401
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Brauer R, Bhaskaran K, Chaturvedi N, Dexter DT, Smeeth L, Douglas I. Glitazone Treatment and Incidence of Parkinson's Disease among People with Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001854. [PMID: 26196151 PMCID: PMC4511413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent in vitro and animal experiments suggest that peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARɣ) agonist medications, such as antidiabetic glitazone (GTZ) drugs, are neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease (PD). These findings have not been tested in humans. We hypothesized that individuals prescribed GTZ drugs would have a lower incidence of PD compared to individuals prescribed other treatments for diabetes. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using primary care data from the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), we conducted a retrospective cohort study in which individuals with diabetes who were newly prescribed GTZ (GTZ-exposed group) were matched by age, sex, practice, and diabetes treatment stage with up to five individuals prescribed other diabetes treatments (other antidiabetic drug-exposed group). Patients were followed up from 1999 until the first recording of a PD diagnosis, end of observation in the database, or end of the study (1 August 2013). An incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated using conditional Poisson regression, adjusted for possible confounders. 44,597 GTZ exposed individuals were matched to 120,373 other antidiabetic users. 175 GTZ-exposed individuals were diagnosed with PD compared to 517 individuals in the other antidiabetic drug-exposed group. The incidence rate (IR) of PD in the GTZ-exposed group was 6.4 per 10,000 patient years compared with 8.8 per 10,000 patient years in those prescribed other antidiabetic treatments (IRR 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60-0.87). Adjustments for potential confounding variables, including smoking, other medications, head injury, and disease severity, had no material impact (fully adjusted IRR 0.75, 0.59-0.94). The risk was reduced in those with current GTZ prescriptions (current GTZ-exposed IRR 0.59, 0.46-0.77) but not reduced among those with past prescriptions (past GTZ-exposed IRR 0.85, 0.65-1.10). Our study only included patients with diabetes who did not have a PD diagnosis when they were first prescribed GTZ, and thus, it cannot establish whether GTZ use prevents or slows the progression of PD. CONCLUSIONS In patients with diabetes, a current prescription for GTZ is associated with a reduction in incidence of PD. This suggests PPAR gamma pathways may be a fruitful drug target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Brauer
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnan Bhaskaran
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Dexter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Douglas
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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402
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BAI LIJUAN, ZHANG XIQUE, LI XIAOHONG, LIU NA, LOU FAN, MA HONGLEI, LUO XIAOGUANG, REN YAN. Somatostatin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced neurodegeneration in the rat substantia nigra by inhibiting the activation of microglia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1002-8. [PMID: 25777539 PMCID: PMC4438927 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a neuromodulator which is abundant throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and has a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the effects and mechanisms of SST in dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, a model of PD was generated by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the substantia nigra (SN) of rats in order to investigate the effects of SST on LPS-induced degeneration of DA in vivo. Intramural injection of LPS resulted in a significant loss of DA neurons, while reduction of neuronal death by SST pretreatment was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and Nissl. In parallel, immunohistochemical detection of OX-42 and hydroethidine staining were employed to determine the activation of microglia and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. It was found that SST inhibited the LPS-induced microglial activity and ROS production. ELISA revealed a decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 when SST was administered prior to LPS treatment. Western blot analysis showed that LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p-p65 was attenuated by administration of SST prior to LPS application. The results indicated that LPS-induced loss of nigral DA neurons was inhibited by SST and the observed effects of SST on neuroprotection were associated with suppression of microglial activation and the NF-κB pathway, ensuing decreases of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The present study therefore suggested that SST is beneficial for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD, through inhibiting the activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIJUAN BAI
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - XIQUE ZHANG
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - XIAOHONG LI
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - NA LIU
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - FAN LOU
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - HONGLEI MA
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - XIAOGUANG LUO
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - YAN REN
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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403
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Should we irradiate a brain tumor in a patient with parkinsonism? A case report and literature review. Pract Radiat Oncol 2015; 5:e327-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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404
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Gatto EM, Melcon C, Parisi VL, Bartoloni L, Gonzalez CD. Inverse association between yerba mate consumption and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. A case-control study. J Neurol Sci 2015; 356:163-7. [PMID: 26148934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yerba mate tea is a very common beverage in some countries of South America. We conducted a case-control study on an individual basis using hospital records to investigate the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and yerba mate intake. A case was defined as an age of ≥ 40 years with ≥ 1 year of PD. Each case was individually matched by two controls. Exposure was measured by yerba mate consumption, coffee, tea, and alcohol intake and smoking status. The sample consisted of 223 PD patients (mean age 68 years and mean disease duration 7.3 years) and 406 controls. There was an inverse association between yerba mate "bombilla" consumption and PD (OR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.54-0.76, p=0.00001). A multivariate analysis with a logistic regression adjusted by sex, alcohol intake and smoking provided the following results: yerba mate (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53-0.76), tea (OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42-0.86), coffee (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35-0.73). We found an inverse association between yerba mate consumption and PD. These results led us to hypothesize that yerba mate may have a potential protective role in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mabel Gatto
- Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires, INEBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Melcon
- Fundación para la Investigación en Neuroepidemiología (FINEP), Junín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia L Parisi
- Departamento Neurología, Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Bartoloni
- Hospital A. Zubizarreta, Laboratorio de Investigación de la Memoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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405
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De Rosa P, Marini ES, Gelmetti V, Valente EM. Candidate genes for Parkinson disease: Lessons from pathogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:68-76. [PMID: 26048192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations and accumulation of Lewy bodies in the brain, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. In a small subset of patients, PD is dominantly or recessively inherited, while a number of susceptibility genetic loci have been identified through genome wide association studies. The discovery of genes mutated in PD and functional studies on their protein products have provided new insights into the molecular events leading to neurodegeneration, suggesting that few interconnected molecular pathways may be deranged in all forms of PD, triggering neuronal loss. Here, we summarize the most relevant findings implicating the main PD-related proteins in biological processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, misfolded protein damage, alteration of cellular clearance systems, abnormal calcium handling and altered inflammatory response, which represent key targets for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla De Rosa
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Elettra Sara Marini
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vania Gelmetti
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Section of Neurosciences, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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406
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Kim HG, Oh MS. Protective Effect of Lycii Radicis Cortex against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Death. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science; College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science; College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Kyung Hee University; #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 130-701 Korea
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407
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Gallardo E, Madrona A, Palma-Valdés R, Espartero JL, Santiago M. Effect of intracerebral hydroxytyrosol and its nitroderivatives on striatal dopamine metabolism: A study by in vivo microdialysis. Life Sci 2015; 134:30-5. [PMID: 26032260 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The natural phenolic oil compound hydroxytyrosol (HTy) is widely studied because of its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Nitroderivatives of HTy have been studied in order to evaluate their putative effects on catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity. MAIN METHODS To study its effect on dopamine metabolism, nitrohydroxytyrosol and its lipophilic derivatives (nitrohydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl nitrohydroxytyrosyl ether), were administered into the rat corpus striatum through a microdialysis probe. Other catechols (HTy and the known COMT inhibitor Ro 41-0960) were also studied for comparison. KEY FINDINGS The olive oil phenolic compounds (nitroderivatives and HTy) increased extracellular levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid during the perfusion with similar maximum values to that of Ro 41-0960 when comparing to basal dialysate levels (approximately 140%). None of the compound series produced a decrease in the homovanillic acid extracellular levels below 75%. Among all novel compounds studied, both lipophilic nitrocatechols (nitrohydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl nitrohydroxytyrosyl ether) showed a long-acting effect over time once the perfusion through the microdialysis probe ended. SIGNIFICANCE In accordance with the actual design of novel COMT inhibitors with a long profile, our results suggest a certain influence of the side chain substituent on the COMT activity that could provide new lipophilic COMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés Madrona
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Palma-Valdés
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Espartero
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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408
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Stępkowski TM, Wasyk I, Grzelak A, Kruszewski M. 6-OHDA-Induced Changes in Parkinson's Disease-Related Gene Expression are not Affected by the Overexpression of PGAM5 in In Vitro Differentiated Embryonic Mesencephalic Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1137-47. [PMID: 25986246 PMCID: PMC4602069 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
LUHMES cells, a recently established line of immortalized embryonic mesencephalic cells, are the novel in vitro model for studying Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopaminergic neuron biology. Phosphoglyceromutase 5 (PGAM5) is a mitochondrial protein involved in mitophagy, mitochondria dynamics, and other processes important for PD pathogenesis. We tested the impact of lentiviral overexpression of PGAM5 protein in LUHMES cells on their differentiation and expression of 84 PD-related genes. LUHMES cells were transduced with PGAM5 or mock and treated with 100 μM 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a model PD neurotoxin. Real-Time PCR analysis revealed that the treatment with 6-OHDA-induced changes in expression of 44 PD-related genes. PGAM5 transduction alone did not cause alternations in PD-related genes expression, nor it affected changes in gene expression mediated by 6-OHDA. The 6-OHDA-induced PD-related gene expression profile of LUHMES cells is presented for the first time and widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciej Stępkowski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Wasyk
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszów, Poland
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409
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Bentea E, Van der Perren A, Van Liefferinge J, El Arfani A, Albertini G, Demuyser T, Merckx E, Michotte Y, Smolders I, Baekelandt V, Massie A. Nigral proteasome inhibition in mice leads to motor and non-motor deficits and increased expression of Ser129 phosphorylated α-synuclein. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:68. [PMID: 25873870 PMCID: PMC4379937 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor disturbances. Various pathogenic pathways drive disease progression including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein aggregation and impairment of protein degradation systems. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients is believed to be one of the causes of protein aggregation and cell death associated with this disorder. Lactacystin, a potent inhibitor of the proteasome, was previously delivered to the nigrostriatal pathway of rodents to model nigrostriatal degeneration. Although lactacystin-treated animals develop parkinsonian motor impairment, it is currently unknown whether they also develop non-motor symptoms characteristic of this disorder. In order to further describe the proteasome inhibition model of Parkinson's disease, we characterized the unilateral lactacystin model, performed by stereotaxic injection of the toxin in the substantia nigra of mice. We studied the degree of neurodegeneration and the behavioral phenotype 1 and 3 weeks after lactacystin lesion both in terms of motor impairment, as well as non-motor symptoms. We report that unilateral administration of 3 μg lactacystin to the substantia nigra of mice leads to partial (~40%) dopaminergic cell loss and concurrent striatal dopamine depletion, accompanied by increased expression of Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein. Behavioral characterization of the model revealed parkinsonian motor impairment, as well as signs of non-motor disturbances resembling early stage Parkinson's disease including sensitive and somatosensory deficits, anxiety-like behavior, and perseverative behavior. The consistent finding of good face validity, together with relevant construct validity, warrant a further evaluation of proteasome inhibition models of Parkinson's disease in pre-clinical research and validation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joeri Van Liefferinge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anissa El Arfani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Merckx
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvette Michotte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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410
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Dennis KE, Valentine WM. Ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate inhibit ubiquitin activation through intracellular metal transport and increased oxidative stress in HEK293 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:682-90. [PMID: 25714994 PMCID: PMC4406076 DOI: 10.1021/tx500450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 plays
a pivotal role in ubiquitin
based protein signaling through regulating the initiating step of
the cascade. Previous studies demonstrated that E1 is inhibited by
covalent modification of reactive cysteines contained within the ubiquitin-binding
groove and by conditions that increase oxidative stress and deplete
cellular antioxidants. In this study, we determined the relative contribution
of covalent adduction and oxidative stress to E1 inhibition produced
by ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate
(DMDC) in HEK293 cells. Although no dithiocarbamate-derived E1 adducts
were identified on E1 using shotgun LC/MS/MS for either ziram or DMDC,
both dithiocarbamates significantly decreased E1 activity, with ziram
demonstrating greater potency. Ziram increased intracellular levels
of zinc and copper, DMDC increased intracellular levels of only copper,
and both dithiocarbamates enhanced oxidative injury evidenced by elevated
levels of protein carbonyls and expression of heme oxygenase-1. To
assess the contribution of intracellular copper transport to E1 inhibition,
coincubations were performed with the copper chelator triethylenetetramine
hydrochloride (TET). TET significantly protected E1 activity for both
of the dithiocarbamates and decreased the associated oxidative injury
in HEK293 cells as well as prevented dithiocarbamate-mediated lipid
peroxidation assayed using an ethyl aracidonate micelle system. Because
TET did not completely ameliorate intracellular transport of copper
or zinc for ziram, TET apparently maintained E1 activity through its
ability to diminish dithiocarbamate-mediated oxidative stress. Experiments
to determine the relative contribution of elevated intracellular zinc
and copper were performed using a metal free incubation system and
showed that increases in either metal were sufficient to inhibit E1.
To evaluate the utility of the HEK293 in vitro system for screening
environmental agents, a series of additional pesticides and metals
was assayed, and eight agents that produced a significant decrease
and five that produced a significant increase in activated E1 were
identified. These studies suggest that E1 is a sensitive redox sensor
that can be modulated by exposure to environmental agents and can
regulate downstream cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Dennis
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
| | - William M Valentine
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
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411
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Bentea E, Sconce MD, Churchill MJ, Van Liefferinge J, Sato H, Meshul CK, Massie A. MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice alters striatal and nigral xCT expression but is unaffected by the genetic loss of xCT. Neurosci Lett 2015; 593:1-6. [PMID: 25766755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nigral cell loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with disturbed glutathione (GSH) and glutamate levels, leading to oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, respectively. System xc- is a plasma membrane antiporter that couples cystine import (amino acid that can be further used for the synthesis of GSH) with glutamate export to the extracellular environment, and can thus affect both oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity. In the current study, we evaluated the involvement of system xc- in a progressive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Our results indicate that the expression of xCT (the specific subunit of system xc-) undergoes region-specific changes in MPTP-treated mice, with increased expression in the striatum, and decreased expression in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, mice lacking xCT were equally sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of MPTP compared to wild-type (WT) mice, as they demonstrate similar decreases in striatal dopamine content, striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, nigral TH immunopositive neurons and forelimb grip strength, five weeks after commencing MPTP treatment. Altogether, our data indicate that progressive lesioning with MPTP induces striatal and nigral dysregulation of system xc-. However, loss of system xc- does not affect MPTP-induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor impairment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle D Sconce
- Research Services, Neurocytology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Madeline J Churchill
- Research Services, Neurocytology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joeri Van Liefferinge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Charles K Meshul
- Research Services, Neurocytology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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412
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Hu HI, Chang HH, Sun DS. Differential regulation of caspase-2 in MPP+-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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413
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Weinert M, Selvakumar T, Tierney TS, Alavian KN. Isolation, culture and long-term maintenance of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from embryonic rodent brains. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741798 DOI: 10.3791/52475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Weinert
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
| | | | - Travis S Tierney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kambiz N Alavian
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine;
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414
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Michelini LGB, Figueira TR, Siqueira-Santos ES, Castilho RF. Rotenone exerts similar stimulatory effects on H2O2 production by isolated brain mitochondria from young-adult and old rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:25-30. [PMID: 25596437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and systemic treatment of rodents with rotenone, a classical inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, results in neurochemical, behavioral, and neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether brain mitochondria from old rats (24 months old) would be more susceptible to rotenone-induced inhibition of oxygen consumption and increased generation of H2O2 than mitochondria from young-adult rats (3-4 months old). Isolated brain mitochondria were incubated in the presence of different rotenone concentrations (5, 10, and 100nM), and oxygen consumption and H2O2 production were measured during respiratory states 3 (ADP-stimulated respiration) and 4 (resting respiration). Respiratory state 3 and citrate synthase activity were significantly lower in mitochondria from old rats. Mitochondria from young-adult and old rats showed similar sensitivity to rotenone-induced inhibition of oxygen consumption. Similarly, H2O2 production rates by both types of mitochondria were dose-dependently stimulated to the same extent by increasing concentrations of rotenone. We conclude that rotenone exerts similar effects on oxygen consumption and H2O2 production by isolated brain mitochondria from young-adult and old rats. Therefore, aging does not increase the mitochondrial H2O2 generation in response to complex I inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G B Michelini
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilene S Siqueira-Santos
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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415
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Barreto GE, Iarkov A, Moran VE. Beneficial effects of nicotine, cotinine and its metabolites as potential agents for Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:340. [PMID: 25620929 PMCID: PMC4288130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by neuroinflammation, dopaminergic neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction, and for which there are no proven effective treatments. The negative correlation between tobacco consumption and PD suggests that tobacco-derived compounds can be beneficial against PD. Nicotine, the more studied alkaloid derived from tobacco, is considered to be responsible for the beneficial behavioral and neurological effects of tobacco use in PD. However, several metabolites of nicotine, such as cotinine, also increase in the brain after nicotine administration. The effect of nicotine and some of its derivatives on dopaminergic neurons viability, neuroinflammation, and motor and memory functions, have been investigated using cellular and rodent models of PD. Current evidence shows that nicotine, and some of its derivatives diminish oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain and improve synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival of dopaminergic neurons. In vivo these effects resulted in improvements in mood, motor skills and memory in subjects suffering from PD pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits of nicotine and its derivatives for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Alexander Iarkov
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Echeverria Moran
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA ; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Tampa, FL, USA
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416
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Fachal L, Mosquera-Miguel A, Pastor P, Ortega-Cubero S, Lorenzo E, Oterino-Durán A, Toriello M, Quintáns B, Camiña-Tato M, Sesar A, Vega A, Sobrido MJ, Salas A. No evidence of association between common European mitochondrial DNA variants in Alzheimer, Parkinson, and migraine in the Spanish population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:54-65. [PMID: 25349034 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Certain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups have been found to be associated with neurological disorders. Several studies have suggested that mtDNA variation could have an etiologic role in these disorders by affecting the ATP production on high-energy demanding organs, such as the brain. We have analyzed 15 mtDNA SNPs (mtSNPs) in five cohorts of cases presenting Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and migraine, and in controls, to evaluate the role mtDNA variation in disease risk. Association tests were undertaken both for mtSNPs and mitochondrial haplogroups. No significant association was detected for any mtSNP or haplogroup in AD and PD cohorts. Two mtSNPs were associated with one migraine cohort after correcting for multiple tests, namely, T4216C and G13708A and haplogroup J (FDR q-value = 0.02; Santiago's cohort). However, this association was not confirmed in a second replication migraine series. A review of the literature reveals the existence of inconsistent findings and methodological shortcomings affecting a large proportion of mtDNA association studies on AD, PD, and migraine. A detailed inspection of the literature highlights the need for performing more rigorous methodological and statistical standards in mtDNA genetic association studies aimed to avoid false positive results of association between mtDNA variants and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fachal
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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417
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Gillies G, Virdee K, McArthur S, Dalley J. Sex-dependent diversity in ventral tegmental dopaminergic neurons and developmental programing: A molecular, cellular and behavioral analysis. Neuroscience 2014; 282:69-85. [PMID: 24943715 PMCID: PMC4245713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge that diverse populations of dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can be distinguished in terms of their molecular, electrophysiological and functional properties, as well as their differential projections to cortical and subcortical regions has significance for key brain functions, such as the regulation of motivation, working memory and sensorimotor control. Almost without exception, this understanding has evolved from landmark studies performed in the male sex. However, converging evidence from both clinical and pre-clinical studies illustrates that the structure and functioning of the VTA dopaminergic systems are intrinsically different in males and females. This may be driven by sex differences in the hormonal environment during adulthood ('activational' effects) and development (perinatal and/or pubertal 'organizational' effects), as well as genetic factors, especially the SRY gene on the Y chromosome in males, which is expressed in a sub-population of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Stress and stress hormones, especially glucocorticoids, are important factors which interact with the VTA dopaminergic systems in order to achieve behavioral adaptation and enable the individual to cope with environmental change. Here, also, there is male/female diversity not only during adulthood, but also in early life when neurobiological programing by stress or glucocorticoid exposure differentially impacts dopaminergic developmental trajectories in male and female brains. This may have enduring consequences for individual resilience or susceptibility to pathophysiological change induced by stressors in later life, with potential translational significance for sex bias commonly found in disorders involving dysfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems. These findings highlight the urgent need for a better understanding of the sexual dimorphism in the VTA if we are to improve strategies for the prevention and treatment of debilitating conditions which differentially affect men and women in their prevalence and nature, including schizophrenia, attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.E. Gillies
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Corresponding author. Address: Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. Tel: +44-(0)-20-7594-7050.
| | - K. Virdee
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - S. McArthur
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 6BQ, UK
| | - J.W. Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hill’s Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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418
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Celardo I, Martins LM, Gandhi S. Unravelling mitochondrial pathways to Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1943-57. [PMID: 24117181 PMCID: PMC3976614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for cellular function due to their role in ATP production, calcium homeostasis and apoptotic signalling. Neurons are heavily reliant on mitochondrial integrity for their complex signalling, plasticity and excitability properties, and to ensure cell survival over decades. The maintenance of a pool of healthy mitochondria that can meet the bioenergetic demands of a neuron, is therefore of critical importance; this is achieved by maintaining a careful balance between mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial trafficking, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are gradually being elucidated. It is widely recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of reduced bioenergetic capacity, increased oxidative stress and reduced resistance to stress, is observed in several Parkinson's disease models. However, identification of the recessive genes implicated in Parkinson's disease has revealed a common pathway involving mitochondrial dynamics, transport, turnover and mitophagy. This body of work has led to the hypothesis that the homeostatic mechanisms that ensure a healthy mitochondrial pool are key to neuronal function and integrity. In this paradigm, impaired mitochondrial dynamics and clearance result in the accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria, which may directly induce neuronal dysfunction and death. In this review, we consider the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to neurodegeneration. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie mitochondrial homeostasis, and discuss their importance in neuronal integrity and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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419
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Bockstael O, Tenenbaum L, Dalkara D, Melas C, De Witte O, Levivier M, Chtarto A. Intracisternal delivery of NFκB-inducible scAAV2/9 reveals locoregional neuroinflammation induced by systemic kainic acid treatment. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:92. [PMID: 25520614 PMCID: PMC4251317 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated disease-dependent gene delivery in the brain using an AAV vector responding to NFκB activation as a probe for inflammatory responses. This vector, injected focally in the parenchyma prior to a systemic kainic acid (KA) injection mediated inducible transgene expression in the hippocampus but not in the cerebellum, regions, respectively, known to be affected or not by the pathology. However, such a focal approach relies on previous knowledge of the model parameters and does not allow to predict the whole brain response to the disease. Global brain gene delivery would allow to predict the regional distribution of the pathology as well as to deliver therapeutic factors in all affected brain regions. We show that self-complementary AAV2/9 (scAAV2/9) delivery in the adult rat cisterna magna allows a widespread but not homogenous transduction of the brain. Indeed, superficial regions, i.e., cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum were more efficiently transduced than deeper regions, such as striatum, and substantia nigra. These data suggest that viral particles penetration from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain is a limiting factor. Interestingly, AAV2/9-2YF a rationally designed capsid mutant (affecting surface tyrosines) increased gene transfer efficiency approximately fivefold. Neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, but not microglia, were transduced in varying proportions depending on the brain region and the type of capsid. Finally, after a single intracisternal injection of scAAV2/9-2YF using the NFκB-inducible promoter, KA treatment induced transgene expression in the hippocampus and cortex but not in the cerebellum, corresponding to the expression of the CD11b marker of microglial activation. These data support the use of disease-inducible vectors administered in the cisterna magna as a tool to characterize the brain pathology in systemic drug-induced or transgenic disease models. However, further improvements are required to enhance viral particles penetration into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bockstael
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire - Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Liliane Tenenbaum
- Neurosurgery Service and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- INSERM, U968 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR_7210 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Melas
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire - Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Witte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire - Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marc Levivier
- Neurosurgery Service and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abdelwahed Chtarto
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire - Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles, Belgium
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420
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Farias CCD, Bonifácio KL, Matsumoto AK, Higachi L, Casagrande R, Moreira EG, Barbosa DS. Comparison of the antioxidant potential of antiparkinsonian drugs in different in vitro models. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Furthermore, oxidative stress plays a role in PD, causing or contributing to the neurodegenerative process. Currently PD has only symptomatic treatment and still nothing can be done to stop the degenerative process of the disease. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant capacity of pramipexole, selegeline and amantadine in different in vitrostudies and to offer possible explanations on the molecular antioxidant mechanisms of these drugs. In vitro, the antioxidant capacity of the drugs was assessed by the ability of antiparkinsonian drugs to decrease or scavenge ROS in the neutrophil respiratory burst, ability of antiparkinsonian drugs to donate hydrogen and stabilize the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•), to scavenge 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+) and evaluation of the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). This study demonstrated that both pramipexole and selegiline, but not amantadine, have antioxidant effects in vitro by scavenging superoxide anion on the respiratory burst, donating electron in the ABTS+ assay and presenting ferric reduction antioxidant power. This chemical structure-related antioxidant capacity suggests a possible neuroprotective mechanism of these drugs beyond their already recognized mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rúbia Casagrande
- State University of Londrina, Brazil; State University of Londrina, Brazil
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421
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Hu W, Guan LS, Dang XB, Ren PY, Zhang YL. Small-molecule inhibitors at the PSD-95/nNOS interface attenuate MPP+-induced neuronal injury through Sirt3 mediated inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:57-64. [PMID: 25452082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) links neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in the central nervous system, and this molecular complex has been implicated in regulating neuronal excitability in several neurological disorders. Here, small-molecule inhibitors of the PSD-95/nNOS interaction, IC87201 and ZL006 were tested for neuroprotective effects in an in vitro Parkinson's disease (PD) model. We now report that IC87201 and ZL006 reduced MPP(+)-induced neuronal injury and apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner in cultured cortical neurons. These protective effects were associated with suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, and the preserved mitochondrial complex I activity and ATP synthesis. IC87201 and ZL006 also preserved intracellular homeostasis through mitigating mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and promoting mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity. Moreover, treatment with IC87201 and ZL006 significantly increased the expression of Sirt3 after MPP(+) exposure, and knockdown of Sirt3 using specific targeted small interfere RNA (siRNA) partially nullified the protective effects induced by these two inhibitors. These data strongly support the hypothesis that targeting the PSD-95/nNOS interaction produces neuroprotective effects and may represent a novel class of therapeutics for PD as well as other neurological diseases where detrimental NMDA receptor signaling plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710061, China; Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Lai-Shun Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Xing-Bo Dang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Peng-Yu Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Yue-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China.
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422
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Barbiero JK, Santiago RM, Persike DS, da Silva Fernandes MJ, Tonin FS, da Cunha C, Lucio Boschen S, Lima MM, Vital MA. Neuroprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma agonists in model of parkinsonism induced by intranigral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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423
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González-Burgos E, Fernandez-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Ginseng in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 10:14-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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424
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MINAMI AKARI, NAKANISHI ATSUKO, MATSUDA SATORU, KITAGISHI YASUKO, OGURA YASUNORI. Function of α-synuclein and PINK1 in Lewy body dementia (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:3-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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425
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94321, USA.
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426
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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427
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Jamshidi J, Movafagh A, Emamalizadeh B, Zare Bidoki A, Manafi A, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Shahidi GA, Kazeminasab S, Petramfar P, Fazeli A, Motallebi M, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Kowsari A, Jafarian Z, Darvish H. HLA-DRAis associated with Parkinson's disease in Iranian population. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:508-11. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Jamshidi
- Department of Biochemistry; Fasa University of Medical Sciences; Fasa Iran
| | - A. Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics; Pediatric Neurology Research Center; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - B. Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Zare Bidoki
- Molecular Immunology Research Center; Children's Medical Center Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Manafi
- Student Research Committee; Fasa University of Medical Sciences; Fasa Iran
| | - S. Ghasemi Firouzabadi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - G.-A. Shahidi
- Movement Disorders Clinic; Hazrat Rassol Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Kazeminasab
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - P. Petramfar
- Department of Neurology; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
| | - A. Fazeli
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Motallebi
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | | | - A. Kowsari
- Stem cell Research Center; Golestan University of Medical Science; Gorgan Iran
| | - Z. Jafarian
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - H. Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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428
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Chiu CC, Yeh TH, Lai SC, Wu-Chou YH, Chen CH, Mochly-Rosen D, Huang YC, Chen YJ, Chen CL, Chang YM, Wang HL, Lu CS. Neuroprotective effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activation in rotenone-induced cellular and animal models of parkinsonism. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:244-53. [PMID: 25263579 PMCID: PMC4415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) functions as a cellular protector against oxidative stress by detoxification of cytotoxic aldehydes. Within dopaminergic neurons, dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase to yield 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) then converts to a less toxic acid product by ALDH. The highly toxic and reactive DOPAL has been hypothesized to contribute to the selective neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism and therapeutic effect of ALDH2 in rotenone models for parkinsonism. Overexpression of wild-type ALDH2 gene, but not the enzymatically deficient mutant ALDH2*2 (E504K), reduced rotenone-induced cell death. Application of a potent activator of ALDH2, Alda-1, was effective in protecting against rotenone-induced apoptotic cell death in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary cultured substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of Alda-1 significantly reduced rotenone- or MPTP-induced death of SN tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons. The attenuation of rotenone-induced apoptosis by Alda-1 resulted from decreasing ROS accumulation, reversal of mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and inhibition of activation of proteins related to mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The present study demonstrates that ALDH2 plays a crucial role in maintaining normal mitochondrial function to protect against neurotoxicity and that Alda-1 is effective in ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. These results indicate that ALDH2 activation could be a neuroprotective therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Lai
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ming Chang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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429
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Dokleja L, Hannula MJ, Myöhänen TT. Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase increases the survival of alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells after rotenone exposure by reducing alpha-synuclein oligomers. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:37-42. [PMID: 25240592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage has been shown to be related to the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is proposed to increase aSyn aggregation, and PREP inhibition has been shown to inhibit the aggregation process in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of a specific PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, on rotenone induced aSyn aggregation and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells overexpressing A53T mutation of aSyn. Rotenone, a mitochondrial toxin that induces oxidative damage and aSyn aggregation, associated with PD pathology, was selected as a model for this study. The results showed that rotenone induced the formation of high-molecular-weight aSyn oligomers, and this was countered by simultaneous incubation with KYP-2047. Inhibition of PREP also decreased the production of ROS in [A53T]aSyn overexpressing cells, leading to improved cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Dokleja
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mirva J Hannula
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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430
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Sardella R, Scorzoni S, Conte C, Lisanti A, Ianni F, Natalini B. Novel orthogonal liquid chromatography methods to dose neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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431
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Harikrishna Reddy D, Misra S, Medhi B. Advances in Drug Development for Parkinson's Disease: Present Status. Pharmacology 2014; 93:260-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000362419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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432
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Jang W, Kim HJ, Li H, Jo KD, Lee MK, Song SH, Yang HO. 1,25-Dyhydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through induction of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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433
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men. This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by biological sex differences in the NSDA system which, in turn, arise from hormonal, genetic and environmental influences. Current therapies for PD rely on dopamine replacement strategies to treat symptoms, and there is an urgent, unmet need for disease modifying agents. As a significant degree of neuroprotection against the early stages of clinical or experimental PD is seen, respectively, in human and rodent females compared with males, a better understanding of brain sex dimorphisms in the intact and injured NSDA system will shed light on mechanisms which have the potential to delay, or even halt, the progression of PD. Available evidence suggests that sex-specific, hormone-based therapeutic agents hold particular promise for developing treatments with optimal efficacy in men and women.
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434
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Khan MM, Zaheer S, Nehman J, Zaheer A. Suppression of glia maturation factor expression prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 277:196-205. [PMID: 25016212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by glial activation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein predominantly localized in the central nervous system was isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory. We have previously demonstrated immunomodulatory and proinflammatory functions of GMF, but its involvement in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), active metabolite of classical parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), inducing loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons has not been studied. Here we show that altered expression of GMF has direct consequences on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)- mediated production of inflammatory mediators by MPP(+). We examined MPP(+)-induced DA neuronal loss in primary cultures of mouse mesencephalic neurons/glia obtained from GMF-deficient (GMF knockout (GMF-KO)) and GMF-containing wild-type (Wt) mice. We demonstrate that deficiency of GMF in GMF-KO neurons/glia led to decreased production of ROS and downregulation of NF-κB-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) as compared to Wt neurons/glia. Additionally, overexpression of GMF induced DA neurodegeneration, whereas GMF downregulation by GMF-specific shRNA protected DA neurons from MPP-induced toxicity. Subsequently, GMF deficiency ameliorates antioxidant balance, as evidenced by the decreased level of lipid peroxidation, less ROS production along with increased level of glutathione; and attenuated the DA neuronal loss via the downregulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our overall data indicate that GMF modulates oxidative stress and release of deleterious agents by MPP(+) leading to loss of DA neurons. Our study provides new insights into the potential role of GMF and identifies targets for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Khan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - J Nehman
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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435
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Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:260-92. [PMID: 24382094 PMCID: PMC4060780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) involve a highly orchestrated series of events that are amplified by endogenous signaling and culminating in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and many metabolites. Despite the global impact of IR, the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue damage reveal that many biomolecules are chemoselectively modified by IR. RECENT ADVANCES The development of high-throughput "omics" technologies for mapping DNA and protein modifications have revolutionized the study of IR effects on biological systems. Studies in cells, tissues, and biological fluids are used to identify molecular features or biomarkers of IR exposure and response and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their expression or synthesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, chemical mechanisms are described for IR-induced modifications of biomolecules along with methods for their detection. Included with the detection methods are crucial experimental considerations and caveats for their use. Additional factors critical to the cellular response to radiation, including alterations in protein expression, metabolomics, and epigenetic factors, are also discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Throughout the review, the synergy of combined "omics" technologies such as genomics and epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is highlighted. These are anticipated to lead to new hypotheses to understand IR effects on biological systems and improve IR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Reisz
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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436
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Li H, Yusufujiang A, Naser S, Zhu Y, Maimaiti M, He X, Bu J, Meng X, Wang M, Li J, Dina B, Yang L, Nayi Z, Dang H, Wang C, Amiti D, Aji A, Yusufu N, Jiao Y, Duan F. Mutation analysis of PARK2 in a Uyghur family with early-onset Parkinson's disease in Xinjiang, China. J Neurol Sci 2014; 342:21-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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437
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Neuroprotective effect of silymarin in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Toxicology 2014; 319:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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438
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Jantas D, Greda A, Golda S, Korostynski M, Grygier B, Roman A, Pilc A, Lason W. Neuroprotective effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor group II and III activators against MPP(+)-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: the impact of cell differentiation state. Neuropharmacology 2014; 83:36-53. [PMID: 24713472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented that metabotropic glutamate receptors from group II and III (mGluR II/III) are a potential target in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), however, the neuroprotective effects of particular mGluR II/III subtypes in relation to PD pathology are recognized only partially. In the present study, we investigated the effect of various mGluR II/III activators in the in vitro model of PD using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and mitochondrial neurotoxin MPP(+). We demonstrated that all tested mGluR ligands: mGluR II agonist - LY354740, mGluR III agonist - ACPT-I, mGluR4 PAM - VU0361737, mGluR8 agonist - (S)-3,4-DCPG, mGluR8 PAM - AZ12216052 and mGluR7 allosteric agonist - AMN082 were protective against MPP(+)-evoked cell damage in undifferentiated (UN-) SH-SY5Y cells with the highest neuroprotection mediated by mGluR8-specific agents. However, in retinoic acid- differentiated (RA-) SH-SY5Y cells we found protection mediated only by mGluR8 activators. We also demonstrated the cell proliferation stimulating effect for mGluR4 and mGluR8 PAMs. Next, we showed that the protection mediated by mGluR II/III activators in UN-SH-SY5Y was not accompanied by the modulation of caspase-3 activity, however, a decrease in the number of apoptotic nuclei was found. Finally, we showed that the inhibitor of necroptosis, necrostatin-1 blocked the mGluR III-mediated protection. Altogether our comparative in vitro data add a further proof to neuroprotective effects of mGluR agonists or PAMs and point to mGluR8 as a promising target for neuroprotective interventions in PD. The results also suggest the participation of necroptosis-related molecular pathways in neuroprotective effects of mGluR III activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Greda
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Golda
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - B Grygier
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Roman
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Lason
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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439
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Kim HG, Park G, Piao Y, Kang MS, Pak YK, Hong SP, Oh MS. Effects of the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa on mitochondria-mediated neuroprotection in an MPTP-induced model of Parkinson’s disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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440
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Bhayye SS, Roy K, Saha A. Exploring structural requirement, pharmacophore modeling, and de novo design of LRRK2 inhibitors using homology modeling approach. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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441
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Xu J, Gong D, Man C, Fan Y. Parkinson's disease and risk of mortality: meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:71-9. [PMID: 24256347 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the existing prospective observational studies on the morality risk among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and determine the overall risk ratio (RR) of mortality by conducting a meta-analysis and systematic review. Original articles published in English were searched in PubMed and Embase databases prior to March 2013. Only prospective observational studies providing adjusted risk estimates related to PD and future mortality were considered eligible. Pooled adjusted RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed either by fixed-effects models or by random-effects models. Eight studies with 72,833 participants were identified and analysed. In the pooled analyses, patients with PD had a greater risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.78-2.77). Subgroup analyses based on the design, gender, follow-up duration and sample size showed that a consistent positive association between PD and the mortality risk in each subgroup. However, no statistical significance was found for the baseline age <65 years (RR = 1.42; 95% CI: 0.72-2.77). PD patients with dementia had particularly high mortality risks (RR = 3.78; 95% CI: 2.06-6.92). This meta-analysis indicated that among patients with PD, the all-cause mortality increased by 2.22-fold compared with the general population. PD patients with dementia particularly had higher risks of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Xu
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Translational Medicine; Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
| | - D.D. Gong
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Translational Medicine; Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
| | - C.F. Man
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Translational Medicine; Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
| | - Y. Fan
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Translational Medicine; Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
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442
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Wyse RD, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1719-45. [PMID: 24463293 PMCID: PMC3958818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating neurodegenerative disorders has received growing attention recently because these cells are readily available, easily expanded in culture, and when transplanted, survive for relatively long periods of time. Given that such transplants have been shown to be safe in a variety of applications, in addition to recent findings that MSCs have useful immunomodulatory and chemotactic properties, the use of these cells as vehicles for delivering or producing beneficial proteins for therapeutic purposes has been the focus of several labs. In our lab, the use of genetic modified MSCs to release neurotrophic factors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is of particular interest. Specifically, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been recognized as therapeutic trophic factors for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, respectively. The aim of this literature review is to provide insights into: (1) the inherent properties of MSCs as a platform for neurotrophic factor delivery; (2) the molecular tools available for genetic manipulation of MSCs; (3) the rationale for utilizing various neurotrophic factors for particular neurodegenerative diseases; and (4) the clinical challenges of utilizing genetically modified MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Wyse
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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443
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Resveratrol partially prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells through induction of heme oxygenase-1 dependent autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1625-46. [PMID: 24451142 PMCID: PMC3907890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress or protein misfolding and aggregation may underlie this process. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism responsible for protein degradation and recycling of damaged proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. Autophagic dysfunction may hasten the progression of neuronal degeneration. In this study, resveratrol promoted autophagic flux and protected dopaminergic neurons against rotenone-induced apoptosis. In an in vivo PD model, rotenone induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, increased oxidation of mitochondrial proteins and promoted autophagic vesicle development in brain tissue. The natural phytoalexin resveratrol prevented rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro, and this pro-survival effect was abolished by an autophagic inhibitor. Although both rotenone and resveratrol promoted LC3-II accumulation, autophagic flux was inhibited by rotenone and augmented by resveratrol. Further, rotenone reduced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, whereas resveratrol increased HO-1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 abolished resveratrol-mediated autophagy and neuroprotection. Notably, the effects of a pharmacological inducer of HO-1 were similar to those of resveratrol, and protected against rotenone-induced cell death in an autophagy-dependent manner, validating the hypothesis of HO-1 dependent autophagy in preventing neuronal death in the in vitro PD model. Collectively, our findings suggest that resveratrol induces HO-1 expression and prevents dopaminergic cell death by regulating autophagic flux; thus protecting against rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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444
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Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J. The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 724:211-8. [PMID: 24374199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CYP2D6, one of the major cytochrome P450 isoforms present in the human brain, is associated with the incidence and prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Human CYP2D6 and rat CYP2D are involved in the metabolism of various neurotransmitters and neurosteroids. Brain CYP2D can be regulated by endogenous steroids, including sex hormones. The alteration of CYP2D-mediated metabolism induced by endogenous steroids may cause changes in sensitivity to environmental and industrial toxins and carcinogens as well as physiological and pathophysiological processes controlled by biologically active compounds. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the distribution, endogenous substrates, and regulation of brain CYP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Puren Hospital, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guicheng Dong
- Baotou Teachers' College, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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445
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Calabresi P, Ghiglieri V. “Lazy” nigrostriatal synapses in the heterozygous PINK1 mouse model of familial Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 29:11-4. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica; Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia; S. Andrea delle Fratte 06156 Perugia Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia; IRCCS; via del Fosso di Fiorano 64; 00143 Rome Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia; IRCCS; via del Fosso di Fiorano 64; 00143 Rome Italy
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446
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Oral 'hydrogen water' induces neuroprotective ghrelin secretion in mice. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3273. [PMID: 24253616 PMCID: PMC4070541 DOI: 10.1038/srep03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen (H2) is emerging in a number of human diseases and in their animal models, including in particular Parkinson's disease (PD). H2 supplementation of drinking water has been shown to exert disease-modifying effects in PD patients and neuroprotective effects in experimental PD model mice. However, H2 supplementation does not result in detectable changes in striatal H2 levels, indicating an indirect effect. Here we show that H2 supplementation increases gastric expression of mRNA encoding ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, and ghrelin secretion, which are antagonized by the β1-adrenoceptor blocker, atenolol. Strikingly, the neuroprotective effect of H2 water was abolished by either administration of the ghrelin receptor-antagonist, D-Lys3 GHRP-6, or atenolol. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of H2 in PD is mediated by enhanced production of ghrelin. Our findings point to potential, novel strategies for ameliorating pathophysiology in which a protective effect of H2 supplementation has been demonstrated.
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447
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Ortega-Arellano HF, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Dmp53, basket and drICE gene knockdown and polyphenol gallic acid increase life span and locomotor activity in a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:608-15. [PMID: 24385865 PMCID: PMC3873193 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism(s) by which dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons are eroded in Parkinson's disease (PD) is critical for effective therapeutic strategies. By using the binary tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Gal4/UAS-X RNAi Drosophila melanogaster system, we report that Dmp53, basket and drICE gene knockdown in dopaminergic neurons prolong life span (p < 0.05; log-rank test) and locomotor activity (p < 0.05; χ(2) test) in D. melanogaster lines chronically exposed to (1 mM) paraquat (PQ, oxidative stress (OS) generator) compared to untreated transgenic fly lines. Likewise, knockdown flies displayed higher climbing performance than control flies. Amazingly, gallic acid (GA) significantly protected DAergic neurons, ameliorated life span, and climbing abilities in knockdown fly lines treated with PQ compared to flies treated with PQ only. Therefore, silencing specific gene(s) involved in neuronal death might constitute an excellent tool to study the response of DAergic neurons to OS stimuli. We propose that a therapy with antioxidants and selectively "switching off" death genes in DAergic neurons could provide a means for pre-clinical PD individuals to significantly ameliorate their disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Flavio Ortega-Arellano
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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448
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Andersen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology and Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA; Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology and Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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449
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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450
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de Araújo DP, De Sousa CNS, Araújo PVP, Menezes CEDS, Sousa Rodrigues FT, Escudeiro SS, Lima NBC, Patrocínio MCA, Aguiar LMV, Viana GSDB, Vasconcelos SMM. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of alpha-lipoic Acid in the model of Parkinson's disease induced by unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6-ohda in rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:571378. [PMID: 24023579 PMCID: PMC3760123 DOI: 10.1155/2013/571378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects of α -lipoic acid (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) alone or associated with L-DOPA using an animal model of Parkinson's disease induced by stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rat striatum. Motor behavior was assessed by monitoring body rotations induced by apomorphine, open field test and cylinder test. Oxidative stress was accessed by determination of lipid peroxidation using the TBARS method, concentration of nitrite and evaluation of catalase activity. α -Lipoic acid decreased body rotations induced by apomorphine, as well as caused an improvement in motor performance by increasing locomotor activity in the open field test and use of contralateral paw (in the opposite side of the lesion produced by 6-OHDA) at cylinder test. α -lipoic acid showed antioxidant effects, decreasing lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and interacting with antioxidant system by decreasing of endogenous catalase activity. Therefore, α -lipoic acid prevented the damage induced by 6-OHDA or by chronic use of L-DOPA in dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that α -lipoic could be a new therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Pessoa de Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caren Nádia Soares De Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Victor Pontes Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Souza Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Taciana Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sarah Souza Escudeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lissiana Magna Vasconcelos Aguiar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60431-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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