401
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Nguyen MN, Kiriazis H, Ruggiero D, Gao XM, Su Y, Jian A, Han LP, McMullen JR, Du XJ. Spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias in β2-adrenoceptor transgenic mice in relation to cardiac interstitial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H946-57. [PMID: 26116714 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00405.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is regarded as a pivotal proarrhythmic substrate, but there have been no comprehensive studies showing a correlation between the severity of fibrosis and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTAs). Our purpose was to document this relationship in a transgenic (TG) strain of mice with fibrotic cardiomyopathy. TG mice with cardiac overexpression of β2-adrenoceptors (β2-AR mice) and non-TG (NTG) littermates were studied at 4-12 mo of age. VTA was quantified by ECG telemetry. The effect of pharmacological blockade of β2-ARs on VTA was examined. Myocardial collagen content was determined by hydroxyproline assay. NTG and TG mice displayed circadian variation in heart rate, which was higher in TG mice than in NTG mice (P <0.05). Frequent spontaneous ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) were prominent in TG mice but not present in NTG mice. The frequency of VEB and VT episodes in TG mice increased with age (P < 0.01). Ventricular collagen content was greater in TG mice than in NTG mice (P <0.001) and correlated with age (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). The number of VEBs or VT episodes correlated with age (r = 0.83 and r = 0.73) and the content of total or cross-linked collagen (r = 0.62∼0.66, all P <0.01). While having no effect in younger β2-TG mice, β2-AR blockade reduced the frequency of VTA in old β2-TG mice with more severe fibrosis. In conclusion, β2-TG mice exhibit interstitial fibrosis and spontaneous onset of VTA, becoming more severe with aging. The extent of cardiac fibrosis is a major determinant for both the frequency of VTA and proarrhythmic action of β2-AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Nhan Nguyen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Ruggiero
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yidan Su
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne Jian
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Li-Ping Han
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; WenZhou Medical University, WenZhou, China; and
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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402
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Yong KW, Li Y, Huang G, Lu TJ, Safwani WKZW, Pingguan-Murphy B, Xu F. Mechanoregulation of cardiac myofibroblast differentiation: implications for cardiac fibrosis and therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H532-42. [PMID: 26092987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00299.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myofibroblast differentiation, as one of the most important cellular responses to heart injury, plays a critical role in cardiac remodeling and failure. While biochemical cues for this have been extensively investigated, the role of mechanical cues, e.g., extracellular matrix stiffness and mechanical strain, has also been found to mediate cardiac myofibroblast differentiation. Cardiac fibroblasts in vivo are typically subjected to a specific spatiotemporally changed mechanical microenvironment. When exposed to abnormal mechanical conditions (e.g., increased extracellular matrix stiffness or strain), cardiac fibroblasts can undergo myofibroblast differentiation. To date, the impact of mechanical cues on cardiac myofibroblast differentiation has been studied both in vitro and in vivo. Most of the related in vitro research into this has been mainly undertaken in two-dimensional cell culture systems, although a few three-dimensional studies that exist revealed an important role of dimensionality. However, despite remarkable advances, the comprehensive mechanisms for mechanoregulation of cardiac myofibroblast differentiation remain elusive. In this review, we introduce important parameters for evaluating cardiac myofibroblast differentiation and then discuss the development of both in vitro (two and three dimensional) and in vivo studies on mechanoregulation of cardiac myofibroblast differentiation. An understanding of the development of cardiac myofibroblast differentiation in response to changing mechanical microenvironment will underlie potential targets for future therapy of cardiac fibrosis and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wey Yong
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and
| | - YuHui Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - GuoYou Huang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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403
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Liersch PN, Schwarz A, Sachweh J, Hermanns-Sachweh B, Heying R, Vázquez-Jimènez JF, Albert A, Seghaye MC. Gene expression of cytokines, growth factors and apoptosis regulators in a neonatal model of pulmonary stenosis. Future Cardiol 2015; 11:297-307. [PMID: 26021636 DOI: 10.2217/fca.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular remodeling due to pulmonary stenosis increases morbidity in children. Its pathophysiology needs to be clarified. METHODS Six newborn lambs underwent pulmonary arterial banding, seven sham operation. mRNA encoding for cytokines, growth factors and regulators of apoptosis was sequentially measured in myocardium and blood before and up to 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS Experimental animals showed hypertrophy and fibrosis of the right ventricular myocardium, myocardial over-expression of CT-1-mRNA and higher blood concentrations of mRNA encoding for VEGF, TGF-β, Bak and BcL-xL than controls, respectively. CONCLUSION Neonatal pulmonary stenosis leads to myocardial hypertrophy that is associated with CT-1 gene expression and with activation of growth- and apoptosis pathways in blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Liersch
- 1Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- 1Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg Sachweh
- 2Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Heying
- 4Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium
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404
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Small dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes bordering on microdomains of fibrosis: evidence for reverse remodeling with assisted recovery. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:237-46. [PMID: 24785345 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the perspective of functional myocardial regeneration, we investigated small cardiomyocytes bordering on microdomains of fibrosis, where they are dedifferentiated re-expressing fetal genes, and determined: (1) whether they are atrophied segments of the myofiber syncytium, (2) their redox state, (3) their anatomic relationship to activated myofibroblasts (myoFb), given their putative regulatory role in myocyte dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, (4) the relevance of proteolytic ligases of the ubiquitin-proteasome system as a mechanistic link to their size, and (5) whether they could be rescued from their dedifferentiated phenotype. Chronic aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST) was invoked, where hypertensive heart disease with attendant myocardial fibrosis creates the fibrillar collagen substrate for myocyte sequestration, with propensity for disuse atrophy, activated myoFb, and oxidative stress. To address phenotype rescue, 4 weeks of ALDOST was terminated followed by 4 weeks of neurohormonal withdrawal combined with a regimen of exogenous antioxidants, ZnSO4, and nebivolol (assisted recovery). Compared with controls, at 4 weeks of ALDOST, we found small myocytes to be: (1) sequestered by collagen fibrils emanating from microdomains of fibrosis and representing atrophic segments of the myofiber syncytia, (2) dedifferentiated re-expressing fetal genes (β-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide), (3) proximal to activated myoFb expressing α-smooth muscle actin microfilaments and angiotensin-converting enzyme, (4) expressing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide with increased tissue 8-isoprostane, coupled to ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and (5) associated with upregulated redox-sensitive proteolytic ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1. In a separate study, we did not find evidence of myocyte replication (BrdU labeling) or expression of stem cell antigen (c-Kit) at weeks 1-4 ALDOST. Assisted recovery caused complete disappearance of myoFb from sites of fibrosis with redifferentiation of these myocytes, loss of oxidative stress, and ubiquitin-proteasome system activation, with restoration of nitric oxide and improved ventricular function. Thus, small dedifferentiated myocytes bordering on microdomains of fibrosis can re-differentiate and represent a potential source of autologous cells for functional myocardial regeneration.
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405
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Yuan Y, Lau WB, Su H, Sun Y, Yi W, Du Y, Christopher T, Lopez B, Wang Y, Ma XL. C1q-TNF-related protein-9, a novel cardioprotetcive cardiokine, requires proteolytic cleavage to generate a biologically active globular domain isoform. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E891-8. [PMID: 25783894 PMCID: PMC4436995 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and severity of postmyocardial infarction heart failure continually escalate in type 2 diabetes via incompletely understood mechanisms. The discovery of the cardiac secretomes, collectively known as "cardiokines", has significantly enhanced appreciation of the local microenvironment's influence on disease development. Recent studies demonstrated that C1q-TNF-related protein-9 (CTRP9), a newly discovered adiponectin (APN) paralog, is highly expressed in the heart. However, its relationship with APN (concerning diabetic cardiovascular injury in particular) remains unknown. Plasma CTRP9 levels are elevated in APN knockout and reduced in diabetic mice. In contrast to APN, which circulates as full-length multimers, CTRP9 circulates in the plasma primarily in the globular domain isoform (gCTRP9). Recombinant full-length CTRP9 (fCTRP9) was cleaved when incubated with cardiac tissue extracts, generating gCTRP9, a process inhibited by protease inhibitor cocktail. gCTRP9 rapidly activates cardiac survival kinases, including AMPK, Akt, and endothelial NOS. However, fCTRP9-mediated kinase activation is much less potent and significantly delayed. Kinase activation by fCTRP9, but not gCTRP9, is inhibited by protease inhibitor cocktail. These results demonstrate for the first time that the novel cardiokine CTRP9 undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate gCTRP9, the dominant circulatory and actively cardioprotective isoform. Enhancing cardiac CTRP9 production and/or its proteolytic posttranslational modification are of therapeutic potential, attenuating diabetic cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexing Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunhui Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Theodore Christopher
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bernard Lopez
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin-Liang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
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406
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Martin S, Lin H, Ejimadu C, Lee T. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase as a target of sFRP2 in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C139-47. [PMID: 25972450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of myocardial infarction in secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) knockout mice and our hamster heart failure therapy based on sFRP2 blockade have established sFRP2 as a key profibrotic cytokine in the heart. The failing hamster heart is marked by prominent fibrosis and calcification with elevated expression of sFRP2. Noting the involvement of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in bone mineralization and vascular calcification, we determined whether sFRP2 might be an upstream regulator of TNAP. Biochemical assays revealed an approximately twofold increase in the activity of TNAP and elevated levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the failing heart compared with the normal heart. Neither was this change detected in the liver or hamstring muscle nor was it associated with systemic hyperphosphatemia. TNAP was readily cloned from the hamster heart and upon overexpression increased the level of extracellular but not intracellular Pi, which is consistent with the cell surface location of the ectoenzyme. In line with the previous demonstration that sFRP2 blockade attenuated fibrosis, we show here that the therapy downregulated TNAP. This in vivo finding is corroborated by the in vitro study showing that cultured cardiac fibroblasts treated with recombinant sFRP2 protein exhibited progressive increase in the expression and activity of TNAP, which was completely abrogated by cycloheximide or tunicamycin. Induction of TNAP by sFRP2 is restricted to cardiac fibroblasts among the multiple cell types examined, and was not observed with sFRP4. The current work indicates that sFRP2 may promote cardiac fibrocalcification through coordinate activation of tolloid-like metalloproteinases and TNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Huey Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Chukwuemeka Ejimadu
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Techung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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407
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Hydrogen Sulfide Donor GYY4137 Protects against Myocardial Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:691070. [PMID: 26078813 PMCID: PMC4442292 DOI: 10.1155/2015/691070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter which regulates multiple cardiovascular functions. However, the precise roles of H2S in modulating myocardial fibrosis in vivo and cardiac fibroblast proliferation in vitro remain unclear. We investigated the effect of GYY4137, a slow-releasing H2S donor, on myocardial fibrosis. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were administrated with GYY4137 by intraperitoneal injection daily for 4 weeks. GYY4137 decreased systolic blood pressure and inhibited myocardial fibrosis in SHR as evidenced by improved cardiac collagen volume fraction (CVF) in the left ventricle (LV), ratio of perivascular collagen area (PVCA) to lumen area (LA) in perivascular regions, reduced hydroxyproline concentration, collagen I and III mRNA expression, and cross-linked collagen. GYY4137 also inhibited angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation, reduced the number of fibroblasts in S phase, decreased collagen I and III mRNA expression and protein synthesis, attenuated oxidative stress, and suppressed α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression as well as Smad2 phosphorylation. These results indicate that GYY4137 improves myocardial fibrosis perhaps by a mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress, blockade of the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway, and decrease in α-SMA expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
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408
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Freedman BR, Bade ND, Riggin CN, Zhang S, Haines PG, Ong KL, Janmey PA. The (dys)functional extracellular matrix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3153-64. [PMID: 25930943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the biomechanical environment with which cells interact, and it plays important roles in both normal development and disease progression. Mechanical and biochemical factors alter the biomechanical properties of tissues by driving cellular remodeling of the ECM. This review provides an overview of the structural, compositional, and mechanical properties of the ECM that instruct cell behaviors. Case studies are reviewed that highlight mechanotransduction in the context of two distinct tissues: tendons and the heart. Although these two tissues demonstrate differences in relative cell-ECM composition and mechanical environment, they share similar mechanisms underlying ECM dysfunction and cell mechanotransduction. Together, these topics provide a framework for a fundamental understanding of the ECM and how it may vary across normal and diseased tissues in response to mechanical and biochemical cues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan D Bade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corinne N Riggin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip G Haines
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katy L Ong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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409
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Temporal and Molecular Analyses of Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Remodeling following Pressure Overload in Adiponectin Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121049. [PMID: 25910275 PMCID: PMC4409146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, circulating levels of which are reduced in obesity and diabetes, mediates cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in response to pressure overload (PO). Here, we performed a detailed temporal analysis of progressive cardiac ECM remodelling in adiponectin knockout (AdKO) and wild-type (WT) mice at 3 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks following the induction of mild PO via minimally invasive transverse aortic banding. We first observed that myocardial adiponectin gene expression was reduced after 4 weeks of PO, whereas increased adiponectin levels were detected in cardiac homogenates at this time despite decreased circulating levels of adiponectin. Scanning electron microscopy and Masson’s trichrome staining showed collagen accumulation increased in response to 2 and 4 weeks of PO in WT mice, while fibrosis in AdKO mice was notably absent after 2 weeks but highly apparent after 4 weeks of PO. Time and intensity of fibroblast appearance after PO was not significantly different between AdKO and WT animals. Gene array analysis indicated that MMP2, TIMP2, collagen 1α1 and collagen 1α3 were induced after 2 weeks of PO in WT but not AdKO mice. After 4 weeks MMP8 was induced in both genotypes, MMP9 only in WT mice and MMP1α only in AdKO mice. Direct stimulation of primary cardiac fibroblasts with adiponectin induced a transient increase in total collagen detected by picrosirius red staining and collagen III levels synthesis, as well as enhanced MMP2 activity detected via gelatin zymography. Adiponectin also enhanced fibroblast migration and attenuated angiotensin-II induced differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. In conclusion, these data indicate that increased myocardial bioavailability of adiponectin mediates ECM remodeling following PO and that adiponectin deficiency delays these effects.
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410
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Simko F, Pechanova O, Krajcirovicova K, Matuskova J, Pelouch V, Adamcova M, Paulis L. Effects of captopril, spironolactone, and simvastatin on the cardiovascular system of non-diseased Wistar rats. Int J Cardiol 2015; 190:128-30. [PMID: 25918064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Simko
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Center of Excellence NOREG, Slovak Republic.
| | - Olga Pechanova
- Center of Excellence NOREG, Slovak Republic; Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristina Krajcirovicova
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Matuskova
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vaclav Pelouch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, 2nd School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Adamcova
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Center of Excellence NOREG, Slovak Republic
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411
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Rohrbach S, Troidl C, Hamm C, Schulz R. Ischemia and reperfusion related myocardial inflammation: A network of cells and mediators targeting the cardiomyocyte. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:110-9. [PMID: 25850820 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Occlusion of a coronary artery if maintained for longer period of time results in damage of the cardiac tissue. However, restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissue can itself induce further cardiac damage, a phenomenon known as myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiac homoeostasis is supported by a network of direct and indirect interactions between cardiomyocytes and resident cell types such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells or invading blood cells. This review will discuss the role of the cellular interplay in ischemia-reperfusion injury from a cardiomyocyte-centered view, although we are aware that other cellular interactions are equally important. We will try to work out currently unresolved questions and potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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412
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Negmadjanov U, Godic Z, Rizvi F, Emelyanova L, Ross G, Richards J, Holmuhamedov EL, Jahangir A. TGF-β1-mediated differentiation of fibroblasts is associated with increased mitochondrial content and cellular respiration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123046. [PMID: 25849590 PMCID: PMC4388650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectivs Cytokine-dependent activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a key event in fibrosis, is accompanied by phenotypic changes with increased secretory and contractile properties dependent on increased energy utilization, yet changes in the energetic profile of these cells are not fully described. We hypothesize that the TGF-β1-mediated transformation of myofibroblasts is associated with an increase in mitochondrial content and function when compared to naive fibroblasts. Methods Cultured NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1, a profibrotic cytokine, or vehicle were assessed for transformation to myofibroblasts (appearance of α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] stress fibers) and associated changes in mitochondrial content and functions using laser confocal microscopy, Seahorse respirometry, multi-well plate reader and biochemical protocols. Expression of mitochondrial-specific proteins was determined using western blotting, and the mitochondrial DNA quantified using Mitochondrial DNA isolation kit. Results Treatment with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) induced transformation of naive fibroblasts into myofibroblasts with a threefold increase in the expression of α-SMA (6.85 ± 0.27 RU) compared to cells not treated with TGF-β1 (2.52 ± 0.11 RU). TGF-β1 exposure increased the number of mitochondria in the cells, as monitored by membrane potential sensitive dye tetramethylrhodamine, and expression of mitochondria-specific proteins; voltage-dependent anion channels (0.54 ± 0.05 vs. 0.23 ± 0.05 RU) and adenine nucleotide transporter (0.61 ± 0.11 vs. 0.22 ± 0.05 RU), as well as mitochondrial DNA content (530 ± 12 μg DNA/106 cells vs. 307 ± 9 μg DNA/106 cells in control). TGF-β1 treatment was associated with an increase in mitochondrial function with a twofold increase in baseline oxygen consumption rate (2.25 ± 0.03 vs. 1.13 ± 0.1 nmol O2/min/106 cells) and FCCP-induced mitochondrial respiration (2.87 ± 0.03 vs. 1.46 ± 0.15 nmol O2/min/106 cells). Conclusions TGF-β1 induced differentiation of fibroblasts is accompanied by energetic remodeling of myofibroblasts with an increase in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulugbek Negmadjanov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Zarko Godic
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Farhan Rizvi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Gracious Ross
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - John Richards
- Laboratory of Immunology, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Ekhson L. Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53215, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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413
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Takawale A, Sakamuri SS, Kassiri Z. Extracellular Matrix Communication and Turnover in Cardiac Physiology and Pathology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:687-719. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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414
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Yang L, Hu J, Hao HZ, Yin Z, Liu G, Zou XJ. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate attenuates the transforming growth factor-β1-induced differentiation of atrial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1026-32. [PMID: 25647570 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of atrial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is a critical event in atrial fibrosis. One of the most important factors in atrial fibroblast differentiation is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Accumulating evidence indicates that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) possesses antifibrotic properties. In this study, we therefore investigated whether STS attenuates the TGF-β1‑induced differentiation of atrial fibroblasts. TGF-β1 enhanced collagen production, collagen synthesis and the expression of collagen type I and III, as shown by hydroxyproline assay, collagen synthesis assay and western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, as shown by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, TGF-β1 enhanced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which is the hallmark of myofibroblast differentiation. These responses were attenuated by treatment with STS. In addition, STS suppressed the TGF-β1‑induced expression of phosphorylated (p)Smad/pSmad3 expression and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, STS suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that STS exerts antifibrotic effects by modulating atrial fibroblast differentiation through ERK phosphorylation and the Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhen Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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415
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Fatkhudinov T, Bolshakova G, Arutyunyan I, Elchaninov A, Makarov A, Kananykhina E, Khokhlova O, Murashev A, Glinkina V, Goldshtein D, Sukhikh G. Bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells promote myocardial fibrosis and reverse remodeling of the left ventricle. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:746873. [PMID: 25685158 PMCID: PMC4320796 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is increasingly recognized as a beneficial practice in various cardiac conditions, but its fundamentals remain largely unclear. The fates of transplanted multipotent stromal cells in postinfarction cardiac microenvironments are particularly understudied. To address this issue, labeled multipotent stromal cells were infused into rat myocardium at day 30 after myocardial infarction, against the background of postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Therapeutic effects of the transplantation were assessed by an exercise tolerance test. Histological examination at 14 or 30 days after the transplantation was conducted by means of immunostaining and quantitative image analysis. An improvement in the functional status of the cardiovascular system was observed after both the autologous and the allogeneic transplantations. Location of the label-positive cells within the heart was restricted to the affected part of myocardium. The transplanted cells could give rise to fibroblasts or myofibroblasts but not to cardiac myocytes or blood vessel cells. Both types of transplantation positively influenced scarring processes, and no expansion of fibrosis to border myocardium was observed. Left ventricular wall thickening associated with reduced dilatation index was promoted by transplantation of the autologous cells. According to the results, multipotent stromal cell transplantation prevents adverse remodeling and stimulates left ventricular reverse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Fatkhudinov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- *Timur Fatkhudinov:
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina Arutyunyan
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Kananykhina
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Oksana Khokhlova
- 4Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Arkady Murashev
- 4Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- 5Research Centre of Medical Genetics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Moskvorechie Street, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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416
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Zhao J, Randive R, Stewart JA. Molecular mechanisms of AGE/RAGE-mediated fibrosis in the diabetic heart. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:860-867. [PMID: 25512788 PMCID: PMC4265872 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is one of the main characteristics of diabetes. Persistent exposure to elevated glucose levels has been recognized as one of the major causal factors of diabetic complications. In pathologies, like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mechanical and biochemical stimuli activate profibrotic signaling cascades resulting in myocardial fibrosis and subsequent impaired cardiac performance due to ventricular stiffness. High levels of glucose nonenzymatically react with long-lived proteins, such as collagen, to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE-modified collagen increase matrix stiffness making it resistant to hydrolytic turnover, resulting in an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. AGEs account for many of the diabetic cardiovascular complications through their engagement of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). AGE/RAGE activation stimulates the secretion of numerous profibrotic growth factors, promotes increased collagen deposition leading to tissue fibrosis, as well as increased RAGE expression. To date, the AGE/RAGE cascade is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss one of the major fibrotic signaling pathways, the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade, as well as propose an alternate pathway via Rap1a that may offer insight into cardiovascular ECM remodeling in T2DM. In a series of studies, we demonstrate a role for Rap1a in the regulation of fibrosis and myofibroblast differentiation in isolated diabetic and non-diabetic fibroblasts. While these studies are still in a preliminary stage, inhibiting Rap1a protein expression appears to down-regulate the molecular switch used to activate the ζ isotype of protein kinase C thereby promote AGE/RAGE-mediated fibrosis.
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417
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Nikitovic D, Juranek I, Wilks MF, Tzardi M, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN. Anthracycline-dependent cardiotoxicity and extracellular matrix remodeling. Chest 2014; 146:1123-1130. [PMID: 25288002 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of anthracycline-dependent cardiotoxicity have been studied widely, with the suggested principal mechanism of anthracycline damage being the generation of reactive oxygen species by iron-anthracycline complexes, leading to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. An increasing number of researchers studying cardiovascular events associated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy are addressing cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The heart is an efficient muscular pump, with the cardiomyocytes and intramural coronary vasculature of the heart tethered in an ECM consisting of a network of fibrillar, structural proteins, mostly collagens. Increasing evidence suggests that the ECM plays a complex and diverse role in the processes initiated by anthracycline-class drugs that lead to cardiac damage. This review discusses adverse myocardial remodeling induced by anthracyclines and focuses on their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Ivo Juranek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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418
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Kramann R, Schneider RK, DiRocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, Henderson JM, Ebert BL, Humphreys BD. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:51-66. [PMID: 25465115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in the perivascular niche of many organs, including kidney, lung, liver, and heart, although their roles in these tissues are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Gli1 marks perivascular MSC-like cells that substantially contribute to organ fibrosis. In vitro, Gli1(+) cells express typical MSC markers, exhibit trilineage differentiation capacity, and possess colony-forming activity, despite constituting a small fraction of the platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFRβ)(+) cell population. Genetic lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that tissue-resident, but not circulating, Gli1(+) cells proliferate after kidney, lung, liver, or heart injury to generate myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells substantially ameliorates kidney and heart fibrosis and preserves ejection fraction in a model of induced heart failure. These findings implicate perivascular Gli1(+) MSC-like cells as a major cellular origin of organ fibrosis and demonstrate that these cells may be a relevant therapeutic target to prevent solid organ dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derek P DiRocco
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Machado
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanne Fleig
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip A Bondzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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419
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Song J, Zhu Y, Li J, Liu J, Gao Y, Ha T, Que L, Liu L, Zhu G, Chen Q, Xu Y, Li C, Li Y. Pellino1-mediated TGF-β1 synthesis contributes to mechanical stress induced cardiac fibroblast activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 79:145-56. [PMID: 25446187 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cardiac fibroblasts is a key event in the progression of cardiac fibrosis that leads to heart failure. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanical stress-induced cardiac fibroblast activation are complex and poorly understood. This study demonstrates that Pellino1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was activated in vivo in pressure overloaded rat hearts and in cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) exposed to mechanical stretch in vitro. Suppression of the expression and activity of Pellino1 by adenovirus-mediated delivery of shPellino1 (adv-shpeli1) attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy and decreased cardiac fibrosis in rat hearts. Transfection of adv-shpeli1 also significantly attenuated mechanical stress-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen synthesis in NRCFs. Pellino1 silencing also abrogated mechanical stretch-induced polyubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor association factor-6 (TRAF6) and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and consequently decreased the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in NRCFs. In addition, Pellino1 silencing prevented stretch-induced activation of p38 and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity in NRCFs. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays showed that Pellino1 silencing prevented the binding of NF-κB and AP-1 to the promoter region of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) thus dampening TGF-β1 transactivation. Our data reveal a previously unrecognized role of Pellino1 in extracellular matrix deposition and cardiac fibroblast activation in response to mechanical stress and provides a novel target for treatment of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Campus Box 70575, Johnson City, TN 37614-0575, USA
| | - Linli Que
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Campus Box 70575, Johnson City, TN 37614-0575, USA
| | - Yuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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420
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Zhao H, Li X, Zhao S, Zeng Y, Zhao L, Ding H, Sun W, Du Y. Microengineered
in vitro
model of cardiac fibrosis through modulating myofibroblast mechanotransduction. Biofabrication 2014; 6:045009. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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421
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Dhein S, Seidel T, Salameh A, Jozwiak J, Hagen A, Kostelka M, Hindricks G, Mohr FW. Remodeling of cardiac passive electrical properties and susceptibility to ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2014; 5:424. [PMID: 25404918 PMCID: PMC4217357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated electrical activation of the heart is essential for the maintenance of a regular cardiac rhythm and effective contractions. Action potentials spread from one cell to the next via gap junction channels. Because of the elongated shape of cardiomyocytes, longitudinal resistivity is lower than transverse resistivity causing electrical anisotropy. Moreover, non-uniformity is created by clustering of gap junction channels at cell poles and by non-excitable structures such as collagenous strands, vessels or fibroblasts. Structural changes in cardiac disease often affect passive electrical properties by increasing non-uniformity and altering anisotropy. This disturbs normal electrical impulse propagation and is, consequently, a substrate for arrhythmia. However, to investigate how these structural changes lead to arrhythmias remains a challenge. One important mechanism, which may both cause and prevent arrhythmia, is the mismatch between current sources and sinks. Propagation of the electrical impulse requires a sufficient source of depolarizing current. In the case of a mismatch, the activated tissue (source) is not able to deliver enough depolarizing current to trigger an action potential in the non-activated tissue (sink). This eventually leads to conduction block. It has been suggested that in this situation a balanced geometrical distribution of gap junctions and reduced gap junction conductance may allow successful propagation. In contrast, source-sink mismatch can prevent spontaneous arrhythmogenic activity in a small number of cells from spreading over the ventricle, especially if gap junction conductance is enhanced. Beside gap junctions, cell geometry and non-cellular structures strongly modulate arrhythmogenic mechanisms. The present review elucidates these and other implications of passive electrical properties for cardiac rhythm and arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dhein
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aida Salameh
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Jozwiak
- Clinic for Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hagen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Kostelka
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerd Hindricks
- Clinic for Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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422
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Liu X, Joshi SK, Ravishankar B, Laron D, Kim HT, Feeley BT. Upregulation of transforming growth factor-β signaling in a rat model of rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:1709-16. [PMID: 24875732 PMCID: PMC4198422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis of the muscle have been described as important factors governing outcome after rotator cuff injury and repair. Muscle fibrosis is also thought to have a role in determining muscle compliance at the time of surgery. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways are highly conserved pathways that exert a potent level of control over muscle gene expression and are critical regulators of fibrosis in multiple organ systems. It has been shown that TGF-β can regulate important pathways of muscle atrophy, including the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-β and its downstream effectors of fibrosis after a massive rotator cuff tear (RCT) in a previously established rat model. METHODS To simulate a massive RCT, infraspinatus and supraspinatus tenotomy and suprascapular nerve transection were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats with use of a validated model. Two and 6 weeks after surgery, supraspinatus muscles were harvested to study alterations in TGF-β signaling by Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histologic analysis. RESULTS There was a significant increase in fibrosis in the rotator cuff muscle after RCT in our animal model. There was a concomitant increase in TGF-β gene and protein expression at both 2 and 6 weeks after RCT. Evaluation of the TGF-β signaling pathway revealed an increase in SMAD2 activation but not in SMAD3. There was an increase in profibrotic markers collagen I, collagen III, and α-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β signaling is significantly upregulated in rat supraspinatus muscles after RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunil K. Joshi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bharat Ravishankar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Laron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hubert T. Kim
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian T. Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Reprint requests: Brian T. Feeley, MD, Sports, Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1500 Owens Ave, Box 3004, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. (B.T. Feeley)
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423
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Abstract
Fibrotic remodelling of the extracellular matrix is a healing mechanism necessary immediately after myocardial injury. However, prolonged increase in myocardial fibrotic activity results in stiffening of the myocardium and heralds adverse outcomes related to systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as well as arrhythmogenesis. Cardiac MRI provides a noninvasive phenotyping tool for accurate and easy detection and quantification of myocardial fibrosis by probing the retention of gadolinium-contrast agent in myocardial tissue. Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI has been used extensively in a large number of studies for measurement of myocardial scarring. T1 mapping, a fairly new technique that can be used to identify the exact T1 value of the tissue, provides a direct measurement of the extracellular volume fraction of the myocardium. In contrast to LGE, T1 mapping can be used to measure diffuse myocardial fibrosis and differentiate between disease processes. In this Review, we describe the basic principles of imaging myocardial fibrosis using contrast-enhanced MRI and summarize its use for prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 524D1, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - João A C Lima
- Department of Cardiology and Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 524D1, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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424
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Grand T, Salvarani N, Jousset F, Rohr S. Aggravation of cardiac myofibroblast arrhythmogeneicity by mechanical stress. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:489-500. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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425
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Mesenchymal-endothelial transition contributes to cardiac neovascularization. Nature 2014; 514:585-90. [PMID: 25317562 PMCID: PMC4214889 DOI: 10.1038/nature13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells contribute to a subset of cardiac fibroblasts by undergoing endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition, but whether cardiac fibroblasts can adopt an endothelial cell fate and directly contribute to neovascularization after cardiac injury is not known. Here, using genetic fate map techniques, we demonstrate that cardiac fibroblasts rapidly adopt an endothelial cell like phenotype after acute ischemic cardiac injury. Fibroblast derived endothelial cells exhibit anatomical and functional characteristics of native endothelial cells. We show that the transcription factor p53 regulates such a switch in cardiac fibroblast fate. Loss of p53 in cardiac fibroblasts severely decreases the formation of fibroblast derived endothelial cells, reduces post infarct vascular density and worsens cardiac function. Conversely, stimulation of the p53 pathway in cardiac fibroblasts augments mesenchymal to endothelial transition, enhances vascularity and improves cardiac function. These observations demonstrate that mesenchymal-to-endothelial-transition contributes to neovascularization of the injured heart and represents a potential therapeutic target for enhancing cardiac repair.
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426
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Dadson K, Chasiotis H, Wannaiampikul S, Tungtrongchitr R, Xu A, Sweeney G. Adiponectin mediated APPL1-AMPK signaling induces cell migration, MMP activation, and collagen remodeling in cardiac fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:785-93. [PMID: 24255018 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Defects in adiponectin action have been implicated in the development of cardiac dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. Cardiac fibroblasts play an important role in regulating extracellular matrix remodeling yet little is known regarding the direct effects of adiponectin on cardiac fibroblasts. In this study, we first demonstrated temporal relocalization of cellular APPL1 in response to adiponectin in primary cardiac fibroblasts and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of APPL1 attenuated stimulation of AMPK by adiponectin. The cell surface content of MT1-MMP and activation of MMP2 were induced by adiponectin and these responses were dependent on AMPK signaling. Enhanced MMP activity facilitated increased fibroblast migration in response to adiponectin which was also prevented by inhibition of AMPK, with no change in cell proliferation observed. Collagen and elastin immunofluorescence demonstrated reorganization of the extracellular matrix in accordance with increased MMP activity, whereas quantitative mRNA analysis, (3) H-proline incorporation and picrosirius red assays showed no change in intracellular or extracellular total collagen levels in response to adiponectin. In summary, these data are the first to report the adiponectin stimulated APPL1-AMPK signaling axis in cardiac fibroblasts and characterize MT1-MMP translocation, MMP2 activity and cell migration as functional outcomes. These effects may be of significance in heart failure associated with obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dadson
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Yu N, Jiang J, Yu Y, Li H, Huang X, Ma Y, Zhang L, Zou J, Zhang B, Chen S, Liu P. SLC41A1 knockdown inhibits angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by preventing Mg(2+) efflux and Ca(2+) signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:74-82. [PMID: 25263961 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Na(+)/Mg(2+) exchanger plays an important role in cardiovascular system, but the molecular mechanisms still largely remain unknown. The Solute Carrier family 41A1 (SLC41A1), a novel Mg(2+) transporter, recently was found to function as Na(+)/Mg(2+) exchanger, which mainly regulates the intracellular Mg(2+) ([Mg(2+)]i) homeostasis. Our present studies were designed to investigate whether SLC41A1 impacts on the fibrogenesis of cardiac fibroblasts under Ang II stimulation. Our results showed that quinidine, a prototypical inhibitor of Na(+)/Mg(2+) exchanger, inhibited Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis via attenuating the overexpression of vital biomarkers of fibrosis, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In addition, quinidine also decreased the Ang II-mediated elevation of concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) and extrusion of intracellular Mg(2+). Meanwhile, silencing SLC41A1 by RNA interference also impaired the elevation of [Ca(2+)]i, [Mg(2+)]i efflux and the upregulation of CTGF, FN and α-SMA provoked by Ang II. Furthermore, we found that Ang II-mediated activation of NFATc4 translocation decreased in SLC41A1-siRNA cells. These results support the notion that rapid extrusion of intracellular Mg(2+) is mediated by SLC41A1 and provide the evidence that the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration is influenced by extrusion of intracellular Mg(2+) which facilitates fibrosis reaction in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunzi Ma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Luankun Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jian Zou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaorui Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggabilitiy Assessment and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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428
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Myocardial fibrosis induced by exposure to subclinical lipopolysaccharide is associated with decreased miR-29c and enhanced NOX2 expression in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107556. [PMID: 25233448 PMCID: PMC4169435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to subclinical levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) occurs commonly and is seemingly well tolerated. However, recurrent LPS exposure induces cardiac fibrosis over 2 to 3 months in a murine model, not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. Subclinical LPS induces cardiac fibrosis by unique mechanisms. Methods In C57/Bl6 mice, LPS (10 mg/kg) or saline (control) were injected intraperitoneally once a week for 1–4 weeks. Mice showed no signs of distress, change in activity, appetite, or weight loss. Mice were euthanized after 3 days, 1, 2, or 4 weeks to measure cardiac expression of fibrosis-related genes and potential mediators (measured by QRT-PCR), including micro-RNA (miR) and NADPH oxidase (NOX). Collagen fraction area of the left ventricle was measured with picrosirius red staining. Cardiac fibroblasts isolated from adult mouse hearts were incubated with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 ng/ml LPS for 48 hours. Results Cardiac miR expression profiling demonstrated decreased miR-29c after 3 and 7 days following LPS, which were confirmed by QRT-PCR. The earliest changes in fibrosis-related genes and mediators that occurred 3 days after LPS were increased cardiac expression of TIMP-1 and NOX-2 (but not of NOX-4). This persisted at 1 and 2 weeks, with additional increases in collagen Iα1, collagen IIIα1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2, and periostin. There was no change in TGF-β or connective tissue growth factor. Collagen fraction area of the left ventricle increased after 2 and 4 weeks of LPS. LPS decreased miR-29c and increased NOX-2 in isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Conclusions Recurrent exposure to subclinical LPS induces cardiac fibrosis after 2–4 weeks. Early changes 3 days after LPS were decreased miR-29c and increased NOX2 and TIMP1, which persisted at 1 and 2 weeks, along with widespread activation of fibrosis-related genes. Decreased miR-29c and increased NOX2, which induce cardiac fibrosis in other conditions, may uniquely mediate LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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429
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Noppe G, Dufeys C, Buchlin P, Marquet N, Castanares-Zapatero D, Balteau M, Hermida N, Bouzin C, Esfahani H, Viollet B, Bertrand L, Balligand JL, Vanoverschelde JL, Beauloye C, Horman S. Reduced scar maturation and contractility lead to exaggerated left ventricular dilation after myocardial infarction in mice lacking AMPKα1. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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430
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Sag CM, Santos CX, Shah AM. Redox regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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431
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Pregnancy differentially regulates the collagens types I and III in left ventricle from rat heart. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:984785. [PMID: 25147829 PMCID: PMC4131467 DOI: 10.1155/2014/984785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pathologic cardiac remodeling has been widely documented; however, the physiological cardiac remodeling induced by pregnancy and its reversion in postpartum are poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the changes in collagen I (Col I) and collagen III (Col III) mRNA and protein levels in left ventricle from rat heart during pregnancy and postpartum. Col I and Col III mRNA expression in left ventricle samples during pregnancy and postpartum were analyzed by using quantitative PCR. Data obtained from gene expression show that Col I and Col III in left ventricle are upregulated during pregnancy with reversion in postpartum. In contrast to gene expression, the protein expression evaluated by western blot showed that Col I is downregulated and Col III is upregulated in left ventricle during pregnancy. In conclusion, the pregnancy differentially regulates collagens types I and III in heart; this finding could be an important molecular mechanism that regulates the ventricular stiffness in response to blood volume overload present during pregnancy which is reversed in postpartum.
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432
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Endo J, Sano M, Isobe Y, Fukuda K, Kang JX, Arai H, Arita M. 18-HEPE, an n-3 fatty acid metabolite released by macrophages, prevents pressure overload-induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1673-87. [PMID: 25049337 PMCID: PMC4113943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have potential cardiovascular benefit, although the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. Fat-1 transgenic mice expressing Caenorhabditis elegans n-3 fatty acid desaturase, which is capable of producing n-3 PUFAs from n-6 PUFAs, exhibited resistance to pressure overload-induced inflammation and fibrosis, as well as reduced cardiac function. Lipidomic analysis revealed selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fat-1 transgenic bone marrow (BM) cells and EPA-metabolite 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) in fat-1 transgenic macrophages. BM transplantation experiments revealed that fat-1 transgenic BM cells, but not fat-1 transgenic cardiac cells, contributed to the antiremodeling effect and that the 18-HEPE-rich milieu in the fat-1 transgenic heart was generated by BM-derived cells, most likely macrophages. 18-HEPE inhibited macrophage-mediated proinflammatory activation of cardiac fibroblasts in culture, and in vivo administration of 18-HEPE reproduced the fat-1 mice phenotype, including resistance to pressure overload-induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Endo
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yosuke Isobe
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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433
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Puntmann VO, Arroyo Ucar E, Hinojar Baydes R, Ngah NB, Kuo YS, Dabir D, Macmillan A, Cummins C, Higgins DM, Gaddum N, Chowienczyk P, Plein S, Carr-White G, Nagel E. Aortic stiffness and interstitial myocardial fibrosis by native T1 are independently associated with left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 2014; 64:762-8. [PMID: 25024285 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased aortic stiffness is related to increased ventricular stiffness and remodeling. Myocardial fibrosis is the pathophysiological hallmark of failing heart. We investigated the relationship between noninvasive imaging markers of myocardial fibrosis, native T1, and late gadolinium enhancement, respectively, and aortic stiffness in ventricular remodeling. Consecutive patients with known dilated cardiomyopathy (n=173) underwent assessment of cardiac volumes and function, T1 mapping, scar imaging, and pulse wave velocity, a measure of aortic stiffness. Asymptomatic healthy volunteers served as controls (n=47). Controls and patients showed an increase in pulse wave velocity with age, which was accelerated in the presence of cardiovascular disease. On the contrary, native T1 increased with age in patients, but not in controls. Pulse wave velocity was associated with native T1 in the presence of disease, but not in health. Native T1 showed a strong relationship with markers of structural and functional left ventricular remodeling and diastolic impairment. Ischemic and nonischemic pathophysiology of ventricular remodeling showed a similar slope of relationship between pulse wave velocity and native T1. However, in nonischemic patients, increase in pulse wave velocity was associated with greater increase in native T1. Aortic stiffness is related to age, and this process is accelerated in the presence of disease. On the contrary, increase in interstitial myocardial fibrosis is associated with age in the presence of disease. Patients with ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy have a similar relationship between native T1 and pulse wave velocity, which is stronger in the latter group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina O Puntmann
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.).
| | - Eduardo Arroyo Ucar
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Rocio Hinojar Baydes
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Ning Binti Ngah
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Yen-Shu Kuo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Darius Dabir
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Alexandra Macmillan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Ciara Cummins
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - David M Higgins
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Nicholas Gaddum
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Phil Chowienczyk
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Sven Plein
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Gerry Carr-White
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
| | - Eike Nagel
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (V.O.P., E.A.U., R.H.B., N.B.N., Y.-S.K., D.D., A.M., C.C., S.P., G.C.-W., E.N.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering (N.G.), and Cardiovascular Division (P.C.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany (D.D.); Philips Healthcare, United Kingdom (D.M.H.); and University of Leeds, United Kingdom (S.P.)
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434
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Exposure to AT1 receptor autoantibodies during pregnancy increases susceptibility of the maternal heart to postpartum ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11495-509. [PMID: 24979132 PMCID: PMC4139795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that women with a history of preeclampsia have a two-fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in later life. It is not known whether or not this risk is associated with angiotensin II receptor type 1 autoantibody (AT1-AA), an agonist acting via activation of AT1 receptor (AT1R), which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to confirm the hypothesis that AT1-AA exposure during pregnancy may change the maternal cardiac structure and increase the susceptibility of the postpartum heart to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). In the present study, we first established a preeclampsia rat model by intravenous injection of AT1-AA extracted from the plasma of rats immunized with AT1R, observed the susceptibility of the postpartum maternal heart to IRI at 16 weeks postpartum using the Langendorff preparation, and examined the cardiac structure using light and transmission electron microscopy. The modeled animals presented with symptoms very similar to the clinical symptoms of human preeclampsia during pregnancy, including hypertension and proteinuria. The left ventricular weight (LVW) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in AT1-AA treatment group were significantly increased as compared with those of the control group (p < 0.01), although there was no significant difference in final weight between the two groups. AT1-AA acting on AT1R not only induced myocardial cell hypertrophy, mitochondrial swelling, cristae disorganization and collagen accumulation in the interstitium but affected the left ventricular (LV) function and delayed recovery from IRI. In contrast, co-treatment with AT1-AA + losartan completely blocked AT1-AA-induced changes in cardiac structure and function. These data indicate that the presence of AT1-AA during pregnancy was strongly associated with the markers of LV geometry changes and remodeling, and increased the cardiac susceptibility to IRI in later life of postpartum maternal rats.
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435
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Abstract
Cardiomyocyte necrosis with attendant microscopic scarring is a pathological feature of human hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Understanding the pathophysiological origins of necrosis is integral to its prevention. In a rat model of HHD associated with aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST), myocyte necrosis is attributable to oxidative stress induced by cytosolic-free [Ca]i and mitochondrial [Ca]m overloading in which the rate of reactive oxygen species generation overwhelms their rate of detoxification by endogenous Zn-based antioxidant defenses. We hypothesized that nebivolol (Neb), unlike another β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist atenolol (Aten), would have a multifaceted antioxidant potential based on its dual property as a β3 receptor agonist, which activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) generation. NO promotes the release of cytosolic Zn sequestered inactive by its binding protein, metallothionein. Given the reciprocal regulation between these cations, increased [Zn]i reduces Ca entry and attendant rise in [Ca]i and [Ca]m. Herein, we examined the antioxidant and cardioprotectant properties of Neb and Aten in rats receiving 4 weeks ALDOST. Compared with untreated age-/sex-matched controls, ALDOST alone or ALDOST with Aten, Neb cotreatment induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, NO generation and a marked increase in [Zn]i with associated decline in [Ca]i and [Ca]m. Attendant antioxidant profile at subcellular and cellular levels included attenuation of mitochondrial H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation expressed as reduced 8-isoprostane concentrations in both mitochondria and cardiac tissue. Myocyte salvage was expressed as reduced microscopic scarring and tissue collagen volume fraction. Neb is a multifaceted antioxidant with unique properties as cardioprotectant in HHD.
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436
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Dong RQ, Wang ZF, Zhao C, Gu HR, Hu ZW, Xie J, Wu YQ. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Knockout Protects Against Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 20:84-92. [PMID: 24950765 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414539564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor 4 participates in the process of acute heart injury. The underlying mechanisms of its protection are multifactorial, but we hypothesized that toll-like receptor-mediated autophagy control plays a vital role. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of autophagy on cardiac fibrosis. Methods: Cardiac fibrosis was induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol (ISO) injection, and rapamycin was simultaneously administered orally for 14 days. Animal echocardiography was then used to evaluate the success of the cardiac fibrosis model, and the mice were killed after the echocardiography examination. Results: Toll-like receptor 4 knockout (TLR4 KO) mice had better heart function than did wild-type (WT) mice ( P < .05). Rapamycin treatment reduced the left ventricular ejection fraction to 23.5% ( P < .05), and the collagen volume fraction of the ISO and ISO plus rapamycin groups was 5.9% and 25.9%, respectively, in TLR4 KO mice. Compared with the WT mice, Beclin 1 and autophagy were downregulated in TLR4 KO mice ( P < .05); however, the ISO plus rapamycin group had higher autophagy activity than did the ISO group in TLR4 KO mice ( P < .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that TLR4 KO-induced cardioprotection against ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis is associated with reduced autophagy induction. Cardiac fibroblast autophagy participates in its own activation. The moderate inhibition of autophagic activity may be a new strategy for treating cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-qing Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-rong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-wei Hu
- Molecular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Molecular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-quan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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437
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Cosentino S, Castiglioni L, Colazzo F, Nobili E, Tremoli E, Rosa P, Abbracchio MP, Sironi L, Pesce M. Expression of dual nucleotides/cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor GPR17 in early trafficking of cardiac stromal cells after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1785-96. [PMID: 24909956 PMCID: PMC4196654 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a Gi-coupled dual receptor activated by uracil-nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. These mediators are massively released into hypoxic tissues. In the normal heart, GPR17 expression has been reported. By contrast, its role in myocardial ischaemia has not yet been assessed. In the present report, the expression of GPR17 was investigated in mice before and at early stages after myocardial infarction by using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Before induction of ischaemia, results indicated the presence of the receptor in a population of stromal cells expressing the stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). At early stages after ligation of the coronary artery, the receptor was expressed in Sca-1+ cells, and cells stained with Isolectin-B4 and anti-CD45 antibody. GPR17+ cells also expressed mesenchymal marker CD44. GPR17 function was investigated in vitro in a Sca-1+/CD31− cell line derived from normal hearts. These experiments showed a migratory function of the receptor by treatment with UDP-glucose and leukotriene LTD4, two GPR17 pharmacological agonists. The GPR17 function was finally assessed in vivo by treating infarcted mice with Cangrelor, a pharmacological receptor antagonist, which, at least in part, inhibited early recruitment of GPR17+ and CD45+ cells. These findings suggest a regulation of heart-resident mesenchymal cells and blood-borne cellular species recruitment following myocardial infarction, orchestrated by GPR17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cosentino
- Laboratorio di Biologia e Biochimica dell'Aterotrombosi, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Lal H, Ahmad F, Zhou J, Yu JE, Vagnozzi RJ, Guo Y, Yu D, Tsai EJ, Woodgett J, Gao E, Force T. Cardiac fibroblast glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in ischemic heart. Circulation 2014; 130:419-30. [PMID: 24899689 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.008364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction-induced remodeling includes chamber dilatation, contractile dysfunction, and fibrosis. Of these, fibrosis is the least understood. After myocardial infarction, activated cardiac fibroblasts deposit extracellular matrix. Current therapies to prevent fibrosis are inadequate, and new molecular targets are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein we report that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is phosphorylated (inhibited) in fibrotic tissues from ischemic human and mouse heart. Using 2 fibroblast-specific GSK-3β knockout mouse models, we show that deletion of GSK-3β in cardiac fibroblasts leads to fibrogenesis, left ventricular dysfunction, and excessive scarring in the ischemic heart. Deletion of GSK-3β induces a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype in isolated cardiac fibroblasts, in post-myocardial infarction hearts, and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for GSK-3β. Mechanistically, GSK-3β inhibits profibrotic transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD-3 signaling via interactions with SMAD-3. Moreover, deletion of GSK-3β resulted in the significant increase of SMAD-3 transcriptional activity. This pathway is central to the pathology because a small-molecule inhibitor of SMAD-3 largely prevented fibrosis and limited left ventricular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These studies support targeting GSK-3β in myocardial fibrotic disorders and establish critical roles of cardiac fibroblasts in remodeling and ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Lal
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Firdos Ahmad
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Jibin Zhou
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Justine E Yu
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Yuanjun Guo
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Daohai Yu
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Emily J Tsai
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - James Woodgett
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Erhe Gao
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.)
| | - Thomas Force
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (H.L., F.A., J.Z., J.E.U., R.J.V., Y.G., E.G., T.F.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Section of Cardiology (E.J.T., T.F.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.W.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.L., F.A., Y.G., T.F.).
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439
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Xie J, Zhang Q, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Liu B, Xu J, Zhao H. Substrate stiffness-regulated matrix metalloproteinase output in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts: implications for myocardial fibrosis. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2463-72. [PMID: 24508540 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, an important pathological feature of structural remodeling, contributes to ventricular stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmia and may even lead to sudden death. Matrix stiffness, one of the many mechanical factors acting on cells, is increasingly appreciated as an important mediator of myocardial cell behavior. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were fabricated with different stiffnesses to mimic physiological and pathological heart tissues, and the way in which the elastic modulus of the substrate regulated matrix-degrading gelatinases in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts was explored. Initially, an increase in cell spreading area was observed, concomitant with the increase in PDMS stiffness in both cells. Later, it was demonstrated that the MMP-2 gene expression and protein activity in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts can be enhanced with an increase in PDMS substrate stiffness and, moreover, such gene- and protein-related increases had a significant linear correlation with the elastic modulus. In comparison, the MMP-9 gene and protein expressions were up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts only, not in myocardial cells. These results implied that myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts in the myocardium could sense the stiffness in pathological fibrosis and showed a differential but positive response in the expression of matrix-degrading gelatinases when exposed to an increased stiffening of the matrix in the microenvironment. The phenomenon of cells sensing pathological matrix stiffness can help to increase understanding of the mechanism underlying myocardial fibrosis and may ultimately lead to planning cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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440
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Chen Y, Yang S, Yao W, Zhu H, Xu X, Meng G, Zhang W. Prostacyclin analogue beraprost inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation depending on prostacyclin receptor activation through a TGF β-Smad signal pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98483. [PMID: 24852754 PMCID: PMC4031177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that prostacyclin inhibited fibrosis. However, both receptors of prostacyclin, prostacyclin receptor (IP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), are abundant in cardiac fibroblasts. Here we investigated which receptor was vital in the anti-fibrosis effect of prostacyclin. In addition, the possible mechanism involved in protective effects of prostacyclin against cardiac fibrosis was also studied. We found that beraprost, a prostacyclin analogue, inhibited angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Beraprost also suppressed Ang II-induced collagen I mRNA expression and protein synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. After IP expression was knocked down by siRNA, Ang II-induced proliferation and collagen I synthesis could no longer be rescued by beraprost. However, treating cells with different specific inhibitors of PPAR subtypes prior to beraprost and Ang II stimulation, all of the above attenuating effects of beraprost were still available. Moreover, beraprost significantly blocked transforming growth factor β (TGF β) expression as well as Smad2 phosphorylation and reduced Smad-DNA binding activity. Beraprost also increased phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at Ser133 in the nucleus. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that beraprost increased CREB but decreased Smad2 binding to CREB-binding protein (CBP) in nucleus. In conclusion, beraprost inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation by activating IP and suppressing TGF β-Smad signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengju Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (WZ)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (WZ)
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441
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Yi X, Li X, Zhou Y, Ren S, Wan W, Feng G, Jiang X. Hepatocyte growth factor regulates the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation and secretory function of cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:381-90. [PMID: 24840640 PMCID: PMC4094591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and transformation into myofibroblasts play important roles in cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an antifibrotic factor in the process of pulmonary, renal and liver fibrosis, is a negative regulator of cardiac fibroblast transformation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). HGF expression levels were significantly reduced in the CFs following treatment with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h. The overexpression of HGF suppressed the proliferation, transformation and the secretory function of the CFs following treatment with TGF-β1, as indicated by the attenuated expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I and III, whereas the knockdown of HGF had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we identified that the phosphorylation of c-Met, Akt and total protein of TGIF was significantly inhibited by the knockdown of HGF, but was significantly enhanced by HGF overexpression. Collectively, these results indicate that HGF activates the c-Met-Akt-TGIF signaling pathway, inhibiting CF proliferation and transformation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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442
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Santiago JJ, McNaughton LJ, Koleini N, Ma X, Bestvater B, Nickel BE, Fandrich RR, Wigle JT, Freed DH, Arora RC, Kardami E. High molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 in the human heart is a potential target for prevention of cardiac remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97281. [PMID: 24827991 PMCID: PMC4020823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional protein synthesized as high (Hi-) and low (Lo-) molecular weight isoforms. Studies using rodent models showed that Hi- and Lo-FGF-2 exert distinct biological activities: after myocardial infarction, rat Lo-FGF-2, but not Hi-FGF-2, promoted sustained cardioprotection and angiogenesis, while Hi-FGF-2, but not Lo-FGF-2, promoted myocardial hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Because there is no information regarding Hi-FGF-2 in human myocardium, we undertook to investigate expression, regulation, secretion and potential tissue remodeling-associated activities of human cardiac (atrial) Hi-FGF-2. Human patient-derived atrial tissue extracts, as well as pericardial fluid, contained Hi-FGF-2 isoforms, comprising, respectively, 53%(±20 SD) and 68% (±25 SD) of total FGF-2, assessed by western blotting. Human atrial tissue-derived primary myofibroblasts (hMFs) expressed and secreted predominantly Hi-FGF-2, at about 80% of total. Angiotensin II (Ang II) up-regulated Hi-FGF-2 in hMFs, via activation of both type 1 and type 2 Ang II receptors; the ERK pathway; and matrix metalloprotease-2. Treatment of hMFs with neutralizing antibodies selective for human Hi-FGF-2 (neu-AbHi-FGF-2) reduced accumulation of proteins associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and fibrosis, including α-smooth muscle actin, extra-domain A fibronectin, and procollagen. Stimulation of hMFs with recombinant human Hi-FGF-2 was significantly more potent than Lo-FGF-2 in upregulating inflammation-associated proteins such as pro-interleukin-1β and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1. Culture media conditioned by hMFs promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, an effect that was prevented by neu-AbHi-FGF-2 in vitro. In conclusion, we have documented that Hi-FGF-2 represents a substantial fraction of FGF-2 in human cardiac (atrial) tissue and in pericardial fluid, and have shown that human Hi-FGF-2, unlike Lo-FGF-2, promotes deleterious (pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-hypertrophic) responses in vitro. Selective targeting of Hi-FGF-2 production may, therefore, reduce pathological remodelling in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Jon Santiago
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leslie J. McNaughton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xin Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Bestvater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert R. Fandrich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren H. Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rakesh C. Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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443
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Schuetze KB, McKinsey TA, Long CS. Targeting cardiac fibroblasts to treat fibrosis of the heart: focus on HDACs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:100-7. [PMID: 24631770 PMCID: PMC4080911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is implicated in numerous physiologic and pathologic conditions, including scar formation, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. However the specific cells and signaling pathways mediating this process are poorly understood. Lysine acetylation of nucleosomal histone tails is an important mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Additionally, proteomic studies have revealed that thousands of proteins in all cellular compartments are subject to reversible lysine acetylation, and thus it is becoming clear that this post-translational modification will rival phosphorylation in terms of biological import. Acetyl groups are conjugated to lysine by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and removed from lysine by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Recent studies have shown that pharmacologic agents that alter lysine acetylation by targeting HDACs have the remarkable ability to block pathological fibrosis. Here, we review the current understanding of cardiac fibroblasts and the fibrogenic process with respect to the roles of lysine acetylation in the control of disease-related cardiac fibrosis. Potential for small molecule HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic therapeutics that target cardiac fibroblasts is highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Schuetze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| | - Carlin S Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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444
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Maron BA, Oldham WM, Chan SY, Vargas SO, Arons E, Zhang YY, Loscalzo J, Leopold JA. Upregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein by hypoxia stimulates aldosterone synthesis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells to promote pulmonary vascular fibrosis. Circulation 2014; 130:168-79. [PMID: 25001622 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanism(s) regulating hypoxia-induced vascular fibrosis are unresolved. Hyperaldosteronism correlates positively with vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting that aldosterone may contribute to the pulmonary vasculopathy of hypoxia. The hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors c-Fos/c-Jun regulate steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the rate-limiting step of aldosterone steroidogenesis. We hypothesized that c-Fos/c-Jun upregulation by hypoxia activates StAR-dependent aldosterone synthesis in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) to promote vascular fibrosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, rats with Sugen/hypoxia-pulmonary arterial hypertension, and mice exposed to chronic hypoxia expressed increased StAR in remodeled pulmonary arterioles, providing a basis for investigating hypoxia-StAR signaling in HPAECs. Hypoxia (2.0% FiO2) increased aldosterone levels selectively in HPAECs, which was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increased aldosterone by hypoxia resulted from enhanced c-Fos/c-Jun binding to the proximal activator protein-1 site of the StAR promoter in HPAECs, which increased StAR expression and activity. In HPAECs transfected with StAR-small interfering RNA or treated with the activator protein-1 inhibitor SR-11302 [3-methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid], hypoxia failed to increase aldosterone, confirming that aldosterone biosynthesis required StAR activation by c-Fos/c-Jun. The functional consequences of aldosterone were confirmed by pharmacological inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor with spironolactone or eplerenone, which attenuated hypoxia-induced upregulation of the fibrogenic protein connective tissue growth factor and collagen III in vitro and decreased pulmonary vascular fibrosis to improve pulmonary hypertension in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings identify autonomous aldosterone synthesis in HPAECs attributable to hypoxia-mediated upregulation of StAR as a novel molecular mechanism that promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Maron
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.).
| | - William M Oldham
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Sara O Vargas
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Elena Arons
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Jane A Leopold
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
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445
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Elucidating ERK2 function in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:336-8. [PMID: 24769140 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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446
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Angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9): function in cardiac and vascular remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:815-27. [PMID: 24593683 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is integral to cardiovascular physiology; however, dysregulation of this system largely contributes to the pathophysiology of CVD (cardiovascular disease). It is well established that AngII (angiotensin II), the main effector of the RAS, engages the AT1R (angiotensin type 1 receptor) and promotes cell growth, proliferation, migration and oxidative stress, all processes which contribute to remodelling of the heart and vasculature, ultimately leading to the development and progression of various CVDs, including heart failure and atherosclerosis. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, which is centred on the actions of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and the resultant production of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] from AngII, antagonizes the actions of AngII via the receptor Mas, thereby providing a protective role in CVD. More recently, another ACE2 metabolite, Ang-(1-9) [angiotensin-(1-9)], has been reported to be a biologically active peptide within the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS. The present review will discuss the role of the counter-regulatory RAS peptides Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the cardiovascular system, with a focus on their effects in remodelling of the heart and vasculature.
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447
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Gho JMIH, van Es R, Stathonikos N, Harakalova M, te Rijdt WP, Suurmeijer AJH, van der Heijden JF, de Jonge N, Chamuleau SAJ, de Weger RA, Asselbergs FW, Vink A. High resolution systematic digital histological quantification of cardiac fibrosis and adipose tissue in phospholamban p.Arg14del mutation associated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94820. [PMID: 24732829 PMCID: PMC3986391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis can lead to heart failure and act as a substrate for cardiac arrhythmias. In dilated cardiomyopathy diffuse interstitial reactive fibrosis can be observed, whereas arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is characterized by fibrofatty replacement in predominantly the right ventricle. The p.Arg14del mutation in the phospholamban (PLN) gene has been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and recently also with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Aim of the present study is to determine the exact pattern of fibrosis and fatty replacement in PLN p.Arg14del mutation positive patients, with a novel method for high resolution systematic digital histological quantification of fibrosis and fatty tissue in cardiac tissue. Transversal mid-ventricular slices (n = 8) from whole hearts were collected from patients with the PLN p.Arg14del mutation (age 48±16 years; 4 (50%) male). An in-house developed open source MATLAB script was used for digital analysis of Masson's trichrome stained slides (http://sourceforge.net/projects/fibroquant/). Slides were divided into trabecular, inner and outer compact myocardium. Per region the percentage of connective tissue, cardiomyocytes and fatty tissue was quantified. In PLN p.Arg14del mutation associated cardiomyopathy, myocardial fibrosis is predominantly present in the left posterolateral wall and to a lesser extent in the right ventricular wall, whereas fatty changes are more pronounced in the right ventricular wall. No difference in distribution pattern of fibrosis and adipocytes was observed between patients with a clinical predominantly dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy phenotype. In the future, this novel method for quantifying fibrosis and fatty tissue can be used to assess cardiac fibrosis and fatty tissue in animal models and a broad range of human cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. I. H. Gho
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René van Es
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolas Stathonikos
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter P. te Rijdt
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J. H. Suurmeijer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen F. van der Heijden
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas de Jonge
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven A. J. Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel A. de Weger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aryan Vink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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448
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction triggers an intense inflammatory response that is essential for cardiac repair, but which is also implicated in the pathogenesis of postinfarction remodelling and heart failure. Signals in the infarcted myocardium activate toll-like receptor signalling, while complement activation and generation of reactive oxygen species induce cytokine and chemokine upregulation. Leukocytes recruited to the infarcted area, remove dead cells and matrix debris by phagocytosis, while preparing the area for scar formation. Timely repression of the inflammatory response is critical for effective healing, and is followed by activation of myofibroblasts that secrete matrix proteins in the infarcted area. Members of the transforming growth factor β family are critically involved in suppression of inflammation and activation of a profibrotic programme. Translation of these concepts to the clinic requires an understanding of the pathophysiological complexity and heterogeneity of postinfarction remodelling in patients with myocardial infarction. Individuals with an overactive and prolonged postinfarction inflammatory response might exhibit left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction and might benefit from targeted anti-IL-1 or anti-chemokine therapies, whereas patients with an exaggerated fibrogenic reaction can develop heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and might require inhibition of the Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) cascade. Biomarker-based approaches are needed to identify patients with distinct pathophysiologic responses and to rationally implement inflammation-modulating strategies.
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449
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Furtado MB, Costa MW, Pranoto EA, Salimova E, Pinto AR, Lam NT, Park A, Snider P, Chandran A, Harvey RP, Boyd R, Conway SJ, Pearson J, Kaye DM, Rosenthal NA. Cardiogenic genes expressed in cardiac fibroblasts contribute to heart development and repair. Circ Res 2014; 114:1422-34. [PMID: 24650916 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac fibroblasts are critical to proper heart function through multiple interactions with the myocardial compartment, but appreciation of their contribution has suffered from incomplete characterization and lack of cell-specific markers. OBJECTIVE To generate an unbiased comparative gene expression profile of the cardiac fibroblast pool, identify and characterize the role of key genes in cardiac fibroblast function, and determine their contribution to myocardial development and regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS High-throughput cell surface and intracellular profiling of cardiac and tail fibroblasts identified canonical mesenchymal stem cell and a surprising number of cardiogenic genes, some expressed at higher levels than in whole heart. While genetically marked fibroblasts contributed heterogeneously to interstitial but not cardiomyocyte compartments in infarcted hearts, fibroblast-restricted depletion of one highly expressed cardiogenic marker, T-box 20, caused marked myocardial dysmorphology and perturbations in scar formation on myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS The surprising transcriptional identity of cardiac fibroblasts, the adoption of cardiogenic gene programs, and direct contribution to cardiac development and repair provoke alternative interpretations for studies on more specialized cardiac progenitors, offering a novel perspective for reinterpreting cardiac regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.B.F., M.W.C., E.A.P., E.S., A.R.P., A.C., N.A.R.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (A.R.P., R.B.), and Monash Biomedical Imaging (J.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.T.L., D.M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (P.S., S.J.C.); and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (R.P.H.)
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450
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Tarone G, Balligand JL, Bauersachs J, Clerk A, De Windt L, Heymans S, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hirsch E, Iaccarino G, Knöll R, Leite-Moreira AF, Lourenço AP, Mayr M, Thum T, Tocchetti CG. Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16:494-508. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Tarone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (UCL-FATH) and Department of Medicine, Cliniques Saint-Luc; Université catholique de Louvain; Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Medizinische Hochschule-Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Angela Clerk
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Leon De Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM); Maastricht University; The Netherlands
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Medizinische Hochschule-Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Facoltà di Medicina; Università di Salerno; Salerno Italy
- IRCCS ‘Multimedica’; Milano Italy
| | - Ralph Knöll
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Adelino F. Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - André P. Lourenço
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre; King's College London; London UK
| | - Thomas Thum
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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