401
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Occurrence of Transformation Products in the Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2_011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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402
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Radjenović J, Matošić M, Mijatović I, Petrović M, Barceló D. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79210-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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403
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Carballa M, Fink G, Omil F, Lema JM, Ternes T. Determination of the solid-water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals, estrogens and musk fragrances in digested sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:287-95. [PMID: 17675136 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work determined the solid-water distribution coefficient (K(d)) and the organic carbon normalized distribution coefficient (K(oc)) of several pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, iopromide, sulfamethoxazole and roxithromycin), three estrogens (estrone, 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol) and two musk fragrances (HHCB and AHTN) in digested sludge. These sorption coefficients can be used to evaluate the fate of these substances during sludge treatment, thus avoiding the expensive and time-consuming analysis in the sludge phase. For determining the K(d) and K(oc) values of the target compounds in digested sludge, their concentrations were measured in the aqueous and solid phase of the effluent of an anaerobic digestion pilot plant run at several operational conditions. The results obtained were compared with the values modelled by using simple K(ow) approaches. The resulting log K(d) values ranged between 3.5 and 4.4 for the two musk fragrances (log K(oc) of 4.5-6.0), between 2.1 and 2.9 for estrogens (log K(oc) of 2.9-4.2) and between 0.8 and 1.9 for the remaining pharmaceuticals (log K(oc) of 1.8-3.5). These values are in the same range as those reported in the literature for primary and secondary sludge and no significant influence of the anaerobic digestion operational conditions was observed. For most compounds, the modelled K(oc) were close or within the lower range of the experimentally determined K(oc). Major deviations of the modelled K(oc) values were found for iopromide, sulfamethoxazole and roxithromycin, which were 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than the measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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404
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Liberski AR, Tizzard GJ, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Hursthouse MB, Milnes P, Bradley M. Screening for Polymorphs on Polymer Microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:24-7. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700107x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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405
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Gulkowska A, Leung HW, So MK, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Yeung LWY, Richardson BJ, Lei AP, Giesy JP, Lam PKS. Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:395-403. [PMID: 17706267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of nine antibiotics [erythromycin-H(2)O (ERY-H(2)O); trimethoprim (TMP); tetracycline (TET); norfloxacin (NOR); penicillin G (PEN G); penicillin V (PEN V); cefalexin (CLX); cefotaxim (CTX); and cefazolin (CFZ)] were measured in influent and effluent samples from four sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Hong Kong as well as in influent samples from one STP in Shenzhen. Levels of PEN V and CFZ were below method detection limits in all of the samples analyzed. CLX concentrations were the highest in most of the Hong Kong samples, ranging from 670 to 2900 ng/L and 240 to 1800 ng/L in influent and effluent samples, respectively, but CLX was not detected in the samples from Shenzhen. Comparatively lower concentrations were observed for ERY-H(2)O (470-810 ng/L) and TET (96-1300 ng/L) in the influent samples from all STPs in Hong Kong. CTX was found to be the dominant antibiotic in the Shenzhen STP influents with a mean concentration of 1100 ng/L, but occurred at lower concentrations in Hong Kong sewage. These results likely reflect regional variations in the prescription and use patterns of antibiotics between Hong Kong and Shenzhen. Antibiotic removal efficiencies depended on their chemical properties and the wastewater treatment processes used. In general, relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for NOR (5-78%) and TET (7-73%), which are readily adsorbed to particulate matter, while lower removal efficiencies were observed for ERY-H(2)O (9-19%), which is relatively persistent in the environment. Antibiotics were removed more efficiently at Hong Kong STPs employing secondary treatment processes compared with those using primary treatment only. Concentrations of NOR measured in effluents from STPs in Hong Kong were lower than the predicted no-effect concentration of 8000 ng/L determined in a previous study. Therefore, concentrations of antibiotics measured in this preliminary study would be unlikely to cause adverse effects on microorganisms used in wastewater treatment processes at the sampled STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gulkowska
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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406
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Nieto A, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Selective extraction of sulfonamides, macrolides and other pharmaceuticals from sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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407
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Managaki S, Murata A, Takada H, Tuyen BC, Chiem NH. Distribution of macrolides, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim in tropical waters: ubiquitous occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:8004-8010. [PMID: 18186329 DOI: 10.1021/es0709021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distributions of 12 antibiotics (viz., sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim) in the water from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and compared them with those in the Tamagawa River, Japan. In Vietnam, only a few antibiotics (viz., sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, and erythromycin-H2O) were detected in the river and canals from urban and rural sites, at concentrations of 7-360 ng/L. This contrasts with the results from the Japanese urban river, where more antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, trimethoprim, erythromycin-H20, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin) were detected at concentrations ranging from 4to 448 ng/L. The concentrations of sulfonamides in the Mekong Delta were comparable to those in the Tamagawa River, whereas macrolide concentrations were lowerthanthose in the Tamagawa River. The ubiquitous occurrence of sulfamethazine, used as a veterinary medicine, in the waters in Vietnam at relatively high concentrations (15-328 ng/L) was unique. Extremely high concentrations of sulfamethazine [(18.5-19.2) x 10(3) ng/L] were detected in pig farm wastewaters, and relatively high concentrations were observed in canals near chicken and pig farms. All these data suggested the potential utility of sulfamethazine as a molecular marker of livestock-source contamination. The present study demonstrated widespread inputs of veterinary medicines to waters in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Managaki
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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408
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Xu W, Zhang G, Li X, Zou S, Li P, Hu Z, Li J. Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4526-34. [PMID: 17631935 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the occurrence and elimination of eight selected antibiotics mainly for human use, including chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide and macrolide groups, were investigated at four sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. The most frequently detected antibiotics in the present study were ofloxacin, norfloxacin, roxithromycin, erythromycin-H(2)O (the main degradation product of erythromycin) and sulfamethoxazole. The concentrations of these compounds in raw influents and final effluents at the four STPs ranged from 10 to 1978 ngL(-1) and from 9 to 2054 ngL(-1), respectively. The other analytes were detected only in a few samples from the four STPs. Antibiotics could not be eliminated completely at the four STPs, with the highest elimination efficiency reaching to 81%. Analysis of the dissolved daily mass flow showed that fluoroquinolones were mostly eliminated from the sewage, and high concentrations of these compounds were found in secondary sludge. Therefore, it can be concluded that the observed elimination of fluoroquinolones in the STPs was due to their sorption to the sludge, but not biodegradation. Macrolides, especially erythromycin-H(2)O, were stable in sewage during the treatment process, and in fact even higher concentrations were found in the final effluents than in the raw sewages. Sulfamethoxazole was also found in raw influent and final effluent, indicating that it could withstand different treatment processes in the STPs. Remarkable differences in the daily environmental loads (the sum of the amounts in the final effluent and sludge) of the five most frequently detected antibiotic compounds were found in the range of 0.5-828 g at the four STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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409
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Nakada N, Shinohara H, Murata A, Kiri K, Managaki S, Sato N, Takada H. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4373-82. [PMID: 17632207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the efficiencies of removal of 24 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) during sand filtration and ozonation in an operating municipal sewage treatment plant (STP). The target compounds were 2 phenolic antiseptics (thymol, triclosan), 5 acidic analgesics or anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid), 4 amide pharmaceuticals (propyphenazone, crotamiton, carbamazepine, diethyltoluamide), 7 antibiotics (sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, erythromycin anhydride, clarithromycin, roxithromycin), 3 phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (nonylphenol:NP, octylphenol:OP, bisphenol A:BPA) and 3 natural estrogens (17 beta-estradiol:E2, estrone:E1, estriol:E3). Ozonation removed approximately 80% or more of the phenolic antiseptics, crotamiton, sulfonamide and macrolide antibiotics, and 17 beta-estradiol. Their removal is discussed in terms of chemical structure. The study ascertained the validity of ozonation mechanisms proposed by previous studies in an actually running STP. Compounds with a CC double bond or an aromatic structure with electron donors (e.g., phenol, alkyl, methoxy, or non-protonated amine) were susceptible to ozonation. Compounds with amide structures were resistant. Removal of the PhACs during sand filtration was generally inefficient, probably because of their low hydrophobicities. The combination of ozonation and sand filtration with activated sludge treatment gave efficient removal (>80%) of all the target compounds except carbamazepine and diethyltoluamide. Among all the steps in the plant, ozonation contributed substantially to overall removal of naproxen, ketoprofen, triclosan, crotamiton, sulfapyridine, macrolide antibiotics, and estrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Nakada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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410
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Batt AL, Kim S, Aga DS. Comparison of the occurrence of antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants with varying designs and operations. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:428-35. [PMID: 17316751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that differ in design and operating conditions was determined. The WWTPs chosen utilized a variety of secondary removal processes, such as a two stage activated sludge process with a nitrification tank, extended aeration, rotating biological contactors, and pure oxygen activated sludge. Several of the WWTPs also employed an advanced treatment process, such as chlorination and UV radiation disinfection. The detected concentrations (microg/l) ranged from 0.20 to 1.4 for ciprofloxacin, 0.21 to 2.8 for sulfamethoxazole, 0.061 to 1.1 for tetracycline, and 0.21 to 7.9 for trimethoprim. The overall percent difference in the concentrations of the antibiotics in the effluent and influent of these antibiotics differed between plants and ranged from 33% to 97%. Based on these four full-scale WWTPs evaluated, the apparent removal of organic micropollutants in wastewater is dependent on a combination of biological and physico-chemical treatment processes and operating conditions of the treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Batt
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 608 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
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411
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Bialk HM, Hedman C, Castillo A, Pedersen JA. Laccase-mediated michael addition of 15N-sulfapyridine to a model humic constituent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3593-600. [PMID: 17547183 DOI: 10.1021/es0617338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical incorporation of sulfonamide antimicrobials into natural organic matter may represent an important process influencing the fate of these synthetic, primarily agents in soil and sediment environments. We previously demonstrated that a fungal peroxidase mediates covalent coupling of sulfonamide antimicrobials to model humic constituents; reactions with the 2,6-dimethoxyphenol syringic acid produced Schiff bases (Bialk et al. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 2005, 39, 4436-4473). Here, we show that fungal laccase-mediated reaction of sulfapyridine with the orthodihydroxyphenol protocatechuic acid yields a Michael adduct. We synthesized 15N-enriched sulfapyridine to facilitate determination of the covalent linkage(s) formed between sulfapyridine and protocatechuic acid by NMR spectroscopy. 1H-(15)N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiments and tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the sulfapyridine anilinic nitrogen engaged in a Michael addition reaction to oxidized protocatechuic acid to form an anilinoquinone. Michael adducts are more stable than the previously reported imine linkages between sulfonamides and 2,6-dimethoxyphenols. Michael addition to quinone-like structures in soil organic matter is expected to diminish the mobility and biological activity of sulfonamide antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Bialk
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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412
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Xu WH, Zhang G, Zou SC, Li XD, Liu YC. Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River, South China using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 145:672-9. [PMID: 16996177 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nine selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour of Hong Kong and the Pearl River at Guangzhou, South China, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations of antibiotics were mainly below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in the marine water of Victoria Harbour. However, except for amoxicillin, all of the antibiotics were detected in the Pearl River during high and low water seasons with the median concentrations ranging from 11 to 67 ng/L, and from 66 to 460 ng/L, respectively; and the concentrations in early spring were about 2-15 times higher than that in summer with clearer diurnal variations. It was suggested that the concentrations of antibiotics in the high water season were more affected by wastewater production cycles due to quick refreshing rate, while those in the low water season may be more sensitive to the water column dynamics controlled by tidal processes in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510640, China
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413
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Dodd MC, Huang CH. Aqueous chlorination of the antibacterial agent trimethoprim: reaction kinetics and pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:647-55. [PMID: 17173950 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trimethoprim (TMP), one of the antibacterials most frequently detected in municipal wastewaters and surface waters, reacts readily with free available chlorine (i.e., HOCl) at pH values between 3 and 9 (e.g., the pH-dependent apparent second-order rate constant, k''(app)=5.6 x 10(1)M(-1)s(-1), at pH 7). Solution pH significantly affects the rate of TMP reaction with HOCl. The reaction kinetics in reagent water systems can be well described by a second-order kinetic model incorporating speciation of both reactants and accounting for acid-mediated halogenation of TMP's 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl moiety. Studies with the substructure model compounds 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrimidine and 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene show that TMP reacts with HOCl primarily via its 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl moiety at acidic pH, and with its 2,4-diaminopyrimidinyl moiety at circumneutral and alkaline pH. LC/MS product analyses indicate that the TMP structure is not substantially degraded upon reactions with HOCl. Instead, a wide variety of (multi)chlorinated and hydroxylated products are formed. Experiments with real drinking water and wastewater matrixes confirmed that substantial TMP transformation can be expected for conditions typical of wastewater and drinking water chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Dodd
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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414
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Chapter 2.2 Analysis of antibiotics in solid samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(07)50003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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415
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Alexy R, Sommer A, Lange FT, Kümmerer K. Local use of antibiotics and their input and fate in a small sewage treatment plant – significance of balancing and analysis on a local scale vs. nationwide scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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416
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Peng X, Wang Z, Kuang W, Tan J, Li K. A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of sulfonamides, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol antimicrobials in wastewaters of two sewage treatment plants in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 371:314-22. [PMID: 16899277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater samples collected from two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Guangzhou, China were acidified, solid-phase extracted (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by instrumental measurement by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a diode array UV detector (DAD) and a fluorescence detector (FLD) for the occurrence and fate of antimicrobial compounds sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ofloxacin (OFX) and chloramphenicol (CAP). Antimicrobials have been detected at 5.10-5.15, 5.45-7.91, 3.52-5.56 and 1.73-2.43 microg L(-1) for SDZ, SMX, OFX and CAP in the raw sewages of the two STPs, respectively. The concentrations of antimicrobials do not show substantial changes after preliminary mechanical sedimentation. No quantifiable sulfonamides and chloramphenicol have been identified, and >85% of ofloxacin has been removed in the effluents after activated sludge treatment in the two STPs, indicating that activated sludge treatment is effective and necessary to remove antimicrobial substances in municipal sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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417
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Amin MM, Zilles JL, Greiner J, Charbonneau S, Raskin L, Morgenroth E. Influence of the antibiotic erythromycin on anaerobic treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:3971-7. [PMID: 16830570 DOI: 10.1021/es060428j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor was used to treat a model substrate mixture representing pharmaceutical wastewater at an organic loading rate of 2.9 g COD/(L d). After reaching stable operation the reactor was first exposed to low (1 mg/L) and, subsequently, to high (200 mg/L) concentrations of the antibiotic erythromycin. The addition of low levels of erythromycin resulted in a significant but limited reduction of biogas production by 5% and the higher level of erythromycin did not impact biogas production further, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the microbial populations in the ASBR were resistant to the antibiotic. Effluent soluble COD could not be accounted for in measured volatile fatty acids, perhaps suggesting the production of soluble microbial products. In batch tests evaluating the specific methanogenic activity, conversion of the model substrate mixture was only slightly affected by the presence of erythromycin. However, the conversion of butyric acid was inhibited when erythromycin was present. After 47 days of exposure to erythromycin, the conversion of butyric acid was inhibited to a lesser extent, suggesting the development of antibiotic resistance in the biomass. Exposure to antibiotics can affect specific substrate degradation pathways, leading to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids, soluble microbial products, and potentially to overall system instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Amin
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews, Illinois 61801, USA
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418
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Yang S, Cha J, Carlson K. Trace analysis and occurrence of anhydroerythromycin and tylosin in influent and effluent wastewater by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:623-36. [PMID: 16715282 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of northern Colorado were monitored for anhydroerythromycin and tylosin. An analytical method has been developed and validated for the trace determination and confirmation of these compounds in the raw influent and final effluent water matrices. This method was used to evaluate the occurrence and fate of these compounds in WWTPs. The method uses solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization. Detection and quantification was performed using selected reaction monitoring, and a method detection limit of between 0.01 and 0.06 microg/L was obtained. Unequivocal confirmation analysis of analyte identity according to the criteria (based on the use of identification points) of the 2002/657/EC European Commission Decision was possible with satisfactory results. Average recoveries for the two compounds ranged from 89.2+/-9.7% for raw influent to 93.7+/-6.9% for effluent wastewaters. The within-run precision of the assay was found to be always less than 14.1% for the two analytes. The overall precision was always less than 13.7%. The relative uncertainty of the present assay was also evaluated and the combined relative uncertainty ranged from 6.4 to 15.5% over three days of the validation study. These compounds were partially removed in the WWTPs with a removal efficiency of >50%. The measured concentrations in raw influents and effluents ranged from 0.09-0.35 and 0.04-0.12 microg/L for anhydroerythromycin to 0.06-0.18 and ND-0.06 microg/L for tylosin, respectively. The results indicate that WWTP effluents are relevant point sources for residues of these compounds in the aquatic environment. These occurrence results were compared with those in WWTP wastewaters of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwoo Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, USA
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419
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Joss A, Zabczynski S, Göbel A, Hoffmann B, Löffler D, McArdell CS, Ternes TA, Thomsen A, Siegrist H. Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:1686-96. [PMID: 16620900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple classification scheme is suggested to characterize the biological degradation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances and estrogens during wastewater treatment. The scheme should be a basis for the discussion about potential removal efficiencies. Hence, the biological degradation of 25 pharmaceuticals, hormones and fragrances was studied in batch experiments at typical concentration levels using activated sewage sludge originating from nutrient-eliminating municipal wastewater treatment plants. Since pseudo first-order degradation kinetics was observed for all compounds down to ng L(-1) levels, the removal rates can be predicted for various reactor configurations. Therefore dilution of wastewater (e.g. by extraneous water) is expected to reduce the degree of biological removal. Wastewater segregation and treatment at the source are therefore to be favoured for elimination of persistent micropollutants over centralized end-of-pipe treatment. For reactor configurations typical for nutrient removal in municipal wastewater, the derived formula for predicting removal allows the identification of three groups of micropollutants according to their degradation constant k(biol): compounds with k(biol)<0.1 L g(SS)(-1)d(-1) are not removed to a significant extent (<20%), compounds with k(biol)>10 L g(SS)(-1)d(-1) transformed by >90% and in-between moderate removal is expected. Based on the degradation of a heterogeneous group of 35 compounds (including literature data), state of the art biological treatment schemes for municipal wastewater are not efficient in degrading pharmaceuticals: only 4 out of 35 compounds are degraded by more than 90% while 17 compounds are removed by less than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Joss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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420
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Dodd MC, Buffle MO, Von Gunten U. Oxidation of antibacterial molecules by aqueous ozone: moiety-specific reaction kinetics and application to ozone-based wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:1969-77. [PMID: 16570623 DOI: 10.1021/es051369x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone and hydroxyl radical (*OH) reaction kinetics were measured for 14 antibacterial compounds from nine structural families, to determine whether municipal wastewater ozonation is likely to result in selective oxidation of these compounds' biochemically essential moieties. Each substrate is oxidized by ozone with an apparent second-order rate constant, k''(O3,app) > 1 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), at pH 7, with the exception of N(4)-acetylsulfamethoxazole (K''(O3,app) is 2.5 x 102 M(-1) s(-1)). k''(O3,app) values (pH 7) for macrolides, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, vancomycin, and amikacin appear to correspond directly to oxidation of biochemically essential moieties. Initial reactions of ozone with N(4)-acetylsulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, lincomycin, and beta-lactams do not lead to appreciable oxidation of biochemically essential moieties. However, ozone oxidizes these moieties within fluoroquinolones and lincomycin via slower reactions. Measured k''(O3,app) values and second-order *OH rate constants, k''(*OH,app) were utilized to characterize pollutant losses during ozonation of secondary municipal wastewater effluent. These losses were dependent on k''(O3,app), but independent of k''(*OH,app). Ozone doses > or =3 mg/L yielded > or =99% depletion of fast-reacting substrates (K''(O3,app) > 5 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) at pH 7.7. Ten substrates reacted predominantly with ozone; only four were oxidized predominantly by .OH. These results indicate that many antibacterial compounds will be oxidized in wastewater via moiety-specific reactions with ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Dodd
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Duebendorf, Switzerland
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421
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Lindberg RH, Olofsson U, Rendahl P, Johansson MI, Tysklind M, Andersson BAV. Behavior of fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim during mechanical, chemical, and active sludge treatment of sewage water and digestion of sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:1042-8. [PMID: 16509355 DOI: 10.1021/es0516211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The behavior and fate of three fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin), one sulfonamide (sulfamethoxazole), and trimethoprim were investigated at a sewage treatment plant in Umeå, Sweden, in 2004. This plant uses conventional mechanical, chemical, and activated sludge methods to treat the sewage water and digest the sludge; the dewatered digested sludge is pelleted (dry weight > 90% of total weight). Raw sewage water and particles as well as effluents and sludge from specific treatment areas within the plant were sampled. In addition to quantifying the antibiotics within the plant, we characterized the sample matrixes to facilitate evaluation of the results. Of the five substances examined, only norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim were present in concentrations higher than their limits of quantification. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin sorbed to sludge in a manner that was independent of changes in pH during sewage treatment, and more than 70% of the total amount of these compounds passing through the plant was ultimately found in the digested sludge. The results suggest that fluoroquinolones undergo thermal degradation during pelleting, but more studies are needed to confirm this. Trimethoprim was found in the final effluent at approximately the same concentration and mass flow as in the raw sewage, and could not be quantified in any solid sample. Predicted environmental concentrations, based on consumption data for Umeå municipality, correlated well with the results obtained, especially when the predicted concentrations were corrected to account for the amount of each active substance excreted in urine. The results obtained were compared to those of previous studies of these three substances' behavior and fate and were found to be similar, although some of the other plants studied employed the various treatment steps in different orders.
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422
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Stoob K, Singer HP, Goetz CW, Ruff M, Mueller SR. Fully automated online solid phase extraction coupled directly to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Quantification of sulfonamide antibiotics, neutral and acidic pesticides at low concentrations in surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1097:138-47. [PMID: 16298193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) instrumental setup has been developed for the quantification of sulfonamide antibiotics and pesticides in natural water. The direct coupling of an online solid phase extraction cartridge (Oasis HLB) to LC-MS/MS was accomplished using column switching techniques. High sensitivity in the low ng/L range was achieved by large volume injections of 18 mL with a combination of a tri-directional auto-sampler and a dispenser system. This setup allowed high sample throughput with a minimum of investment costs. Special emphasis was placed on low cross contamination. The chosen approach is suitable for research as well as for monitoring applications. The flexible instrumental setup was successfully optimised for different important groups of bioactive chemicals resulting in three trace analytical methods for quantification of (i) sulfonamide antibiotics and their acetyl metabolites; (ii) neutral pesticides (triazines, phenylureas, amides, chloracetanilides) and (iii) acidic pesticides (phenoxyacetic acids and triketones). Absolute extraction recoveries from 85 to 112% were obtained for the different analytes. More than 500 samples could be analyzed with one extraction cartridge. The inter-day precision of the method was excellent indicated by relative standard deviations between 1 and 6%. High accuracy was achieved by the developed methods resulting in maximum deviation relative to the spiked amount of 8-15% for the different analytes. Detection limits for various environmental samples were between 0.5 and 5 ng/L. Matrix induced ion suppression was in general smaller than 25%. The performance of the online methods was demonstrated with measurements of concentration dynamics of sulfonamide antibiotics and pesticides concentrations in a little creek during rain fall events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krispin Stoob
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag Water and Agriculture Department, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf CH-8600, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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423
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Göbel AA, Thomsen A, McArdell CS, Alder AC, Giger W, Theiss N, Löffler D, Ternes TA. Extraction and determination of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in sewage sludge. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1085:179-89. [PMID: 16106697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was optimized and validated for the determination of sulfonamide and macrolide antimicrobials and trimethoprim in sewage sludge samples. A mixture of water/methanol (50:50, v/v) was found as the most efficient extraction solvent. A temperature of 100 degrees C and a pressure of 100 bar were chosen for extraction. Two cycles of 5 min each efficiently extracted at least 97% of the total extractable amount of all studied analytes from activated sludge. The limits of quantification (S/N= 10) varied between 3 and 41 microg/kg dry weight (dw) and the relative recoveries ranged between 78 and 142%. Additionally, the influence of pH and different LC/MS/MS systems on the absolute recoveries was assessed. Of the investigated antimicrobials sulfapyridin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin were detected in municipal sewage sludge samples. Concentrations in activated sludge ranged up to 197 microg/kgdw. In comparison, results obtained by ultrasonic solvent extraction were significantly lower for sulfonamides and in tendency lower for macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke a Göbel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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424
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Joss A, Keller E, Alder AC, Göbel A, McArdell CS, Ternes T, Siegrist H. Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:3139-52. [PMID: 16043210 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The removal of seven pharmaceuticals and two fragrances in the biological units of various full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants was studied. The observed removal of pharmaceuticals was mainly due to biological transformation and varied from insignificant (<10%, carbamazepine) to>90% (ibuprofen). However, no quantitative relationship between structure and activity can be set up for the biological transformation. Overall, it can be concluded that for compounds showing a sorption coefficient (K(d)) of below 300 L kg(-1), sorption onto secondary sludge is not relevant and their transformation can consequently be assessed simply by comparing influent and effluent concentrations. The two fragrances (HHCB, AHTN) studied were mainly removed by sorption onto sludge. For the compounds studied, comparable transformation and sorption was seen for different reactor types (conventional activated sludge, membrane bioreactor and fixed bed reactor) as well as for sludge ages between 10 and 60-80 days and temperatures between 12 degrees C and 21 degrees C. However, some significant variations in the observed removal currently lack an explanation. The observed incoming daily load of iopromide and roxithromycin in medium-sized municipal wastewater treatment plants (up to 80,000 population equivalents) is generated by only a small number of patients: the consequences for representative 24h composite sampling are discussed. Generally, the paper presents a method for setting up mass balances for micropollutants over entire wastewater treatment plants, including an estimation of the accuracy of the quantified fate (i.e. removal by sorption and biological transformation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Joss
- EAWAG, Ueberlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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