401
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Oertel FC, Zimmermann HG, Brandt AU, Paul F. Novel uses of retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 19:31-43. [PMID: 30587061 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1559051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune neuroinflammatory condition in young adults. It is often accompanied by optic neuritis (ON) and retinal neuro-axonal damage causing visual disturbances. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a sensitive non-invasive method for quantifying intraretinal layer volumes. Recently, OCT not only showed to be a reliable marker for ON-associated damage, but also proved its high prognostic value for functional outcome and disability accrual in patients with MS. Consequently, OCT is discussed as a potential marker for monitoring disease severity and therapeutic response in individual patients. Areas covered: This article summarizes our current understanding of structural retinal changes in MS and describes the future potential of OCT for differential diagnosis, monitoring of the disease course and for clinical trials. Expert commentary: Today, OCT is used in clinical practice in specialized MS centers. Standardized parameters across devices are urgently needed for supporting clinical utility. Novel parameters are desirable to increase sensitivity and specificity in terms of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike C Oertel
- a NeuroCure Clinical Research Center , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- a NeuroCure Clinical Research Center , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- a NeuroCure Clinical Research Center , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Neurology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Friedemann Paul
- a NeuroCure Clinical Research Center , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany.,c Department of Neurology , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany.,d Experimental and Clinical Research Center , Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany
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402
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Lee H, Choi YK. Regenerative Effects of Heme Oxygenase Metabolites on Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010078. [PMID: 30585210 PMCID: PMC6337166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal transduction effectors. The neurovascular unit refers to a highly evolved network among endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Proper communication and functional circuitry in these diverse cell types is essential for effective CNS homeostasis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the vascular pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. CNS injury elicits responses from activated glia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and from damaged perivascular cells (e.g., pericytes and endothelial cells). Most brain lesions cause extensive proliferation and growth of existing glial cells around the site of injury, leading to reactions causing glial scarring, which may act as a major barrier to neuronal regrowth in the CNS. In addition, damaged perivascular cells lead to the breakdown of the blood-neural barrier, and an increase in immune activation, activated glia, and neuroinflammation. The present review discusses the regenerative role of HO metabolites, such as CO and BR, in various vascular diseases of the CNS such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the role of several other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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403
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Paschalis EI, Lei F, Zhou C, Chen XN, Kapoulea V, Hui PC, Dana R, Chodosh J, Vavvas DG, Dohlman CH. Microglia Regulate Neuroglia Remodeling in Various Ocular and Retinal Injuries. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:539-549. [PMID: 30541880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive microglia and infiltrating peripheral monocytes have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and CNS. However, their specific contribution in retinal degeneration remains unclear. We recently showed that peripheral monocytes that infiltrate the retina after ocular injury in mice become permanently engrafted into the tissue, establishing a proinflammatory phenotype that promotes neurodegeneration. In this study, we show that microglia regulate the process of neuroglia remodeling during ocular injury, and their depletion results in marked upregulation of inflammatory markers, such as Il17f, Tnfsf11, Ccl4, Il1a, Ccr2, Il4, Il5, and Csf2 in the retina, and abnormal engraftment of peripheral CCR2+ CX3CR1+ monocytes into the retina, which is associated with increased retinal ganglion cell loss, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and pigmentation onto the retinal surface. Furthermore, we show that other types of ocular injuries, such as penetrating corneal trauma and ocular hypertension also cause similar changes. However, optic nerve crush injury-mediated retinal ganglion cell loss evokes neither peripheral monocyte response in the retina nor pigmentation, although peripheral CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the optic nerve injury site and remain present for months. Our study suggests that microglia are key regulators of peripheral monocyte infiltration and retinal pigment epithelium migration, and their depletion results in abnormal neuroglia remodeling that exacerbates neuroretinal tissue damage. This mechanism of retinal damage through neuroglia remodeling may be clinically important for the treatment of patients with ocular injuries, including surgical traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; .,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Chengxin Zhou
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Xiaohong Nancy Chen
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Vassiliki Kapoulea
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Pui-Chuen Hui
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Reza Dana
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Claes H Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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404
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Telegina DV, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG. Changes in Retinal Glial Cells with Age and during Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1009-1017. [PMID: 30472939 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791809002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor in the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is a complex multifactor neurodegenerative disease of the retina and the main cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 years old. The major role in AMD pathogenesis belongs to structure-functional changes in the retinal pigment epithelium cells, while the onset and progression of AMD are commonly believed to be caused by the immune system dysfunctions. The role of retinal glial cells (Muller cells, astrocytes, and microglia) in AMD pathogenesis is studied much less. These cells maintain neurons and retinal vessels through the synthesis of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors, as well as perform supporting, separating, trophic, secretory, and immune functions. It is known that retinal glia experiences morphological and functional changes with age. Age-related impairments in the functional activity of glial cells are closely related to the changes in the expression of trophic factors that affect the status of all cell types in the retina. In this review, we summarized available literature data on the role of retinal macro- and microglia and on the contribution of these cells to AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Telegina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - O S Kozhevnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - N G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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405
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Murali A, Ramlogan-Steel CA, Andrzejewski S, Steel JC, Layton CJ. Retinal explant culture: A platform to investigate human neuro-retina. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:274-285. [PMID: 30378239 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The retina is the tissue responsible for light detection, in which retinal neurons convert light energy into electrical signals to be transported towards the visual cortex. Damage of retinal neurons leads to neuronal cell death and retinal pathologies, compromising visual acuity and eventually leading to irreversible blindness. Models of retinal neurodegeneration include 2D systems like cell lines, disassociated cultures and co-cultures, and 3D models like organoids, organotypic retinal cultures and animal models. Of these, ex vivo human retinal cultures are arguably the most suitable models for translational research as they retain complex inter-cellular interactions of the retina and precisely mimic in-situ responses. In this review, we summarize the distinguishing features of the human retina which are important to preserve in experimental culture, the historical development of human retinal culture systems, the factors affecting ex vivo human retinal culture and the applications and challenges associated with current methods of human retinal explant culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Murali
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charmaine A Ramlogan-Steel
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Slawomir Andrzejewski
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J Layton
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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406
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Pereiro X, Ruzafa N, Acera A, Fonollosa A, Rodriguez FD, Vecino E. Dexamethasone protects retinal ganglion cells but not Müller glia against hyperglycemia in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207913. [PMID: 30475883 PMCID: PMC6258116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, for which hyperglycemia is a major etiological factor. It is known that retinal glia (Müller cells) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are affected by diabetes, and there is evidence that DR is associated with neural degeneration. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, including several eye diseases like DR. Thus, our goal was to study the effect of dexamethasone on the survival of RGCs and Müller glial cells isolated from rat retinas and maintained in vitro under hyperglycemic conditions. The behavior of primary RGC cell cultures, and of mixed RGC and Müller cell co-cultures, was studied in hyperglycemic conditions (30 mM glucose), both in the presence and absence of Dexamethasone (1 μM). RGC and Müller cell survival was evaluated, and the conditioned media of these cultures was collected to quantify the inflammatory cytokines secreted by these cells using a multiplex assay. The role of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα in RGC death was also evaluated by adding these cytokines to the co-cultures. RGC survival decreased significantly when these cells were grown in high glucose conditions, reaching 54% survival when they were grown alone and only 33% when co-cultured with Müller glia. The analysis of the cytokines in the conditioned media revealed an increase in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα under hyperglycemic conditions, which reverted to the basal concentration in co-cultures maintained in the presence of dexamethasone. Finally, when these cytokines were added to co-cultures they appeared to have a direct effect on RGC survival. Hence, these cytokines could be implicated in the death of RGCs when glucose concentrations increase and dexamethasone might protect RGCs from the cell death induced in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Servicio Oftalmología Hospital de Cruces, BioCruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - F. David Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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407
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Puell MC, Palomo-Álvarez C, Pérez-Carrasco MJ. Macular Inner Retinal Layer Thickness in Relation to Photopic and Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity in Healthy Young and Older Subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:5487-5493. [PMID: 30452603 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine relationships between the thicknesses of ganglion cell (GC)-related macular layers and central photopic or mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) in healthy eyes. Methods Measurements were made in 38 young and 38 older healthy individuals. Total, inner, and outer retinal layer (IRL) thicknesses were measured in the macula region through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) across three subfields, or rings, centered at the fovea: central foveal, pericentral, and peripheral. Ganglion cell complex and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses were also measured. Low-spatial-frequency CS for gratings presented at the central 10° visual field were measured through computerized psychophysical tests under photopic and mesopic conditions. Relationships were examined by uni- and multivariate regression analysis. Results Peripheral IRL thickness emerged as the only independent predictor of photopic CS (P = 0.001) in the young group and of photopic (P = 0.026) and mesopic CS (P = 0.001) in the older group. The slopes of regression lines used to predict CS from peripheral IRL thickness were significantly different for pair-wise comparisons of both photopic CS and age group (P = 0.0001) and mesopic CS (P = 0.0001) and age group. These models explained 37% of the variability in photopic CS and 36% of the variability in mesopic CS. Conclusions Macular IRL thinning likely due to GC loss was related to reduced photopic and mesopic CS in older healthy eyes. In contrast, in the young eyes, a thicker macular IRL, possibly indicating transient gliosis, was associated with reduced CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cinta Puell
- Applied Vision Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Palomo-Álvarez
- Applied Vision Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pérez-Carrasco
- Applied Vision Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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408
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Aloin Inhibits Müller Cells Swelling in a Rat Model of Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Retinopathy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112806. [PMID: 30380640 PMCID: PMC6278412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Swelling of retinal Müller cells is implicated in retinal edema and neuronal degeneration. Müller cell swelling is observed in patients with liver failure and is referred to as hepatic retinopathy. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of aloin, an anthraquinone-C-glycoside present in various Aloe species, on Müller cell dysfunction in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic retinopathy. Experimental hepatic retinopathy was induced by three injections of TAA (200 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection) for 3 days in rats. After the last injection of TAA, aloin (50 and 100 mg/kg) was orally gavaged for 5 days. The effects of aloin on the liver injury, serum ammonia levels, Müller cell swelling, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and gene expression of Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 were examined. TAA-injected rats exhibited liver failure and hyperammonemia. In the TAA-injected rats, Müller cell bodies were highly enlarged, and GFAP, an indicator of retinal stress, was highly expressed in the retinas, indicating a predominant Müller cell gliosis. However, administration of aloin suppressed liver injury as well as Müller cell swelling through the normalization of Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 channels, which play a key role in potassium and water transport in Müller cells. These results indicate that aloin may be helpful to protect retinal injury associated with liver failure.
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409
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Cerquera-Jaramillo MA, Nava-Mesa MO, González-Reyes RE, Tellez-Conti C, de-la-Torre A. Visual Features in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2941783. [PMID: 30405709 PMCID: PMC6204169 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2941783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It compromises patients' daily activities owing to progressive cognitive deterioration, which has elevated direct and indirect costs. Although AD has several risk factors, aging is considered the most important. Unfortunately, clinical diagnosis is usually performed at an advanced disease stage when dementia is established, making implementation of successful therapeutic interventions difficult. Current biomarkers tend to be expensive, insufficient, or invasive, raising the need for novel, improved tools aimed at early disease detection. AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The visual system and central nervous system share many functional components. Thus, it is plausible that damage induced by Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation may be observed in visual components such as the retina, even at an early disease stage. This underscores the importance of implementing ophthalmological examinations, less invasive and expensive than other biomarkers, as useful measures to assess disease progression and severity in individuals with or at risk of AD. Here, we review functional and morphological changes of the retina and visual pathway in AD from pathophysiological and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E. González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Tellez-Conti
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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410
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Rabesandratana O, Goureau O, Orieux G. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Explore and Treat Optic Neuropathies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:651. [PMID: 30294255 PMCID: PMC6158340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sight is a major sense for human and visual impairment profoundly affects quality of life, especially retinal degenerative diseases which are the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. As for other neurodegenerative disorders, almost all retinal dystrophies are characterized by the specific loss of one or two cell types, such as retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, or retinal pigmented epithelial cells. This feature is a critical point when dealing with cell replacement strategies considering that the preservation of other cell types and retinal circuitry is a prerequisite. Retinal ganglion cells are particularly vulnerable to degenerative process and glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, is a frequent retinal dystrophy. Cell replacement has been proposed as a potential approach to take on the challenge of visual restoration, but its application to optic neuropathies is particularly challenging. Many obstacles need to be overcome before any clinical application. Beyond their survival and differentiation, engrafted cells have to reconnect with both upstream synaptic retinal cell partners and specific targets in the brain. To date, reconnection of retinal ganglion cells with distal central targets appears unrealistic since central nervous system is refractory to regenerative processes. Significant progress on the understanding of molecular mechanisms that prevent central nervous system regeneration offer hope to overcome this obstacle in the future. At the same time, emergence of reprogramming of human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells has facilitated both the generation of new source of cells with therapeutic potential and the development of innovative methods for the generation of transplantable cells. In this review, we discuss the feasibility of stem cell-based strategies applied to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve impairment. We present the different strategies for the generation, characterization and the delivery of transplantable retinal ganglion cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. The relevance of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoid and retinal ganglion cells for disease modeling or drug screening will be also introduced in the context of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Orieux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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411
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Temporal and spatial order of photoreceptor and glia projections into optic lobe in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12669. [PMID: 30140062 PMCID: PMC6107658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor (PR) axons project from the retina to the optic lobe in brain and form a precise retinotopic map in the Drosophila visual system. Yet the role of retinal basal glia in the retinotopic map formation is not previously known. We examined the formation of the retinotopic map by marking single PR pairs and following their axonal projections. In addition to confirming previous studies that the spatial information is preserved from the retina to the optic stalk and then to the optic lamina, we found that the young PR R3/4 axons transiently overshoot and then retract to their final destination, the lamina plexus. We then examined the process of wrapping glia (WG) membrane extension in the eye disc and showed that the WG membrane extensions also follow the retinotopic map. We show that the WG is important for the proper spatial distribution of PR axons in the optic stalk and lamina, suggesting an active role of wrapping glia in the retinotopic map formation.
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412
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Zhang Q, Wang W, Dong C. Blood platelet and serum bilirubin in the diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:874-878. [PMID: 30116339 PMCID: PMC6090241 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic value of blood platelet (PLT) and serum total bilirubin (TBIL) for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) was investigated. A total of 537 patients with CSC and 182 people with normal physical conditions were selected from June 2012 to August 2016. The 537 patients included 294 males and 243 females with an average age of 45.5±17.8 years, and all patients were treated in the Department of Ophthalmology of Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Department of Ophthalmology of Yantai Liuhuangding Hospital. Clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The 182 people with normal physical conditions included 103 males and 79 females with an average age of 43.6±15.2 years, and they were set as the control group. PLT and TBIL tests at admission and after treatment were collected and compared between CSC and the control group to analyze the diagnostic values of PLT and TBIL for CSC. PLT level in the CSC group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but TBIL level in the CSC group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). Linear correlation analysis showed that PLT was a risk factor for CSC, and TBIL was a protective factor for CSC. The sensitivity of PLT and TBIL in diagnosis of CSC was 75.2 and 72.7%, respectively, and the specificity of PLT and TBIL in diagnosis of CSC was 65.8 and 63.3%, respectively. PLT of CSC patients was significantly higher than that of the control group, and TBIL of CSC patients was significantly lower than that of the control group, but they both gradually reduced to normal levels after treatment, which can be regarded as the index for the clinical diagnosis of CSC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Changxia Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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413
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Bouskila J, Palmour RM, Bouchard JF, Ptito M. Retinal structure and function in monkeys with fetal alcohol exposure. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:55-64. [PMID: 30071214 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol in utero leads to several brain development disorders including retinal abnormalities whose underlying cellular pathogenesis remains elusive. We recently reported that fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) in vervet monkeys induces anomalies of full-field electroretinogram (ERG) waveforms that suggest premature aging of the retina. The goal of this study is to characterize the anatomo-functional mechanisms underlying the retinal changes observed in fetal alcohol exposed (FAE) monkeys, and age- and sex-matched normals. First, we examined in vivo the fundus of the eyes, measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and assessed cone activity using flicker ERG. Second, we investigated ex vivo, protein expression and anatomical organization of the retina using Western blotting, classical histology and immunohistochemistry. Our results indicated that the fundus of the eyes showed both, increased vascularization (tessellated fundus) and IOP in FAE monkeys. Furthermore, light-adapted flicker responses above 15 Hz were also significantly higher in FAE monkeys. Although there were no obvious changes in the overall anatomy in the FAE retina, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP, a potent marker of astrocytes) immunoreactivity was increased in the FAE retinal ganglion cell layer indicating a strong astrogliosis. These alterations were present in juvenile (2 years old) monkeys and persist in adults (8 years old). Moreover, using specific cell type markers, no significant modifications in the morphology of the photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells were observed. Our data indicate that FAE does indeed induce anatomical changes within the retinal ganglion cell layer that are reflected in the increased photosensitivity of the cone photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bouskila
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Behavioral Science Foundations, Saint Kitts and Nevis; School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Roberta M Palmour
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Behavioral Science Foundations, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | - Maurice Ptito
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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414
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Vanden Daele L, Boydens C, Devoldere J, Remaut K, Van de Voorde J. Search for the Source of the Retinal Relaxing Factor. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1383-1388. [PMID: 29966443 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1496267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim of the study: the retinal relaxing factor (RRF) is an unidentified paracrine factor, which is continuously released from retinal tissue and causes smooth muscle cell relaxation. This study tried to identify the cellular source of the RRF. Furthermore, the possible RRF release by voltage-dependent sodium channel activation and the calcium-dependency of the RRF release were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS mouse femoral arteries were mounted in myograph baths for in vitro isometric tension measurements. The vasorelaxing effect of chicken retinas, which contain no vascular cells, and of solutions incubated with MIO-M1 or primary Müller cell cultures were evaluated. The RRF release of other retinal cells was investigated by using cell type inhibitors. Concentration-response curves of veratridine, a voltage-dependent sodium channel activator, were constructed in the presence or absence of mouse retinal tissue to evaluate the RRF release. The calcium-dependency of the RRF release was investigated by evaluating the vasorelaxing effect of RRF-containing solutions made out of chicken retinas in the absence or presence of calcium. RESULTS Chicken retinas induced vasorelaxation, whereas solutions incubated with Müller cell cultures did not. Moreover, the gliotoxin DL-α-aminoadipic acid, the microglia inhibitor minocycline, and the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-dependent sodium channel 1.8 inhibitor A-803467 could not reduce the RRF-induced relaxation. Concentration-response curves of veratridine were not enlarged in the presence of retinal tissue, and RRF-containing solutions made in the absence of calcium induced a substantial, but reduced vasorelaxation. CONCLUSIONS the RRF is not released from vascular cells and probably neither from glial cells. The retinal cell type that does release the RRF remains unclear. Veratridine does not stimulate the RRF release in mice, and the RRF release in chickens is calcium-dependent as well as calcium-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joke Devoldere
- b Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- b Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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415
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Guymer C, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson RJ. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: recent advances and clinical translation. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:88-105. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Guymer
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - John PM Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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416
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Liao H, Zhu Z, Peng Y. Potential Utility of Retinal Imaging for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:188. [PMID: 29988470 PMCID: PMC6024140 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ensuing upward shift in demographic distribution due to the increase in life expectancy has resulted in a rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The heavy public burden of AD, along with the urgent to prevent and treat the disease before the irreversible damage to the brain, calls for a sensitive and specific screening technology to identify high-risk individuals before cognitive symptoms arise. Even though current modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker, showed their potential clinical uses in early detection of AD, the high cost, narrow isotope availability of PET probes and invasive characteristics of CSF biomarker limited their broad utility. Therefore, additional tools for detection of AD are needed. As a projection of the central nervous system (CNS), the retina has been described as a "window to the brain" and a novel marker for AD. Low cost, easy accessibility and non-invasive features make retina tests suitable for large-scale population screening and investigations of preclinical AD. Furthermore, a number of novel approaches in retina imaging, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), have been developed and made it possible to visualize changes in the retina at a very fine resolution. In this review, we outline the background for AD to accelerate the adoption of retina imaging for the diagnosis and management of AD in clinical practice. Then, we focus on recent findings on the application of retina imaging to investigate AD and provide suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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417
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Rashid K, Wolf A, Langmann T. Microglia Activation and Immunomodulatory Therapies for Retinal Degenerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:176. [PMID: 29977192 PMCID: PMC6021747 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic pro-inflammatory environment is a hallmark of retinal degenerative diseases and neurological disorders that affect vision. Inflammatory responses during retinal pathophysiology are orchestrated by microglial cells which constitute the resident immune cell population. Following activation, microglia cells lose their ramified protrusions, proliferate and rapidly migrate to the damaged areas and resolve tissue damage. However, sustained presence of tissue stress primes microglia to become overreactive and results in the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators that favor retinal degenerative changes. Consequently, interventions aimed at overriding microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties may attenuate photoreceptor demise and preserve retinal integrity. We highlight the positive effects of ligands for the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) and the cytokine interferon beta (IFN-β) in modulating microgliosis during retinal pathologies and discuss their plausible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rashid
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Wolf
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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418
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Li N, Wang F, Zhang Q, Jin M, Lu Y, Chen S, Guo C, Zhang X. Rapamycin mediates mTOR signaling in reactive astrocytes and reduces retinal ganglion cell loss. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:10-19. [PMID: 29928901 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Damage and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can cause visual impairment. The underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate RGC death in ischemic retinal diseases are still unclear. In this study, we sought to understand the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin, the selective inhibitor of mTORC1, on RGC survival and the cellular mechanics that mediate this effect. Recent studies have reported that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor shows an increase in expression in astrocytes after injury, and this receptor can promote their transformation into reactive astrocytes. Our results, along with previous works from others, show the colocalization of phosphor-EGF receptors with the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic proteins in reactive astrocytes in the injured retina. In our in vitro studies, using primary astrocyte cultures of the optic nerve head of rats, showed that rapamycin significantly blocked EGF-induced mTOR signaling mainly through the PI3K/Akt pathway in primary astrocytes, but not through the MAPK/Erk pathway. Additionally, rapamycin dramatically inhibited the activation of mTOR signaling in our ratinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model in vivo. Astrocyte activation was assessed by immunostaining retinal flat mounts or cross sections with antibody against GFAP, and we also used western blots to detect the expression of GFAP. Taken together, these results revealed that rapamycin decreases the activation of astrocytes after retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, rapamycin can improve retinal RGC survival in rats during I/R, as detected by FluoroGold labeling. Our data reveals the neuroprotective effects of rapamycin in an experimental retina injury model, possibly through decreasing glial-dependent intracellular signaling mechanisms for suppressing apoptosis of RGCs. Our study also presents an approach to targeting reactive astrocytes for the treatment of optic neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfeng Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cuiju Guo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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419
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Sauter MM, Kolb AW, Brandt CR. Toll-like receptors 4, 5, 6 and 7 are constitutively expressed in non-human primate retinal neurons. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 322:26-35. [PMID: 29954626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize cell-specific expression patterns of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in non-human primate (NHP) neural retina tissue. TLR 4, 5, 6, and 7 proteins were detected by immunblotting of macaque retina tissue lysates and quantitative PCR (qPCR) demonstrated TLRs 4-7 mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy detected TLRs 4-7 in multiple cell types in macaque neural retina including Muller, retinal ganglion cells (RGC), amacrine, and bipolar cells. These results demonstrate that TLRs 4-7 are constitutively expressed by neurons in the NHP retina raising the possibility that these cells could be involved in retinal innate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Sauter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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420
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Yang S, Xian B, Li K, Luo Z, Liu Y, Hu D, Ge J. Alpha 1-antitrypsin inhibits microglia activation and facilitates the survival of iPSC grafts in hypertension mouse model. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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421
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Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Lepper MF, Hauck SM, Vecino E. A Proteomics Approach to Identify Candidate Proteins Secreted by Müller Glia that Protect Ganglion Cells in the Retina. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700321. [PMID: 29645351 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The retinal Müller glial cells, can enhance the survival and activity of neurons, especially of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are the neurons affected in diseases such as glaucoma, diabetes, and retinal ischemia. It has been demonstrated that Müller glia release neurotrophic factors that support RGC survival, yet many of these factors remain to be elucidated. To define these neurotrophic factors, a quantitative proteomic approach was adopted aiming at identifying neuroprotective proteins. First, the conditioned medium from porcine Müller cells cultured in vitro under three different conditions were isolated and these conditioned media were tested for their capacity to promote survival of primary adult RGCs in culture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify proteins in the conditioned medium, and osteopontin (SPP1), clusterin (CLU), and basigin (BSG) were selected as candidate neuroprotective factors. SPP1 and BSG significantly enhance RGC survival in vitro, indicating that the survival-promoting activity of the Müller cell secretome is multifactorial, and that SPP1 and BSG contribute to this activity. Thus, the quantitative proteomics strategy identify proteins secreted by Müller glia that are potentially novel neuroprotectants, and it may also serve to identify other bioactive proteins or molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Marlen F Lepper
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, D-80939, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, D-80939, Germany
| | - Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
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422
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Wang JJ, Shan K, Liu BH, Liu C, Zhou RM, Li XM, Dong R, Zhang SJ, Zhang SH, Wu JH, Yan B. Targeting circular RNA-ZRANB1 for therapeutic intervention in retinal neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:540. [PMID: 29748605 PMCID: PMC5945597 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, optic disc excavation, and progressive visual field loss. Direct or indirect ameliorating retinal neurodegeneration is a promising therapeutic therapy for glaucoma. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of covalently closed circular RNA transcripts and have emerged as potential regulators in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we show that cZRANB1 expression is significantly upregulated in retinal neurodegeneration induced by glaucoma. cZRANB1 knockdown decreases retinal reactive gliosis, glial cell activation, and facilitates RGC survival in vivo. cZRANB1 knockdown directly regulates Müller cell function and indirectly regulates RGC function in vitro. cZRANB1 acts as miRNA sponge to regulate Müller cell function through cZRANB1/miR-217/RUNX2 network. Intervention of cZRANB1 expression would become an effective strategy for treating retinal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jian Wang
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong-Mei Zhou
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Miao Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Jie Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.
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423
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Abstract
Tadalafil (Cialis) is one of the most commonly used phosphodiesterase type5 (PDE5) inhibitors. This work aimed to analyze the histological and ultrastructural changes provoked by chronic tadalafil administration in the rat retina, correlate between such changes and PDE5 immunoexpression and to evaluate the possible reversibility of these changes. Thirty Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly distributed into 3 groups. Control group; given 1 ml distilled water daily for 6 weeks. Tadalafil group; given tadalafil in a daily dose of 2.6 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Withdrawal group; given tadalafil 2.6 mg/kg daily for 6 week followed by a withdrawal period of 4 weeks. Retinal specimens were prepared for histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study using anti-PDE5 and anti-Bcl-2 antibodies. Morphometric and statistical studies were performed. Tadalafil group displayed a significant reduction in retinal thickness, diminished cell population of outer and inner nuclear layers, dilated blood capillaries and a significant decline in the number of ganglion cells. Significant reductions of both PDE5 and Bcl-2 immunoexpression were observed. At the ultrastructural level, the photoreceptors showed spacing of outer segments and disorganized membranous discs. Retinal neurons showed ultrastructural degenerative changes in the form of shrunken irregular nuclei, dilated rER, and disrupted mitochondria. Withdrawal group revealed preservation of histological structure and partial restoration of retinal thickness, retinal cells ultrastructure, and PDE5 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions. In conclusion, chronic use of tadalafil could induce reversible apoptotic and degenerative changes in retinal neurons due to its inhibitory effect on PDE5 expression which affects the metabolism and viability of retinal cells.
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424
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Iijima H. Mechanisms of vision loss in eyes with macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:265-273. [PMID: 29572577 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents reduce macular edema and improve vision in eyes with macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), including branch RVO (BRVO) and central RVO. However, not all eyes with resolved macular edema show satisfactory best corrected visual acuity. Photoreceptor impairment can mostly explain the vision loss in these cases. Photoreceptor damage can be caused by subretinal hemorrhage in the central fovea and hard exudates or their precursor derived from concentrated lipoproteins originating from leaky retinal vessel extravasation. The contribution of neuron impairment in the inner retina, including the impairment of bipolar and ganglion cells by ischemia, indicated by the presence of a non-perfusion area (NPA), to vision loss in eyes with BRVO is insignificant. This is because the papillomacular bundle area is usually spared from NPAs in BRVO cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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425
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Koh S, Chen WJ, Dejneka NS, Harris IR, Lu B, Girman S, Saylor J, Wang S, Eroglu C. Subretinal Human Umbilical Tissue-Derived Cell Transplantation Preserves Retinal Synaptic Connectivity and Attenuates Müller Glial Reactivity. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2923-2943. [PMID: 29431645 PMCID: PMC5864147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1532-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTC or palucorcel) are currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of geographic atrophy, a late stage of macular degeneration, but how hUTC transplantation mediates vision recovery is not fully elucidated. Subretinal administration of hUTC preserves visual function in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, a genetic model of retinal degeneration caused by Mertk loss of function. hUTC secrete synaptogenic and neurotrophic factors that improve the health and connectivity of the neural retina. Therefore, we investigated the progression of synapse and photoreceptor loss and whether hUTC treatment preserves photoreceptors and synaptic connectivity in the RCS rats of both sexes. We found that RCS retinas display significant deficits in synaptic development already by postnatal day 21 (P21), before the onset of photoreceptor degeneration. Subretinal transplantation of hUTC at P21 is necessary to rescue visual function in RCS rats, and the therapeutic effect is enhanced with repeated injections. Synaptic development defects occurred concurrently with morphological changes in Müller glia, the major perisynaptic glia in the retina. hUTC transplantation strongly diminished Müller glia reactivity and specifically protected the α2δ-1-containing retinal synapses, which are responsive to thrombospondin family synaptogenic proteins secreted by Müller glia. Müller glial reactivity and reduced synaptogenesis observed in RCS retinas could be recapitulated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-Mertk in Müller glia in wild-type rats. Together, our results show that hUTC transplantation supports the health of retina at least in part by preserving the functions of Müller glial cells, revealing a previously unknown aspect of hUTC transplantation-based therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite the promising effects observed in clinical trials and preclinical studies, how subretinal human umbilical tissue-derived cell (hUTC) transplantation mediates vision improvements is not fully known. Using a rat model of retinal degeneration, the RCS rat (lacking Mertk), here we provide evidence that hUTC transplantation protects visual function and health by protecting photoreceptors and preserving retinal synaptic connectivity. Furthermore, we find that loss of Mertk function only in Müller glia is sufficient to impair synaptic development and cause activation of Müller glia. hUTC transplantation strongly attenuates the reactivity of Müller glia in RCS rats. These findings highlight novel cellular and molecular mechanisms within the neural retina, which underlie disease mechanisms and pinpoint Müller glia as a novel cellular target for hUTC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwon Koh
- Department of Cell Biology
- Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - William J Chen
- Department of Cell Biology
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences
| | - Nadine S Dejneka
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Ian R Harris
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Sergey Girman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Joshua Saylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology,
- Department of Neurobiology
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences
- Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
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426
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Epps SJ, Boldison J, Stimpson ML, Khera TK, Lait PJP, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Re-programming immunosurveillance in persistent non-infectious ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018. [PMID: 29530739 PMCID: PMC6563519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular function depends on a high level of anatomical integrity. This is threatened by inflammation, which alters the local tissue over short and long time-scales. Uveitis due to autoimmune disease, especially when it involves the retina, leads to persistent changes in how the eye interacts with the immune system. The normal pattern of immune surveillance, which for immune privileged tissues is limited, is re-programmed. Many cell types, that are not usually present in the eye, become detectable. There are changes in the tissue homeostasis and integrity. In both human disease and mouse models, in the most extreme cases, immunopathological findings consistent with development of ectopic lymphoid-like structures and disrupted angiogenesis accompany severely impaired eye function. Understanding how the ocular environment is shaped by persistent inflammation is crucial to developing novel approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Epps
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tarnjit K Khera
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philippa J P Lait
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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427
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He X, Sun D, Chen S, Xu H. Activation of liver X receptor delayed the retinal degeneration of rd1 mice through modulation of the immunological function of glia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32068-32082. [PMID: 28404878 PMCID: PMC5458269 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD), including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), is an inherited eye disease characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. Recently, immune cells, including microglia, Müller cells and astrocytes, in degenerative retina are demonstrated to play key roles in the development of RD and can be used as potential therapeutic targets. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important immuno-inflammatory response transcription factors that have been reported to be a new potential therapeutic drug target for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential therapeutic utility of LXRs for RP has not been evaluated. In the present study, Pde6β (rd1) mice received intraperitoneal injections of T0901317 (T0, 50 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (2% DMSO) for 7 days with age-matched C57/BL6 mice as controls. The effect of T0 was examined by quantitating photoreceptor apoptosis, microglial density and the expression of inflammatory mediators; the underlying mechanisms were then explored with a microarray assay. T0 markedly delayed apoptosis of the photoreceptors, partially through suppressing the activation of microglia and the gliosis of Müller cells, and decreased the expression levels of IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and ENG in rd1 mice; as a result, the visual function of T0-treated rd1 mice measured with electroretinograms (ERG) was preserved for a longer time than that of vehicle-treated rd1 mice. The microarray assay showed that the Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway was significantly affected in the retina of rd1 mice with T0 treatment. Our data suggested that T0 modulated the immunologic function of glia cells in the degenerative retina through the JAK3/STAT pathway and delayed the apoptosis of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dayu Sun
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
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428
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Shirai N, Evans MG. Characterization of ectopic myelinated nerve fibers in the retina of a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2018; 47:198-200. [PMID: 29446843 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report histopathology of retinal myelination discovered in a cynomolgus monkey. It consisted of a uniform population of spindle cells arranged in fascicles within the retina at the optic disk. The present case is remarkable in that there is a paucity of reports describing myelinated retinal nerve fibers in monkeys.
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429
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Microspheres as intraocular therapeutic tools in chronic diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:127-144. [PMID: 29339146 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies affecting the optic nerve and the retina are one of the major causes of blindness. These diseases include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and glaucoma, among others. Also, there are genetic disorders that affect the retina causing visual impairment. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases of the posterior segment is increased as most of them are related with the elderly. Even with the access to different treatments, there are some challenges in managing patients suffering retinal diseases. One of them is the need for frequent interventions. Also, an unpredictable response to therapy has suggested that different pathways may be playing a role in the development of these diseases. The management of these pathologies requires the development of controlled drug delivery systems able to slow the progression of the disease without the need of frequent invasive interventions, typically related with endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, ocular hypertension, cataract, inflammation, and floaters, among other. Biodegradable microspheres are able to encapsulate low molecular weight substances and large molecules such as biotechnological products. Over the last years, a large variety of active substances has been encapsulated in microspheres with the intention of providing neuroprotection of the optic nerve and the retina. The purpose of the present review is to describe the use of microspheres in chronic neurodegenerative diseases affecting the retina and the optic nerve. The advantage of microencapsulation of low molecular weight drugs as well as therapeutic peptides and proteins to be used as neuroprotective strategy is discussed. Also, a new use of the microspheres in the development of animal models of neurodegeneration of the posterior segment is described.
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430
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Koyanagi Y, Murakami Y, Funatsu J, Akiyama M, Nakatake S, Fujiwara K, Tachibana T, Nakao S, Hisatomi T, Yoshida S, Ishibashi T, Sonoda KH, Ikeda Y. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the macular microvasculature changes in retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e59-e67. [PMID: 28561452 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the macular microvasculature changes by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and analyse the correlation between these changes and central visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS We measured the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and the foveal and parafoveal flow density (FFD and PFD, respectively) in the superficial (S) and deep (D) retinal plexus by OCTA (AngioVue) and compared these values between 73 RP patients and 36 healthy controls. We analysed the relationships between these microvasculature measurements and central visual functions such as visual acuity (VA) and the values of static perimetry tests (Humphrey Field Analyzer, the central 10-2 program) in the RP patients. RESULTS The FFD-S, PFD-S and PFD-D were significantly decreased in the RP patients compared to the controls (all p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the FAZ-S, FAZ-D or FFD-D (all p > 0.05). A subgroup analysis showed that the RP patients with VA <20/20 had increased FAZ-S compared to the controls and RP patients with VA ≥20/20 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.007, respectively). Spearman rank testing demonstrated that PFD-S and PFD-D were significantly correlated with all of the central visual parameters (all p < 0.01). The FAZ-S and FFD-S were significantly correlated with VA, and FAZ-D and FFD-D showed no significant correlation. CONCLUSION Both the superficial and deep layers of the parafoveal microvasculature are attenuated in RP and correlated with reduced central visual function. The foveal microvasculature, especially in the deep layer, was relatively preserved until mild-to-moderately advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Koyanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Jun Funatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shunji Nakatake
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kohta Fujiwara
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Akita Japan
| | - Takashi Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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431
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation mediated by Plasmodium parasites is central to malaria disease and its complications. Plasmodium parasites reside in erythrocytes and can theoretically reach all host tissues via the circulation. However, actual interactions between parasitized erythrocytes and host tissues, along with the consequent damage and pathological changes, are limited locally to specific tissue sites. Such tissue specificity of the parasite can alter the outcome of malaria disease, determining whether acute or chronic complications occur. Here, we give an overview of the recent progress that has been made in understanding tissue-specific immunopathology during Plasmodium infection. As knowledge on tissue-specific host-parasite interactions accumulates, better treatment modalities and targets may emerge for intervention in malaria disease.
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432
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Green tea extract attenuates LPS-induced retinal inflammation in rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:429. [PMID: 29323215 PMCID: PMC5765135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is in a wide spectrum of retinal diseases, causing irreversible blindness and visual impairment. We have previously demonstrated that Green Tea Extract (GTE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent for anterior uveitis. Here we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GTE on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced retinal inflammation in rats and explored the underlying mechanism. Adult rats were injected with LPS and GTE was administered intra-gastrically at 2, 8, 26 and 32 hours post-injection. Staining of whole-mount retina showed that the number of activated microglia cells was significantly increased at 48 hours post-injection, which was suppressed after GTE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Activation of astrocytes and Müller glia in the retina was also suppressed after GTE treatment. Meanwhile, GTE reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in retina and vitreous humor. These anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a reduced phosphorylation of STAT3 and NF-κB in the retina. Furthermore, the surface receptor of EGCG, 67LR, was localized on the neurons and glia in the retina. These findings demonstrate that GTE is an effective agent in suppressing LPS-induced retinal inflammation, probably through its potent anti-oxidative property and a receptor-mediated action on transcription factors that regulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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433
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Alterations of Ocular Hemodynamics Impair Ophthalmic Vascular and Neuroretinal Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:818-827. [PMID: 29309745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with numerous diseases, but its direct impact on the ocular circulation and neuroretinal function remains unclear. Herein, mouse eyes were challenged with different levels of hemodynamic insult via transverse aortic coarctation, which increased blood pressure and flow velocity by 50% and 40%, respectively, in the right common carotid artery, and reduced those parameters by 30% and 40%, respectively, in the left common carotid artery. Blood velocity in the right central retinal artery gradually increased up to 40% at 4 weeks of transverse aortic coarctation, and the velocity in the left central retinal artery gradually decreased by 20%. The fundus and retinal architecture were unaltered by hemodynamic changes. Endothelium-dependent vasodilations to acetylcholine and adenosine were reduced only in right (hypertensive) ophthalmic arteries. Increased cellularity in the nerve fiber/ganglion cell layers, enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, and elevated superoxide level were found only in hypertensive retinas. The electroretinogram showed decreased scotopic b-waves in the hypertensive eyes and decreased scotopic oscillatory potentials in both hypertensive and hypotensive eyes. In conclusion, hypertension sustained for 4 weeks causes ophthalmic vascular dysfunction, retinal glial cell activation, oxidative stress, and neuroretinal impairment. Although ophthalmic vasoregulation is insensitive to hypotensive insult, the ocular hypoperfusion causes neuroretinal dysfunction.
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434
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Hampel H, Toschi N, Babiloni C, Baldacci F, Black KL, Bokde AL, Bun RS, Cacciola F, Cavedo E, Chiesa PA, Colliot O, Coman CM, Dubois B, Duggento A, Durrleman S, Ferretti MT, George N, Genthon R, Habert MO, Herholz K, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Lamari F, Langevin T, Lehéricy S, Lorenceau J, Neri C, Nisticò R, Nyasse-Messene F, Ritchie C, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E, Sporns O, Verdooner SR, Vergallo A, Villain N, Younesi E, Garaci F, Lista S. Revolution of Alzheimer Precision Neurology. Passageway of Systems Biology and Neurophysiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S47-S105. [PMID: 29562524 PMCID: PMC6008221 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Precision Neurology development process implements systems theory with system biology and neurophysiology in a parallel, bidirectional research path: a combined hypothesis-driven investigation of systems dysfunction within distinct molecular, cellular, and large-scale neural network systems in both animal models as well as through tests for the usefulness of these candidate dynamic systems biomarkers in different diseases and subgroups at different stages of pathophysiological progression. This translational research path is paralleled by an "omics"-based, hypothesis-free, exploratory research pathway, which will collect multimodal data from progressing asymptomatic, preclinical, and clinical neurodegenerative disease (ND) populations, within the wide continuous biological and clinical spectrum of ND, applying high-throughput and high-content technologies combined with powerful computational and statistical modeling tools, aimed at identifying novel dysfunctional systems and predictive marker signatures associated with ND. The goals are to identify common biological denominators or differentiating classifiers across the continuum of ND during detectable stages of pathophysiological progression, characterize systems-based intermediate endophenotypes, validate multi-modal novel diagnostic systems biomarkers, and advance clinical intervention trial designs by utilizing systems-based intermediate endophenotypes and candidate surrogate markers. Achieving these goals is key to the ultimate development of early and effective individualized treatment of ND, such as Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI) and cohort program (APMI-CP), as well as the Paris based core of the Sorbonne University Clinical Research Group "Alzheimer Precision Medicine" (GRC-APM) were recently launched to facilitate the passageway from conventional clinical diagnostic and drug development toward breakthrough innovation based on the investigation of the comprehensive biological nature of aging individuals. The APMI movement is gaining momentum to systematically apply both systems neurophysiology and systems biology in exploratory translational neuroscience research on ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiology, “Athinoula A. Martinos” Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana”, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - René S. Bun
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- IRCCS “San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia A. Chiesa
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France; Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre de Recherche de Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Paris, France
| | - Cristina-Maria Coman
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Duggento
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stanley Durrleman
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France; Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre de Recherche de Paris, France
| | - Maria-Teresa Ferretti
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- ZNZ Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie George
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Centre MEG-EEG, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Remy Genthon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Paris, France
| | - Karl Herholz
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Foudil Lamari
- AP-HP, UF Biochimie des Maladies Neuro-métaboliques, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière - ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Lorenceau
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, CNRS UMR7210, Paris, France
| | - Christian Neri
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” & Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute (E.B.R.I.), Rome, Italy
| | - Francis Nyasse-Messene
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab. (Si-BIN Lab.), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Section of Human Physiology University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab. (Si-BIN Lab.), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- IU Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Villain
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Casa di Cura “San Raffaele Cassino”, Cassino, Italy
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
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435
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Abstract
The retina is a highly organized neural tissue consisting of three neural layers and two synaptic layers. Blood vessels that nourish the mouse and human neural retina mirror this organization consisting of three plexus layers, or plexuses, that run parallel within the retina, connected by interplexus vessels to create a closed vascular network. Here, we describe a methodology to describe this organization that can be used to interrogate factors mediating retinal vessel patterning including: coverage of the vascular plexuses, branching and orientation of the interplexus connections, and digital reconstruction of the retinal vasculature to measure vessel length and density. The methodology focuses on the mouse retina, but can easily be adapted to study retinal vessels of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Peter G Fuerst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, ID, USA.
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436
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Vecino E, Urcola H, Bayon A, Sharma SC. Ocular Hypertension/Glaucoma in Minipigs: Episcleral Veins Cauterization and Microbead Occlusion Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1695:41-48. [PMID: 29190016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7407-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two methods to induce elevation of the intraocular pressure (experimental glaucoma) are described in the present chapter. The first method is based on increasing the post-trabecular resistance to aqueous outflow by cauterizing the episcleral veins (EVC). This method allows the observation of ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) without interfering with any structure within the eye such as TM, ciliary body, and/or the Retina. The second method is the multiple injection of microbeads into the anterior chamber, as a pre and intra-trabecular method that induce secondary effects on the TM cells. Both methods lead to an increase in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophathalmo-Biology Group, Department Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Haritz Urcola
- Experimental Ophathalmo-Biology Group, Department Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
- Ophthalmology Section, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Alejando Bayon
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sansar C Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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437
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Huang R, Lan Q, Chen L, Zhong H, Cui L, Jiang L, Huang H, Li L, Zeng S, Li M, Zhao X, Xu F. CD200Fc Attenuates Retinal Glial Responses and RGCs Apoptosis After Optic Nerve Crush by Modulating CD200/CD200R1 Interaction. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:200-210. [PMID: 29280053 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To explore the hypothesis that CD200Fc, a CD200R1 agonist with anti-inflammatory properties, will inhibit retinal glial cells hyperactivation and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis after optic nerve injury. CD200Fc was immediately administered after optic nerve crush (ONC) once by intravitreal injection. Rats were euthanized at 5 days after ONC. The density of RGCs was counted by immunostaining of retina flat mounts for Brn3a. TUNEL assay, immunoblotting analysis of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(iba1) (microglia marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocytes and Müller cells marker), RT-PCR analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10, ELISA measure protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and western blot analysis of CD200 and CD200R1 were evaluated. CD200Fc treatment suppressed ONC-induced RGCs loss through inhibition of RGCs apoptosis. Additionally, expression of glial cells activation markers GFAP and iba1 and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, iNOS, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8) were decreased in CD200Fc treated animals after ONC. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by CD200Fc treatment in ONC-induced rat retina. Finally, we found that CD200Fc significantly inhibited ONC-induced increased in expression of CD200 and raised the already high basal CD200R1 expression in the rat retina after ONC. Our results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of CD200Fc in ONC rats model through inhibited the activation of retinal glial cells via the interaction between CD200 and CD200R1, and the neuroprotective effects of CD200Fc on RGCs thought inhibited its apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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438
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Lawrence SM, Ruoss JL, Wynn JL. IL-17 in neonatal health and disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79:e12800. [PMID: 29243317 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, scientific interest in the cytokine IL-17A has intensified as its role in human health and disease has been elucidated. Discovered almost a quarter century ago, IL-17A is known to have poor biologic activity when acting alone, but attains robust actions when working synergistically with potent mediators of proinflammatory immune responses, such as IL-6 and IL-8. IL-17A is produced by specialized innate immune cells that protect host barriers from the outside world. Like sentries, these innate immune cells can "sound the alarm" through increased production of IL-17A, causing activation and recruitment of primed neutrophils and monocytes when pathogens escape initial host defenses. In this way, IL-17A promulgates mechanisms responsible for pathogen death and clearance. However, when IL-17A pathways are triggered during fetal development, due to chorioamnionitis or in utero inflammatory conditions, IL-17A can instigate and/or exacerbate fetal inflammatory responses that increase neonatal morbidities and mortality associated with common neonatal conditions such as sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This review details the ontogeny of IL-17A in the fetus and newborn, discusses how derangements in its production can lead to pathology, and describes known and evolving therapies that may attenuate IL-17A-mediated human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Lawrence
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Lauren Ruoss
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James L Wynn
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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439
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Alrashdi SF, Deliyanti D, Talia DM, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Endothelin-2 Injures the Blood-Retinal Barrier and Macroglial Müller Cells: Interactions with Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, and NADPH Oxidase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:805-817. [PMID: 29248456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing evidence indicates that endothelin-2 (Edn2) has distinct roles in tissue pathology, including inflammation, glial cell dysfunction, and angiogenesis, its role in the retina and the factors that regulate its actions are not fully understood. We hypothesized that Edn2 damages the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and that this is mediated by interactions with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase (Nox). C57BL/6J mice received an intravitreal injection of Edn2 or control vehicle to examine the blood pressure-independent effects of Edn2. Mice administered Edn2 were randomized to receive by intraperitoneal injection treatments that inhibited the Edn type a receptor, Edn type b receptor, angiotensin type 1 receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, or Nox isoforms 1 to 4. One month later, mice administered Edn2 exhibited breakdown of the BRB with increased vascular leakage, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and infiltrating macrophages (Ly6C+CD45highCD11b+). Further, macroglial Müller cells, which influence the integrity of the BRB and prevent retinal edema, became gliotic and expressed increased levels of water (aquaporin-4) and ion (Kir4.1) channels. This Edn2-mediated retinopathy was reduced by all treatments. Complementary in vitro studies in cultured Müller cells supported these findings and demonstrated the importance of reactive oxygen species in mediating these events. In conclusion, Edn2 has detrimental effects on the BRB and Müller cells that involve interactions with the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and Nox1/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed F Alrashdi
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devy Deliyanti
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean M Talia
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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440
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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441
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Ashimatey BS, King BJ, Swanson WH. Retinal putative glial alterations: implication for glaucoma care. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 38:56-65. [PMID: 29168194 PMCID: PMC5739949 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliosis-like retinal alterations, presumed to be activated retinal astrocytes and Müller cells (ARAM), have been reported to occur frequently in patients with glaucoma but rarely in controls. We investigated the association between glaucomatous abnormality and the presence, the extent of retinal region, and the spatial distribution, of hyperreflective retinal alterations on optical coherence tomography (OCT) en-face images, presumed to be ARAM. METHODS Findings of hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, in the central retinal ±24 degrees of OCT en-face images (acquired with the SPECTRALIS® OCT) were compared between 35 younger controls, 42 older controls and 38 patients with glaucoma. Presumed ARAM was defined as reflective structures on the en-face images other than retinal vasculature and retinal nerve fibre bundles. Chi-square tests were used to compare the proportion of younger controls vs older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of ageing, and the proportion of patients vs age-similar older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of disease. We also investigated the effect of glaucoma on the retinal area with presumed ARAM when it was present; we used an analysis of covariance (ancova) to compare the retinal area with hyperreflectivity in patients vs controls, adjusting for the effects of age and axial length. RESULTS The mean (S.D.) age of the younger controls, older controls, and patients with glaucoma was 26 (3), 62 (10) and 69 (8) years, respectively. The median (25th quartile, 75th quartile) of the retinal region with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, was zero (0,0), 1 (0,6), and 11 (0,43) degrees square in the younger controls, older controls and patients with glaucoma respectively. The chi-square test investigating the effect of ageing found χ2 (1, N = 77) = 24.8, p < 0.001, and that investigating the effect of disease found χ2 (1, N = 80) = 2.3, p = 0.1. The ancova found F(1, 46) = 10.32, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS There was an effect of ageing on the presence of the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, on OCT images. Compared to the presence of hyperreflective structures, the extent of retinal region with the hyperreflective structures has a greater potential of being an indicator of glaucomatous degeneration. Further study is needed to investigate the nature of the relation between glaucomatous abnormality and the extent of the retina with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett J King
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
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442
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Cheung LTY, Manthey AL, Lai JSM, Chiu K. Targeted Delivery of Mitochondrial Calcium Channel Regulators: The Future of Glaucoma Treatment? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:648. [PMID: 29213227 PMCID: PMC5702640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne T Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abby L Manthey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy S M Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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443
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Yao K, Qiu S, Tian L, Snider WD, Flannery JG, Schaffer DV, Chen B. Wnt Regulates Proliferation and Neurogenic Potential of Müller Glial Cells via a Lin28/let-7 miRNA-Dependent Pathway in Adult Mammalian Retinas. Cell Rep 2017; 17:165-178. [PMID: 27681429 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cold-blooded vertebrates such as zebrafish, Müller glial cells (MGs) readily proliferate to replenish lost retinal neurons. In mammals, however, MGs lack regenerative capability as they do not spontaneously re-enter the cell cycle unless the retina is injured. Here, we show that gene transfer of β-catenin in adult mouse retinas activates Wnt signaling and MG proliferation without retinal injury. Upstream of Wnt, deletion of GSK3β stabilizes β-catenin and activates MG proliferation. Downstream of Wnt, β-catenin binds to the Lin28 promoter and activates transcription. Deletion of Lin28 abolishes β-catenin-mediated effects on MG proliferation, and Lin28 gene transfer stimulates MG proliferation. We further demonstrate that let-7 miRNAs are critically involved in Wnt/Lin28-regulated MG proliferation. Intriguingly, a subset of cell-cycle-reactivated MGs express markers for amacrine cells. Together, these results reveal a key role of Wnt-Lin28-let7 miRNA signaling in regulating proliferation and neurogenic potential of MGs in the adult mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Suo Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William D Snider
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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444
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Mechanisms of macular edema: Beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:20-68. [PMID: 29126927 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macular edema consists of intra- or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of central vision. Major causes of macular edema include diabetes, branch and central retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization, posterior uveitis, postoperative inflammation and central serous chorioretinopathy. The healthy retina is maintained in a relatively dehydrated, transparent state compatible with optimal light transmission by multiple active and passive systems. Fluid accumulation results from an imbalance between processes governing fluid entry and exit, and is driven by Starling equation when inner or outer blood-retinal barriers are disrupted. The multiple and intricate mechanisms involved in retinal hydro-ionic homeostasis, their molecular and cellular basis, and how their deregulation lead to retinal edema, are addressed in this review. Analyzing the distribution of junction proteins and water channels in the human macula, several hypotheses are raised to explain why edema forms specifically in the macular region. "Pure" clinical phenotypes of macular edema, that result presumably from a single causative mechanism, are detailed. Finally, diabetic macular edema is investigated, as a complex multifactorial pathogenic example. This comprehensive review on the current understanding of macular edema and its mechanisms opens perspectives to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this sight-threatening condition.
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445
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Chen DW, Foldvari M. In vitro bioassay model for screening non-viral neurotrophic factor gene delivery systems for glaucoma treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 6:676-685. [PMID: 27549107 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of a two-layer contact-independent 3D neuronal co-culture model to test the bioactivity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), produced by non-virally transfected A7 astrocytes (trA7), on neurite growth in a second cell population of SH-SY5Y (CRL-2266) neuroblastoma cells with (oxSH-SY5Y) or without oxidative damage (SH-SY5Y) was evaluated. Transfection of A7 astrocytes was carried out with BDNF-encoding plasmid using K2® nanoparticle gene delivery system (K2-NPs). The physicochemical characteristics of K2-NPs, transfection efficiency, and BDNF production were evaluated using dynamic light scattering, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Neurite counts and length measurements were performed after anti-neuron-specific β-III tubulin antibody immunostaining using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Transfection efficiency of A7 astrocytes by K2-NPs (diameter 83.9 ± 0.4 nm, zeta potential +57.3 ± 2.8 mV) was 39.5 ± 4.6 % with cell viability of 73 ± 2 %. BDNF levels produced were 3750.8 ± 251.1, 9052.6 ± 1391.2, and 10,367.1 ± 390.8 pg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The increased number of neurites with higher neurite lengths confirmed the bioactivity of BDNF secreted from the transfected A7 astrocytes over 72 h. Neurite count comparisons showed that both trA7/oxSH-SY5Y and trA7/SH-SY5Y consistently produced higher neurite counts compared to A7/oxSH-SY5Y and oxSH-SY5Y only experimental conditions. The results of this study demonstrate that neurite outgrowth quantitation in astrocyte-SH-SY5Y cell co-culture is a suitable bioassay model for evaluating non-viral gene delivery systems. Furthermore, it also demonstrates a proof-of-concept for nanoparticle-based neurotrophic factor gene delivery to astrocytes and stimulation of neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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446
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Wang L, Li P. Expressions of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat retina after optic nerve transection. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1510-1515. [PMID: 29062768 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the expression of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in rat retina after optic nerve transection. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into normal control group, sham group and operation group, and used for establishing an animal model of optic nerve transection. Retinal specimen of each group was collected at 3, 48h, 7 and 14d postoperative. Nestin and GFAP expressions on sagittal sections were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, and protein extraction was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that nestin positive staining was rarely detected in normal control group and sham group, while sham group showed weak positive staining at 3h postoperative, the reaction gradually increased at 48h postoperative, and reached its maximum at 7d postoperative, and then decreased at 14d postoperative. Compared to the expression of GFAP, there was not statistically significant obvious difference among three groups (P>0.05). Result of Western blot method was consistent with that of immunohistochemical method. CONCLUSION The expression of nestin increased in a time dependent fashion in Müller cells of retina following optic nerve transection, which was statistically significant, but there was no obvious difference in GFAP expression. The results indicate that an increase in colloid synthesis in retina following optic nerve transection can improve the retinal neurons' environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Medicine Technology Optometry, Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, No.451 Hospitial of Chinese PLA, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
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447
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Reinhard J, Roll L, Faissner A. Tenascins in Retinal and Optic Nerve Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:30. [PMID: 29109681 PMCID: PMC5660115 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins represent key constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with major impact on central nervous system (CNS) development. In this regard, several studies indicate that they play a crucial role in axonal growth and guidance, synaptogenesis and boundary formation. These functions are not only important during development, but also for regeneration under several pathological conditions. Additionally, tenascin-C (Tnc) represents a key modulator of the immune system and inflammatory processes. In the present review article, we focus on the function of Tnc and tenascin-R (Tnr) in the diseased CNS, specifically after retinal and optic nerve damage and degeneration. We summarize the current view on both tenascins in diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ischemia, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy. In this context, we discuss their expression profile, possible functional relevance, remodeling of the interacting matrisome and tenascin receptors, especially under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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448
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Roche SL, Ruiz-Lopez AM, Moloney JN, Byrne AM, Cotter TG. Microglial-induced Müller cell gliosis is attenuated by progesterone in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Glia 2017; 66:295-310. [PMID: 29034506 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norgestrel, a progesterone analogue, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Neuroprotection is achieved in part through Norgestrels anti-inflammatory properties, alleviating detrimental microglial activity. Gliosis is a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including retinitis pigmentosa. Müller glia, a type of macroglia found in the retina, are major contributors of gliosis, characterized by the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Microglia-Müller glia crosstalk has been implicated in the initiation of gliosis. In the rd10 retina, increased microglial activity and gliotic events are observed prior to the onset of photoreceptor loss. We hypothesized that Norgestrels dampening effects on harmful microglial activity would consequently impact on gliosis. In the current study, we explore the role of microglia-Müller glia crosstalk in degeneration and Norgestrel-mediated neuroprotection in the rd10 retina. Norgestrels neuroprotective effects in the rd10 retina coincide with significant decreases in both microglial activity and Müller cell gliosis. Using a Müller glial cell line, rMC-1, and isolated microglia, we show that rd10 microglia stimulate GFAP production in rMC-1 cells. Norgestrel attenuates gliosis through direct actions on both microglia and Müller glia. Norgestrel reduces the release of harmful stimuli from microglia, such as interferon-γ, which might otherwise signal to Müller glia and stimulate gliosis. We propose that Norgestrel also targets Müller cell gliosis directly, by limiting the availability of pSTAT3, a known transcription factor for GFAP. These findings highlight an important aspect to Norgestrels neuroprotective effects in the diseased retina, in combating Müller cell gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Roche
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana M Ruiz-Lopez
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer N Moloney
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ashleigh M Byrne
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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449
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Quintero H, Lamas M. microRNA expression in the neural retina: Focus on Müller glia. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heberto Quintero
- Departamento de Farmacobiología; Cinvestav Sede Sur; Mexico City Mexico
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM); Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mónica Lamas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología; Cinvestav Sede Sur; Mexico City Mexico
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450
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Xu XJ, Wang SM, Jin Y, Hu YT, Feng K, Ma ZZ. Melatonin delays photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28580724 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) comprises a group of incurable inherited retinal degenerations. Targeting common processes, instead of mutation-specific treatment, has proven to be an innovative strategy to combat debilitating retinal degeneration. Growing evidence indicates that melatonin possesses a potent activity against neurodegenerative disorders by mitigating cell damage associated with apoptosis and inflammation. Given the pleiotropic role of melatonin in central nervous system, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether melatonin would afford protection against retinal degeneration in autosomal recessive RP (arRP). Rd10, a well-characterized murine model of human arRP, received daily intraperitoneal injection of melatonin (15 mg/kg) between postnatal day (P) 13 and P30. Retinas treated with melatonin or vehicle were harvested for analysis at P30 and P45, respectively. The findings showed that melatonin could dampen the photoreceptors death and delay consequent retinal degeneration. We also observed that melatonin weakened the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in Müller cells. Additionally, melatonin could alleviate retinal inflammatory response visualized by IBA1 staining, which was further corroborated by downregulation of inflammation-related genes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (Cxcl10). These data revealed that melatonin could ameliorate retinal degeneration through potentially attenuating apoptosis, reactive gliosis, and microglial activation in rd10 mice. Moreover, these results suggest melatonin as a promising agent improving photoreceptors survival in human RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Min Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Tao Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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