different elements including leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, etc. Molecular mechanisms responsible for total or partial MHC-I downregulation play a crucial role in determining and predicting the antigen-presenting capacity of cancer cells. MHC-I downregulation caused by reversible ("soft") lesions can be upregulated by TH1-type cytokines released into the tumor microenvironment in response to different types of immunotherapy. In contrast, when the molecular mechanism of the tumor MHC-I loss is irreversible ("hard") due to a genetic defect in the gene/s coding for MHC-I heavy chains (chromosome 6) or beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) (chromosome 15), malignant cells are unable to upregulate MHC-I, remain undetectable by cytotoxic T-cells, and continue to grow and metastasize. Based on the tumor MHC-I molecular analysis, it might be possible to define MHC-I phenotypes present in cancer patients in order to distinguish between non-responders, partial/short-term responders, and likely durable responders. This highlights the need for designing strategies to enhance tumor MHC-I expression that would allow CTL-mediated tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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361
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Spitzer MH, Carmi Y, Reticker-Flynn NE, Kwek SS, Madhireddy D, Martins MM, Gherardini PF, Prestwood TR, Chabon J, Bendall SC, Fong L, Nolan GP, Engleman EG. Systemic Immunity Is Required for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell 2017; 168:487-502.e15. [PMID: 28111070 PMCID: PMC5312823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses involve coordination across cell types and tissues. However, studies in cancer immunotherapy have focused heavily on local immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. To investigate immune activity more broadly, we performed an organism-wide study in genetically engineered cancer models using mass cytometry. We analyzed immune responses in several tissues after immunotherapy by developing intuitive models for visualizing single-cell data with statistical inference. Immune activation was evident in the tumor and systemically shortly after effective therapy was administered. However, during tumor rejection, only peripheral immune cells sustained their proliferation. This systemic response was coordinated across tissues and required for tumor eradication in several immunotherapy models. An emergent population of peripheral CD4 T cells conferred protection against new tumors and was significantly expanded in patients responding to immunotherapy. These studies demonstrate the critical impact of systemic immune responses that drive tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Serena S Kwek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepthi Madhireddy
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria M Martins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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362
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Mitochondrial activation chemicals synergize with surface receptor PD-1 blockade for T cell-dependent antitumor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E761-E770. [PMID: 28096382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620433114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immunotherapy by PD-1 blockade has dramatically improved the survival rate of cancer patients, further improvement in efficacy is required to reduce the fraction of less sensitive patients. In mouse models of PD-1 blockade therapy, we found that tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) carry increased mitochondrial mass and more reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that ROS generation by ROS precursors or indirectly by mitochondrial uncouplers synergized the tumoricidal activity of PD-1 blockade by expansion of effector/memory CTLs in DLNs and within the tumor. These CTLs carry not only the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but also an increment of their downstream transcription factors such as PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and T-bet. Furthermore, direct activators of mTOR, AMPK, or PGC-1α also synergized the PD-1 blockade therapy whereas none of above-mentioned chemicals alone had any effects on tumor growth. These findings will pave a way to developing novel combinatorial therapies with PD-1 blockade.
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363
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Beatty GL, O'Dwyer PJ, Clark J, Shi JG, Bowman KJ, Scherle PA, Newton RC, Schaub R, Maleski J, Leopold L, Gajewski TF. First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Oral Inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 Epacadostat (INCB024360) in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3269-3276. [PMID: 28053021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan to N-formyl-kynurenine. Overexpressed in many solid malignancies, IDO1 can promote tumor escape from host immunosurveillance. This first-in-human phase I study investigated the maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of epacadostat (INCB024360), a potent and selective inhibitor of IDO1.Experimental Design: Fifty-two patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with epacadostat [50 mg once daily or 50, 100, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 mg twice daily (BID)] in a dose-escalation 3 + 3 design and evaluated in 28-day cycles. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.Results: One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred at the dose of 300 mg BID (grade 3, radiation pneumonitis); another DLT occurred at 400 mg BID (grade 3, fatigue). The most common adverse events in >20% of patients overall were fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspnea, back pain, and cough. Treatment produced significant dose-dependent reductions in plasma kynurenine levels and in the plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio at all doses and in all patients. Near maximal changes were observed at doses of ≥100 mg BID with >80% to 90% inhibition of IDO1 achieved throughout the dosing period. Although no objective responses were detected, stable disease lasting ≥16 weeks was observed in 7 of 52 patients.Conclusions: Epacadostat was generally well tolerated, effectively normalized kynurenine levels, and produced maximal inhibition of IDO1 activity at doses of ≥100 mg BID. Studies investigating epacadostat in combination with other immunomodulatory drugs are ongoing. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3269-76. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jack G Shi
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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364
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Salama AKS, Moschos SJ. Next steps in immuno-oncology: enhancing antitumor effects through appropriate patient selection and rationally designed combination strategies. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:57-74. [PMID: 28177433 PMCID: PMC6887913 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancers escape immune surveillance via distinct mechanisms that involve central (negative selection within the thymus) or peripheral (lack of costimulation, receipt of death/anergic signals by tumor, immunoregulatory cell populations) immune tolerance. During the 1990s, moderate clinical benefit was seen using several cytokine therapies for a limited number of cancers. Over the past 20 years, extensive research has been performed to understand the role of various components of peripheral immune tolerance, with the co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and its ligand (PD-L1) being the most well-characterized at preclinical and clinical levels. Patients and methods We used PubMed and Google Scholar searches to identify key articles published reporting preclinical and clinical studies investigating CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, frequently cited review articles, and clinical studies of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibitors, including combination therapy strategies. We also searched recent oncology congress presentations and clinicaltrials.gov to cover the most up-to-date clinical trial data and ongoing clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combinations. Results Inhibiting CTLA-4 and PD-1 using monoclonal antibody therapies administered as single agents has been associated with clinical benefit in distinct patient subgroups across several malignancies. Concurrent blockade of CTLA-4 and components of the PD-1/PD-L1 system using various schedules has shown synergy and even higher incidence of durable antitumor responses at the expense of increased rates of immune-mediated adverse events, which can be life-threatening, but are rarely fatal and are reversible in most cases using established treatment guidelines. Conclusions Dual immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated promising clinical benefit in numerous solid tumor types. This example of concurrent modulation of multiple components of the immune system is currently being investigated in other cancers using various immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. S. Salama
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
| | - S. J. Moschos
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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365
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Gajewski TF, Corrales L, Williams J, Horton B, Sivan A, Spranger S. Cancer Immunotherapy Targets Based on Understanding the T Cell-Inflamed Versus Non-T Cell-Inflamed Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:19-31. [PMID: 29275462 PMCID: PMC6693322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most cancers express tumor antigens that can be recognized by T cells of the host. The fact that cancers become clinically evident nonetheless implies that immune escape must occur. Two major subsets of human melanoma metastases have been identified based on gene expression profiling. One subgroup has a T cell-inflamed phenotype that includes expression of chemokines, T cell markers, and a type I IFN signature. In contrast, the other major subset lacks this phenotype and has been designated as non-T cell-inflamed. The mechanisms of immune escape are likely distinct in these two phenotypes, and therefore the optimal immunotherapeutic interventions necessary to promote clinical responses may be different. The T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment subset shows the highest expression of negative regulatory factors, including PD-L1, IDO, FoxP3+ Tregs, and evidence for T cell-intrinsic anergy. Therapeutic strategies to overcome these inhibitory mechanisms are being pursued, and anti-PD-1 mAbs have been FDA approved. The presence of multiple inhibitory mechanisms in the same tumor microenvironment argues that combination therapies may be advantageous, several of which are in clinical testing. A new paradigm may be needed to promote de novo inflammation in cases of the non-T cell-infiltrated tumor microenvironment. Natural innate immune sensing of tumors appears to occur via the host STING pathway, type I IFN production, and cross-priming of T cells via CD8α+ DCs. New strategies are being developed to engage this pathway therapeutically, such as through STING agonists. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the presence or absence of the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment are being elucidated using parallel genomics platforms. The first oncogene pathway identified that mediates immune exclusion is the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting that new pharmacologic strategies to target this pathway should be developed to restore immune access to the tumor microenvironment.
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366
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Johnson TS, McGaha T, Munn DH. Chemo-Immunotherapy: Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Defining Immunogenic Versus Tolerogenic Cell Death in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:91-104. [PMID: 29275467 PMCID: PMC6169315 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In certain settings, chemotherapy can trigger an immunogenic form of tumor cell death. More often, however, tumor cell death after chemotherapy is not immunogenic, and may be actively tolerizing. However, even in these settings the dying tumor cells may be much more immunogenic than previously recognized, if key suppressive immune checkpoints such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) can be blocked. This is an important question, because a robust immune response to dying tumor cells could potentially augment the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy, or enhance the strength and duration of response to other immunologic therapies. Recent findings using preclinical models of self-tolerance and autoimmunity suggest that IDO and related downstream pathways may play a fundamental role in the decision between tolerance versus immune activation in response to dying cells. Thus, in the period of tumor cell death following chemotherapy or immunotherapy, the presence of IDO may help dictate the choice between dominant immunosuppression versus inflammation, antigen cross-presentation, and epitope spreading. The IDO pathway thus differs from other checkpoint-blockade strategies, in that it affects early immune responses, at the level of inflammation, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and initial cross-presentation of tumor antigens. This "up-stream" position may make IDO a potent target for therapeutic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S. Johnson
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program; GRU Cancer Center, Pediatric Immunotherapy Program, , Phone: (706)-721-8735
| | - Tracy McGaha
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Medicine; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program
| | - David H. Munn
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program; GRU Cancer Center, Pediatric Immunotherapy Program, , Phone: (706)-721-7141
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367
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Zarour HM. Reversing T-cell Dysfunction and Exhaustion in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1856-64. [PMID: 27084739 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the context of chronic antigen exposure in chronic viral infections and cancer, T cells become exhausted/dysfunctional. These exhausted T cells exhibit defective proliferative capacities and cytokine production, but are not totally inert and may exert lytic functions. Importantly, exhausted T cells upregulate multiple inhibitory receptors/immune checkpoints that bind to their ligands expressed by tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune checkpoint blockades with anti-CTL antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and/or anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) mAbs successfully reinvigorate tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and provide persistent clinical benefits to a large number of patients with advanced cancer. This great and long-awaited success for the immunotherapy of cancer has infused considerable enthusiasm in the field of oncology and fostered the development of combinatorial strategies to target the multiple mechanisms of tumor-induced T-cell dysfunction. Here, we review the critical immunoregulatory mechanisms driving T-cell exhaustion in the TME. We also discuss the development of promising combinatorial immunotherapies to counteract the mechanisms of tumor-induced T-cell dysfunction to improve the clinical efficacy of current immune checkpoint blockades. As our understanding of the mechanisms supporting tumor-induced T-cell dysfunction improves based upon preclinical and clinical studies, we expect that novel combinatorial immunotherapies will emerge to improve the clinical outcome of patients with advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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368
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Ng SSM, Nagy BA, Jensen SM, Hu X, Alicea C, Fox BA, Felber BK, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. Heterodimeric IL15 Treatment Enhances Tumor Infiltration, Persistence, and Effector Functions of Adoptively Transferred Tumor-specific T Cells in the Absence of Lymphodepletion. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2817-2830. [PMID: 27986749 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach for cancer. Host lymphodepletion is associated with favorable ACT therapy outcomes, but it may cause detrimental effects in humans. We tested the hypothesis that IL15 administration enhances ACT in the absence of lymphodepletion. We previously showed that bioactive IL15 in vivo comprises a stable complex of the IL15 chain with the IL15 receptor alpha chain (IL15Rα), termed heterodimeric IL15 (hetIL15).Experimental Design: We evaluated the effects of the combination regimen ACT + hetIL15 in the absence of lymphodepletion by transferring melanoma-specific Pmel-1 T cells into B16 melanoma-bearing mice.Results: hetIL15 treatment delayed tumor growth by promoting infiltration and persistence of both adoptively transferred Pmel-1 cells and endogenous CD8+ T cells into the tumor. In contrast, persistence of Pmel-1 cells was severely reduced following irradiation in comparison with mice treated with hetIL15. Importantly, we found that hetIL15 treatment led to the preferential enrichment of Pmel-1 cells in B16 tumor sites in an antigen-dependent manner. Upon hetIL15 administration, tumor-infiltrating Pmel-1 cells showed a "nonexhausted" effector phenotype, characterized by increased IFNγ secretion, proliferation, and cytotoxic potential and low level of PD-1. hetIL15 treatment also resulted in an improved ratio of Pmel-1 to Treg in the tumor.Conclusions: hetIL15 administration improves the outcome of ACT in lymphoreplete hosts, a finding with significant implications for improving cell-based cancer immunotherapy strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2817-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinnie Sin Man Ng
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bethany A Nagy
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.,Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xintao Hu
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.
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369
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Neutrophils are Essential in Short Hairpin RNA of Indoleamine 2,3- Dioxygenase Mediated-antitumor Efficiency. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e397. [PMID: 27922590 PMCID: PMC5159481 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a rate limiting enzyme in tryptophan-degrading pathways and IDO activity results in immune suppression. Targeting IDO is a strategy of cancer immunotherapies. Our previous studies demonstrate that delivery of short hairpin against IDO (IDO shRNA) suppresses tumor growth and increases neutrophils infiltration into tumor. Neutrophils reveal antitumorigenic “N1” or protumorigenic “N2” phenotype in tumor microenvironment. However, the function of IDO shRNA-induced neutrophils is not clear. The LLC1 lung cancer model was used to investigate the role of these neutrophils. Intramuscular injection of IDO shRNA or IDO inhibitor treatment delayed tumor growth and both treatments increased neutrophil infiltration in tumor. Enriched tumor-infiltrating neutrophils expressed both high level of tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-β (N1 and N2 associated molecules, respectively). In addition, IDO shRNA treatment induced interferon-γ and tryptophan transfer RNA expression in splenocytes. Systematic depletion of neutrophils abolished the IDO shRNA-induced therapeutic effect but did not affect the effect of IDO inhibitor. The levels of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were suppressed in IDO shRNA treatment splenocytes after neutrophils depletion. In conclusion, these tumor-infiltrating neutrophils show antitumorigenic phenotype in spleen after IDO shRNA treatment in a murine lung cancer model.
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370
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Qian S, He T, Wang W, He Y, Zhang M, Yang L, Li G, Wang Z. Discovery and preliminary structure–activity relationship of 1H-indazoles with promising indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6194-6205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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371
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Jin C, Yu D, Essand M. Prospects to improve chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1355-1361. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of patient-derived T-cells engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the pan-B-cell marker CD19 has led to complete remission in patients with B-cell leukemias while response rates are more modest for B-cell lymphomas. This can be attributed to the fact that the semi-solid structure of lymphomas impedes T-cell infiltration and that the immune suppressive microenvironment within these tumors dampens the effect of CAR T-cells. These obstacles are even more pronounced for solid tumors where dense and often highly immunosuppressive structures are found. This article focuses on different aspects of how to improve CAR T-cells for solid tumors, primarily by decreasing their sensitivity to the harsh tumor microenvironment, by altering the immunosuppressive microenvironment inside tumors and by inducing bystander immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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372
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O'Donnell JS, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Teng MWL, Smyth MJ. Resistance to PD1/PDL1 checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 52:71-81. [PMID: 27951441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For the first time in decades, patients with difficult-to-treat cancers such as advanced stage metastatic melanoma are being offered a glimpse of hope in the form of immunotherapies. By targeting factors that foster the development and maintenance of an immunosuppressive microenvironment within tumors, these therapies release the brakes on the host's own immune system; allowing cure of disease. Indeed, phase III clinical trials have revealed that therapies such as ipilimumab and pembrolizumab which target the CTLA4 and PD-1 immune checkpoints, respectively, have raised the three-year survival of patients with melanoma to ∼70%, and overall survival (>5years) to ∼30%. Despite this unprecedented efficacy, many patients fail to respond, and more concerning, some patients who demonstrate encouraging initial responses to immunotherapy, can acquire resistance over time. There is now an urgent need to identify mechanisms of resistance, to predict outcome and to identify targets for combination therapy. Here, with the aim of guiding future combination trials that target specific resistance mechanisms to immunotherapies, we have summarised and discussed the current understanding of mechanisms promoting resistance to anti-PD1/PDL1 therapies, and how combination strategies which target these pathways might yield better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S O'Donnell
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia; Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
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373
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Association of PD-1/PD-L axis expression with cytolytic activity, mutational load, and prognosis in melanoma and other solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7769-E7777. [PMID: 27837027 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607836113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade has led to remarkable and durable objective responses in a number of different tumor types. A better understanding of factors associated with the PD-1/PD-L axis expression is desirable, as it informs their potential role as prognostic and predictive biomarkers and may suggest rational treatment combinations. In the current study, we analyzed PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, and cytolytic activity (CYT) expression, as well as mutational density from melanoma and eight other solid tumor types using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We found that in some tumor types, PD-L2 expression is more closely linked to Th1/IFNG expression and PD-1 and CD8 signaling than PD-L1 In contrast, mutational load was not correlated with a Th1/IFNG gene signature in any tumor type. PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, CYT expression, and mutational density are all positive prognostic features in melanoma, and conditional inference modeling revealed PD-1/CYT expression (i.e., an inflamed tumor microenvironment) as the most impactful feature, followed by mutational density. This study elucidates the highly interdependent nature of these parameters, and also indicates that future biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 will benefit from tumor-type-specific, integrated, mRNA, protein, and genomic approaches.
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374
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Density of immunogenic antigens does not explain the presence or absence of the T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7759-E7768. [PMID: 27837020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609376113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma metastases can be categorized by gene expression for the presence of a T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment, which correlates with clinical efficacy of immunotherapies. T cells frequently recognize mutational antigens corresponding to nonsynonymous somatic mutations (NSSMs), and in some cases shared differentiation or cancer-testis antigens. Therapies are being pursued to trigger immune infiltration into non-T-cell-inflamed tumors in the hope of rendering them immunotherapy responsive. However, whether those tumors express antigens capable of T-cell recognition has not been explored. To address this question, 266 melanomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were categorized by the presence or absence of a T-cell-inflamed gene signature. These two subsets were interrogated for cancer-testis, differentiation, and somatic mutational antigens. No statistically significant differences were observed, including density of NSSMs. Focusing on hypothetical HLA-A2+ binding scores, 707 peptides were synthesized, corresponding to all identified candidate neoepitopes. No differences were observed in measured HLA-A2 binding between inflamed and noninflamed cohorts. Twenty peptides were randomly selected from each cohort to evaluate priming and recognition by human CD8+ T cells in vitro with 25% of peptides confirmed to be immunogenic in both. A similar gene expression profile applied to all solid tumors of TCGA revealed no association between T-cell signature and NSSMs. Our results indicate that lack of spontaneous immune infiltration in solid tumors is unlikely due to lack of antigens. Strategies that improve T-cell infiltration into tumors may therefore be able to facilitate clinical response to immunotherapy once antigens become recognized.
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375
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Perea F, Bernal M, Sánchez-Palencia A, Carretero J, Torres C, Bayarri C, Gómez-Morales M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. The absence of HLA class I expression in non-small cell lung cancer correlates with the tumor tissue structure and the pattern of T cell infiltration. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:888-899. [PMID: 27785783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We wanted to analyze whether tumor HLA class I (HLA-I) expression influences the pattern of the immune cell infiltration and stromal cell reaction in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor tissues obtained from 57 patients diagnosed with lung carcinomas were analyzed for HLA expression and leukocyte infiltration. 28 patients out of the 57 were completely negative for HLA-I expression (49.1%) or showed a selective HLA-A locus downregulation (three patients, 5.2%). In 26 out of 57 tumors (47.8%) we detected a positive HLA-I expression but with a percentage of HLA-I negative cells between 10 and 25%. The HLA-I negative phenotype was produced by a combination of HLA haplotype loss and a transcriptional downregulation of β2-microglobulin (β2-m) and LMP2 and LMP7 antigen presentation machinery genes. The analysis and localization of different immune cell populations revealed the presence of two major and reproducible patterns. One pattern, which we designated "immune-permissive tumor microenvironment (TME)," was characterized by positive tumor HLA-I expression, intratumoral infiltration with cytotoxic T-CD8+ cells, M1-inflammatory type macrophages, and a diffuse pattern of FAP+ cancer-associated fibroblasts. In contrast, another pattern defined as "non-immune-permissive TME" was found in HLA-I negative tumors with strong stromal-matrix interaction, T-CD8+ cells surrounding tumor nests, a dense layer of FAP+ fibroblasts and M2/repair-type macrophages. In conclusion, this study revealed marked differences between HLA class I-positive and negative tumors related to tissue structure, the composition of leukocyte infiltration and stromal response in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perea
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Sánchez-Palencia
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Carretero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Bayarri
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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376
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Chen Y, Xia R, Huang Y, Zhao W, Li J, Zhang X, Wang P, Venkataramanan R, Fan J, Xie W, Ma X, Lu B, Li S. An immunostimulatory dual-functional nanocarrier that improves cancer immunochemotherapy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13443. [PMID: 27819653 PMCID: PMC5103075 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochemotherapy combines a chemotherapeutic agent with an immune-modulating agent and represents an attractive approach to improve cancer therapy. However, the success of immunochemotherapy is hampered by the lack of a strategy to effectively co-deliver the two therapeutics to the tumours. Here we report the development of a dual-functional, immunostimulatory nanomicellar carrier that is based on a prodrug conjugate of PEG with NLG919, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor currently used for reversing tumour immune suppression. An Fmoc group, an effective drug-interactive motif, is also introduced into the carrier to improve the drug loading capacity and formulation stability. We show that PEG2k-Fmoc-NLG alone is effective in enhancing T-cell immune responses and exhibits significant antitumour activity in vivo. More importantly, systemic delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) using the PEG2k-Fmoc-NLG nanocarrier leads to a significantly improved antitumour response in both breast cancer and melanoma mouse models. The use of immunostimulatory agents to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Here, the authors report on a micellar nanoparticle that can effectively co-deliver chemo- and immunotherapeutics, resulting in an improved in vivo antitumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Rui Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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377
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Swart M, Verbrugge I, Beltman JB. Combination Approaches with Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2016; 6:233. [PMID: 27847783 PMCID: PMC5088186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, immune-checkpoint molecules prevent autoimmune responses and limit immune cell-mediated tissue damage. Tumors frequently exploit these molecules to evade eradication by the immune system. Over the past years, immune-checkpoint blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programed death-1 emerged as promising strategies to activate antitumor cytotoxic T cell responses. Although complete regression and long-term survival is achieved in some patients, not all patients respond. This review describes promising, novel combination approaches involving immune-checkpoint blockade in the context of the cancer-immunity cycle, aimed at increasing response rates to the single treatments. Specifically, we discuss combinations that promote antigen release and presentation, that further amplify T cell activation, that inhibit trafficking of regulatory T cells or MSDCs, that stimulate intratumoral T cell infiltration, that increase cancer recognition by T cells, and that stimulate tumor killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inge Verbrugge
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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378
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Intratumoral injection of a CpG oligonucleotide reverts resistance to PD-1 blockade by expanding multifunctional CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7240-E7249. [PMID: 27799536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608555113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive rates of clinical response to programmed death 1 (PD-1) blockade in multiple cancers, the majority of patients still fail to respond to this therapy. The CT26 tumor in mice showed similar heterogeneity, with most tumors unaffected by anti-PD-1. As in humans, response of CT26 to anti-PD-1 correlated with increased T- and B-cell infiltration and IFN expression. We show that intratumoral injection of a highly interferogenic TLR9 agonist, SD-101, in anti-PD-1 nonresponders led to a complete, durable rejection of essentially all injected tumors and a majority of uninjected, distant-site tumors. Therapeutic efficacy of the combination was also observed with the TSA mammary adenocarcinoma and MCA38 colon carcinoma tumor models that show little response to PD-1 blockade alone. Intratumoral SD-101 substantially increased leukocyte infiltration and IFN-regulated gene expression, and its activity was dependent on CD8+ T cells and type I IFN signaling. Anti-PD-1 plus intratumoral SD-101 promoted infiltration of activated, proliferating CD8+ T cells and led to a synergistic increase in total and tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing both IFN-γ and TNF-α. Additionally, PD-1 blockade could alter the CpG-mediated differentiation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells into CD127lowKLRG1high short-lived effector cells, preferentially expanding the CD127highKLRG1low long-lived memory precursors. Tumor control and intratumoral T-cell proliferation in response to the combined treatment is independent of T-cell trafficking from secondary lymphoid organs. These findings suggest that a CpG oligonucleotide given intratumorally may increase the response of cancer patients to PD-1 blockade, increasing the quantity and the quality of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.
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379
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Malignant melanoma—The cradle of anti-neoplastic immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:25-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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380
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Prevailing over T cell exhaustion: New developments in the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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381
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Salmon H, Idoyaga J, Rahman A, Leboeuf M, Remark R, Jordan S, Casanova-Acebes M, Khudoynazarova M, Agudo J, Tung N, Chakarov S, Rivera C, Hogstad B, Bosenberg M, Hashimoto D, Gnjatic S, Bhardwaj N, Palucka AK, Brown BD, Brody J, Ginhoux F, Merad M. Expansion and Activation of CD103(+) Dendritic Cell Progenitors at the Tumor Site Enhances Tumor Responses to Therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF Inhibition. Immunity 2016; 44:924-38. [PMID: 27096321 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of melanoma lesions develop resistance to targeted inhibition of mutant BRAF or fail to respond to checkpoint blockade. We explored whether modulation of intratumoral antigen-presenting cells (APCs) could increase responses to these therapies. Using mouse melanoma models, we found that CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) were the only APCs transporting intact antigens to the lymph nodes and priming tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. CD103(+) DCs were required to promote anti-tumoral effects upon blockade of the checkpoint ligand PD-L1; however, PD-L1 inhibition only led to partial responses. Systemic administration of the growth factor FLT3L followed by intratumoral poly I:C injections expanded and activated CD103(+) DC progenitors in the tumor, enhancing responses to BRAF and PD-L1 blockade and protecting mice from tumor rechallenge. Thus, the paucity of activated CD103(+) DCs in tumors limits checkpoint-blockade efficacy and combined FLT3L and poly I:C therapy can enhance tumor responses to checkpoint and BRAF blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Salmon
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marylène Leboeuf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Romain Remark
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Makhzuna Khudoynazarova
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith Agudo
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Navpreet Tung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | - Christina Rivera
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brandon Hogstad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Brian D Brown
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Brody
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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382
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Eissler N, Mao Y, Brodin D, Reuterswärd P, Andersson Svahn H, Johnsen JI, Kiessling R, Kogner P. Regulation of myeloid cells by activated T cells determines the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1232222. [PMID: 28123870 PMCID: PMC5214950 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1232222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of immuno-suppression has been reported to enhance antitumor immunity primed by checkpoint inhibitors. Although PD-1 blockade failed to control tumor growth in a transgenic murine neuroblastoma model, concurrent inhibition of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) by BLZ945 reprogrammed suppressive myeloid cells and significantly enhanced therapeutic effects. Microarray analysis of tumor tissues identified a significant increase of T-cell infiltration guided by myeloid cell-derived chemokines CXCL9, 10, and 11. Blocking the responsible chemokine receptor CXCR3 hampered T-cell infiltration and reduced antitumor efficacy of the combination therapy. Multivariate analysis of 59 immune-cell parameters in tumors and spleens detected the correlation between PD-L1-expressing myeloid cells and tumor burden. In vitro, anti-PD-1 antibody Nivolumab in combination with BLZ945 increased the activation of primary human T and NK cells. Importantly, we revealed a previously uncharacterized pathway, in which T cells secreted M-CSF upon PD-1 blockade, leading to enhanced suppressive capacity of monocytes by upregulation of PD-L1 and purinergic enzymes. In multiple datasets of neuroblastoma patients, gene expression of CD73 correlated strongly with myeloid cell markers CD163 and CSF-1R in neuroblastoma tumors, and associated with worse survival in high-risk patients. Altogether, our data reveal the dual role of activated T cells on myeloid cell functions and provide a rationale for the combination therapy of anti-PD-1 antibody with CSF-1R inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eissler
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Q6:05, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yumeng Mao
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Brodin
- Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis Core Facility, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Philippa Reuterswärd
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Q6:05, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Q6:05, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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383
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Mie M, Takahashi T. Current condition and issues of animal evaluation models for cancer immunotherapy. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:144-8. [PMID: 27581962 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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384
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Carlino MS, Long GV. Ipilimumab Combined with Nivolumab: A Standard of Care for the Treatment of Advanced Melanoma? Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3992-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ipilimumab, an inhibitor of CTLA-4 on T cells, was the first drug to improve overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma. Subsequently, inhibitors of PD-1, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab, were shown to be superior to ipilimumab with a more favorable safety profile. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab is associated with a further improvement in response rate and progression-free survival; however, the combination is associated with an increased rate of immune-related toxicities. In 2015, the FDA approved the combination for the treatment of BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma. This review examines the preclinical rationale for the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab as well as the efficacy and toxicity data from clinical trials in patients with advanced melanoma. Finally, alternative treatment options are discussed with a focus on patient selection. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 3992–8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S. Carlino
- 1Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgina V. Long
- 2Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
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385
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Spranger S. Mechanisms of tumor escape in the context of the T-cell-inflamed and the non-T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment. Int Immunol 2016; 28:383-91. [PMID: 26989092 PMCID: PMC4986232 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade therapy has been proven to be highly active across many cancer types but emerging evidence indicates that the therapeutic benefit is limited to a subset of patients in each cancer entity. The presence of CD8(+) T cells within the tumor microenvironment or the invasive margin of the tumor, as well as the up-regulation of PD-L1, have emerged to be the most predictive biomarkers for clinical benefit in response to checkpoint inhibition. Although the up-regulation of immune inhibitory mechanisms is one mechanism of immune escape, commonly used by T-cell-inflamed tumors, exclusion of an anti-tumor specific T-cell infiltrate displays another even more potent mechanism of immune escape. This review will contrast the mechanisms of immunogenic, T-cell-inflamed, and the novel concept of non-immunogenic, non-T-cell-inflamed, adaptive immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, GCIS W423H, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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386
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Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, McLaughlin J, Altan M, Velcheti V, Gaule P, Sanmamed MF, Chen L, Herbst RS, Rimm DL. Differential Expression and Significance of PD-L1, IDO-1, and B7-H4 in Human Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:370-378. [PMID: 27440266 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the expression level, associations, and biological role of PD-L1, IDO-1, and B7-H4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we measured the levels of PD-L1, IDO-1, B7-H4, and different tumor-infiltrating lymphoycte (TIL) subsets in 552 stages I-IV lung carcinomas from two independent populations. Associations between the marker levels, TILs, and major clinicopathologic variables were determined. Validation of findings was performed using mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and in vitro stimulation of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells with IFNγ and IL10. RESULTS PD-L1 was detected in 16.9% and 21.8% of cases in each population. IDO-1 was expressed in 42.6% and 49.8%; and B7-H4 in 12.8% and 22.6% of cases, respectively. Elevated PD-L1 and IDO-1 were consistently associated with prominent B- and T-cell infiltrates, but B7-H4 was not. Coexpression of the three protein markers was infrequent, and comparable results were seen in the lung cancer TCGA dataset. Levels of PD-L1 and IDO-1 (but not B7-H4) were increased by IFNγ stimulation in A549 cells. Treatment with IL10 upregulated B7-H4 but did not affect PD-L1 and IDO-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1, IDO-1, and B7-H4 are differentially expressed in human lung carcinomas and show limited co-expression. While PD-L1 and IDO-1 are associated with increased TILs and IFNγ stimulation, B7-H4 is not. The preferential expression of discrete immune evasion pathways in lung cancer could participate in therapeutic resistance and support design of optimal clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 370-8. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Aged
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Medical Oncology Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Translational Immuno-oncology Laboratory, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Medical Oncology Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mehmet Altan
- Medical Oncology Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Patricia Gaule
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Lieping Chen
- Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Medical Oncology Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Medical Oncology Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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387
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Herzberg B, Fisher DE. Metastatic melanoma and immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:105-110. [PMID: 27430520 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to attack cancer cells has represented a holy grail for greater than 100years. While prospects of tumor-selective durable immune based therapies have provided small clinical signals for many decades, recent years have demonstrated a virtual explosion in progress. Melanoma has led the field of cancers in which immunotherapy has produced major clinical inroads. The most significant and impactful immunotherapies for melanoma utilize immune checkpoint inhibition to stimulate T cell mediated tumor killing. The major targets of checkpoint blockade have thus far been CTLA4 and PD1, two key receptors for central and peripheral immune tolerance. This review discusses current understanding of how these checkpoint blockade therapeutics have led to major clinical responses in patients with advanced melanoma. It is likely that we are poised to see significantly greater anti-cancer immunotherapy efficacy, both in improving response rates and durability for melanoma, and for other less immunogenic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Herzberg
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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388
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Idorn M, thor Straten P. Exercise: A new role for an old tool. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1163005. [PMID: 27652317 PMCID: PMC4972115 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1163005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that voluntary exercise leads to an influx of immune cells in tumors and a greater than 60% reduction in tumor incidence and growth across several mouse models. Improved immunological control of tumor progression may have important clinical implications in the prevention and treatment of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Idorn
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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389
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Corrales L, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Gajewski TF. The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2404-11. [PMID: 27367184 DOI: 10.1172/jci86892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major subset of human cancers shows evidence for spontaneous adaptive immunity, which is reflected by the presence of infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for tumor antigens within the tumor microenvironment. This observation has raised the question of which innate immune sensing pathway might detect the presence of cancer and lead to a natural adaptive antitumor immune response in the absence of exogenous infectious pathogens. Evidence for a critical functional role for type I IFNs led to interrogation of candidate innate immune sensing pathways that might be triggered by tumor presence and induce type I IFN production. Such analyses have revealed a major role for the stimulator of IFN genes pathway (STING pathway), which senses cytosolic tumor-derived DNA within the cytosol of tumor-infiltrating DCs. Activation of this pathway is correlated with IFN-β production and induction of antitumor T cells. Based on the biology of this natural immune response, pharmacologic agonists of the STING pathway are being developed to augment and optimize STING activation as a cancer therapy. Intratumoral administration of STING agonists results in remarkable therapeutic activity in mouse models, and STING agonists are being carried forward into phase I clinical testing.
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390
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Ren Z, Guo J, Liao J, Luan Y, Liu Z, Sun Z, Liu X, Liang Y, Peng H, Fu YX. CTLA-4 Limits Anti-CD20-Mediated Tumor Regression. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:193-203. [PMID: 27354469 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The inhibition of tumor growth by anti-CD20 antibody (Ab) treatment is mediated by Ab- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in xenograft tumor models. In addition, anti-CD20 therapy for B-cell lymphoma can result in intrinsic and extrinsic tumor resistance to further Ab treatment. However, adaptive immune response-related resistance has not been well studied in anti-CD20-mediated tumor control, and adaptive immunity has long been underestimated. The purpose of this study was to explore whether T cells are involved in mediating the effects of anti-CD20 therapy and what factors contribute to adaptive immune response-related resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a syngeneic mouse B-cell lymphoma model, we investigated the role of CD8+ T cells in anti-CD20-mediated tumor regression. Furthermore, we revealed how the tumor-specific T-cell response was initiated by anti-CD20. Finally, we studied adaptive immune response-related resistance in advanced B-cell lymphoma. RESULTS CD8+ T cells played an essential role in anti-CD20-mediated tumor regression. Mechanistically, anti-CD20 therapy promoted dendritic cell (DC)-mediated cross-presentation. Importantly, macrophages were also necessary for the increase in the tumor-specific CTL response after anti-CD20 treatment, via the production of type I IFN to activate DC function. Furthermore, adaptive resistance is gradually developed through the CTLA-4 pathway in Treg cells in larger lymphomas. Further blockade of CTLA-4 can synergize with anti-CD20 treatment in antitumor activities. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic function of anti-CD20 depends on tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses initiated by anti-CD20 through macrophages and DCs. CTLA-4 blockade can synergize with anti-CD20 to overcome adaptive immune response-related resistance in advanced B-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 193-203. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhichen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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391
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Smits NC, Coupet TA, Godbersen C, Sentman CL. Designing multivalent proteins based on natural killer cell receptors and their ligands as immunotherapy for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1105-12. [PMID: 27248342 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1195364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system that play a key role in host immunity against cancer. NK cell recognition and activation is based on cell surface receptors recognizing specific ligands that are expressed on many types of tumor cells. Some of these receptors are capable of activating NK cell function while other receptors inhibit NK cell function. Therapeutic approaches to treat cancer have been developed based on preventing NK cell inhibition or using NK cell receptors and their ligands to activate NK cells or T cells to destroy tumor cells. AREAS COVERED This article describes the various strategies for targeting NK cell receptors and NK cell receptor ligands using multivalent proteins to activate immunity against cancer. EXPERT OPINION NK cell receptors work in synergy to activate NK cell effector responses. Effective anti-cancer strategies will need to not only kill tumor cells but must also lead to the destruction of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy based on NK cells and their receptors has the capacity to accomplish this through triggering lymphocyte cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smits
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Tiffany A Coupet
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Claire Godbersen
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
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392
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Ma W, Gilligan BM, Yuan J, Li T. Current status and perspectives in translational biomarker research for PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:47. [PMID: 27234522 PMCID: PMC4884396 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating immune inhibitory pathways has been a major recent breakthrough in cancer treatment. Checkpoint blockade antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) have demonstrated acceptable toxicity, promising clinical responses, durable disease control, and improved survival in some patients with advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and other tumor types. About 20 % of advanced NSCLC patients and 30 % of advanced melanoma patients experience tumor responses from checkpoint blockade monotherapy, with better clinical responses seen with the combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Given the power of these new therapies, it is important to understand the complex and dynamic nature of host immune responses and the regulation of additional molecules in the tumor microenvironment and normal organs in response to the checkpoint blockade therapies. In this era of precision oncology, there remains a largely unmet need to identify the patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy, to optimize the monitoring assays for tumor-specific immune responses, to develop strategies to improve clinical efficacy, and to identify biomarkers so that immune-related adverse events can be avoided. At this time, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using 22C3 antibody is the only FDA-approved companion diagnostic for patients with NSCLC-treated pembrolizumab, but more are expected to come to market. We here summarize the current knowledge, clinical efficacy, potential immune biomarkers, and associated assays for immune checkpoint blockade therapies in advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ma
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Former visiting medical student from School of Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Barbara M Gilligan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, Box 386, New York, NY10065, USA.,Present address: Oncology Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ07065, USA
| | - Tianhong Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, 95655, USA.
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393
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Kim JM, Chen DS. Immune escape to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade: seven steps to success (or failure). Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1492-504. [PMID: 27207108 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1)-targeted therapy has demonstrated the importance of the PD-L1 : PD-1 interaction in inhibiting anticancer T-cell immunity in multiple human cancers, generating durable responses and extended overall survival. However, not all patients treated with PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy experience tumor shrinkage, durable responses, or prolonged survival. To extend such benefits to more cancer patients, it is necessary to understand why some patients experience primary or secondary immune escape, in which the immune response is incapable of eradicating all cancer cells. Understanding immune escape from PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy will be important to the development of rational immune-combination therapy and predictive diagnostics and to the identification of novel immune targets. Factors that likely relate to immune escape include the lack of strong cancer antigens or epitopes recognized by T cells, minimal activation of cancer-specific T cells, poor infiltration of T cells into tumors, downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex on cancer cells, and immunosuppressive factors and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Precisely identifying and understanding these mechanisms of immune escape in individual cancer patients will allow for personalized cancer immunotherapy, in which monotherapy and combination immunotherapy are chosen based on the presence of specific immune biology. This approach may enable treatment with immunotherapy without inducing immune escape, resulting in a larger proportion of patients obtaining clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Genentech, South San Francisco
| | - D S Chen
- Genentech, South San Francisco Stanford Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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394
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Murphy KA, James BR, Guan Y, Torry DS, Wilber A, Griffith TS. Exploiting natural anti-tumor immunity for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1612-20. [PMID: 25996049 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1035849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations of spontaneous disease regression in some renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients implicate a role for tumor immunity in controlling this disease. Puzzling, however, are findings that high levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are common to RCC. Despite expression of activation markers by TILs, functional impairment of innate and adaptive immune cells has been consistently demonstrated contributing to the failure of the immune system to control RCC. Immunotherapy can overcome the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor and provide an opportunity for long-term disease free survival. Unfortunately, complete response rates remain sub-optimal indicating the effectiveness of immunotherapy remains limited by tumor-specific factors and/or cell types that inhibit antitumor immune responses. Here we discuss immunotherapies and the function of multiple immune system components to achieve an effective response. Understanding these complex interactions is essential to rationally develop novel therapies capable of renewing the immune system's ability to respond to these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- a Department of Urology; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN , USA
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395
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Thor Straten P, Garrido F. Targetless T cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27096099 PMCID: PMC4835921 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention has recently focused on new cancer immunotherapy protocols aiming to activate T cell mediated anti-tumor responses. To this end, administration of antibodies that target inhibitory molecules regulating T-cell cytotoxicity has achieved impressive clinical responses, as has adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or genetically modified cytotoxic T cells. However, despite clear clinical responses, only a fraction of patients respond to treatment and there is an urgent call for characterization of predictive biomarkers. CD8 positive T cells can infiltrate tumor tissues and destroy HLA class I positive tumor cells expressing the specific antigen. In fact, current progress in the field of cancer immune therapy is based on the capacity of T cells to kill cancer cells that present tumor antigen in the context on an HLA class I molecule. However, it is also well established that cancer cells are often characterized by loss or down regulation of HLA class I molecules, documented in a variety of human tumors. Consequently, immune therapy building on CD8 T cells will be futile in patients harboring HLA class-I negative or deficient cancer cells. It is therefore mandatory to explore if these important molecules for T cell cytotoxicity are expressed by cancer target cells. We have indications that different types of immunotherapy can modify the tumor microenvironment and up-regulate reduced HLA class I expression in cancer cells but only if the associated molecular mechanisms is reversible (soft). However, in case of structural (hard) aberrations causing HLA class I loss, tumor cells will not be able to recover HLA class I expression and as a consequence will escape T-cell lysis and continue to growth. Characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying the lack or downregulation of HLA class I expression, seems to be a crucial step predicting clinical responses to T cell mediated immunotherapy, and possibly aid the selection of strategies that could condition patients for response. Thus, characterization of HLA expression by cancer cells could therefore represent an important predictive marker for immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain ; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Spain ; Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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396
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Soliman HH, Minton SE, Han HS, Ismail-Khan R, Neuger A, Khambati F, Noyes D, Lush R, Chiappori AA, Roberts JD, Link C, Vahanian NN, Mautino M, Streicher H, Sullivan DM, Antonia SJ. A phase I study of indoximod in patients with advanced malignancies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:22928-38. [PMID: 27008709 PMCID: PMC5008412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Indoximod is an oral inhibitor of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway, which causes tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Primary endpoints were maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicity for indoximod in patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary endpoints included response rates, pharmacokinetics, and immune correlates. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Our 3+3 phase I trial comprised 10 dose levels (200, 300, 400, 600, and 800 mg once/day; 600, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 mg twice/day). Inclusion criteria were measurable metastatic solid malignancy, age ≥18 years, and adequate organ/marrow function. Exclusion criteria were chemotherapy ≤ 3 weeks prior, untreated brain metastases, autoimmune disease, or malabsorption. RESULTS In 48 patients, MTD was not reached at 2000 mg twice/day. At 200 mg once/day, 3 patients previously treated with checkpoint inhibitors developed hypophysitis. Five patients showed stable disease >6 months. Indoximod plasma AUC and Cmax plateaued above 1200mg. Cmax (~12 μM at 2000 mg twice/day) occurred at 2.9 hours, and half-life was 10.5 hours. C reactive protein (CRP) levels increased across multiple dose levels. CONCLUSIONS Indoximod was safe at doses up to 2000 mg orally twice/day. Best response was stable disease >6 months in 5 patients. Induction of hypophysitis, increased tumor antigen autoantibodies and CRP levels were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem H. Soliman
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Susan E. Minton
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Hyo Sook Han
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Roohi Ismail-Khan
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Neuger
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Fatema Khambati
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David Noyes
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Lush
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - John D. Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Scott J. Antonia
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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397
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Pitt JM, Marabelle A, Eggermont A, Soria JC, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Targeting the tumor microenvironment: removing obstruction to anticancer immune responses and immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1482-92. [PMID: 27069014 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of cancer. Recognition of the essential nature of the TME in cancer evolution has led to a shift from a tumor cell-centered view of cancer development to the concept of a complex tumor ecosystem that supports tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Accordingly, novel targets within the TME have been uncovered that can help direct and improve the actions of various cancer therapies, notably immunotherapies that work by potentiating host antitumor immune responses. Here, we review the composition of the TME, how this attenuates immunosurveillance, and discuss existing and potential strategies aimed at targeting cellular and molecular TME components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pitt
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex
| | - A Marabelle
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif INSERM Unit U981, Villejuif
| | - A Eggermont
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif
| | - J-C Soria
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre INSERM Unit U981, Villejuif Drug Development Department (DITEP), Villejuif
| | - G Kroemer
- INSERM U848, Villejuif Metabolomics Platform, GRCC, Villejuif Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Paris Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Zitvogel
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre INSERM Unit U932, Institut Curie, Paris Cedex 05 Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France
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398
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Freimark BD, Gong J, Ye D, Gray MJ, Nguyen V, Yin S, Hatch MMS, Hughes CCW, Schroit AJ, Hutchins JT, Brekken RA, Huang X. Antibody-Mediated Phosphatidylserine Blockade Enhances the Antitumor Responses to CTLA-4 and PD-1 Antibodies in Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:531-40. [PMID: 27045021 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In tumor-bearing animals, the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) suppresses immune responses, suggesting that PS signaling could counteract the antitumor effect of antibody-driven immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we show that treating melanoma-bearing mice with a PS-targeting antibody enhances the antitumor activity of downstream checkpoint inhibition. Combining PS-targeting antibodies with CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade resulted in significantly greater inhibition of tumor growth than did single-agent therapy. Moreover, combination therapy enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte numbers; elevated the fraction of cells expressing the proinflammatory cytokines IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα; and increased the ratio of CD8 T cells to myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in tumors. Similar changes in immune cell profiles were observed in splenocytes. Taken together, these data show that antibody-mediated PS blockade enhances the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 531-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Freimark
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Dan Ye
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael J Gray
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Shen Yin
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Michaela M S Hatch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Alan J Schroit
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeff T Hutchins
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, California
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xianming Huang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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399
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Ragonnaud E, Andersson AMC, Pedersen AE, Laursen H, Holst PJ. An adenoviral cancer vaccine co-encoding a tumor associated antigen together with secreted 4-1BBL leads to delayed tumor progression. Vaccine 2016; 34:2147-56. [PMID: 27004934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown promising results when using an agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody treatment against established tumors. While this is promising, this type of treatment can induce severe side effects. Therefore, we decided to incorporate the membrane form of 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) in a replicative deficient adenovirus vaccine expressing the invariant chain (Ii) adjuvant fused to a tumor associated antigen (TAA). The Ii adjuvant increases and prolongs TAA specific CD8+ T cells as previously shown and local expression of 4-1BBL was chosen to avoid the toxicity associated with systemic antibody administration. Furthermore, adenovirus encoded 4-1BBL expression has previously been successfully used to enhance responses toward Plasmodium falciparum and Influenza A antigens. We showed that the incorporation of 4-1BBL in the adenovirus vector led to surface expression of 4-1BBL on antigen presenting cells, but it did not enhance T cell responses in mice towards the Ii linked antigen. In tumor-bearing mice, our vaccine was found to decrease the frequency of TAA specific CD8+ T cells, but this difference did not alter the therapeutic efficacy. In order to reconcile our findings with the previous reports of increased anti-cancer efficacy using systemically delivered 4-1BB agonists, we incorporated a secreted version of 4-1BBL (Fc-4-1BBL) in our vaccine and co-expressed it with the Ii linked to TAA. In tumor bearing mice, this vaccine initially delayed tumor growth and slightly increased survival compared to the vaccine expressing the membrane form of 4-1BBL. Accordingly, secreted 4-1BBL co-encoded with the Ii linked antigen may offer a simplification compared to administration of drug and vaccine separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Ragonnaud
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Marie C Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Laursen
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Monjazeb AM, Kent MS, Grossenbacher SK, Mall C, Zamora AE, Mirsoian A, Chen M, Kol A, Shiao SL, Reddy A, Perks JR, T N Culp W, Sparger EE, Canter RJ, Sckisel GD, Murphy WJ. Blocking Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Rebound Immune Suppression Boosts Antitumor Effects of Radio-Immunotherapy in Murine Models and Spontaneous Canine Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4328-40. [PMID: 26979392 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrate that intratumoral CpG immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy acts as an in-situ vaccine inducing antitumor immune responses capable of eradicating systemic disease. Unfortunately, most patients fail to respond. We hypothesized that immunotherapy can paradoxically upregulate immunosuppressive pathways, a phenomenon we term "rebound immune suppression," limiting clinical responses. We further hypothesized that the immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a mechanism of rebound immune suppression and that IDO blockade would improve immunotherapy efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the efficacy and immunologic effects of a novel triple therapy consisting of local radiotherapy, intratumoral CpG, and systemic IDO blockade in murine models and a pilot canine clinical trial. RESULTS In murine models, we observed marked increase in intratumoral IDO expression after treatment with radiotherapy, CpG, or other immunotherapies. The addition of IDO blockade to radiotherapy + CpG decreased IDO activity, reduced tumor growth, and reduced immunosuppressive factors, such as regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. This triple combination induced systemic antitumor effects, decreasing metastases, and improving survival in a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent manner. We evaluated this novel triple therapy in a canine clinical trial, because spontaneous canine malignancies closely reflect human cancer. Mirroring our mouse studies, the therapy was well tolerated, reduced intratumoral immunosuppression, and induced robust systemic antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IDO maintains immune suppression in the tumor after therapy, and IDO blockade promotes a local antitumor immune response with systemic consequences. The efficacy and limited toxicity of this strategy are attractive for clinical translation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4328-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | | | - Christine Mall
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abhinav Reddy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Julian R Perks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - William T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
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