401
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Misharin AV, Cuda CM, Saber R, Turner JD, Gierut AK, Haines GK, Berdnikovs S, Filer A, Clark AR, Buckley CD, Mutlu GM, Budinger GRS, Perlman H. Nonclassical Ly6C(-) monocytes drive the development of inflammatory arthritis in mice. Cell Rep 2014; 9:591-604. [PMID: 25373902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Different subsets and/or polarized phenotypes of monocytes and macrophages may play distinct roles during the development and resolution of inflammation. Here, we demonstrate in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis that nonclassical Ly6C(-) monocytes are required for the initiation and progression of sterile joint inflammation. Moreover, nonclassical Ly6C(-) monocytes differentiate into inflammatory macrophages (M1), which drive disease pathogenesis and display plasticity during the resolution phase. During the development of arthritis, these cells polarize toward an alternatively activated phenotype (M2), promoting the resolution of joint inflammation. The influx of Ly6C(-) monocytes and their subsequent classical and then alternative activation occurs without changes in synovial tissue-resident macrophages, which express markers of M2 polarization throughout the course of the arthritis and attenuate joint inflammation during the initiation phase. These data suggest that circulating Ly6C(-) monocytes recruited to the joint upon injury orchestrate the development and resolution of autoimmune joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rana Saber
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason D Turner
- Rheumatology Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Angelica K Gierut
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - G Kenneth Haines
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew R Clark
- Rheumatology Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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402
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Murphy AJ, Dragoljevic D, Tall AR. Cholesterol efflux pathways regulate myelopoiesis: a potential link to altered macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:490. [PMID: 25352845 PMCID: PMC4195367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke. The major cell in the atherosclerotic lesion, the macrophage, is thought to be an important contributor to the production of inflammatory mediators that exacerbate this disease. Macrophages are generally derived from circulating monocytes, which are in turn produced by hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and other medullary organs. Recent studies suggest that disruption in cholesterol homeostasis or prolonged exposure to a hypercholesterolemic environment can influence HSPCs to over-produce monocytes, resulting in monocytosis. These monocytes may carry a pre-programed ability to become M1-like macrophages once they enter the atherosclerotic lesion. Future studies may help to differentiate the role of such pre-programing versus responses to local environmental cues in determining M1, M2, or other macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Alan Richard Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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403
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Cannon JG, Sharma G, Sloan G, Dimitropoulou C, Baker RR, Mazzoli A, Kraj B, Mulloy A, Cortez-Cooper M. Leptin regulates CD16 expression on human monocytes in a sex-specific manner. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12177. [PMID: 25303952 PMCID: PMC4254102 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass is linked mechanistically to the cardiovascular system through leptin, a 16 kDa protein produced primarily by adipocytes. In addition to increasing blood pressure via hypothalamic‐sympathetic pathways, leptin stimulates monocyte migration, cytokine secretion, and other functions that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development. These functions are also characteristics of CD16‐positive monocytes that have been implicated in the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. This investigation sought to determine if leptin promoted the development of such CD16‐positive monocytes. Cells from 45 healthy men and women with age ranging from 20 to 59 years were analyzed. Circulating numbers of CD14++16++ monocytes, which are primary producers of TNFα, were positively related to plasma leptin concentrations (P < 0.0001), with a stronger correlation in men (P < 0.05 for leptin × sex interaction). In vitro, recombinant human leptin induced CD16 expression in a dose‐related manner (P = 0.02), with a stronger influence on monocytes from men (P = 0.03 for leptin × sex interaction). There were no sex‐related differences in total leptin receptor expression on any monocyte subtypes, relative expression of long versus short isoforms of the receptor, or soluble leptin receptor concentrations in the plasma. The number of circulating CD14+16++ monocytes, which preferentially migrate into nascent plaques, was positively related to systolic blood pressure (R = 0.56, P = 0.0008) and intima‐media thickness (R = 0.37, P = 0.03), and negatively related to carotid compliance (R = −0.39, P = 0.02). These observations indicate that leptin promotes the development of CD16‐positive monocyte populations in a sex‐specific manner and that these subpopulations are associated with diminished vascular function. e12177 Recombinant leptin induced CD16 expression on human monocytes in vitro in a dose‐ and sex‐specific manner. In vivo, CD16 expression on human monocytes correlated with plasma leptin concentrations in a sex‐specific manner. Blood pressure, carotid intima‐media thickness and carotid compliance were related to the number of circulating CD16‐positive monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Cannon
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gyanendra Sharma
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gloria Sloan
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - R Randall Baker
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Mazzoli
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Barbara Kraj
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anthony Mulloy
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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404
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Wang M, You Q, Lor K, Chen F, Gao B, Ju C. Chronic alcohol ingestion modulates hepatic macrophage populations and functions in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:657-65. [PMID: 25030420 PMCID: PMC4163632 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6a0114-004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic Macs, consisting of resident KCs and infiltrating monocytes/IMs, are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD. Previous work has focused on KCs or studied hepatic Macs as one cell population. The aim of the current study is to distinguish IMs from KCs and to compare their phenotypes and functions. We show here that a 4-week ethanol feeding of C57BL/6J mice causes recruitment of IMs into the liver. KCs and IMs can be distinguished based on their differential expression of F4/80 and CD11b. IMs can be divided further into two subsets based on their differential expression of Ly6C. KCs and two subsets of IMs were separately purified by FACS. The phagocytosis abilities and the expression profiles of genes related to various functions were compared among different populations of hepatic Macs. Ly6C(low) IMs exhibit an anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective phenotype; in contrast, Ly6C(hi) IMs exhibit a proinflammatory, tissue-damaging phenotype. The ratio of Ly6C(hi)/Ly6C(low) increases when mice chronically fed ethanol were binged, which significantly enhanced liver injury. Moreover, upon phagocytosis of apoptotic hepatocytes, Ly6C(hi) IMs switch to Ly6C(low) IMs. Taken together, chronic ethanol feeding induces the recruitment of two subsets of hepatic IMs, which play different or even opposite roles in regulating liver inflammation and repair. These findings may not only increase our understanding of the complex functions of Macs in the pathogenesis of ALD but also help us to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Kenton Lor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, China; and
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Integrated Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
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405
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Karasawa K, Asano K, Moriyama S, Ushiki M, Monya M, Iida M, Kuboki E, Yagita H, Uchida K, Nitta K, Tanaka M. Vascular-resident CD169-positive monocytes and macrophages control neutrophil accumulation in the kidney with ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:896-906. [PMID: 25266072 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and kidney-resident macrophages are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Several subsets of monocytes and macrophages are localized in the injured tissue, but the pathologic roles of these cells are not fully understood. Here, we show that CD169(+) monocytes and macrophages have a critical role in preventing excessive inflammation in IRI by downregulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on vascular endothelial cells. Mice depleted of CD169(+) cells showed enhanced endothelial ICAM-1 expression and developed irreversible renal damage associated with infiltration of a large number of neutrophils. The perivascular localization of CD169(+) monocytes and macrophages indicated direct interaction with blood vessels, and coculture experiments showed that the direct interaction of CD169(+) cell-depleted peripheral blood leukocytes augments the expression levels of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells. Notably, the transfer of Ly6C(lo) monocytes into CD169(+) cell-depleted mice rescued the mice from lethal renal injury and normalized renal ICAM-1 expression levels, indicating that the Ly6C(lo) subset of CD169(+) monocytes has a major role in the regulation of inflammation. Our findings highlight the previously unknown role of CD169(+) monocytes and macrophages in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and provide new approaches to the treatment of renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Karasawa
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Shigetaka Moriyama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ushiki
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misa Monya
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Iida
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Kuboki
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan;
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406
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Terry RL, Deffrasnes C, Getts DR, Minten C, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Getts MT, Xie RDV, Campbell IL, King NJC. Defective inflammatory monocyte development in IRF8-deficient mice abrogates migration to the West Nile virus-infected brain. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:102-12. [PMID: 25277331 DOI: 10.1159/000365972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IRF8 (interferon-regulatory factor-8) plays a critical role in regulating myeloid cell differentiation. However, the role of this transcription factor in the development of Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes and their migration to the infected brain has not been examined. We have previously shown that West Nile virus (WNV) infection of wild-type (WT) mice triggers a significant increase in numbers of Ly6C+ monocytes in the bone marrow. These cells traffic via the blood to the infected brain, where they give rise to proinflammatory macrophages. Here, we show that WNV-infected IRF8-deficient (IRF8-/-) mice had significantly reduced numbers of Ly6C+ monocytes in the periphery, with few of these cells found in the blood. Furthermore, low numbers of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages were observed in the brains of IRF8-/- mice throughout infection. Adoptive transfer of IRF8-/- Ly6C+ monocytes demonstrated that these cells were intrinsically unable to traffic to the inflamed brain. Low expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 and integrin VLA-4 by IRF8-/- monocytes likely contributed to this defect, as the interactions between these proteins and their ligands are critical for monocyte egress and migration to inflammatory foci. These data highlight a critical role for IRF8 in inflammatory monocyte differentiation and migration during WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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407
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Stressing out stem cells: linking stress and hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:707-8. [PMID: 24999940 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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408
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IRF8 inhibits C/EBPα activity to restrain mononuclear phagocyte progenitors from differentiating into neutrophils. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4978. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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409
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Hampering immune suppressors: therapeutic targeting of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Cancer J 2014; 19:490-501. [PMID: 24270348 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with suppressive properties that preferentially expand in cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mainly suppress T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, inhibit natural killer cell activation, and induce the differentiation and expansion of regulatory T cells. The wide spectrum of MDSC suppressive activity in cancer and its role in tumor progression have rendered these cells a promising target for effective cancer immunotherapy. In this review we briefly discuss the origin of MDSCs and their main mechanisms of suppression and focus more on the approaches developed up to date targeting of MDSCs in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients.
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410
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Bastien D, Lacroix S. Cytokine pathways regulating glial and leukocyte function after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:62-77. [PMID: 25017888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system causes the almost immediate release of cytokines by glial cells and neurons. These cytokines orchestrate a complex array of responses leading to microgliosis, immune cell recruitment, astrogliosis, scarring, and the clearance of cellular debris, all steps that affect neuronal survival and repair. This review will focus on cytokines released after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury and the primary signalling pathways triggered by these inflammatory mediators. Notably, the following cytokine families will be covered: IL-1, TNF, IL-6-like, TGF-β, and IL-10. Whether interfering with cytokine signalling could lead to novel therapies will also be discussed. Finally, the review will address whether manipulating the above-mentioned cytokine families and signalling pathways could exert distinct effects in the injured spinal cord versus peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Bastien
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada..
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411
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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412
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Epelman S, Lavine KJ, Randolph GJ. Origin and functions of tissue macrophages. Immunity 2014; 41:21-35. [PMID: 25035951 PMCID: PMC4470379 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1048] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease. Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes. Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state. This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes. Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature. Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear. Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Epelman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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413
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the result of a chronic inflammatory response in the arterial wall related to uptake of low-density lipoprotein by macrophages and their subsequent transformation in foam cells. Monocyte-derived macrophages are the principal mediators of tissue homeostasis and repair, response to pathogens and inflammation. However, macrophages are a homogeneous cell population presenting a continuum phenotypic spectrum with, at the extremes, the classically Th-1 polarized M1 and alternatively Th-2 polarized M2 macrophage phenotypes, which have been well described. Moreover, M2 macrophages also present several subtypes often termed M2a, b, c and d, each of them expressing specific markers and exhibiting specialized properties. Macrophage plasticity is mirrored also in the atherosclerotic lesions, where different stimuli can influence the phenotype giving rise to a complex system of subpopulations, such as Mox, Mhem, M(Hb) and M4 macrophages. An abundant literature has described the potential modulators of the reciprocal skewing between pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages including lesion stage and localization, miRNA, transcription factors such as PPARγ, KLF4 and NR4A family members, high-density lipoproteins and plaque lipid content, pathways such as the rapamycin-mTOR1 pathway, molecules such as thioredoxin-1, infection by helminths and irradiation. We hope to provide an overview of the macrophage phenotype complexity in cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis.
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414
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The impact of Ly6Clow monocytes after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in adult mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:e1-9. [PMID: 24780898 PMCID: PMC4083393 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
After an ischemic stroke, mononuclear phagocytic cells such as microglia, macrophages, and monocytes migrate to the lesion site and coordinate an immune response. Monocytes, which are recruited from the bloodstream after ischemic brain injury, can be categorized into two subsets in mice: inflammatory and patrolling monocytes. Although inflammatory monocytes (Ly6C(hi)) seem to have a protective role in stroke progression, the impact of patrolling monocytes (Ly6C(low)) is unknown. To address the role of Ly6C(low) monocytes in stroke, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice in which their hematopoietic system was replaced by Nr4a1(-/-) cells, allowing the complete and permanent ablation of Ly6C(low) monocytes without affecting the Ly6C(hi) subset. We then subjected adult mice to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia using the Levine/Vannucci model. Functional outcomes after stroke such as body weight change, neurologic score, motor functions and spatial learning were not affected. Moreover, depletion in Ly6C(low) monocytes did not change significantly the total infarct size, cell loss, atrophy, the number, or the activation state of microglia/macrophages at the lesion site. These data suggest that Ly6C(low) patrolling monocytes are redundant in the progression and recovery of ischemic stroke.
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415
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NR4A nuclear receptors are orphans but not lonesome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2543-2555. [PMID: 24975497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors consists of three mammalian members: Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1. The NR4A receptors are involved in essential physiological processes such as adaptive and innate immune cell differentiation, metabolism and brain function. They act as transcription factors that directly modulate gene expression, but can also form trans-repressive complexes with other transcription factors. In contrast to steroid hormone nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor or the glucocorticoid receptor, no ligands have been described for the NR4A receptors. This lack of known ligands might be explained by the structure of the ligand-binding domain of NR4A receptors, which shows an active conformation and a ligand-binding pocket that is filled with bulky amino acid side-chains. Other mechanisms, such as transcriptional control, post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions therefore seem to be more important in regulating the activity of the NR4A receptors. For Nur77, over 80 interacting proteins (the interactome) have been identified so far, and roughly half of these interactions has been studied in more detail. Although the NR4As show some overlap in interacting proteins, less information is available on the interactome of Nurr1 and NOR-1. Therefore, the present review will describe the current knowledge on the interactomes of all three NR4A nuclear receptors with emphasis on Nur77.
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416
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Girgis NM, Gundra UM, Ward LN, Cabrera M, Frevert U, Loke P. Ly6C(high) monocytes become alternatively activated macrophages in schistosome granulomas with help from CD4+ cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004080. [PMID: 24967715 PMCID: PMC4072804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) that accumulate during chronic T helper 2 inflammatory conditions may arise through proliferation of resident macrophages or recruitment of monocyte-derived cells. Liver granulomas that form around eggs of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni require AAM to limit tissue damage. Here, we characterized monocyte and macrophage dynamics in the livers of infected CX3CR1GFP/+ mice. CX3CR1-GFP+ monocytes and macrophages accumulated around eggs and in granulomas during infection and upregulated PD-L2 expression, indicating differentiation into AAM. Intravital imaging of CX3CR1-GFP+ Ly6Clow monocytes revealed alterations in patrolling behavior including arrest around eggs that were not encased in granulomas. Differential labeling of CX3CR1-GFP+ cells in the blood and the tissue showed CD4+ T cell dependent accumulation of PD-L2+ CX3CR1-GFP+ AAM in the tissues as granulomas form. By adoptive transfer of Ly6Chigh and Ly6Clow monocytes into infected mice, we found that AAM originate primarily from transferred Ly6Chigh monocytes, but that these cells may transition through a Ly6Clow state and adopt patrolling behavior in the vasculature. Thus, during chronic helminth infection AAM can arise from recruited Ly6Chigh monocytes via help from CD4+ T cells. Macrophages will adopt different characteristics based on different types of inflammatory responses. During infection by parasitic helminths such as Schistosoma mansoni, macrophages adopt an “alternatively activated” or M2 phenotype (AAM). These AAM are important for protecting liver hepatocytes from damage caused by the parasite eggs. Here, we examine the cellular source of AAM in the liver of mice infected with S. mansoni. We find that AAM during S. mansoni infection come from monocytes and not from tissue resident macrophages. Monocytes can be separated into Ly6Chigh and Ly6Clow monocyte subsets. We demonstrate that it is the Ly6Chigh monocytes that are the precursors of AAM in the liver granulomas, but they might adopt the behavior of Ly6Clow monocytes in response to schistosome eggs. Additionally, these Ly6CHigh monocytes require help from CD4+ T cells in order to differentiate into AAM or to maintain this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Ward
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mynthia Cabrera
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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417
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth D Prabhu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, AL
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418
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Mitchell AJ, Roediger B, Weninger W. Monocyte homeostasis and the plasticity of inflammatory monocytes. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:22-31. [PMID: 24962351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are mononuclear myeloid cells that develop in the bone marrow and circulate within the bloodstream. Although they have long been argued to play a role in the repopulation of tissue-resident macrophages, this has been questioned by numerous recent studies, which has forced a reappraisal of their biology. Here we discuss monocyte development, as well as the homeostatic control of monocyte subpopulations within the blood. We also outline the known functions of monocyte subsets. Finally, we highlight the plastic nature of monocytes, which are capable of a remarkable range of phenotypic and functional changes that depend on signals from local microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Roediger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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419
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Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:392-404. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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420
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Jackson WD, Woollard KJ. Targeting monocyte and macrophage subpopulations for immunotherapy: a patent review (2009 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:779-90. [PMID: 24773534 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.914495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocytes and macrophages are heterogeneous populations of effector cells in the innate immune system. Once thought to be obligatory precursors for macrophages, monocytes are now known to have several distinct sub-populations and their own independent functions. This separation of the two lineages has opened new therapeutic avenues in inflammation and created new technologies targeting the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). AREAS COVERED A search of Google Patents and PatentScope has revealed numerous patents targeting monocytes and macrophages. This review will focus on seven patents from 2009 to 2013, utilizing autologous monocyte and macrophage adoptive transfer, genetic manipulation of the MPS, therapeutic nanoparticles and liposomes or combinations of these strategies. Patents that target monocyte recruitment are also briefly reviewed. EXPERT OPINION While monocyte and macrophage targeting has yielded some promising results in animal models, these often fail to translate well to successful clinical trials. The paradigm of how cells in the MPS interact and evolve is constantly being updated, and caution must be exercised in developing immunomodulatory agents until this relationship is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Jackson
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Inflammation , London, W12 ONN , UK
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421
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Abstract
Key Points
In-depth regulome analysis of human monocyte subsets, including transcription and enhancer profiling. Description of metabolomic differences in human monocyte subsets.
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422
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Ipseiz N, Uderhardt S, Scholtysek C, Steffen M, Schabbauer G, Bozec A, Schett G, Krönke G. The nuclear receptor Nr4a1 mediates anti-inflammatory effects of apoptotic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4852-8. [PMID: 24740500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages ensures the nonimmunogenic clearance of dying cells, as well as the maintenance of self-tolerance to AC-derived autoantigens. Upon ingestion, ACs exert an inhibitory influence on the inflammatory signaling within the phagocyte. However, the molecular signals that mediate these immune-modulatory properties of ACs are incompletely understood. In this article, we show that the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes was enhanced in tissue-resident macrophages where this process resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and repression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12. In parallel, ACs induced a robust expression of a panel of immediate early genes, which included the Nr4a subfamily of nuclear receptors. Notably, deletion of Nr4a1 interfered with the anti-inflammatory effects of ACs in macrophages and restored both NF-κB signaling and IL-12 expression. Accordingly, Nr4a1 mediated the anti-inflammatory properties of ACs in vivo and was required for maintenance of self-tolerance in the murine model of pristane-induced lupus. Thus, our data point toward a key role for Nr4a1 as regulator of the immune response to ACs and of the maintenance of tolerance to "dying self."
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Ipseiz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Erlangen, Erlangen 91054, Germany
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423
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Bellavance MA, Gosselin D, Yong VW, Stys PK, Rivest S. Patrolling monocytes play a critical role in CX3CR1-mediated neuroprotection during excitotoxicity. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1759-76. [PMID: 24706067 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity underlies neuronal death in many neuropathological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. In murine models of these diseases, disruption of CX3CR1 signaling has thus far generated data either in favor or against a neuroprotective role of this crucial regulator of microglia and monocyte functions. In this study, we investigated the recruitment of circulating PU.1-expressing cells following sterile excitotoxicity and delineated the CX3CR1-dependent neuroprotective functions of circulating monocytes versus that of microglia in this context. WT, Cx3cr1-deficient and chimeric mice were subjected to a sterile excitotoxic insult via an intrastriatal injection of kainic acid (KA), a conformational analog of glutamate. Following KA administration, circulating monocytes physiologically engrafted the brain and selectively accumulated in the vicinity of excitotoxic lesions where they gave rise to activated macrophages depicting strong Iba1 and CD68 immunoreactivity 7 days post-injury. Monocyte-derived macrophages completely vanished upon recovery and did thus not permanently seed the brain. Furthermore, Cx3cr1 deletion significantly exacerbated neuronal death, behavioral deficits and activation of microglia cells following sterile excitotoxicity. Cx3cr1 disruption also markedly altered the blood levels of patrolling monocytes 24 h after KA administration. The specific elimination of patrolling monocytes using Nr4a1(-/-) chimeric mice conditioned with chemotherapy provided direct evidence that these circulating monocytes are essential for neuroprotection. Taken together, these data support a beneficial role of CX3CR1 signaling during excitotoxicity and highlight a novel and pivotal role of patrolling monocytes in neuroprotection. These findings open new research and therapeutic avenues for neuropathological disorders implicating excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada,
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424
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Abstract
Essential protectors against infection and injury, macrophages can also contribute to many common and fatal diseases. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control different types of macrophage activities in mice. We follow the cells' maturational pathways over time and space and elaborate on events that influence the type of macrophage eventually settling a particular destination. The nature of the precursor cells, developmental niches, tissues, environmental cues, and other connecting processes appear to contribute to the identity of macrophage type. Together, the spatial and developmental relationships of macrophages compose a topo-ontogenic map that can guide our understanding of their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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425
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Hilgendorf I, Gerhardt LMS, Tan TC, Winter C, Holderried TAW, Chousterman BG, Iwamoto Y, Liao R, Zirlik A, Scherer-Crosbie M, Hedrick CC, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK. Ly-6Chigh monocytes depend on Nr4a1 to balance both inflammatory and reparative phases in the infarcted myocardium. Circ Res 2014; 114:1611-22. [PMID: 24625784 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Healing after myocardial infarction involves the biphasic accumulation of inflammatory lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly-6C)(high) and reparative Ly-6C(low) monocytes/macrophages (Mo/MΦ). According to 1 model, Mo/MΦ heterogeneity in the heart originates in the blood and involves the sequential recruitment of distinct monocyte subsets that differentiate to distinct macrophages. Alternatively, heterogeneity may arise in tissue from 1 circulating subset via local macrophage differentiation and polarization. The orphan nuclear hormone receptor, nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group a, member 1 (Nr4a1), is essential to Ly-6C(low) monocyte production but dispensable to Ly-6C(low) macrophage differentiation; dependence on Nr4a1 can thus discriminate between systemic and local origins of macrophage heterogeneity. OBJECTIVE This study tested the role of Nr4a1 in myocardial infarction in the context of the 2 Mo/MΦ accumulation scenarios. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that Ly-6C(high) monocytes infiltrate the infarcted myocardium and, unlike Ly-6C(low) monocytes, differentiate to cardiac macrophages. In the early, inflammatory phase of acute myocardial ischemic injury, Ly-6C(high) monocytes accrue in response to a brief C-C chemokine ligand 2 burst. In the second, reparative phase, accumulated Ly-6C(high) monocytes give rise to reparative Ly-6C(low) F4/80(high) macrophages that proliferate locally. In the absence of Nr4a1, Ly-6C(high) monocytes express heightened levels of C-C chemokine receptor 2 on their surface, avidly infiltrate the myocardium, and differentiate to abnormally inflammatory macrophages, which results in defective healing and compromised heart function. CONCLUSIONS Ly-6C(high) monocytes orchestrate both inflammatory and reparative phases during myocardial infarction and depend on Nr4a1 to limit their influx and inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (I.H., L.M.S.G., C.W., B.G.C., Y.I., M.N., R.W., F.K.S.) and Department of Cardiology (T.C.T., M.S.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany (T.A.W.H.); Department of Medicine (R.L.) and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.Z.); Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (C.C.H.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
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426
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Daley-Bauer LP, Roback LJ, Wynn GM, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus hijacks CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes as immune-privileged vehicles for dissemination in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:351-62. [PMID: 24629341 PMCID: PMC3989205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood myelomonocytic cells are important for cytomegalovirus dissemination to distal organs such as salivary glands where persistent replication and shedding dictates transmission patterns. We find that this process is markedly enhanced by the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded CC chemokine, MCK2, which promotes recruitment of CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes to initial infection sites in the mouse. There, these cells become infected and traffic via the bloodstream to distal sites. In contrast, inflammatory monocytes, the other major myelomonocytic subset, remain virus negative. CX3CR1 deficiency prevents patrolling monocyte migration on the vascular endothelium and interrupts MCMV dissemination to the salivary glands independent of antiviral NK and T cell immune control. In this manner, CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes serve as immune-privileged vehicles to transport MCMV via the bloodstream to distal organs. MCMV commandeers patrolling monocytes to mediate systemic infection and seed a persistent reservoir essential for horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linda J Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grace M Wynn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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427
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Molecular control of monocyte development. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:16-21. [PMID: 24709055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte development is a tightly regulated and multi-staged process, occurring through several defined progenitor cell intermediates. The key transcription factors, including PU.1, IRF8 and KLF4, growth factors, such as M-CSF and IL-34 and cytokines that drive monocyte development from hematopoietic progenitor cells are well defined. However, the molecular controls that direct differentiation into the Ly6C(hi) inflammatory and Ly6C(lo) monocyte subsets are yet to be completely elucidated. This review will provide a summary of the transcriptional regulation of monocyte development. We will also discuss how these molecular controls are also critical for microglial development despite their distinct haematopoetic origins. Furthermore, we will examine recent breakthroughs in defining mechanisms that promote differentiation of specific monocyte subpopulations.
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428
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Baeck C, Wei X, Bartneck M, Fech V, Heymann F, Gassler N, Hittatiya K, Eulberg D, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) accelerates liver fibrosis regression by suppressing Ly-6C(+) macrophage infiltration in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:1060-72. [PMID: 24481979 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Macrophages constitute a major proinflammatory component during chronic liver diseases and are considered a key factor in promoting hepatic fibrosis. However, there is increasing evidence that distinct monocyte and macrophage subsets exert critical functions in regression from organ fibrosis as well. Experimental mouse models of fibrosis regression have identified "restorative" macrophages as Ly-6C (Ly6C, Gr1) low-expressing, monocyte-derived cells. We investigated molecular pathways balancing proinflammatory and restorative macrophages during fibrosis regression as well as pharmacologically augmenting beneficial macrophage functionality in fibrosis resolution. Therefore, we employed a Spiegelmer-based inhibitor of the chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), termed mNOX-E36, in the regression phase of two murine models of toxic (CCl4 ) and metabolic (methionine-choline-deficient diet) liver fibrosis. Although inflammation rapidly declined after cessation of injury, we observed a transient influx of Ly-6C(+) infiltrating monocytes (iMΦ), which are characterized by typical macrophage morphology, up-regulated expression of CCR2, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in injured liver. By inhibiting the early influx of Ly-6C(+) iMΦ by the CCL2 inhibitor, mNOX-E36, the intrahepatic macrophage equilibration shifted toward the "restorative" Ly-6C(-) subset of iMΦ. Consequently, fibrosis resolution was significantly accelerated upon mNOX-E36 administration in both models. Blocking transient recruitment of infiltrating Ly-6C(+) monocytes, but not direct effects of the inhibitor on the remaining macrophages, resulted in reduced intrahepatic levels of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Transient CCL2-dependent recruitment of infiltrating Ly-6C(+) monocytes during fibrosis regression counteracts scar resolution by perpetuating inflammatory reactions through release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF. Pharmacological inhibition of Ly-6C(+) monocyte recruitment using the CCL2-inhibitor, mNOX-E36, accelerates regression from toxic and metabolic liver fibrosis in two independent experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Baeck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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429
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Garcia-Faroldi G, Melo FR, Bruemmer D, Conneely OM, Pejler G, Lundequist A. Nuclear receptor 4a3 (nr4a3) regulates murine mast cell responses and granule content. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89311. [PMID: 24586680 PMCID: PMC3930735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4a3 (Nr4a3) is a transcription factor implicated in various settings such as vascular biology and inflammation. We have recently shown that mast cells dramatically upregulate Nuclear receptor 4a3 upon activation, and here we investigated the functional impact of Nuclear receptor 4a3 on mast cell responses. We show that Nuclear receptor 4a3 is involved in the regulation of cytokine/chemokine secretion in mast cells following activation via the high affinity IgE receptor. Moreover, Nuclear receptor 4a3 negatively affects the transcript and protein levels of mast cell tryptase as well as the mast cell's responsiveness to allergen. Together, these findings identify Nuclear receptor 4a3 as a novel regulator of mast cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Garcia-Faroldi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio R. Melo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dennis Bruemmer
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Wethington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Orla M. Conneely
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundequist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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430
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From proliferation to proliferation: monocyte lineage comes full circle. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:137-48. [PMID: 24435095 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are mononuclear circulating phagocytes that originate in the bone marrow and give rise to macrophages in peripheral tissue. For decades, our understanding of monocyte lineage was bound to a stepwise model that favored an inverse relationship between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Sophisticated molecular and surgical cell tracking tools have transformed our thinking about monocyte topo-ontogeny and function. Here, we discuss how recent studies focusing on progenitor proliferation and differentiation, monocyte mobilization and recruitment, and macrophage differentiation and proliferation are reshaping knowledge of monocyte lineage in steady state and disease.
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431
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Ge S, Hertel B, Susnik N, Rong S, Dittrich AM, Schmitt R, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Interleukin 17 receptor A modulates monocyte subsets and macrophage generation in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85461. [PMID: 24454873 PMCID: PMC3893198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A signaling via Interleukin 17 receptor A (Il17ra) contributes to the inflammatory host response by inducing recruitment of innate immune cells, but also plays a role in homeostatic neutrophilic granulocyte regulation. Monocytes, the other main innate immune cell, have a longer life span and can pursue multiple differentiation pathways towards tissue macrophages. Monocytes are divided into two subpopulations by expression of the Ly6C/Gr1 surface marker in mice. We here investigated the role of Il17ra in monocyte homeostasis and macrophage generation. In Il17ra-/- and in mixed bone marrow chimeric wt/Il17ra-/- mice, the concentrations of circulating Il17ra-/-Gr1low monocytes were significantly decreased compared to wt cells. Pulmonary, splenic and resident peritoneal Il17ra-/- macrophages were significantly fewer than of wt origin. Bone marrow progenitor and monocyte numbers were equal, but the proportion of Il17ra-/-Gr1low monocytes was already decreased at bone marrow level. After monocyte depletion, initial Gr1high and Gr1low monocyte regeneration of Il17ra-/- and wt cells was very similar. However, Il17ra-/-Gr1low counts were not sustained. After labeling with either fluorescent beads or BrdU, Il17ra-/-Gr1high monocyte transition to Gr1low cells was not detectable unlike wt cells. Monocyte recruitment in acute peritonitis, which is known to be largely due to Gr1high cell migration, was unaffected in an identical environment. Unilateral ureteral obstruction induces a less acute inflammatory and fibrotic kidney injury. Compared to wt cells in the same environment, Il17ra-/- macrophage accumulation in the kidney was decreased. In the absence of Il17ra on all myeloid cells, renal fibrosis was significantly attenuated. Our data show that Il17ra modulates Gr1low monocyte counts and suggest defective Gr1high to Gr1low monocyte transition as an underlying mechanism. Lack of Il17ra altered homeostatic tissue macrophage formation and diminished renal inflammation and fibrosis. Il17ra appears to be a novel modulator of monocyte phenotype and possible therapeutic target in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwang Ge
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University, Wuhan, China
| | - Barbara Hertel
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nathan Susnik
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna M. Dittrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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432
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Baghdadi M, Jinushi M. The impact of the TIM gene family on tumor immunity and immunosuppression. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:41-8. [PMID: 24336162 PMCID: PMC4002149 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunoevasion is an advanced phase of cancer immunosurveillance in which tumor cells acquire the ability to circumvent host immune systems and exploit protumorigenic inflammation. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) gene family members have emerged as critical checkpoint proteins that regulate multiple immune response phases and maintain immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that tumor cells exploit TIM gene family members to evade immunosurveillance, whereas TIM gene family members facilitate the prevention of inflammation-related tumor progression. Thus, a comprehensive analysis to clarify the relative contributions of TIM gene family members in tumor progression may elucidate immunosurveillance systems in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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433
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Real-Time In Vivo Imaging Reveals the Ability of Monocytes to Clear Vascular Amyloid Beta. Cell Rep 2013; 5:646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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434
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Stress-induced recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytes to the brain promotes anxiety-like behavior. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13820-33. [PMID: 23966702 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1671-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social stress is associated with altered immunity and higher incidence of anxiety-related disorders. Repeated social defeat (RSD) is a murine stressor that primes peripheral myeloid cells, activates microglia, and induces anxiety-like behavior. Here we show that RSD-induced anxiety-like behavior corresponded with an exposure-dependent increase in circulating monocytes (CD11b(+)/SSC(lo)/Ly6C(hi)) and brain macrophages (CD11b(+)/SSC(lo)/CD45(hi)). Moreover, RSD-induced anxiety-like behavior corresponded with brain region-dependent cytokine and chemokine responses involved with myeloid cell recruitment. Next, LysM-GFP(+) and GFP(+) bone marrow (BM)-chimeric mice were used to determine the neuroanatomical distribution of peripheral myeloid cells recruited to the brain during RSD. LysM-GFP(+) mice showed that RSD increased recruitment of GFP(+) macrophages to the brain and increased their presence within the perivascular space (PVS). In addition, RSD promoted recruitment of GFP(+) macrophages into the PVS and parenchyma of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of GFP(+) BM-chimeric mice. Furthermore, mice deficient in chemokine receptors associated with monocyte trafficking [chemokine receptor-2 knockout (CCR2(KO)) or fractalkine receptor knockout (CX3CR1(KO))] failed to recruit macrophages to the brain and did not develop anxiety-like behavior following RSD. Last, RSD-induced macrophage trafficking was prevented in BM-chimeric mice generated with CCR2(KO) or CX3CR1(KO) donor cells. These findings indicate that monocyte recruitment to the brain in response to social stress represents a novel cellular mechanism that contributes to the development of anxiety.
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435
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Limited role of nuclear receptor Nur77 in Escherichia coli-induced peritonitis. Infect Immun 2013; 82:253-64. [PMID: 24166953 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00721-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor Nur77 (NR4A1, TR3, or NGFI-B) has been shown to play an anti-inflammatory role in macrophages, which have a crucial function in defense against peritonitis. The function of Nur77 in Escherichia coli-induced peritoneal sepsis has not yet been investigated. Wild-type and Nur77-knockout mice were inoculated with E. coli, and bacterial outgrowth, cell recruitment, cytokine profiles, and tissue damage were investigated. We found only a minor transient decrease in bacterial loads in lung and liver of Nur77-knockout compared to wild-type mice at 14 h postinfection, yet no changes were found in the peritoneal lavage fluid or blood. No differences in inflammatory cytokine levels or neutrophil/macrophage numbers were observed, and bacterial loads were equal in wild-type and Nur77-knockout mice at 20 h postinfection in all body compartments tested. Also, isolated peritoneal macrophages did not show any differences in cytokine expression patterns in response to E. coli. In endothelial cells, Nur77 strongly downregulated both protein and mRNA expression of claudin-5, VE-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1, and β-catenin, and accordingly, these genes were upregulated in lungs of Nur77-deficient mice. Functional permeability tests pointed toward a strong role for Nur77 in endothelial barrier function. Indeed, tissue damage in E. coli-induced peritonitis was notably modulated by Nur77; liver necrosis and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT)/alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels were lower in Nur77-knockout mice. These data suggest that Nur77 does not play a role in the host response to E. coli in the peritoneal and blood compartments. However, Nur77 does modulate bacterial influx into the organs via increased vascular permeability, thereby aggravating distant organ damage.
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436
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Varga T, Mounier R, Gogolak P, Poliska S, Chazaud B, Nagy L. Tissue LyC6- macrophages are generated in the absence of circulating LyC6- monocytes and Nur77 in a model of muscle regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5695-701. [PMID: 24133167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are several open questions regarding the origin, development, and differentiation of subpopulations of monocytes, macrophages (MFs), and dendritic cells. It is a particularly intriguing question how circulating monocyte subsets develop and contribute to the generation of steady-state and inflammatory tissue MF pools and which transcriptional mechanisms contribute to these processes. In this study, we took advantage of a genetic model in which LyC6(-) circulating monocyte development is severely diminished due to the lack of the nuclear receptor, NUR77. We show that, in a mouse model of skeletal muscle injury and regeneration, the accumulation of leukocytes and the generation of LyC6(+) and LyC6(-) MF pools are intact in the absence of circulating LyC6(-) blood monocytes. These data suggest that NUR77, which is required for LyC6(-) blood monocyte development, is expressed but not critically required for LyC6(+) to LyC6(-) tissue MF specification. Moreover, these observations support a model according to which tissue macrophage subtype specification is distinct from that of circulating monocytes. Lastly, our data show that in the used sterile inflammation model tissue LyC6(-) MFs are derived from LyC6(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Varga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4012, Hungary
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437
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Koltsova EK, Hedrick CC, Ley K. Myeloid cells in atherosclerosis: a delicate balance of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory mechanisms. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:371-80. [PMID: 24005215 PMCID: PMC4939820 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328363d298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is chronic disease, whose progression is orchestrated by the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Various myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils can be found in normal and atherosclerotic aortas, in which they regulate inflammation and progression of atherosclerosis. The lineage relationship between blood monocyte subsets and the various phenotypes and functions of myeloid cells in diseased aortas is under active investigation. RECENT FINDINGS Various subsets of myeloid cells play diverse roles in atherosclerosis. This review discusses new findings in phenotypic and functional characterization of different subsets of macrophages, in part determined by the transcription factors IRF5 and Trib1, and dendritic cells, characterized by the transcription factor Zbtb46, in atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Improved understanding proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of macrophages and dendritic cell functions is needed for better preventive and therapeutic measures in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.
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438
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, we require in-depth knowledge on immune-cell differentiation, function of specific immune-cell subsets and endothelial cell-mediated extravasation. In this review, we summarize a number of very recent observations on the pivotal function of NR4A nuclear receptors in immunity and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS NR4A nuclear receptors are involved in negative selection of thymocytes, Treg differentiation and the development of Ly6C monocytes. Nur77 and Nurr1 attenuate atherosclerosis in mice whereas NOR-1 aggravates vascular lesion formation. SUMMARY These exciting, novel insights on the function of NR4A nuclear receptors in immunity, vascular cells and atherosclerosis will initiate a plethora of studies to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, which will culminate in the identification of novel NR4A targets to modulate chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A.J. Hamers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Richard N. Hanna
- Division of inflammatory Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Heba Nowyhed
- Division of inflammatory Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Division of inflammatory Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carlie J.M. de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
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439
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that arises from an imbalance in lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response driven by the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall. Through the analysis of the progression and regression of atherosclerosis in animal models, there is a growing understanding that the balance of macrophages in the plaque is dynamic and that both macrophage numbers and the inflammatory phenotype influence plaque fate. In this Review, we summarize recently identified pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that link lipid and inflammation biology with the retention of macrophages in plaques, as well as factors that have the potential to promote their egress from these sites.
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440
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Uhrin P, Perkmann T, Binder B, Schabbauer G. ISG12 is a critical modulator of innate immune responses in murine models of sepsis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1207-16. [PMID: 23747037 PMCID: PMC3748340 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is still a major burden for our society with high incidence of morbidity and mortality each year. Molecular mechanisms underlying the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with sepsis are still ill defined and most therapies developed to target the acute inflammatory component of the disease are insufficient. Recently the role of nuclear receptors (NRs) became a major topic of interest in transcriptional regulation of inflammatory processes. Nuclear receptors, such as the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs), have been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory properties by interfering with the NFκB pathway. We identified the nuclear envelope protein, interferon stimulated gene 12 (ISG12), which directly interacts with NRs. ISG12 is a co-factor stimulating nuclear export of NRs, thereby reducing the anti-inflammatory potential of NRs such as NR4A1. To examine the role of ISG12 in acute inflammatory processes we used recently generated ISG12 deficient mice. We can clearly demonstrate that lack of ISG12 prolongs survival in experimental sepsis and endotoxemia. Furthermore we can show that several acute inflammatory parameters, such as systemic IL6 cytokine levels, are downregulated in septic ISG12-/- animals. Consistently, similar results were obtained in in vitro experiments in peritoneal macrophages derived from ISG12 deficient mice. In contrast, mice deficient for the nuclear receptor NR4A1 exhibited an exacerbated innate immune response, and showed a significantly higher mortality after lethal endotoxemic challenge. This dramatic phenotype could be restored in ISG12/NR4A1 double deficient mice. We conclude from our data in vitro and in vivo that ISG12 is a novel modulator of innate immune responses regulating anti-inflammatory nuclear receptors such as NR4A1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunomodulation
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Sepsis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G. Schabbauer
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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441
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Carlin LM, Auffray C, Geissmann F. Measuring intravascular migration of mouse Ly6C(low) monocytes in vivo using intravital microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 14:Unit 14.33.1-16. [PMID: 23564685 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1433s101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes methods for intravital imaging of monocytes in the vasculature of the dermis and the mesentery in vivo using fluorescent reporter mice, fluorescent dyes, and antibodies. Cx3cr1(gfp/gfp (or +)), Rag2(-/-), Il2rg(-/-) mice expressing eGFP at the locus of the Cx3cr1 gene, on the Rag2(-/-) Il2rg(-/-) C57Bl/6 background, are used. Although aimed at specifically tracking Ly6C(low) monocytes, these protocols could readily be adapted to investigate the interaction of other blood leukocytes with the vascular endothelium by use of other fluorescent reporter mice and fluorescently labeled antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Carlin
- Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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442
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Hettinger J, Richards DM, Hansson J, Barra MM, Joschko AC, Krijgsveld J, Feuerer M. Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:821-30. [PMID: 23812096 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are developmentally related regulators of the immune system that share the monocyte-macrophage DC progenitor (MDP) as a common precursor. Unlike differentiation into DCs, the distal pathways for differentiation into monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages are not fully elucidated. We have now demonstrated the existence of a clonogenic, monocyte- and macrophage-restricted progenitor cell derived from the MDP. This progenitor was a Ly6C(+) proliferating cell present in the bone marrow and spleen that generated the major monocyte subsets and macrophages, but not DCs or neutrophils. By in-depth quantitative proteomics, we characterized changes in the proteome during monocyte differentiation, which provided insight into the molecular principles of developing monocytes, such as their functional maturation. Thus, we found that monocytes and macrophages were renewed independently of DCs from a committed progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hettinger
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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443
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Nr4a1-dependent Ly6C(low) monocytes monitor endothelial cells and orchestrate their disposal. Cell 2013; 153:362-75. [PMID: 23582326 PMCID: PMC3898614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The functions of Nr4a1-dependent Ly6C(low) monocytes remain enigmatic. We show that they are enriched within capillaries and scavenge microparticles from their lumenal side in a steady state. In the kidney cortex, perturbation of homeostasis by a TLR7-dependent nucleic acid "danger" signal, which may signify viral infection or local cell death, triggers Gαi-dependent intravascular retention of Ly6C(low) monocytes by the endothelium. Then, monocytes recruit neutrophils in a TLR7-dependent manner to mediate focal necrosis of endothelial cells, whereas the monocytes remove cellular debris. Prevention of Ly6C(low) monocyte development, crawling, or retention in Nr4a1(-/-), Itgal(-/-), and Tlr7(host-/-BM+/+) and Cx3cr1(-/-) mice, respectively, abolished neutrophil recruitment and endothelial killing. Prevention of neutrophil recruitment in Tlr7(host+/+BM-/-) mice or by neutrophil depletion also abolished endothelial cell necrosis. Therefore, Ly6C(low) monocytes are intravascular housekeepers that orchestrate the necrosis by neutrophils of endothelial cells that signal a local threat sensed via TLR7 followed by the in situ phagocytosis of cellular debris.
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444
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Fairbairn L, Kapetanovic R, Beraldi D, Sester DP, Tuggle CK, Archibald AL, Hume DA. Comparative analysis of monocyte subsets in the pig. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:6389-96. [PMID: 23667115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse monocyte can be divided into two different subpopulations based on surface marker expression: CD14/16 and Ly6C/CX3CR1, respectively. Monocyte subpopulations in the pig were identified based on reciprocal expression of CD14 and the scavenger receptor CD163. The two populations, CD14(hi)-CD163(low) and CD14(low)-CD163(hi), show approximately equal abundance in the steady-state. Culture of pig PBMCs in CSF1 indicates that the two populations are a maturation series controlled by this growth factor. Gene expression in pig monocyte subpopulations was profiled using the newly developed and annotated pig whole genome snowball microarray. Previous studies have suggested a functional equivalence between human and mouse subsets, but certain genes such as CD36, CLEC4E, or TREM-1 showed human-specific expression. The same genes were expressed selectively in pig monocyte subsets. However, the profiles suggest that the pig CD14(low)-CD163(high) cells are actually equivalent to intermediate human monocytes, and there is no CD14(-) CD16(+) "nonclassical" population. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of the pig as a model for understanding human monocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Fairbairn
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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445
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Liu JZ, Hov JR, Folseraas T, Ellinghaus E, Rushbrook SM, Doncheva NT, Andreassen OA, Weersma RK, Weismüller TJ, Eksteen B, Invernizzi P, Hirschfield GM, Gotthardt DN, Pares A, Ellinghaus D, Shah T, Juran BD, Milkiewicz P, Rust C, Schramm C, Müller T, Srivastava B, Dalekos G, Nöthen MM, Herms S, Winkelmann J, Mitrovic M, Braun F, Ponsioen CY, Croucher PJP, Sterneck M, Teufel A, Mason AL, Saarela J, Leppa V, Dorfman R, Alvaro D, Floreani A, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Rich SS, Thompson WK, Schork AJ, Næss S, Thomsen I, Mayr G, König IR, Hveem K, Cleynen I, Gutierrez-Achury J, Ricaño-Ponce I, van Heel D, Björnsson E, Sandford RN, Durie PR, Melum E, Vatn MH, Silverberg MS, Duerr RH, Padyukov L, Brand S, Sans M, Annese V, Achkar JP, Boberg KM, Marschall HU, Chazouillères O, Bowlus CL, Wijmenga C, Schrumpf E, Vermeire S, Albrecht M, Rioux JD, Alexander G, Bergquist A, Cho J, Schreiber S, Manns MP, Färkkilä M, Dale AM, Chapman RW, Lazaridis KN, Franke A, Anderson CA, Karlsen TH. Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:670-5. [PMID: 23603763 PMCID: PMC3667736 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a severe liver disease of unknown etiology leading to fibrotic destruction of the bile ducts and ultimately to the need for liver transplantation. We compared 3,789 PSC cases of European ancestry to 25,079 population controls across 130,422 SNPs genotyped using the Immunochip. We identified 12 genome-wide significant associations outside the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, 9 of which were new, increasing the number of known PSC risk loci to 16. Despite comorbidity with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 72% of the cases, 6 of the 12 loci showed significantly stronger association with PSC than with IBD, suggesting overlapping yet distinct genetic architectures for these two diseases. We incorporated association statistics from 7 diseases clinically occurring with PSC in the analysis and found suggestive evidence for 33 additional pleiotropic PSC risk loci. Together with network analyses, these findings add to the genetic risk map of PSC and expand on the relationship between PSC and other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Z. Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Roksund Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon M. Rushbrook
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Norfolk and Norwich, University Hospitals NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rinse K. Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias J. Weismüller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center-Transplantation (IFB-tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Current affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertus Eksteen
- Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Gideon M. Hirschfield
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Albert Pares
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tejas Shah
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian D. Juran
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver Unit and Liver Research Laboratories, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Christian Rust
- Department of Medicine 2, Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brijesh Srivastava
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Georgios Dalekos
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mitja Mitrovic
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Braun
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Cyriel Y. Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. P. Croucher
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Martina Sterneck
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janna Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Leppa
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruslan Dorfman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Dept. of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sigrid Næss
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingo Thomsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mayr
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isis Ricaño-Ponce
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Einar Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Richard N. Sandford
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter R. Durie
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten H Vatn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- EpiGen, Campus AHUS, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Group, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H. Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Miquel Sans
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vito Annese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievodella Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Unit of Gastroenterology SOD2, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Achkar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten Muri Boberg
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Department of Hepatology, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Christopher L. Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Schrumpf
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - John D. Rioux
- Université de Montréal, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graeme Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judy Cho
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department for General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Popgen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center-Transplantation (IFB-tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roger W. Chapman
- Department of Hepatology, John Radcliffe University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carl A. Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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446
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Bolego C, Cignarella A, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Macrophage function and polarization in cardiovascular disease: a role of estrogen signaling? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1127-34. [PMID: 23640494 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are plastic and versatile cells adapting their function/phenotype to the microenvironment. Distinct macrophage subpopulations with different functions, including classically (M1) and (M2) activated macrophages, have been described. Reciprocal skewing of macrophage polarization between the M1 and M2 state is a process modulated by transcription factors, such as the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. However, whether the estrogen/estrogen receptor pathways control the balance between M1/M2 macrophages is only partially understood. Estrogen-dependent effects on the macrophage system may be regarded as potential targets of pharmacological approaches to protect postmenopausal women from the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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447
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Debien E, Mayol K, Biajoux V, Daussy C, De Aguero MG, Taillardet M, Dagany N, Brinza L, Henry T, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D, Marvel J, Balabanian K, Walzer T. S1PR5 is pivotal for the homeostasis of patrolling monocytes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1667-75. [PMID: 23519784 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patrolling Ly6C(-) monocytes are blood-circulating cells that play a role in inflammation and in the defense against pathogens. Here, we show that similar to natural killer (NK) cells, patrolling monocytes express high levels of S1PR5, a G-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1 phosphate. We found that S1pr5(-/-) mice lack peripheral Ly6C(-) monocytes but have a normal number of these cells in the bone marrow (BM). Various lines of evidence exclude a direct contribution of S1PR5 in the survival of Ly6C(-) monocytes at the periphery. Rather, our data support a role for S1PR5 in the egress of Ly6C(-) monocytes from the BM. In particular, we observed a reduced frequency of patrolling monocytes in BM sinusoids of S1PR5 KO mice. Unexpectedly, S1P was not a chemoattractant for patrolling monocytes and had no significant effect on their viability in vitro. Moreover, the disruption of S1P gradients in vivo did not alter Ly6C(-) monocyte trafficking and viability. These data suggest that S1PR5 regulates the trafficking of monocytes via a mechanism independent of S1P gradients.
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448
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Hilgendorf I, Swirski FK. Making a difference: monocyte heterogeneity in cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 14:450-9. [PMID: 22847772 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are frequently described as bone marrow-derived precursors of macrophages. Although many studies support this view, we now appreciate that monocytes neither develop exclusively in the bone marrow nor give rise to all macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition to differentiating to specific leukocyte populations, monocytes, as monocytes, are functionally and ontogenically heterogeneous. In this review we will focus on the development and activity of monocytes and their subsets in mice (Ly-6 C(high/low)) and humans (CD14(+/dim/-) CD16(+/-)) in the context of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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449
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450
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Yona S, Kim KW, Wolf Y, Mildner A, Varol D, Breker M, Strauss-Ayali D, Viukov S, Guilliams M, Misharin A, Hume DA, Perlman H, Malissen B, Zelzer E, Jung S. Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis. Immunity 2013; 38:79-91. [PMID: 23273845 PMCID: PMC3908543 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2215] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contribute to tissue integrity as well as to innate and adaptive immune defense. Emerging evidence for labor division indicates that manipulation of these cells could bear therapeutic potential. However, specific ontogenies of individual populations and the overall functional organization of this cellular network are not well defined. Here we report a fate-mapping study of the murine monocyte and macrophage compartment taking advantage of constitutive and conditional CX(3)CR1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase expression. We have demonstrated that major tissue-resident macrophage populations, including liver Kupffer cells and lung alveolar, splenic, and peritoneal macrophages, are established prior to birth and maintain themselves subsequently during adulthood independent of replenishment by blood monocytes. Furthermore, we have established that short-lived Ly6C(+) monocytes constitute obligatory steady-state precursors of blood-resident Ly6C(-) cells and that the abundance of Ly6C(+) blood monocytes dynamically controls the circulation lifespan of their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Yona
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diana Varol
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Breker
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalit Strauss-Ayali
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | | | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Harris Perlman
- Northwestern University, Department of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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