401
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Cloonan SM, Mumby S, Adcock IM, Choi AMK, Chung KF, Quinlan GJ. The "Iron"-y of Iron Overload and Iron Deficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:1103-1112. [PMID: 28410559 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201702-0311pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cloonan
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Gregory J Quinlan
- 4 Vascular Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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402
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Hepatic Smad7 overexpression causes severe iron overload in mice. Blood 2017; 131:581-585. [PMID: 29237592 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-796797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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403
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Neurological effects of iron supplementation in infancy: finding the balance between health and harm in iron-replete infants. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 2:144-156. [PMID: 30169236 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron mediates many biochemical processes in neural networks that proliferate during brain development. Insufficient iron causes irreversible neurodevelopmental deficits, and most high-income countries recommend that infants older than 4-6 months receive additional iron via food fortification or supplementation to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia. Now that the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia in children has decreased to less than 10% in most developed countries, concerns that the recommended intakes far exceed those required to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia have been raised, and emerging evidence suggests that iron overexposure could be linked to adverse outcomes later in life. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the importance of iron for neurodevelopment, investigate the biochemical markers used to assess iron stores, summarise the disparity in public health policies among high-income countries, and discuss the potential association between iron overexposure and adverse neurological outcomes later in life. We present a case for new studies to establish the optimal amount of iron that both prevents deficiency and reduces the potential risk of long-term negative health outcomes.
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404
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Chow JK, Ganz T, Ruthazer R, Simpson MA, Pomfret EA, Gordon FD, Westerman ME, Snydman DR. Iron-related markers are associated with infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1541-1552. [PMID: 28703464 PMCID: PMC5696081 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Though serum iron has been known to be associated with an increased risk of infection, hepcidin, the major regulator of iron metabolism, has never been systematically explored in this setting. Finding early biomarkers of infection, such as hepcidin, could help identify patients in whom early empiric antimicrobial therapy would be beneficial. We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients (n = 128) undergoing first-time, single-organ orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) without known iron overload disorders at 2 academic hospitals in Boston from August 2009 to November 2012. Cox regression compared the associations between different iron markers and the development of first infection at least 1 week after OLT; 47 (37%) patients developed a primary outcome of infection at least 1 week after OLT and 1 patient died. After adjusting for perioperative bleeding complications, number of hospital days, and hepatic artery thrombosis, changes in iron markers were associated with the development of infection post-OLT including increasing ferritin (hazard ratio [HR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.05), rising ferritin slope (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17), and increasing hepcidin (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05-1.93). A decreasing iron (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.20-2.57) and a decreasing iron slope (HR, 4.21; 95% CI, 2.51-7.06) were also associated with subsequent infections. In conclusion, hepcidin and other serum iron markers and their slope patterns or their combination are associated with infection in vulnerable patient populations. Liver Transplantation 23 1541-1552 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K.L Chow
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robin Ruthazer
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Mary Ann Simpson
- Department of Transplantation, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, 01805 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Pomfret
- Department of Transplantation, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, 01805 USA,Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Fredric D. Gordon
- Department of Transplantation, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, 01805 USA
| | | | - David R. Snydman
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
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405
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Peters BA, Wu J, Pei Z, Yang L, Purdue MP, Freedman ND, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, Hayes RB, Ahn J. Oral Microbiome Composition Reflects Prospective Risk for Esophageal Cancers. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6777-6787. [PMID: 29196415 PMCID: PMC5726431 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria may play a role in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), although evidence is limited to cross-sectional studies. In this study, we examined the relationship of oral microbiota with EAC and ESCC risk in a prospective study nested in two cohorts. Oral bacteria were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in prediagnostic mouthwash samples from n = 81/160 EAC and n = 25/50 ESCC cases/matched controls. Findings were largely consistent across both cohorts. Metagenome content was predicted using PiCRUST. We examined associations between centered log-ratio transformed taxon or functional pathway abundances and risk using conditional logistic regression adjusting for BMI, smoking, and alcohol. We found the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia to be associated with higher risk of EAC. Furthermore, we found that depletion of the commensal genus Neisseria and the species Streptococcus pneumoniae was associated with lower EAC risk. Bacterial biosynthesis of carotenoids was also associated with protection against EAC. Finally, the abundance of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis trended with higher risk of ESCC. Overall, our findings have potential implications for the early detection and prevention of EAC and ESCC. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6777-87. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandilyn A Peters
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - Liying Yang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York.
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
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406
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Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element, but it is also toxic in excess, and thus mammals have developed elegant mechanisms for keeping both cellular and whole-body iron concentrations within the optimal physiologic range. In the diet, iron is either sequestered within heme or in various nonheme forms. Although the absorption of heme iron is poorly understood, nonheme iron is transported across the apical membrane of the intestinal enterocyte by divalent metal-ion transporter 1 (DMT1) and is exported into the circulation via ferroportin 1 (FPN1). Newly absorbed iron binds to plasma transferrin and is distributed around the body to sites of utilization with the erythroid marrow having particularly high iron requirements. Iron-loaded transferrin binds to transferrin receptor 1 on the surface of most body cells, and after endocytosis of the complex, iron enters the cytoplasm via DMT1 in the endosomal membrane. This iron can be used for metabolic functions, stored within cytosolic ferritin, or exported from the cell via FPN1. Cellular iron concentrations are modulated by the iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) IRP1 and IRP2. At the whole-body level, dietary iron absorption and iron export from the tissues into the plasma are regulated by the liver-derived peptide hepcidin. When tissue iron demands are high, hepcidin concentrations are low and vice versa. Too little or too much iron can have important clinical consequences. Most iron deficiency reflects an inadequate supply of iron in the diet, whereas iron excess is usually associated with hereditary disorders. These disorders include various forms of hemochromatosis, which are characterized by inadequate hepcidin production and, thus, increased dietary iron intake, and iron-loading anemias whereby both increased iron absorption and transfusion therapy contribute to the iron overload. Despite major recent advances, much remains to be learned about iron physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; and Schools of
- Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and
- Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Frazer
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; and Schools of
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407
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Kiser JN, Neupane M, White SN, Neibergs HL. Identification of genes associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection in Holstein cattle using gene set enrichment analysis-SNP. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:539-549. [PMID: 29185027 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association analyses have investigated susceptibility to bovine paratuberculosis, but few loci have been identified across independent cattle populations. A SNP-based gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA-SNP) allows expanded identification of genes with moderate effects on a trait through the enrichment of gene sets instead of identifying only few loci with large effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify genes that were moderately associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection using GSEA-SNP in Holstein cattle from the Pacific Northwest (PNW; n = 205) and from the PNW and Northeast (PNW+NE; n = 245) which were previously genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. The GSEA-SNP utilized 4389 gene sets from five databases. For each annotated gene in the UMD3.1 assembly (n = 19,723), the most significant SNP within each gene and its surrounding region (10 kb up- and downstream) was selected as a proxy for that gene. Any gene set with a normalized enrichment score > 2.5 was considered enriched. Thirteen gene sets (8 PNW GSEA-SNP; 5 PNW+NE) were enriched in these analyses and all have functions that relate to nuclear factor kappa beta. Nuclear factor kappa beta is critical to gut immune responses, implicated in host immune responses to other mycobacterial diseases, and has established roles in inflammation as well as cancer. Gene sets and genes moderately associated with Map infection could be used in genomic selection to allow producers to select for less susceptible cattle, lower the prevalence of the disease, and reduce economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - M Neupane
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - S N White
- USDA-ARS Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - H L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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408
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Salmonella Utilizes Zinc To Subvert Antimicrobial Host Defense of Macrophages via Modulation of NF-κB Signaling. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00418-17. [PMID: 28874447 PMCID: PMC5695101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc sequestration by macrophages is considered a crucial host defense strategy against infection by the intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we found that zinc favors pathogen survival within macrophages. Salmonella-hosting macrophages contained higher free zinc levels than did uninfected macrophages and cells that successfully eliminated bacteria, which was paralleled by the impaired production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in bacterium-harboring cells. A profound, zinc-mediated inhibition of NF-κB p65 transcriptional activity affecting the expression of the ROS- and RNS-forming enzymes phos47 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) provided a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon. Macrophages responded to infection by enhancing the expression of zinc-scavenging metallothioneins 1 and 2, whose genetic deletion caused increased free zinc levels, reduced ROS and RNS production, and increased the survival of Salmonella. Our data suggest that Salmonella invasion of macrophages results in a bacterium-driven increase in the intracellular zinc level, which weakens antimicrobial defense and the ability of macrophages to eradicate the pathogen. Thus, limitation of cytoplasmic zinc levels may help to control infection by intracellular bacteria.
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409
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Ugarte M, Geraki K, Jeffery G. Iron accumulates in the primate choroid of the eye with aging as revealed with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Metallomics 2017; 8:1071-1080. [PMID: 27504972 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to an increase in iron-loaded cellular structures in the choroid of the eye. This study was carried out to determine the distribution and content of iron, zinc and copper in the macular retina, choroid and retrobulbar optic nerve of young (4-5 years, n = 3) and aged (15-16 years, n = 5) male non-human primates, Macaca fascicularis, whose ocular anatomy is similar to humans. Thirty μm-thick tissue sections were analysed with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and stained histologically for iron deposition. Quantitative measurements showed high levels of iron, zinc and copper in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium in the macular area and arachnoid layer in the retrobulbar optic nerve. In aged animals compared to young ones, there was an increase in iron in the choroid with larger deposits and iron-loaded cellular structures. Iron-accumulation within these cellular structures may contribute to choroidal function impairment in aging and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ugarte
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK. and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- I18, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Glen Jeffery
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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410
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Friedrisch JR, Friedrisch BK. Prophylactic Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Controversial Issue. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2017; 10:1178626417737738. [PMID: 29123406 PMCID: PMC5661664 DOI: 10.1177/1178626417737738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our world today, iron deficiency (ID) is the most frequent nutritional deficiency and it is being considered as an epidemic public health crisis. Women of reproductive age and infants are at particular risk of ID, especially in underdeveloped countries. During pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia is a specific risk factor associated with negative maternal and perinatal outcomes. Many countries have iron supplementation (IS) programs-as recommended by the World Health Organization-during pregnancy; however, IS clinical benefits and risks are unclear. This review aims to discuss the threats and benefits of routine IS on maternal and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Friedrisch
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Kras Friedrisch
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
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411
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Deschemin JC, Mathieu JRR, Zumerle S, Peyssonnaux C, Vaulont S. Pulmonary Iron Homeostasis in Hepcidin Knockout Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 29089902 PMCID: PMC5650979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary iron excess is deleterious and contributes to a range of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. Optimal lung iron concentration is maintained through dynamic regulation of iron transport and storage proteins. The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is also expressed in the lung. In order to better understand the interactions between iron-associated molecules and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis in lung iron balance, we examined lung physiology and inflammatory responses in two murine models of systemic iron-loading, either hepcidin knock-out (Hepc KO) or liver-specific hepcidin KO mice (Hepc KOliv), which do (Hepc KOliv) or do not (Hepc KO) express lung hepcidin. We have found that increased plasma iron in Hepc KO mice is associated with increased pulmonary iron levels, consistent with increased cellular iron uptake by pulmonary epithelial cells, together with an increase at the apical membrane of the cells of the iron exporter ferroportin, consistent with increased iron export in the alveoli. Subsequently, alveolar macrophages (AM) accumulate iron in a non-toxic form and this is associated with elevated production of ferritin. The accumulation of iron in the lung macrophages of hepcidin KO mice contrasts with splenic and hepatic macrophages which contain low iron levels as we have previously reported. Hepc KOliv mice with liver-specific hepcidin deficiency demonstrated same pulmonary iron overload profile as the Hepc KO mice, suggesting that pulmonary hepcidin is not critical in maintaining local iron homeostasis. In addition, the high iron load in the lung of Hepc KO mice does not appear to enhance acute lung inflammation or injury. Lastly, we have shown that intraperitoneal LPS injection is not associated with pulmonary hepcidin induction, despite high levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, intranasal LPS injection stimulates a hepcidin response, likely derived from AM, and alters pulmonary iron content in Hepc KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Deschemin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Jacques R R Mathieu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sara Zumerle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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412
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Abstract
The human gut is home to trillions of bacteria and provides the scaffold for one of the most complex microbial ecosystems in nature. Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease, involve a compositional shift in the microbial constituents of this ecosystem with a marked expansion of Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli. Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) strains are frequently isolated from the biopsies of Crohn's patients, where their ability to elicit inflammation suggests a possible role in Crohn's pathology. Here, we consider the origins of the AIEC pathovar and discuss how risk factors associated with Crohn's disease might influence AIEC colonization dynamics within the host to alter the overall disease potential of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Oberc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada,CONTACT Brian K. Coombes , Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, MDCL 2319, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4K1
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413
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Jung M, Weigert A, Mertens C, Rehwald C, Brüne B. Iron Handling in Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Is There a New Role for Lipocalin-2? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1171. [PMID: 28979267 PMCID: PMC5611490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process. Besides somatic mutations in tumor cells, stroma-associated immunity is a major regulator of tumor growth. Tumor cells produce and secrete diverse mediators to create a local microenvironment that supports their own survival and growth. It is becoming apparent that iron acquisition, storage, and release in tumor cells is different from healthy counterparts. It is also appreciated that macrophages in the tumor microenvironment acquire a tumor-supportive, anti-inflammatory phenotype that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Apparently, this behavior is attributed, at least in part, to the ability of macrophages to support tumor cells with iron. Polarization of macrophages by apoptotic tumor cells shifts the profile of genes involved in iron metabolism from an iron sequestering to an iron-release phenotype. Iron release from macrophages is supposed to be facilitated by ferroportin. However, lipid mediators such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, released form apoptotic tumor cells, upregulate lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) in macrophages. This protein is known to bind siderophore-complexed iron and thus, may participate in iron transport in the tumor microenvironment. We describe how macrophages handle iron in the tumor microenvironment, discuss the relevance of an iron-release macrophage phenotype for tumor progression, and propose a new role for Lcn-2 in tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty 15, Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Rehwald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, IME, Frankfurt, Germany
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414
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Iron deposition is associated with differential macrophage infiltration and therapeutic response to iron chelation in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11632. [PMID: 28912459 PMCID: PMC5599545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells such as macrophages are drivers and biomarkers of most cancers. Scoring macrophage infiltration in tumor tissue provides a prognostic assessment that is correlated with disease outcome and therapeutic response, but generally requires invasive biopsy. Routine detection of hemosiderin iron aggregates in macrophages in other settings histologically and in vivo by MRI suggests that similar assessments in cancer can bridge a gap in our ability to assess tumor macrophage infiltration. Quantitative histological and in vivo MRI assessments of non-heme cellular iron revealed that preclinical prostate tumor models could be differentiated according to hemosiderin iron accumulation-both in tumors and systemically. Monitoring cellular iron levels during "off-label" administration of the FDA-approved iron chelator deferiprone evidenced significant reductions in tumor size without extensive perturbation to these iron deposits. Spatial profiling of the iron-laden infiltrates further demonstrated that higher numbers of infiltrating macrophage iron deposits was associated with lower anti-tumor chelation therapy response. Imaging macrophages according to their innate iron status provides a new phenotypic window into the immune tumor landscape and reveals a prognostic biomarker associated with macrophage infiltration and therapeutic outcome.
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415
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Leftin A, Ben-Chetrit N, Klemm F, Joyce JA, Koutcher JA. Iron imaging reveals tumor and metastasis macrophage hemosiderin deposits in breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184765. [PMID: 28898277 PMCID: PMC5595304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-deposition is a metabolic biomarker of macrophages in both normal and pathological situations, but the presence of iron in tumor and metastasis-associated macrophages is not known. Here we mapped and quantified hemosiderin-laden macrophage (HLM) deposits in murine models of metastatic breast cancer using iron and macrophage histology, and in vivo MRI. Iron MRI detected high-iron pixel clusters in mammary tumors, lung metastasis, and brain metastasis as well as liver and spleen tissue known to contain the HLMs. Iron histology showed these regions to contain clustered macrophages identified by their common iron status and tissue-intrinsic association with other phenotypic macrophage markers. The in vivo MRI and ex vivo histological images were further processed to determine the frequencies and sizes of the iron deposits, and measure the number of HLMs in each deposit to estimate the in vivo MRI sensitivity for these cells. Hemosiderin accumulation is a macrophage biomarker and intrinsic contrast source for cellular MRI associated with the innate function of macrophages in iron metabolism systemically, and in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor Leftin
- Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Florian Klemm
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason A Koutcher
- Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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416
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Pokorzynski ND, Thompson CC, Carabeo RA. Ironing Out the Unconventional Mechanisms of Iron Acquisition and Gene Regulation in Chlamydia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:394. [PMID: 28951853 PMCID: PMC5599777 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, along with its close species relatives, is known to be strictly dependent upon the availability of iron. Deprivation of iron in vitro induces an aberrant morphological phenotype termed "persistence." This persistent phenotype develops in response to various immunological and nutritional insults and may contribute to the development of sub-acute Chlamydia-associated chronic diseases in susceptible populations. Given the importance of iron to Chlamydia, relatively little is understood about its acquisition and its role in gene regulation in comparison to other iron-dependent bacteria. Analysis of the genome sequences of a variety of chlamydial species hinted at the involvement of unconventional mechanisms, being that Chlamydia lack many conventional systems of iron homeostasis that are highly conserved in other bacteria. Herein we detail past and current research regarding chlamydial iron biology in an attempt to provide context to the rapid progress of the field in recent years. We aim to highlight recent discoveries and innovations that illuminate the strategies involved in chlamydial iron homeostasis, including the vesicular mode of acquiring iron from the intracellular environment, and the identification of a putative iron-dependent transcriptional regulator that is synthesized as a fusion with a ABC-type transporter subunit. These recent findings, along with the noted absence of iron-related homologs, indicate that Chlamydia have evolved atypical approaches to the problem of iron homeostasis, reinvigorating research into the iron biology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Pokorzynski
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, United States
| | - Christopher C Thompson
- Jefferiss Trust Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Rey A Carabeo
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, United States
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417
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Masaldan S, Clatworthy SAS, Gamell C, Meggyesy PM, Rigopoulos AT, Haupt S, Haupt Y, Denoyer D, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Cater MA. Iron accumulation in senescent cells is coupled with impaired ferritinophagy and inhibition of ferroptosis. Redox Biol 2017; 14:100-115. [PMID: 28888202 PMCID: PMC5596264 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterised by the irreversible arrest of proliferation, a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype and evasion of programmed cell death mechanisms. We report that senescence alters cellular iron acquisition and storage and also impedes iron-mediated cell death pathways. Senescent cells, regardless of stimuli (irradiation, replicative or oncogenic), accumulate vast amounts of intracellular iron (up to 30-fold) with concomitant changes in the levels of iron homeostasis proteins. For instance, ferritin (iron storage) levels provided a robust biomarker of cellular senescence, for associated iron accumulation and for resistance to iron-induced toxicity. Cellular senescence preceded iron accumulation and was not perturbed by sustained iron chelation (deferiprone). Iron accumulation in senescent cells was driven by impaired ferritinophagy, a lysosomal process that promotes ferritin degradation and ferroptosis. Lysosomal dysfunction in senescent cells was confirmed through several markers, including the build-up of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II) in autophagosomes. Impaired ferritin degradation explains the iron accumulation phenotype of senescent cells, whereby iron is effectively trapped in ferritin creating a perceived cellular deficiency. Accordingly, senescent cells were highly resistant to ferroptosis. Promoting ferritin degradation by using the autophagy activator rapamycin averted the iron accumulation phenotype of senescent cells, preventing the increase of TfR1, ferritin and intracellular iron, but failed to re-sensitize these cells to ferroptosis. Finally, the enrichment of senescent cells in mouse ageing hepatic tissue was found to accompany iron accumulation, an elevation in ferritin and mirrored our observations using cultured senescent cells. Altered iron homeostasis in senescent cells is driven by impaired ferritinophagy. Impaired ferritinophagy causes functional cellular iron deficiency. senescent cells are resistant to iron mediated cell death including ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Masaldan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Sharnel A S Clatworthy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Peter M Meggyesy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Antonia-Tonia Rigopoulos
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Delphine Denoyer
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael A Cater
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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418
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Iron Loading Exaggerates the Inflammatory Response to the Toll-like Receptor 4 Ligand Lipopolysaccharide by Altering Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:121-135. [PMID: 28430694 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative and critically ill patients are often exposed to iron (in the form of parenteral-iron administration or blood transfusion) and inflammatory stimuli, but the effects of iron loading on the inflammatory response are unclear. Recent data suggest that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have an important role in the innate immune response and that increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production is a result of dysfunctional mitochondria. We tested the hypothesis that increased intracellular iron potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. METHODS Murine macrophage cells were incubated with iron and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. C57BL/6 wild-type mice were intraperitoneally injected with iron and then with lipopolysaccharide. Markers of inflammation and mitochondrial superoxide production were examined. Mitochondrial homeostasis (the balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and destruction) was assessed, as were mitochondrial mass and the proportion of nonfunctional to total mitochondria. RESULTS Iron loading of mice and cells potentiated the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide. Iron loading increased mitochondrial superoxide production. Treatment with MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, blunted the proinflammatory effects of iron loading. Iron loading increased mitochondrial mass in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide and increased the proportion of nonfunctional mitochondria. Iron loading also altered mitochondrial homeostasis to favor increased production of mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Acute iron loading potentiates the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide, at least in part by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and increasing the production of mitochondrial superoxide. Improved understanding of iron homeostasis in the context of acute inflammation may yield innovative therapeutic approaches in perioperative and critically ill patients.
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419
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Verbon EH, Trapet PL, Stringlis IA, Kruijs S, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ. Iron and Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:355-375. [PMID: 28598721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for most life on Earth because it functions as a crucial redox catalyst in many cellular processes. However, when present in excess iron can lead to the formation of harmful hydroxyl radicals. Hence, the cellular iron balance must be tightly controlled. Perturbation of iron homeostasis is a major strategy in host-pathogen interactions. Plants use iron-withholding strategies to reduce pathogen virulence or to locally increase iron levels to activate a toxic oxidative burst. Some plant pathogens counteract such defenses by secreting iron-scavenging siderophores that promote iron uptake and alleviate iron-regulated host immune responses. Mutualistic root microbiota can also influence plant disease via iron. They compete for iron with soil-borne pathogens or induce a systemic resistance that shares early signaling components with the root iron-uptake machinery. This review describes the progress in our understanding of the role of iron homeostasis in both pathogenic and beneficial plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline H Verbon
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pauline L Trapet
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Sophie Kruijs
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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420
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Agoro R, Benmerzoug S, Rose S, Bouyer M, Gozzelino R, Garcia I, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. An Iron-Rich Diet Decreases the Mycobacterial Burden and Correlates With Hepcidin Upregulation, Lower Levels of Proinflammatory Mediators, and Increased T-Cell Recruitment in a Model of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:907-918. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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421
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Expression of hepcidin and ferroportin in full term placenta of pregnant cows. Theriogenology 2017; 103:90-97. [PMID: 28780484 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin (HEP) and ferroportin (FPN) play a central role in systemic iron homeostasis. The HEP/FPN axis controls both extracellular iron concentration and total body iron levels. HEP is synthesized mainly by hepatocytes and controls the absorption of dietary iron and the distribution of iron to the various cell types; its synthesis is regulated by both iron and innate immunity. FPN is a membrane protein and the major exporter of iron from mammalian cells, including iron recycling macrophages, iron absorbing duodenal enterocytes, and iron storing hepatocytes. HEP limits the pool of extracellular iron by binding FPN and mediating its degradation, thus preventing its release from intracellular sources. Here we investigated, for the first time, the molecular and morphological expression of HEP and FPN in placenta of pregnant cows at term. Their expression has been evaluated investigating their mRNAs by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Sequencing of related amplicons revealed a 100% identity with HEP and FPN sequences from Bos taurus as reported in the GeneBank (mRNASequence ID: NM_001114508.2 and ID: NM_001077970.1, respectively). HEP and FPN proteins have also been revealed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The strongest immunoreactivity for both proteins was observed in the cytoplasm of the trophoblastic cells of the villi and the caruncular crypts of the placentome. Hep mRNA was more representative in caruncular rather cotyledonar areas; on the contrary, Fpn mRNA was more expressed in cotyledonar rather than in caruncular areas. Transcripts of ferritin, transferrin and its receptor have been also documented by real time RT-PCR. HEP and FPN placental proteins may play a dual role. HEP/FPN axis seems to have a central role in infections, with microorganisms within macrophages or that survive in the bloodstream or other cellular spaces. In addition, HEP may be responsible for iron flux regulation as a molecular bridge for iron trafficking and response to infection. FPN may also have a significant role for embryonic development, growth and organogenesis.
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422
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Wander K, Shell-Duncan B, Brindle E. Lower incidence of respiratory infections among iron-deficient children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:109-119. [PMID: 28852503 PMCID: PMC5570096 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eox010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We posited a trade-off in iron nutrition, with iron deficiency decreasing risk for infection by depriving infectious agents of iron while increasing risk for infection by compromising immune protection. We described associations between iron deficiency and prevalent and incident infectious disease episodes and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) among 283 children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Methodology: Whole blood specimens were evaluated for hemoglobin and dried blood spots (DBS) were evaluated for biomarkers of iron deficiency (transferrin receptor) and inflammation (C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein). Prevalent and incident infectious disease episodes were identified by physician’s diagnosis. CMI was evaluated as delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida albicans (DTH-Candida). Associations between iron status and elevated inflammation, prevalent infectious disease episodes and DTH-Candida were described with logistic regression models; associations between iron status and incident infectious disease episodes were described with Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Elevated inflammation and diagnosed infectious diseases were more common among children with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA, severe iron deficiency), but not significantly so. The incidence of infectious disease was lowest among children with moderate iron deficiency (iron-deficient erythropoiesis, IDE); this pattern was most apparent for respiratory infections (aHR: 0.24; p: 0.030). DTH-Candida was not compromised among children with any degree of iron deficiency. Conclusions and implications: We observed no adverse effect of iron deficiency on CMI, but did observe patterns consistent with the hypothesis that moderate iron deficiency protects against respiratory infections and may represent a nutritional adaptation to infectious disease. This suggests that interventions targeting iron deficiency should be coupled with effective infectious disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Bettina Shell-Duncan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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423
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Cutone A, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Scotti MJ, Berlutti F, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Musci G, Valenti P. Lactoferrin Efficiently Counteracts the Inflammation-Induced Changes of the Iron Homeostasis System in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:705. [PMID: 28663751 PMCID: PMC5471297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an 80-kDa multifunctional iron-binding cationic glycoprotein, is constitutively secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils during inflammation. hLf is recognized as a key element in the host immune defense system. The in vitro and in vivo experiments are carried out with bovine Lf (bLf), which shares high sequence homology and identical functions with hLf, including anti-inflammatory activity. Here, in “pure” M1 human macrophages, obtained by stimulation with a mixture of 10 pg/ml LPS and 20 ng/ml IFN-γ, as well as in a more heterogeneous macrophage population, challenged with high-dose of LPS (1 µg/ml), the effect of bLf on the expression of the main proteins involved in iron and inflammatory homeostasis, namely ferroportin (Fpn), membrane-bound ceruloplasmin (Cp), cytosolic ferritin (Ftn), transferrin receptor 1, and cytokines has been investigated. The increase of IL-6 and IL-1β cytokines, following the inflammatory treatments, is associated with both upregulation of cytosolic Ftn and downregulation of Fpn, membrane-bound Cp, and transferrin receptor 1. All these changes take part into intracellular iron overload, a very unsafe condition leading in vivo to higher host susceptibility to infections as well as iron deficiency in the blood and anemia of inflammation. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to counteract the persistence of the inflammatory status to rebalance iron levels between tissues/secretions and blood. Moreover, levels of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 were increased in cells treated with high doses of LPS. Conversely, IL-10 decreased when the LPS/IFN-γ mix was used, suggesting that only the inflammation triggered by LPS high doses can switch on an anti-inflammatory response in our macrophagic model. Here, we demonstrate that bLf, when included in the culture medium, significantly reduced IL-6 and IL-1β production and efficiently prevented the changes of Fpn, membrane-bound Cp, cytosolic Ftn, and transferrin receptor 1 in “pure” M1 macrophages, as well as in the more heterogeneous macrophage population. In addition, the decrease of IL-10 induced by the LPS/IFN-γ mix was counteracted by bovine lactoferrin. Several drugs capable of modulating macrophagic phenotypes are emerging as attractive molecules for treating inflammation, and in this sense, bovine lactoferrin is no exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Berlutti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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424
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Iron Homeostasis in Tissues Is Affected during Persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3642301. [PMID: 28691023 PMCID: PMC5485268 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3642301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) may be a mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. For its growth C. pneumoniae depends on iron (Fe), but how Fe changes in tissues during persistent infection or affects bacterial replication in tissues is unknown. C. pneumoniae-infected C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed on days 4, 8, 20, and 40. Mice had bacteria in the lungs and liver on all days. Inflammatory markers, chemokine Cxcl2 and interferon-gamma, were not affected in the liver on day 40. The copper (Cu)/zinc (Zn) ratio in serum, another marker of infection/inflammation, increased on day 4 and tended to increase again on day 40. The Fe markers, transferrin receptor (TfR), Hepcidin (Hamp1), and ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), increased in the liver on day 4 and then normalized except for TfR that tended to decrease. TfR responses were similar to Fe in serum that increased on day 4 but tended to decrease thereafter. In the liver, Fe was increased on day 4 and also on day 40. The reappearing increases in Cu/Zn on day 40 concomitant with the increase in liver Fe on day 40, even though TfR tended to decrease, and the fact that viable C. pneumoniae was present in the lungs and liver may indicate the early phase of activation of recurrent infection.
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425
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Cellular citrate levels establish a regulatory link between energy metabolism and the hepatic iron hormone hepcidin. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:851-860. [PMID: 28585096 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin responds to iron levels via BMP/SMAD signaling, to inflammatory cues via JAK/STAT signaling, to the nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway, as well as to proliferative signals and gluconeogenesis. Here, we asked the question whether hepcidin expression is altered by metabolites generated by intermediary metabolism. To identify such metabolites, we took advantage of a comprehensive RNAi screen, which revealed effectors involved in citrate metabolism. We show that the inhibition of citrate-consuming enzymes increases hepcidin mRNA expression in primary murine hepatocytes. Consistently, citrate treatment of primary murine hepatocytes or intravenous injection of citrate in mice increases cellular citrate concentrations and hepcidin expression. We further demonstrate that the hepcidin response to citrate involves the SMAD signaling pathway. These results reveal links between iron homeostasis and energy metabolism that may help to explain why iron levels are frequently altered in metabolic disorders. KEY MESSAGES • Elevated citrate levels increase hepcidin mRNA expression in primary hepatocytes. • Citrate treatment in primary hepatocytes activates hepcidin expression. • Intravenous injection of citrate in mice increases hepcidin mRNA levels. • The hepcidin response to citrate involves the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway.
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426
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Crielaard BJ, Lammers T, Rivella S. Targeting iron metabolism in drug discovery and delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:400-423. [PMID: 28154410 PMCID: PMC5455971 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron fulfils a central role in many essential biochemical processes in human physiology; thus, proper processing of iron is crucial. Although iron metabolism is subject to relatively strict physiological control, numerous disorders, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, have recently been linked to deregulated iron homeostasis. Consequently, iron metabolism constitutes a promising and largely unexploited therapeutic target for the development of new pharmacological treatments for these diseases. Several iron metabolism-targeted therapies are already under clinical evaluation for haematological disorders, and these and newly developed therapeutic agents are likely to have substantial benefit in the clinical management of iron metabolism-associated diseases, for which few efficacious treatments are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J. Crielaard
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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427
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Iron chelation for the treatment of uveitis. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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428
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Mwangi MN, Prentice AM, Verhoef H. Safety and benefits of antenatal oral iron supplementation in low-income countries: a review. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:884-895. [PMID: 28272734 PMCID: PMC5485170 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends universal iron supplementation of 30-60 mg/day in pregnancy but coverage is low in most countries. Its efficacy is uncertain, however, and there has been a vigorous debate in the last decade about its safety, particularly in areas with a high burden of malaria and other infectious diseases. We reviewed the evidence on the safety and efficacy of antenatal iron supplementation in low-income countries. We found no evidence that daily supplementation at a dose of 60 mg leads to increased maternal Plasmodium infection risk. On the other hand, recent meta-analyses found that antenatal iron supplementation provides benefits for maternal health (severe anaemia at postpartum, blood transfusion). For neonates, there was a reduced prematurity risk, and only a small or no effect on birth weight. A recent trial showed, however, that benefits of antenatal iron supplementation on maternal and neonatal health vary by maternal iron status, with substantial benefits in iron-deficient women. The benefits of universal iron supplementation are likely to vary with the prevalence of iron deficiency. As a consequence, the balance between benefits and risks is probably more favourable in low-income countries than in high-income countries despite the higher exposure to infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin N Mwangi
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Nutrition and Health Department, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
- MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hans Verhoef
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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429
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Li C, Lillehoj HS, Gadde UD, Ritter D, Oh S. Characterization ofClostridium perfringensStrains Isolated from Healthy and Necrotic Enteritis-Afflicted Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2017; 61:178-185. [DOI: 10.1637/11507-093016-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Ujvala Deepthi Gadde
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Don Ritter
- Mountaire Farms, 29005 John J. Williams Highway, Millsboro, DE 19966
| | - SungTaek Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
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430
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Muckenthaler MU, Rivella S, Hentze MW, Galy B. A Red Carpet for Iron Metabolism. Cell 2017; 168:344-361. [PMID: 28129536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring more than 2 × 1015 iron atoms every second to maintain adequate erythropoiesis. These numbers translate into 20 mL of blood being produced each day, containing 6 g of hemoglobin and 20 mg of iron. These impressive numbers illustrate why the making and breaking of RBCs is at the heart of iron physiology, providing an ideal context to discuss recent progress in understanding the systemic and cellular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of iron homeostasis and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina U Muckenthaler
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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431
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Parmar JH, Davis G, Shevchuk H, Mendes P. Modeling the dynamics of mouse iron body distribution: hepcidin is necessary but not sufficient. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:57. [PMID: 28521769 PMCID: PMC5437513 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential element of most living organisms but is a dangerous substance when poorly liganded in solution. The hormone hepcidin regulates the export of iron from tissues to the plasma contributing to iron homeostasis and also restricting its availability to infectious agents. Disruption of iron regulation in mammals leads to disorders such as anemia and hemochromatosis, and contributes to the etiology of several other diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we test the hypothesis that hepcidin alone is able to regulate iron distribution in different dietary regimes in the mouse using a computational model of iron distribution calibrated with radioiron tracer data. RESULTS A model was developed and calibrated to the data from adequate iron diet, which was able to simulate the iron distribution under a low iron diet. However simulation of high iron diet shows considerable deviations from the experimental data. Namely the model predicts more iron in red blood cells and less iron in the liver than what was observed in experiments. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hepcidin alone is not sufficient to regulate iron homeostasis in high iron conditions and that other factors are important. The model was able to simulate anemia when hepcidin was increased but was unable to simulate hemochromatosis when hepcidin was suppressed, suggesting that in high iron conditions additional regulatory interactions are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh H Parmar
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Grey Davis
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Hope Shevchuk
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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432
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Markers of iron deficiency in patients with polycythemia vera receiving ruxolitinib or best available therapy. Leuk Res 2017; 56:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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433
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Tymoszuk P, Demetz E, Moser P, Haas H, Fang FC, Theurl I, Weiss G. Genetic and Dietary Iron Overload Differentially Affect the Course of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:110. [PMID: 28443246 PMCID: PMC5387078 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and dietary forms of iron overload have distinctive clinical and pathophysiological features. HFE-associated hereditary hemochromatosis is characterized by overwhelming intestinal iron absorption, parenchymal iron deposition, and macrophage iron depletion. In contrast, excessive dietary iron intake results in iron deposition in macrophages. However, the functional consequences of genetic and dietary iron overload for the control of microbes are incompletely understood. Using Hfe+/+ and Hfe-/- mice in combination with oral iron overload in a model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, we found animals of either genotype to induce hepcidin antimicrobial peptide expression and hypoferremia following systemic infection in an Hfe-independent manner. As predicted, Hfe-/- mice, a model of hereditary hemochromatosis, displayed reduced spleen iron content, which translated into improved control of Salmonella replication. Salmonella adapted to the iron-poor microenvironment in the spleens of Hfe-/- mice by inducing the expression of its siderophore iron-uptake machinery. Dietary iron loading resulted in higher bacterial numbers in both WT and Hfe-/- mice, although Hfe deficiency still resulted in better pathogen control and improved survival. This suggests that Hfe deficiency may exert protective effects in addition to the control of iron availability for intracellular bacteria. Our data show that a dynamic adaptation of iron metabolism in both immune cells and microbes shapes the host-pathogen interaction in the setting of systemic Salmonella infection. Moreover, Hfe-associated iron overload and dietary iron excess result in different outcomes in infection, indicating that tissue and cellular iron distribution determines the susceptibility to infection with specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biocenter, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
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434
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Papanikolaou G, Pantopoulos K. Systemic iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:399-413. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Papanikolaou
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsSchool of Health Science and Education, Harokopion UniversityAthens Greece
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontreal Quebec Canada
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435
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Ma J, Li R, Liu Y, Qu G, Liu J, Guo W, Song H, Li X, Liu Y, Xia T, Yan B, Liu S. Carbon Nanotubes Disrupt Iron Homeostasis and Induce Anemia of Inflammation through Inflammatory Pathway as a Secondary Effect Distant to Their Portal-of-Entry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603830. [PMID: 28195425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous toxicological studies have been performed on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a few studies have investigated their secondary and indirect effects beyond the primary target tissues/organs. Here, a cascade of events are investigated: the initiating event and the subsequent key events necessary for the development of phenotypes, namely CNT-induced pro-inflammatory effects on iron homeostasis and red blood cell formation, which are linked to anemia of inflammation (AI). A panel of CNTs are prepared including pristine multiwall CNTs (P-MWCNTs), aminated MWCNTs (MWCNTs-NH2 ), polyethylene glycol MWCNTs (MWCNTs-PEG), polyethyleneimine MWCNTs (MWCNTs-PEI), and carboxylated MWCNTs (MWCNTs-COOH). It has been demonstrated that all CNT materials provoke inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and stimulate hepcidin induction, associated with disordered iron homeostasis, irrespective of exposure routes including intratracheal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration. Meanwhile, PEG and COOH modifications can ameliorate the activation of IL-6-hepcidin signaling. Long-term exposure of MWCNTs results in AI and extramedullary erythropoiesis. Thus, an adverse outcome pathway is identified: MWCNT exposure leads to inflammation, hepatic hepcidin induction, and disordered iron metabolism. Together, the combined data depict the hazardous secondary toxicity of CNTs in incurring anemia through inflammatory pathway. This study will also open a new avenue for future investigations on CNT-induced indirect and secondary adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Haoyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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436
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437
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Abstract
Iron is an essential element for numerous fundamental biologic processes, but excess iron is toxic. Abnormalities in systemic iron balance are common in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron administration is a mainstay of anemia management in many patients. This review provides an overview of the essential role of iron in biology, the regulation of systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, how imbalances in iron homeostasis contribute to disease, and the implications for chronic kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Dev
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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438
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Bertolla M, Cenci L, Anesi A, Ambrosi E, Tagliaro F, Vanzetti L, Guella G, Bossi AM. Solvent-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Nanogels for Targeted Protein Analysis in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6908-6915. [PMID: 28151640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinted poly(acrylamido)-derivative nanogels have shown their selectivity to bind the protein human serum transferrin (HTR) and also showed their capability for instantaneous solvent-induced modification upon the addition of acetonitrile. Integrated to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass analysis the HTR-imprinted solvent-responsive nanogels permitted the determination of HTR straight from serum and offered novel perspectives in targeted protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Bertolla
- Department of Physics, University of Trento , Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Lucia Cenci
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento , Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Ambrosi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Cà Foscari Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, 30173 Venice, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona , P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler CMM-MNF , Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, University of Trento , Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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439
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Nairz M, Theurl I, Swirski FK, Weiss G. "Pumping iron"-how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:397-418. [PMID: 28251312 PMCID: PMC5362662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis, macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and influx of bone marrow-derived monocytes. As large phagocytic cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity while contributing to tissue-specific homeostatic functions. Among the key metabolic tasks are senescent red blood cell recycling, free heme detoxification, and provision of iron for de novo hemoglobin synthesis. While this systemic mechanism involves the shuttling of iron between spleen, liver, and bone marrow through the concerted function of defined macrophage populations, similar circuits appear to exist within the microenvironment of other organs. The high turnover of iron is the prerequisite for continuous erythropoiesis and tissue integrity but challenges macrophages’ ability to maintain cellular iron homeostasis and immune function. This review provides a brief overview of systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular aspects of macrophage iron handling with a focus on exciting and unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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440
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Balado M, Segade Y, Rey D, Osorio CR, Rodríguez J, Lemos ML, Jiménez C. Identification of the Ferric-Acinetobactin Outer Membrane Receptor in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and Structure-Activity Relationships of Synthetic Acinetobactin Analogues. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:479-493. [PMID: 27936588 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in several fish species, produces acinetobactin and amonabactin as siderophores. In a previous study, we chemically characterized these siderophores and proposed a biosynthetic pathway based on genetic analysis. However, the internalization mechanisms of ferric-acinetobactin and ferric-amonabactin remain largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that the outer membrane protein FstB is the ferric-acinetobactin receptor in A. salmonicida since an fstB defective mutant is unable to grow under iron limitation and does not use acinetobactin as an iron source. In order to study the effect that structural changes in acinetobactin have on its siderophore activity, a collection of acinetobactin-based analogues was synthesized, including its enantiomer and four demethylated derivatives. The biological activity of these analogues on an fstB(+) strain compared to an fstB(-) strain allowed structure-activity relationships to be elucidated. We found a lack of enantiomer preference on the siderophore activity of acinetobactin over A. salmonicida or on the molecular recognition by FstB protein receptor. In addition, it was observed that A. salmonicida could not use acinetobactin analogues when imidazole or a similar heterocyclic ring was absent from the structure. Surprisingly, removal of the methyl group at the isoxazolidinone ring induced a higher biological activity, thus suggesting alternative route(s) of entry into the cell that must be further investigated. It is proposed that some of the synthetic acinetobactin analogues described here could be used as starting points in the development of novel drugs against A. salmonicida and probably against other acinetobactin producers like the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Balado
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Yuri Segade
- Centro
de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Diego Rey
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos R. Osorio
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- Centro
de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel L. Lemos
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Centro
de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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441
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Expression of Iron-Related Proteins Differentiate Non-Cancerous and Cancerous Breast Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020410. [PMID: 28216608 PMCID: PMC5343944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported hepcidin and ferritin increases in the plasma of breast cancer patients, but not in patients with benign breast disease. We hypothesized that these differences in systemic iron homeostasis may reflect alterations in different iron-related proteins also play a key biochemical and regulatory role in breast cancer. Thus, here we explored the expression of a bundle of molecules involved in both iron homeostasis and tumorigenesis in tissue samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or reverse-phase protein array (RPPA), were used to measure the expression of 20 proteins linked to iron processes in 24 non-cancerous, and 56 cancerous, breast tumors. We found that cancerous tissues had higher level of hepcidin than benign lesions (p = 0.012). The univariate analysis of RPPA data highlighted the following seven proteins differentially expressed between non-cancerous and cancerous breast tissue: signal transducer and transcriptional activator 5 (STAT5), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74), transferrin receptor (TFRC), inhibin alpha (INHA), and STAT5_pY694. These findings were confirmed for STAT5, STAT3, BMP6, CD74 and INHA when adjusting for age. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated an iron-related 10-protein panel effective in separating non-cancerous from cancerous lesions including STAT5, STAT5_pY694, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), CD74, iron exporter ferroportin (FPN), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), STAT3_pS727, TFRC, ferritin heavy chain (FTH), and ferritin light chain (FTL). Our results showed an association between some iron-related proteins and the type of tumor tissue, which may provide insight in strategies for using iron chelators to treat breast cancer.
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442
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Iron Reduces M1 Macrophage Polarization in RAW264.7 Macrophages Associated with Inhibition of STAT1. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8570818. [PMID: 28286378 PMCID: PMC5327769 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8570818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism in inflammation has been mostly characterized in macrophages exposed to pathogens or inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the cross-regulatory interactions between M1 macrophage polarization and iron metabolism. Firstly, we characterized the transcription of genes related to iron homeostasis in M1 RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by IFN-γ. The molecular signature of M1 macrophages showed high levels of iron storage (ferritin), a low level of iron export (ferroportin), and changes of iron regulators (hepcidin and transferrin receptors), which favour iron sequestration in the reticuloendothelial system and are benefit for inflammatory disorders. Then, we evaluated the effect of iron on M1 macrophage polarization. Iron significantly reduced mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS produced by IFN-γ-polarized M1 macrophages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that iron also reduced iNOS production. However, iron did not compromise but enhanced the ability of M1-polarized macrophages to phagocytose FITC-dextran. Moreover, we demonstrated that STAT1 inhibition was required for reduction of iNOS and M1-related cytokines production by the present of iron. Together, these findings indicated that iron decreased polarization of M1 macrophages and inhibited the production of the proinflammatory cytokines. The results expanded our knowledge about the role of iron in macrophage polarization.
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443
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Puentes B, Balado M, Bermúdez-Crespo J, Osorio CR, Lemos ML. A proteomic analysis of the iron response of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae reveals metabolic adaptations to iron levels changes and novel potential virulence factors. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:257-264. [PMID: 28284618 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (Pdd) is a marine bacterium that can infect numerous species of marine fish as well as other species including humans. Low iron availability is one of the signs that bacterial pathogens can detect in order to begin colonizing their host, and the reduction of iron levels is a nonspecific host defense strategy that prevents bacterial proliferation. In this work a proteomic approach was used to study the gene expression adaptations of a Pdd strain in response to iron availability. A comparative analysis of induced proteins in both high- and low-iron conditions showed profound cellular metabolic adaptations that result, for instance, in amino acid requirement. It also provided important information about the changes that occur in the energetic metabolism induced by the surrounding iron levels, allowing for the identification of novel potential virulence factors. Among others, genes involved in the synthesis and transport of a vibrioferrin-like siderophore were identified for the first time. In addition to plasmid pPHDD1-encoded Dly and HlyA hemolysins, a pPHDD1-borne operon, which may encode a transferrin receptor, was also found. This operon identification suggests that this virulence plasmid could encode so-far unknown additional virulence factors other than hemolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Puentes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel Balado
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Bermúdez-Crespo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos R Osorio
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Manuel L Lemos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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444
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Sakamoto K, Kim YG, Hara H, Kamada N, Caballero-Flores G, Tolosano E, Soares MP, Puente JL, Inohara N, Núñez G. IL-22 Controls Iron-Dependent Nutritional Immunity Against Systemic Bacterial Infections. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28286877 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aai8371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Host immunity limits iron availability to pathogenic bacteria, but whether immunity limits pathogenic bacteria from accessing host heme, the major source of iron in the body, remains unclear. Using Citrobacter rodentium, a mouse enteric pathogen and Escherichia coli, a major cause of sepsis in humans as models, we find that interleukin-22, a cytokine best known for its ability to promote epithelial barrier function, also suppresses the systemic growth of bacteria by limiting iron availability to the pathogen. Using an unbiased proteomic approach to understand the mechanistic basis of IL-22 dependent iron retention in the host, we have identified that IL-22 induces the production of the plasma hemoglobin scavenger haptoglobin and heme scavenger hemopexin. Moreover, the anti-microbial effect of IL-22 depends on the induction of hemopexin expression, while haptogloblin is dispensable. Impaired pathogen clearance in infected Il22-/- mice was restored by hemopexin administration and hemopexin-deficient mice had increased pathogen loads after infection. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized host defense mechanism regulated by IL-22 that relies on the induction of hemopexin to limit heme availability to bacteria leading to suppression of bacterial growth during systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hideki Hara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Michigan Medical School, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gustavo Caballero-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - José L Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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445
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Scully EP, Miller AL. Just a Cut. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:500-1. [PMID: 28146665 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1615253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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446
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Spritzer PM, Lecke SB, Fabris VC, Ziegelmann PK, Amaral L. Blood Trace Element Concentrations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:254-262. [PMID: 27301656 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent condition in women of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by androgen excess and chronic anovulation and associated with low-grade inflammation and metabolic comorbidities. Some trace elements have been linked to pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in different disorders. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence regarding trace element concentrations in PCOS. We reviewed MEDLINE and EMBASE in search of case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies published until September 2015. Of 183 studies identified, six were selected for systematic review. All used the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. Two studies evaluating chromium and one assessing cobalt levels did not observe differences between PCOS and controls. Another study recorded similar nickel and vanadium levels between the groups, but lower selenium concentrations in women with PCOS compared to controls. Four studies were included in the random effects model meta-analysis, for a total of 264 PCOS and 151 control women. Copper levels were found to be higher in women with PCOS than in controls [mean difference 0.12 ppm (95 % CI 0.07; 0.17 ppm); I 2 = 0 %]. Manganese [mean difference 0.04 ppm (95 % CI -0.05; 0.13 ppm); I 2 = 94.4 %] and zinc concentrations [mean difference 0.02 ppm (95 % CI -0.12; 0.16 ppm); I 2 = 92.4 %] were similar between the groups. The present results suggest a relationship between increased copper concentration and PCOS. This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42016034036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sheila Bünecker Lecke
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Diagnostic Methods, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Costa Fabris
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Klarmann Ziegelmann
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívio Amaral
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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447
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Weiss G, Carver PL. Role of divalent metals in infectious disease susceptibility and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 24:16-23. [PMID: 28143784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Divalent metals play important roles in maintaining metabolism and cellular growth of both eukaryotic hosts and invading microbes. Both metal deficiency and overload can result in abnormal cellular function or damage. Given its central role in host-pathogen interactions, subtle alterations of divalent metal homeostasis can occur in the course of infectious diseases which aim, from the host perspective, either to reduce the availability of respective metals to microbes or to use toxic metal accumulation to eliminate pathogens. AIMS To provide the reader with background information and clinical data on divalent metal homeostasis in host-pathogen interactions, how this affects the course of infectious disease and whether correction of metal disturbances has shown benefit in infections. SOURCES An in-depth analysis of PubMed articles related to the topic of this review published in English between 1970 and 2016 was performed. CONTENT From the microbial perspective, divalent metals are essential for growth and pathogenicity and to mount effective protection against antimicrobial host responses, including toxic radical formation. Microbes have evolved multiple strategies to control their access to divalent metals. From the clinical perspective, alterations of divalent metal levels may result in increased or decreased susceptibility to infection and often occur in response to infections. However, keeping in mind the strategies underlying such alterations, for which the term 'nutritional immunity' was coined, the uncritical correction of such divalent metal imbalances may cause harm to patients. This review addresses the role of the divalent metals iron, selenium, zinc, manganese and copper in infectious diseases from a mechanistic and clinical perspective. IMPLICATIONS We point out areas of research needed to expand our limited knowledge, hoping to improve the clinical management of patients with infections and to identify promising new targets for treatment by modulation of host or microbe divalent metal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - P L Carver
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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448
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Alam MZ, Devalaraja S, Haldar M. The Heme Connection: Linking Erythrocytes and Macrophage Biology. Front Immunol 2017; 8:33. [PMID: 28167947 PMCID: PMC5256077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid function and development is intimately linked to macrophages. The primary function of erythrocytes is oxygen delivery, which is mediated by iron-containing hemoglobin. The major source of this iron is a recycling pathway where macrophages scavenge old and damaged erythrocytes to release iron contained within the heme moiety. Macrophages also promote erythropoiesis by providing a supportive niche in the bone marrow as an integral component of “erythorblastic islands.” Importantly, inflammation leads to alterations in iron handling by macrophages with significant impact on iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. The importance of macrophages in erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis is well established and has been extensively reviewed. However, this developmental relationship is not one way, and erythrocytes can also regulate macrophage development and function. Erythrocyte-derived heme can induce the development of iron-recycling macrophages from monocytes, engage pattern recognition receptors to activate macrophages, and act as ligand for specific nuclear receptors to modulate macrophage function. Here, we discuss the role of heme as a signaling molecule impacting macrophage homeostasis. We will review these actions of heme within the framework of our current understanding of the role of micro-environmental factors in macrophage development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Samir Devalaraja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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449
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Laribacter hongkongensis Reveals Adaptive Response Coupled with Temperature. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169998. [PMID: 28085929 PMCID: PMC5234827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adaptation to different hosts requires transcriptomic alteration in response to the environmental conditions. Laribacter hongkongensis is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, urease-positive bacillus caused infections in liver cirrhosis patients and community-acquired gastroenteritis. It was also found in intestine from commonly consumed freshwater fishes and drinking water reservoirs. Since L. hongkongensis could survive as either fish or human pathogens, their survival mechanisms in two different habitats should be temperature-regulated and highly complex. Therefore, we performed transcriptomic analysis of L. hongkongensis at body temperatures of fish and human in order to elucidate the versatile adaptation mechanisms coupled with the temperatures. We identified numerous novel temperature-induced pathways involved in host pathogenesis, in addition to the shift of metabolic equilibriums and overexpression of stress-related proteins. Moreover, these pathways form a network that can be activated at a particular temperature, and change the physiology of the bacteria to adapt to the environments. In summary, the dynamic of transcriptomes in L. hongkongensis provides versatile strategies for the bacterial survival at different habitats and this alteration prepares the bacterium for the challenge of host immunity.
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450
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Sensoy O, Atilgan AR, Atilgan C. FbpA iron storage and release are governed by periplasmic microenvironments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6064-6075. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06961d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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