401
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Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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402
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Hamadeh Z, Lansdorp P. RECQL5 at the Intersection of Replication and Transcription. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:324. [PMID: 32523948 PMCID: PMC7262407 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is essential to prevent the accumulation of DNA mutations that can initiate oncogenesis and facilitate tumor progression. Studies of DNA repair genes have revealed a highly dynamic and redundant network of genes and proteins responsible for maintaining genome stability. Cancer cells are often deficient in DNA repair, and the resulting genome instability decreases their fitness but also allows for more rapid evolution under selective pressure. Of particular interest for genome stability are the RecQ class of helicases. Five genes in this class, RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5, are unique to mammals, as simpler eukaryotes and bacteria appear to have only one homolog, RecQ. The precise role of each of the five mammalian RecQ helicases remains to be determined. Whereas loss of function mutations of BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 in humans are associated with specific diseases, RECQL1 and RECQL5 have not yet been associated with specific disorders. Mice deficient in Recql5 are more likely to develop cancer, and human cells deficient in RECQL5 display chromosomal instability and elevated sister chromatid exchange events, similar to cells deficient in any of the other RecQ helicases. Recent studies support the hypothesis that RECQL5 can resolve intermediate DNA repair structures resulting from the collision of DNA transcription and replication machinery. In this review, we aim to summarize current knowledge regarding RECQL5 in the context of DNA repair, replication, and transcription to help uncover the role of RECQL5 in the maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeid Hamadeh
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Lansdorp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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403
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ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
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404
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Lee JW, Ratnakumar K, Hung KF, Rokunohe D, Kawasumi M. Deciphering UV-induced DNA Damage Responses to Prevent and Treat Skin Cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:478-499. [PMID: 32119110 DOI: 10.1111/php.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is among the most prevalent environmental factors that influence human health and disease. Even 1 h of UV irradiation extensively damages the genome. To cope with resulting deleterious DNA lesions, cells activate a multitude of DNA damage response pathways, including DNA repair. Strikingly, UV-induced DNA damage formation and repair are affected by chromatin state. When cells enter S phase with these lesions, a distinct mutation signature is created via error-prone translesion synthesis. Chronic UV exposure leads to high mutation burden in skin and consequently the development of skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States. Intriguingly, UV-induced oxidative stress has opposing effects on carcinogenesis. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of UV-induced DNA damage responses will be useful for preventing and treating skin cancer with greater precision. Excitingly, recent studies have uncovered substantial depth of novel findings regarding the molecular and cellular consequences of UV irradiation. In this review, we will discuss updated mechanisms of UV-induced DNA damage responses including the ATR pathway, which maintains genome integrity following UV irradiation. We will also present current strategies for preventing and treating nonmelanoma skin cancer, including ATR pathway inhibition for prevention and photodynamic therapy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon W Lee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kajan Ratnakumar
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kai-Feng Hung
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daiki Rokunohe
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masaoki Kawasumi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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405
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Kurashima K, Kashiwagi H, Shimomura I, Suzuki A, Takeshita F, Mazevet M, Harata M, Yamashita T, Yamamoto Y, Kohno T, Shiotani B. SMARCA4 deficiency-associated heterochromatin induces intrinsic DNA replication stress and susceptibility to ATR inhibition in lung adenocarcinoma. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa005. [PMID: 34316685 PMCID: PMC8210217 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex regulates transcription through the control of chromatin structure and is increasingly thought to play an important role in human cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) patients frequently harbor mutations in SMARCA4, a core component of this multisubunit complex. Most of these mutations are loss-of-function mutations, which disrupt critical functions in the regulation of chromatin architecture and can cause DNA replication stress. This study reports that LADC cells deficient in SMARCA4 showed increased DNA replication stress and greater sensitivity to the ATR inhibitor (ATRi) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, loss of SMARCA4 increased heterochromatin formation, resulting in stalled forks, a typical DNA replication stress. In the absence of SMARCA4, severe ATRi-induced single-stranded DNA, which caused replication catastrophe, was generated on nascent DNA near the reversed forks around heterochromatin in an Mre11-dependent manner. Thus, loss of SMARCA4 confers susceptibility to ATRi, both by increasing heterochromatin-associated replication stress and by allowing Mre11 to destabilize reversed forks. These two mechanisms synergistically increase susceptibility of SMARCA4-deficient LADC cells to ATRi. These results provide a preclinical basis for assessing SMARCA4 defects as a biomarker of ATRi efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Kurashima
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hideto Kashiwagi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Iwao Shimomura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Department of Functional Analysis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Marianne Mazevet
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Bunsyo Shiotani
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 3 3547 5201 (Ext. 3681); Fax: +81 3 3543 9305;
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406
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Colombo CV, Gnugnoli M, Gobbini E, Longhese MP. How do cells sense DNA lesions? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:677-691. [PMID: 32219379 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA is exposed to both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents that chemically modify it. To counteract the deleterious effects exerted by DNA lesions, eukaryotic cells have evolved a network of cellular pathways, termed DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR comprises both mechanisms devoted to repair DNA lesions and signal transduction pathways that sense DNA damage and transduce this information to specific cellular targets. These targets, in turn, impact a wide range of cellular processes including DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle transitions. The importance of the DDR is highlighted by the fact that DDR inactivation is commonly found in cancer and causes many different human diseases. The protein kinases ATM and ATR, as well as their budding yeast orthologs Tel1 and Mec1, act as master regulators of the DDR. The initiating events in the DDR entail both DNA lesion recognition and assembly of protein complexes at the damaged DNA sites. Here, we review what is known about the early steps of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vittoria Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gnugnoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Gobbini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Longhese
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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407
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ATR Inhibition Potentiates PARP Inhibitor Cytotoxicity in High Risk Neuroblastoma Cell Lines by Multiple Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051095. [PMID: 32354033 PMCID: PMC7281288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) is one the most difficult childhood cancers to cure. These tumours frequently present with DNA damage response (DDR) defects including loss or mutation of key DDR genes, oncogene-induced replication stress (RS) and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Aim: To identify biomarkers of sensitivity to inhibition of Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), a DNA damage sensor, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is required for single strand break repair. We also hypothesise that combining ATR and PARP inhibition is synergistic. Methods: Single agent sensitivity to VE-821 (ATR inhibitor) and olaparib (PARP inhibitor), and the combination, was determined using cell proliferation and clonogenic assays, in HR-NB cell lines. Basal expression of DDR proteins, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATR, was assessed using Western blotting. CHK1S345 and H2AXS129 phosphorylation was assessed using Western blotting to determine ATR activity and RS, respectively. RS and homologous recombination repair (HRR) activity was also measured by γH2AX and Rad51 foci formation using immunofluorescence. Results: MYCN amplification and/or low ATM protein expression were associated with sensitivity to VE-821 (p < 0.05). VE-821 was synergistic with olaparib (CI value 0.04-0.89) independent of MYCN or ATM status. Olaparib increased H2AXS129 phosphorylation which was further increased by VE-821. Olaparib-induced Rad51 foci formation was reduced by VE-821 suggesting inhibition of HRR. Conclusion: RS associated with MYCN amplification, ATR loss or PARP inhibition increases sensitivity to the ATR inhibitor VE-821. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HR-NB.
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408
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Gralewska P, Gajek A, Marczak A, Rogalska A. Participation of the ATR/CHK1 pathway in replicative stress targeted therapy of high-grade ovarian cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 32316968 PMCID: PMC7175546 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies reported throughout the world. The initial, standard-of-care, adjuvant chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer is usually a platinum drug, such as cisplatin or carboplatin, combined with a taxane. However, despite surgical removal of the tumor and initial high response rates to first-line chemotherapy, around 80% of women will develop cancer recurrence. Effective strategies, including chemotherapy and new research models, are necessary to improve the prognosis. The replication stress response (RSR) is characteristic of the development of tumors, including ovarian cancer. Hence, RSR pathway and DNA repair proteins have emerged as a new area for anticancer drug development. Although clinical trials have shown poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) response rates of around 40% in women who carry a mutation in the BRCA1/2 genes, PARPi is responsible for tumor suppression, but not for complete tumor regression. Recent reports suggest that cells with impaired homologous recombination (HR) activities due to mutations in TP53 gene or specific DNA repair proteins are specifically sensitive to ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) inhibitors. Replication stress activates DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATR, CHK1), which prevent further DNA damage. This review describes the use of DNA repair checkpoint inhibitors as single agents and strategies combining these inhibitors with DNA-damaging compounds for ovarian cancer therapy, as well as the new platforms used for optimizing ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Gralewska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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409
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Ragu S, Matos-Rodrigues G, Lopez BS. Replication Stress, DNA Damage, Inflammatory Cytokines and Innate Immune Response. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E409. [PMID: 32283785 PMCID: PMC7230342 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete and accurate DNA replication is essential to genome stability maintenance during cellular division. However, cells are routinely challenged by endogenous as well as exogenous agents that threaten DNA stability. DNA breaks and the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) arising from endogenous replication stress have been observed at pre- or early stages of oncogenesis and senescence. Proper detection and signalling of DNA damage are essential for the autonomous cellular response in which the DDR regulates cell cycle progression and controls the repair machinery. In addition to this autonomous cellular response, replicative stress changes the cellular microenvironment, activating the innate immune response that enables the organism to protect itself against the proliferation of damaged cells. Thereby, the recent descriptions of the mechanisms of the pro-inflammatory response activation after replication stress, DNA damage and DDR defects constitute important conceptual novelties. Here, we review the links of replication, DNA damage and DDR defects to innate immunity activation by pro-inflammatory paracrine effects, highlighting the implications for human syndromes and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard S. Lopez
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75014 Paris, France; (S.R.); (G.M.-R.)
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410
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Southgate HED, Chen L, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for the Treatment of High Risk Neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:371. [PMID: 32309213 PMCID: PMC7145987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive multimodal therapy, the survival rate for high risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains <50%. Most cases initially respond to treatment but almost half will subsequently relapse with aggressive treatment resistant disease. Novel treatments exploiting the molecular pathology of NB and/or overcoming resistance to current genotoxic therapies are needed before survival rates can significantly improve. DNA damage response (DDR) defects are frequently observed in HR-NB including allelic deletion and loss of function mutations in key DDR genes, oncogene induced replication stress and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Exploiting defects in the DDR has been a successful treatment strategy in some adult cancers. Here we review the genetic features of HR-NB which lead to DDR defects and the emerging molecular targeting agents to exploit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E D Southgate
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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411
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Eksi SE, Saldivar JC. Cohesin Is Out for Stalled Replication Fork Restart. Dev Cell 2020; 52:675-676. [PMID: 32208158 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Replication stress underlies many genomic alterations in cancer cells. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Benedict et al. show that WAPL-dependent cohesin removal is needed to restart DNA synthesis at stalled forks and promote survival following replication stress, uncovering an unexpected link between stress and sister chromatid cohesion loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ece Eksi
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Joshua C Saldivar
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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412
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FAM111A protects replication forks from protein obstacles via its trypsin-like domain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1318. [PMID: 32165630 PMCID: PMC7067828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent protein obstacles on genomic DNA, such as DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) and tight nucleoprotein complexes, can block replication forks. DPCs can be removed by the proteolytic activities of the metalloprotease SPRTN or the proteasome in a replication-coupled manner; however, additional proteolytic mechanisms may exist to cope with the diversity of protein obstacles. Here, we show that FAM111A, a PCNA-interacting protein, plays an important role in mitigating the effect of protein obstacles on replication forks. This function of FAM111A requires an intact trypsin-like protease domain, the PCNA interaction, and the DNA-binding domain that is necessary for protease activity in vivo. FAM111A, but not SPRTN, protects replication forks from stalling at poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-DNA complexes trapped by PARP inhibitors, thereby promoting cell survival after drug treatment. Altogether, our findings reveal a role of FAM111A in overcoming protein obstacles to replication forks, shedding light on cellular responses to anti-cancer therapies.
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413
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Forey R, Poveda A, Sharma S, Barthe A, Padioleau I, Renard C, Lambert R, Skrzypczak M, Ginalski K, Lengronne A, Chabes A, Pardo B, Pasero P. Mec1 Is Activated at the Onset of Normal S Phase by Low-dNTP Pools Impeding DNA Replication. Mol Cell 2020; 78:396-410.e4. [PMID: 32169162 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Mec1 and Rad53 kinases play a central role during acute replication stress in budding yeast. They are also essential for viability in normal growth conditions, but the signal that activates the Mec1-Rad53 pathway in the absence of exogenous insults is currently unknown. Here, we show that this pathway is active at the onset of normal S phase because deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) levels present in G1 phase may not be sufficient to support processive DNA synthesis and impede DNA replication. This activation can be suppressed experimentally by increasing dNTP levels in G1 phase. Moreover, we show that unchallenged cells entering S phase in the absence of Rad53 undergo irreversible fork collapse and mitotic catastrophe. Together, these data indicate that cells use suboptimal dNTP pools to detect the onset of DNA replication and activate the Mec1-Rad53 pathway, which in turn maintains functional forks and triggers dNTP synthesis, allowing the completion of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Forey
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Poveda
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antoine Barthe
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ismael Padioleau
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Renard
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Lambert
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Magdalena Skrzypczak
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Armelle Lengronne
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Pardo
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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414
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Peters DK, Garcea RL. Murine polyomavirus DNA transitions through spatially distinct nuclear replication subdomains during infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008403. [PMID: 32203554 PMCID: PMC7117779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of small DNA viruses requires both host DNA replication and repair factors that are often recruited to subnuclear domains termed viral replication centers (VRCs). Aside from serving as a spatial focus for viral replication, little is known about these dynamic areas in the nucleus. We investigated the organization and function of VRCs during murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) infection using 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM). We localized MuPyV replication center components, such as the viral large T-antigen (LT) and the cellular replication protein A (RPA), to spatially distinct subdomains within VRCs. We found that viral DNA (vDNA) trafficked sequentially through these subdomains post-synthesis, suggesting their distinct functional roles in vDNA processing. Additionally, we observed disruption of VRC organization and vDNA trafficking during mutant MuPyV infections or inhibition of DNA synthesis. These results reveal a dynamic organization of VRC components that coordinates virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K. Peters
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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415
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Gorecki L, Andrs M, Rezacova M, Korabecny J. Discovery of ATR kinase inhibitor berzosertib (VX-970, M6620): Clinical candidate for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107518. [PMID: 32109490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance, radioresistance, and the challenge of achieving complete resection are major driving forces in the search for more robust and targeted anticancer therapies. Targeting the DNA damage response has recently attracted research interest, as these processes are enhanced in tumour cells. The major replication stress responder is ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, which is attracting attention worldwide with four drug candidates currently in phase I/II clinical trials. This review addresses a potent and selective small-molecule ATR inhibitor, which is known as VX-970 (also known as berzosertib or M6620), and summarizes the existing preclinical data to provide deep insight regarding its real potential. We also outline the transition from preclinical to clinical studies, as well as its relationships with other clinical candidates (AZD6738, VX-803 [M4344], and BAY1895344). The results suggest that VX-970 is indeed a promising anticancer drug that can be used both as monotherapy and in combination with either chemotherapy or radiotherapy strategies. Based on patient anamnesis and biomarker identification, VX-970 could become a valuable tool for oncologists in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rezacova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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416
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Abstract
In this review, Mirman et al. summarize the current understanding of the role of 53BP1 in DSB repair at deprotected telomeres, in class switch recombination in the immune system, and in the context of PARPi-treated BRCA1-deficient cells. They argue that the primary function of 53BP1 is not to regulate the choice between c-NHEJ and HDR, but to ensure the fidelity of DSB repair, a function that is corrupted in diseases where DNA repair is rewired. 53BP1 is an enigmatic DNA damage response factor that gained prominence because it determines the efficacy of PARP1 inhibitory drugs (PARPi) in BRCA1-deficient cancers. Recent studies have elevated 53BP1 from its modest status of (yet another) DNA damage factor to master regulator of double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway choice. Our review of the literature suggests an alternative view. We propose that 53BP1 has evolved to avoid mutagenic repair outcomes and does so by controlling the processing of DNA ends and the dynamics of DSBs. The consequences of 53BP1 deficiency, such as diminished PARPi efficacy in BRCA1-deficient cells and altered repair of damaged telomeres, can be explained from this viewpoint. We further propose that some of the fidelity functions of 53BP1 coevolved with class switch recombination (CSR) in the immune system. We speculate that, rather than being deterministic in DSB repair pathway choice, 53BP1 functions as a DSB escort that guards against illegitimate and potentially tumorigenic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Mirman
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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417
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From R-Loops to G-Quadruplexes: Emerging New Threats for the Replication Fork. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041506. [PMID: 32098397 PMCID: PMC7073102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating the entire genome is one of the most complex tasks for all organisms. Research carried out in the last few years has provided us with a clearer picture on how cells preserve genomic information from the numerous insults that may endanger its stability. Different DNA repair pathways, coping with exogenous or endogenous threat, have been dissected at the molecular level. More recently, there has been an increasing interest towards intrinsic obstacles to genome replication, paving the way to a novel view on genomic stability. Indeed, in some cases, the movement of the replication fork can be hindered by the presence of stable DNA: RNA hybrids (R-loops), the folding of G-rich sequences into G-quadruplex structures (G4s) or repetitive elements present at Common Fragile Sites (CFS). Although differing in their nature and in the way they affect the replication fork, all of these obstacles are a source of replication stress. Replication stress is one of the main hallmarks of cancer and its prevention is becoming increasingly important as a target for future chemotherapeutics. Here we will try to summarize how these three obstacles are generated and how the cells handle replication stress upon their encounter. Finally, we will consider their role in cancer and their exploitation in current chemotherapeutic approaches.
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418
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Simon AK, Kummer S, Wild S, Lezaja A, Teloni F, Jozwiakowski SK, Altmeyer M, Gari K. The iron-sulfur helicase DDX11 promotes the generation of single-stranded DNA for CHK1 activation. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e201900547. [PMID: 32071282 PMCID: PMC7032568 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron–sulfur cluster helicase DDX11 promotes the generation of ssDNA and the phosphorylation of CHK1 at serine-345, possibly by unwinding replication-dependent DNA secondary structures. The iron–sulfur (FeS) cluster helicase DDX11 is associated with a human disorder termed Warsaw Breakage Syndrome. Interestingly, one disease-associated mutation affects the highly conserved arginine-263 in the FeS cluster-binding motif. Here, we demonstrate that the FeS cluster in DDX11 is required for DNA binding, ATP hydrolysis, and DNA helicase activity, and that arginine-263 affects FeS cluster binding, most likely because of its positive charge. We further show that DDX11 interacts with the replication factors DNA polymerase delta and WDHD1. In vitro, DDX11 can remove DNA obstacles ahead of Pol δ in an ATPase- and FeS domain-dependent manner, and hence generate single-stranded DNA. Accordingly, depletion of DDX11 causes reduced levels of single-stranded DNA, a reduction of chromatin-bound replication protein A, and impaired CHK1 phosphorylation at serine-345. Taken together, we propose that DDX11 plays a role in dismantling secondary structures during DNA replication, thereby promoting CHK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Simon
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Kummer
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wild
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Lezaja
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Teloni
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Gari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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419
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects hundreds of millions of people and remains a major cause of viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. HBV persistence is sustained by a viral nuclear episome that directs all viral gene expression needed to support viral replication. The episome is converted from an incomplete DNA precursor in viral particles in an ill-understood process. We report here that the incomplete DNA precursor is recognized by the host cell in a way similar to the sensing of damaged cellular DNA for subsequent repair to form the nuclear episome. Intense efforts are ongoing to develop novel antiviral strategies to eliminate CCC DNA so as to cure chronic HBV infection. Our results here provide novel insights into, and suggest novel ways of perturbing, the process of episome formation. Furthermore, our results inform mechanisms of cellular DNA damage recognition and repair, processes essential for normal cell growth. The covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) functions as the only viral transcriptional template capable of producing all viral RNA species and is essential to initiate and sustain viral replication. CCC DNA is converted from a relaxed circular (RC) DNA, in which neither of the two DNA strands is covalently closed. As RC DNA mimics damaged cellular DNA, the host cell DNA damage repair (DDR) system is thought to be responsible for HBV CCC DNA formation. The potential role of two major cellular DDR pathways, the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) pathway, in HBV CCC DNA formation was thus investigated. Inhibition, or expression knockdown, of ATR and its downstream signaling factor CHK1, but not of ATM, decreased CCC DNA formation during de novo HBV infection, as well as intracellular CCC DNA amplification, when RC DNA from extracellular virions and intracellular nucleocapsids, respectively, is converted to CCC DNA. Furthermore, a novel RC DNA processing product with 5′ truncated minus strands was detected when the ATR-CHK1 pathway was inhibited, further indicating that this pathway controls RC DNA processing during its conversion to CCC DNA. These results provide new insights into how host cells recognize and process HBV RC DNA in order to produce CCC DNA and have implications for potential means to block CCC DNA production.
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420
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Physiological and Pathological Roles of RAD52 at DNA Replication Forks. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020402. [PMID: 32050645 PMCID: PMC7072239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding basic molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of cancer cells is of outmost importance for identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for patient stratification and better therapy selection. One of these mechanisms, the response to replication stress, fuels cancer genomic instability. It is also an Achille’s heel of cancer. Thus, identification of pathways used by the cancer cells to respond to replication-stress may assist in the identification of new biomarkers and discovery of new therapeutic targets. Alternative mechanisms that act at perturbed DNA replication forks and involve fork degradation by nucleases emerged as crucial for sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics agents inducing replication stress. Despite its important role in homologous recombination and recombinational repair of DNA double strand breaks in lower eukaryotes, RAD52 protein has been considered dispensable in human cells and the full range of its cellular functions remained unclear. Very recently, however, human RAD52 emerged as an important player in multiple aspects of replication fork metabolism under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we describe recent advances on RAD52’s key functions at stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks, in particular, the unexpected role of RAD52 as a gatekeeper, which prevents unscheduled processing of DNA. Last, we will discuss how these functions can be exploited using specific inhibitors in targeted therapy or for an informed therapy selection.
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421
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Characterizing the antiviral effect of an ATR inhibitor on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Arch Virol 2020; 165:683-690. [PMID: 32002668 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new antiviral therapies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), several cellular targets are being investigated. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has been implicated in HIV-1 replication, namely during retroviral DNA integration. We studied the effect of the ATR inhibitor ETP-46464 on HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the persistently HIV-1-infected cell line H61-D. After treatment with ETP-46464, a significant decrease in virus production was observed in both cell systems. Quantification of viral DNA forms in the acutely infected PBMCs suggests that inhibition could take place in the early phase of the viral life cycle before viral DNA integration. Moreover, after treatment of H61-D cells with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), which blocks new reverse transcription events, ETP-46464 decreased viral production, suggesting that inhibition of viral replication occurred in the late phase of the life cycle after viral DNA integration. A decrease in virus production after transfection of 293T cells with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone also suggested that the effect of ETP-46464 is exerted at a post-integration step. We propose that ETP-46464 produces its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication by acting in both the early and late phases of the retroviral replication cycle. Thus, ATR could represent a new target for inhibition of HIV-1 replication.
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422
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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423
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Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
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424
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Mahapatra K, Roy S. An insight into the mechanism of DNA damage response in plants- role of SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1: An overview. Mutat Res 2020; 819-820:111689. [PMID: 32004947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of their sessile lifestyle, plants are inescapably exposed to various kinds of environmental stresses throughout their lifetime. Therefore, to regulate their growth and development, plants constantly monitor the environmental signals and respond appropriately. However, these environmental stress factors, along with some endogenous metabolites, generated in response to environmental stress factors often induce various forms of DNA damage in plants and thus promote genome instability. To maintain the genomic integrity, plants have developed an extensive, sophisticated and coordinated cellular signaling mechanism known as DNA damage response or DDR. DDR evokes a signaling process which initiates with the sensing of DNA damage and followed by the subsequent activation of downstream pathways in many directions to repair and eliminate the harmful effects of DNA damages. SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1 (SOG1), one of the newly identified components of DDR in plant genome, appears to play central role in this signaling network. SOG1 is a member of NAC [NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM), ARABIDOPSIS TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATION FACTOR (ATAF), CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC)] domain family of transcription factors and involved in a diverse array of function in plants, encompassing transcriptional response to DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoint functions, ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA-MUTATED (ATM) or ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA AND RAD3-RELATED (ATR) mediated activation of DNA damage response and repair, functioning in programmed cell death and regulation of induction of endoreduplication. Although most of the functional studies on SOG1 have been reported in Arabidopsis, some recent reports have indicated diverse functions of SOG1 in various other plant species, including Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Sorghum bicolour, Oryza sativa and Zea mays, respectively. The remarkable functional diversity shown by SOG1 protein indicates its multitasking capacity. In this review, we integrate information mainly related to functional aspects of SOG1 in the context of DDR in plants. Considering the important role of SOG1 in DDR and its functional diversity, in-depth functional study of this crucial regulatory protein can provide further potential information on genome stability maintenance mechanism in plants in the context of changing environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India.
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425
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Meyer F, Becker S, Classen S, Parplys AC, Mansour WY, Riepen B, Timm S, Ruebe C, Jasin M, Wikman H, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Borgmann K. Prevention of DNA Replication Stress by CHK1 Leads to Chemoresistance Despite a DNA Repair Defect in Homologous Recombination in Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010238. [PMID: 31963582 PMCID: PMC7017274 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability not only has a negative effect on survival in triple-negative breast cancer, but also on the well treatable subgroup of luminal A tumors. This suggests a general mechanism independent of subtypes. Increased chromosomal instability (CIN) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is attributed to a defect in the DNA repair pathway homologous recombination. Homologous recombination (HR) prevents genomic instability by repair and protection of replication. It is unclear whether genetic alterations actually lead to a repair defect or whether superior signaling pathways are of greater importance. Previous studies focused exclusively on the repair function of HR. Here, we show that the regulation of HR by the intra-S-phase damage response at the replication is of overriding importance. A damage response activated by Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related-checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1) can prevent replication stress and leads to resistance formation. CHK1 thus has a preferred role over HR in preventing replication stress in TNBC. The signaling cascade ATR-CHK1 can compensate for a double-strand break repair error and lead to resistance of HR-deficient tumors. Established methods for the identification of HR-deficient tumors for Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor therapies should be extended to include analysis of candidates for intra-S phase damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Meyer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Saskia Becker
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Sandra Classen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Ann Christin Parplys
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Wael Yassin Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
- Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Britta Riepen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Sara Timm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, 66421 Hamburg/Saar, Germany; (S.T.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Ruebe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, 66421 Hamburg/Saar, Germany; (S.T.); (C.R.)
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.C.P.); (W.Y.M.); (B.R.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-74105-3596
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426
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Velichko AK, Petrova NV, Luzhin AV, Strelkova OS, Ovsyannikova N, Kireev II, Petrova NV, Razin SV, Kantidze OL. Hypoosmotic stress induces R loop formation in nucleoli and ATR/ATM-dependent silencing of nucleolar transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:6811-6825. [PMID: 31114877 PMCID: PMC6648358 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of nucleoli to the cellular stress response has been discussed for over a decade. Stress-induced inhibition of RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription is hypothesized as a possible effector program in such a response. In this study, we report a new mechanism by which ribosomal DNA transcription can be inhibited in response to cellular stress. Specifically, we demonstrate that mild hypoosmotic stress induces stabilization of R loops in ribosomal genes and thus provokes the nucleoli-specific DNA damage response, which is governed by the ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase. Activation of ATR in nucleoli strongly depends on Treacle, which is needed for efficient recruitment/retention of TopBP1 in nucleoli. Subsequent ATR-mediated activation of ATM results in repression of nucleolar transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K Velichko
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Petrova
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Luzhin
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Strelkova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ovsyannikova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor I Kireev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.,V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Petrova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.,LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Omar L Kantidze
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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427
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Koppenhafer SL, Goss KL, Terry WW, Gordon DJ. Inhibition of the ATR-CHK1 Pathway in Ewing Sarcoma Cells Causes DNA Damage and Apoptosis via the CDK2-Mediated Degradation of RRM2. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:91-104. [PMID: 31649026 PMCID: PMC6942212 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, causes DNA replication stress and activates the ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related protein (ATR)-checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway. Notably, a number of different cancers, including Ewing sarcoma tumors, are sensitive to the combination of RNR and ATR-CHK1 inhibitors. However, multiple, overlapping mechanisms are reported to underlie the toxicity of ATR-CHK1 inhibitors, both as single agents and in combination with RNR inhibitors, toward cancer cells. Here, we identified a feedback loop in Ewing sarcoma cells in which inhibition of the ATR-CHK1 pathway depletes RRM2, the small subunit of RNR, and exacerbates the DNA replication stress and DNA damage caused by RNR inhibitors. Mechanistically, we identified that the inhibition of ATR-CHK1 activates CDK2, which targets RRM2 for degradation via the proteasome. Similarly, activation of CDK2 by inhibition or knockdown of the WEE1 kinase also depletes RRM2 and causes DNA damage and apoptosis. Moreover, we show that the concurrent inhibition of ATR and WEE1 has a synergistic effect in Ewing sarcoma cells. Overall, our results provide novel insight into the response to DNA replication stress, as well as a rationale for targeting the ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 pathways, in Ewing sarcoma tumors. IMPLICATIONS: Targeting the ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 kinases in Ewing sarcoma cells activates CDK2 and increases DNA replication stress by promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of RRM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelli L Goss
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William W Terry
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David J Gordon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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428
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Wang JYJ. Cell Death Response to DNA Damage. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:771-779. [PMID: 31866794 PMCID: PMC6913835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cell death response to DNA damage is discussed in this Perspectives piece with cancer as the backdrop because DNA damaging agents (DDA) are widely used to treat cancer. From decades of clinical results, we learn that DDA have cured some cancers but their toxicity is temporary in most cancers due to emergence of DDA-resistant cancer cells. Investigation of DDA-activated genes, proteins, and pathways, known collectively as the DNA damage response (DDR), has uncovered the inner workings of DDR that protect the genome to sustain life. Paradoxically, however, DDR can also activate death. Current knowledge on DDA-activated death and hypotheses for how DDR may determine when and where to execute death are discussed. Given that cancer cells suffer from DDR defects, which account for their initial sensitivity to DDA, future therapeutic development may exploit those cancer-specific DDR defects to selectively create death-inducing DNA lesions, without using DDA, to kill DDA-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y. J. Wang
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Jean Y. J. Wang, PhD, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, CMME 2059, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0660; Tel: (858) 534-6253,
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429
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When RAD52 Allows Mitosis to Accept Unscheduled DNA Synthesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010026. [PMID: 31861741 PMCID: PMC7017103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful duplication of the human genome during the S phase of cell cycle and accurate segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis are essential for the maintenance of chromosome stability from one generation of cells to the next. Cells that are copying their DNA in preparation for division can suffer from ‘replication stress’ (RS) due to various external or endogenous impediments that slow or stall replication forks. RS is a major cause of pathologies including cancer, premature ageing and other disorders associated with genomic instability. It particularly affects genomic loci where progression of replication forks is intrinsically slow or problematic, such as common fragile site (CFS), telomeres, and repetitive sequences. Although the eukaryotic cell cycle is conventionally thought of as several separate steps, each of which must be completed before the next one is initiated, it is now accepted that incompletely replicated chromosomal domains generated in S phase upon RS at these genomic loci can result in late DNA synthesis in G2/M. In 2013, during investigations into the mechanism by which the specialized DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) contributes to the replication and stability of CFS, we unveiled that indeed some DNA synthesis was still occurring in early mitosis at these loci. This surprising observation of mitotic DNA synthesis that differs fundamentally from canonical semi-conservative DNA replication in S-phase has been then confirmed, called “MiDAS”and believed to counteract potentially lethal chromosome mis-segregation and non-disjunction. While other contributions in this Special Issue of Cancers focus on the role of RAS52RAD52 during MiDAS, this review emphases on the discovery of MiDAS and its molecular effectors.
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430
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Park SH, Kang N, Song E, Wie M, Lee EA, Hwang S, Lee D, Ra JS, Park IB, Park J, Kang S, Park JH, Hohng S, Lee KY, Myung K. ATAD5 promotes replication restart by regulating RAD51 and PCNA in response to replication stress. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5718. [PMID: 31844045 PMCID: PMC6914801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stability of replication forks is important for genomic integrity. However, it is not clear how replisome proteins contribute to fork stability under replication stress. Here, we report that ATAD5, a PCNA unloader, plays multiple functions at stalled forks including promoting its restart. ATAD5 depletion increases genomic instability upon hydroxyurea treatment in cultured cells and mice. ATAD5 recruits RAD51 to stalled forks in an ATR kinase-dependent manner by hydroxyurea-enhanced protein-protein interactions and timely removes PCNA from stalled forks for RAD51 recruitment. Consistent with the role of RAD51 in fork regression, ATAD5 depletion inhibits slowdown of fork progression and native 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine signal induced by hydroxyurea. Single-molecule FRET showed that PCNA itself acts as a mechanical barrier to fork regression. Consequently, DNA breaks required for fork restart are reduced by ATAD5 depletion. Collectively, our results suggest an important role of ATAD5 in maintaining genome integrity during replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyung Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Nalae Kang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eunho Song
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Wie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eun A Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Deokjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.,Medytox Inc. 114, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae Sun Ra
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - In Bae Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jieun Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sukhyun Kang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sungchul Hohng
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo-Young Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.
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431
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Novel replisome-associated proteins at cellular replication forks in EBV-transformed B lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008228. [PMID: 31841561 PMCID: PMC6936862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus and WHO class 1 carcinogen that resides in B lymphocytes of nearly all humans. While silent in most, EBV can cause endemic Burkitt lymphoma in children and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders/lymphomas in immunocompromised hosts. The pathogenesis of such lymphomas is multifactorial but to a large extent depends on EBV’s ability to aggressively drive cellular DNA replication and B cell proliferation despite cell-intrinsic barriers to replication. One such barrier is oncogenic replication stress which hinders the progression of DNA replication forks. To understand how EBV successfully overcomes replication stress, we examined cellular replication forks in EBV-transformed B cells using iPOND (isolation of Proteins on Nascent DNA)-mass spectrometry and identified several cellular proteins that had not previously been linked to DNA replication. Of eight candidate replisome-associated proteins that we validated at forks in EBV-transformed cells and Burkitt lymphoma-derived cells, three zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) were upregulated early in B cells newly-infected with EBV in culture as well as expressed at high levels in EBV-infected B blasts in the blood of immunocompromised transplant recipients. Expressed highly in S- and G2-phase cells, knockdown of each ZFP resulted in stalling of proliferating cells in the S-phase, cleavage of caspase 3, and cell death. These proteins, newly-identified at replication forks of EBV-transformed and Burkitt lymphoma cells therefore contribute to cell survival and cell cycle progression, and represent novel targets for intervention of EBV-lymphomas while simultaneously offering a window into how the replication machinery may be similarly modified in other cancers. Cancer cells must overcome chronic replication stress, a central barrier to DNA replication. This is true also for cancers caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To understand how EBV overcomes this barrier to successfully drive cell proliferation, we isolated proteins associated with the cellular replication machinery in EBV-transformed B lymphocytes and identified several cellular proteins that had not previously been linked to DNA replication in cancer or healthy cells. Three of these were zinc finger proteins enriched at the replication machinery in EBV-transformed and EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma-derived cells, upregulated in newly-infected B cells, and expressed at high levels in infected B cells from transplant recipients. These zinc finger proteins also contributed towards cell proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression. While these proteins may also contribute to DNA replication in other cancers, they simultaneously represent potential targets in EBV-cancers, some of which are difficult to treat.
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432
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Primo LMF, Teixeira LK. DNA replication stress: oncogenes in the spotlight. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190138. [PMID: 31930281 PMCID: PMC7197996 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685gmb-2019-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise replication of genetic material is essential to maintain genome stability. DNA replication is a tightly regulated process that ensues faithful copies of DNA molecules to daughter cells during each cell cycle. Perturbation of DNA replication may compromise the transmission of genetic information, leading to DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements. DNA replication stress, also referred to as DNA replicative stress, is defined as the slowing or stalling of replication fork progression during DNA synthesis as a result of different insults. Oncogene activation, one hallmark of cancer, is able to disturb numerous cellular processes, including DNA replication. In fact, extensive work has indicated that oncogene-induced replication stress is an important source of genomic instability in human carcinogenesis. In this review, we focus on main oncogenes that induce DNA replication stress, such as RAS, MYC, Cyclin E, MDM2, and BCL-2 among others, and the molecular mechanisms by which these oncogenes interfere with normal DNA replication and promote genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza M. F. Primo
- Group of Cell Cycle Control, Program of Immunology and Tumor
Biology. Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
| | - Leonardo K. Teixeira
- Group of Cell Cycle Control, Program of Immunology and Tumor
Biology. Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
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433
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Abstract
Precise replication of genetic material is essential to maintain genome stability. DNA replication is a tightly regulated process that ensues faithful copies of DNA molecules to daughter cells during each cell cycle. Perturbation of DNA replication may compromise the transmission of genetic information, leading to DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements. DNA replication stress, also referred to as DNA replicative stress, is defined as the slowing or stalling of replication fork progression during DNA synthesis as a result of different insults. Oncogene activation, one hallmark of cancer, is able to disturb numerous cellular processes, including DNA replication. In fact, extensive work has indicated that oncogene-induced replication stress is an important source of genomic instability in human carcinogenesis. In this review, we focus on main oncogenes that induce DNA replication stress, such as RAS, MYC, Cyclin E, MDM2, and BCL-2 among others, and the molecular mechanisms by which these oncogenes interfere with normal DNA replication and promote genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza M F Primo
- Group of Cell Cycle Control, Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology. Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo K Teixeira
- Group of Cell Cycle Control, Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology. Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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434
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Urrutia G, Salmonson A, Toro-Zapata J, de Assuncao TM, Mathison A, Dusetti N, Iovanna J, Urrutia R, Lomberk G. Combined Targeting of G9a and Checkpoint Kinase 1 Synergistically Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth by Replication Fork Collapse. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:448-462. [PMID: 31822519 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of its dismal outcome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a therapeutic challenge making the testing of new pharmacologic tools a goal of paramount importance. Here, we developed a rational approach for inhibiting PDAC growth based on leveraging cell-cycle arrest of malignant cells at a phase that shows increased sensitivity to distinct epigenomic inhibitors. Specifically, we simultaneously inhibited checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) by prexasertib and the G9a histone methyltransferase with BRD4770, thereby targeting two key pathways for replication fork stability. Methodologically, the antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms of the combination were assessed by an extensive battery of assays, utilizing cell lines and patient-derived cells as well as 3D spheroids and xenografts. We find that the prexasertib-BRD4770 combination displays a synergistic effect on replication-associated phenomena, including cell growth, DNA synthesis, cell-cycle progression at S phase, and DNA damage signaling, ultimately leading to a highly efficient induction of cell death. Moreover, cellular and molecular data reveal that the synergistic effect of these pathways can be explained, at least in large part, by the convergence of both Chk1 and G9a functions at the level of the ATR-RPA-checkpoint pathway, which is operational during replication stress. Thus, targeting the epigenetic regulator G9a, which is necessary for replication fork stability, combined with inhibition of the DNA damage checkpoint, offers a novel approach for controlling PDAC growth through replication catastrophe. IMPLICATIONS: This study offers an improved, context-dependent, paradigm for the use of epigenomic inhibitors and provides mechanistic insight into their potential therapeutic use against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ann Salmonson
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jorge Toro-Zapata
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Thiago M de Assuncao
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Mathison
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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435
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Saxena S, Somyajit K, Nagaraju G. XRCC2 Regulates Replication Fork Progression during dNTP Alterations. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3273-3282.e6. [PMID: 30566856 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 paralogs are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity through protection of stalled replication forks and homology-directed repair (HDR) of double-strand breaks. Here, we find that a subset of RAD51 paralogs, XRCC2 (FANCU) and its binding partner RAD51D, restrain active DNA synthesis during dinucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) alterations in a manner independent of HDR. The absence of XRCC2 is associated with increased levels of RRM2, the regulatory subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), and concomitantly high nucleotide pools, leading to unrestrained fork progression and accumulation of DNA damage during dNTP alterations. Mechanistically, this function is independent of redox signaling and RAD51-mediated fork reversal and is regulated by ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling through phosphorylation of XRCC2 (Ser247). Together, these findings identify roles of RAD51 paralogs in the control of replication fork progression and maintenance of genome stability during nucleotide pool alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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436
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González Besteiro MA, Gottifredi V. ETAA1 ensures proper chromosome segregation: A matter of S phase or mitosis? J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3883-3884. [PMID: 31685532 PMCID: PMC6891084 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ETAA1 activates the master checkpoint kinase ATR. Bass and Cortez (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201810058) recently reported an intra-mitotic function of ETAA1 that safeguards chromosome stability. In this issue, Achuthankutty et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201905064) describe a mechanism controlling the ATR-activating potential of ETAA1 in S phase to preserve chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alejandra González Besteiro
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina
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437
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Rageul J, Park JJ, Jo U, Weinheimer AS, Vu TTM, Kim H. Conditional degradation of SDE2 by the Arg/N-End rule pathway regulates stress response at replication forks. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3996-4010. [PMID: 30698750 PMCID: PMC6486553 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple pathways counteract DNA replication stress to prevent genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The recently identified human SDE2 is a genome surveillance protein regulated by PCNA, a DNA clamp and processivity factor at replication forks. Here, we show that SDE2 cleavage after its ubiquitin-like domain generates Lys-SDE2Ct, the C-terminal SDE2 fragment bearing an N-terminal Lys residue. Lys-SDE2Ct constitutes a short-lived physiological substrate of the Arg/N-end rule proteolytic pathway, in which UBR1 and UBR2 ubiquitin ligases mediate the degradation. The Arg/N-end rule and VCP/p97UFD1-NPL4 segregase cooperate to promote phosphorylation-dependent, chromatin-associated Lys-SDE2Ct degradation upon UVC damage. Conversely, cells expressing the degradation-refractory K78V mutant, Val-SDE2Ct, fail to induce RPA phosphorylation and single-stranded DNA formation, leading to defects in PCNA-dependent DNA damage bypass and stalled fork recovery. Together, our study elucidates a previously unappreciated axis connecting the Arg/N-end rule and the p97-mediated proteolysis with the replication stress response, working together to preserve replication fork integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rageul
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jennifer J Park
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alexandra S Weinheimer
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology graduate program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tri T M Vu
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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438
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Mutreja K, Krietsch J, Hess J, Ursich S, Berti M, Roessler FK, Zellweger R, Patra M, Gasser G, Lopes M. ATR-Mediated Global Fork Slowing and Reversal Assist Fork Traverse and Prevent Chromosomal Breakage at DNA Interstrand Cross-Links. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2629-2642.e5. [PMID: 30184498 PMCID: PMC6137818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are toxic DNA lesions interfering with DNA metabolism that are induced by widely used anticancer drugs. They have long been considered absolute roadblocks for replication forks, implicating complex DNA repair processes at stalled or converging replication forks. Recent evidence challenged this view, proposing that single forks traverse ICLs by yet elusive mechanisms. Combining ICL immunolabeling and single-molecule approaches in human cells, we now show that ICL induction leads to global replication fork slowing, involving forks not directly challenged by ICLs. Active fork slowing is linked to rapid recruitment of RAD51 to replicating chromatin and to RAD51/ZRANB3-mediated fork reversal. This global modulation of fork speed and architecture requires ATR activation, promotes single-fork ICL traverse—here, directly visualized by electron microscopy—and prevents chromosomal breakage by untimely ICL processing. We propose that global fork slowing by remodeling provides more time for template repair and promotes bypass of residual lesions, limiting fork-associated processing. Fork slowing and reversal are also observed at forks not directly challenged by ICLs Fork reversal assists ICL traverse and limits DSBs associated with ICL unhooking ICL traverse can be directly visualized in human cells by electron microscopy ATR mediates global fork slowing and reversal upon different genotoxic treatments
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Affiliation(s)
- Karun Mutreja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ursich
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Berti
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne K Roessler
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Zellweger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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439
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Matos DA, Zhang JM, Ouyang J, Nguyen HD, Genois MM, Zou L. ATR Protects the Genome against R Loops through a MUS81-Triggered Feedback Loop. Mol Cell 2019; 77:514-527.e4. [PMID: 31708417 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
R loops arising during transcription induce genomic instability, but how cells respond to the R loop-associated genomic stress is still poorly understood. Here, we show that cells harboring high levels of R loops rely on the ATR kinase for survival. In response to aberrant R loop accumulation, the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR)-Chk1 pathway is activated by R loop-induced reversed replication forks. In contrast to the activation of ATR by replication inhibitors, R loop-induced ATR activation requires the MUS81 endonuclease. ATR protects the genome from R loops by suppressing transcription-replication collisions, promoting replication fork recovery, and enforcing a G2/M cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, ATR prevents excessive cleavage of reversed forks by MUS81, revealing a MUS81-triggered and ATR-mediated feedback loop that fine-tunes MUS81 activity at replication forks. These results suggest that ATR is a key sensor and suppressor of R loop-induced genomic instability, uncovering a signaling circuitry that safeguards the genome against R loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick A Matos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marie-Michelle Genois
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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440
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Quinet A, Tirman S, Jackson J, Šviković S, Lemaçon D, Carvajal-Maldonado D, González-Acosta D, Vessoni AT, Cybulla E, Wood M, Tavis S, Batista LFZ, Méndez J, Sale JE, Vindigni A. PRIMPOL-Mediated Adaptive Response Suppresses Replication Fork Reversal in BRCA-Deficient Cells. Mol Cell 2019; 77:461-474.e9. [PMID: 31676232 PMCID: PMC7007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute treatment with replication-stalling chemotherapeutics causes reversal of replication forks. BRCA proteins protect reversed forks from nucleolytic degradation, and their loss leads to chemosensitivity. Here, we show that fork degradation is no longer detectable in BRCA1-deficient cancer cells exposed to multiple cisplatin doses, mimicking a clinical treatment regimen. This effect depends on increased expression and chromatin loading of PRIMPOL and is regulated by ATR activity. Electron microscopy and single-molecule DNA fiber analyses reveal that PRIMPOL rescues fork degradation by reinitiating DNA synthesis past DNA lesions. PRIMPOL repriming leads to accumulation of ssDNA gaps while suppressing fork reversal. We propose that cells adapt to repeated cisplatin doses by activating PRIMPOL repriming under conditions that would otherwise promote pathological reversed fork degradation. This effect is generalizable to other conditions of impaired fork reversal (e.g., SMARCAL1 loss or PARP inhibition) and suggests a new strategy to modulate cisplatin chemosensitivity by targeting the PRIMPOL pathway. Multiple cisplatin doses suppress reversed fork degradation in BRCA-deficient cells The PRIMPOL adaptive response suppresses fork reversal and leads to ssDNA gaps The ATR kinase regulates the PRIMPOL-mediated adaptive response Impaired fork reversal shifts the balance toward PRIMPOL-mediated repriming
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Tirman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saša Šviković
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Delphine Lemaçon
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Denisse Carvajal-Maldonado
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Alexandre T Vessoni
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Steven Tavis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Luis F Z Batista
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juan Méndez
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julian E Sale
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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441
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Schoonen PM, Kok YP, Wierenga E, Bakker B, Foijer F, Spierings DCJ, van Vugt MATM. Premature mitotic entry induced by ATR inhibition potentiates olaparib inhibition-mediated genomic instability, inflammatory signaling, and cytotoxicity in BRCA2-deficient cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2422-2440. [PMID: 31529615 PMCID: PMC6822251 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are selectively cytotoxic in cancer cells with defects in homologous recombination (HR) (e.g., due to BRCA1/2 mutations). However, not all HR‐deficient tumors efficiently respond to PARP inhibition and often acquire resistance. It is therefore important to uncover how PARP inhibitors induce cytotoxicity and develop combination strategies to potentiate PARP inhibitor efficacy in HR‐deficient tumors. In this study, we found that forced mitotic entry upon ATR inhibition potentiates cytotoxic effects of PARP inhibition using olaparib in BRCA2‐depleted and Brca2 knockout cancer cell line models. Single DNA fiber analysis showed that ATR inhibition does not exacerbate replication fork degradation. Instead, we find ATR inhibitors accelerate mitotic entry, resulting in the formation of chromatin bridges and lagging chromosomes. Furthermore, using genome‐wide single‐cell sequencing, we show that ATR inhibition enhances genomic instability of olaparib‐treated BRCA2‐depleted cells. Inhibition of CDK1 to delay mitotic entry mitigated mitotic aberrancies and genomic instability upon ATR inhibition, underscoring the role of ATR in coordinating proper cell cycle timing in situations of DNA damage. Additionally, we show that olaparib treatment leads to increased numbers of micronuclei, which is accompanied by a cGAS/STING‐associated inflammatory response in BRCA2‐deficient cells. ATR inhibition further increased the numbers of cGAS‐positive micronuclei and the extent of cytokine production in olaparib‐treated BRCA2‐deficient cancer cells. Altogether, we show that ATR inhibition induces premature mitotic entry and mediates synergistic cytotoxicity with PARP inhibition in HR‐deficient cancer cells, which involves enhanced genomic instability and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn M Schoonen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick P Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elles Wierenga
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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442
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Shaj K, Hutcherson RJ, Kemp MG. ATR Kinase Activity Limits Mutagenesis and Promotes the Clonogenic Survival of Quiescent Human Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:105-112. [PMID: 31554014 DOI: 10.1111/php.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ATR protein kinase has well-described roles in maintaining genomic integrity during the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. However, ATR function in cells that are not actively replicating DNA remains largely unexplored. Using HaCaT and telomerase-immortalized human keratinocytes maintained in a confluent, nonreplicating state in vitro, ATR was found to be robustly activated in response to UVB radiation in a manner dependent on the nucleotide excision repair factor and DNA translocase XPB. Inhibition of ATR kinase activity under these conditions negatively impacted acute cell survival and cytotoxicity and severely inhibited the ability of UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes to proliferate upon stimulation with growth factors. Furthermore, ATR kinase inhibition in quiescent HaCaT keratinocytes potentiated UVB mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus. Though ATR inhibition did not impact the rate of removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from genomic DNA, elevated levels of PCNA mono-ubiquitination and chromatin-associated PCNA and RPA indicate that excision gap-filling synthesis was altered in the absence of ATR signaling. These results indicate that the ATR kinase plays important roles in preventing mutagenesis and in promoting the proliferative potential of quiescent keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Shaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Rebekah J Hutcherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
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443
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Ma M, Rodriguez A, Sugimoto K. Activation of ATR-related protein kinase upon DNA damage recognition. Curr Genet 2019; 66:327-333. [PMID: 31624858 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are constantly damaged by exogenous and endogenous factors. To cope with DNA damage, eukaryotic cells are equipped with three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs), such as ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. PIKKs are structurally related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (lipid kinase), however possess protein kinase activities. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 and the Ku complex interact with and activate ATM and DNA-PKcs at double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), respectively. In contrast, ATR responds to various types of DNA lesions by interacting with replication protein A (RPA)-covered single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Several lines of evidence have established a model in which ATR is activated by interacting with ATR activating proteins including TopBP1 and ETAA1 at DNA lesions in humans, yet the interaction of ATR with RPA-covered ssDNA does not result in ATR activation. In budding yeast, the Mec1-Ddc2 complex (Mec1-Ddc2) corresponds to ATR-ATRIP. Similar to ATR, Mec1 activation is accomplished by interactions with Mec1 activating proteins, which are Ddc1, Dpb11 (TopBP1 homolog) and Dna2. However, recent studies provide results supporting the idea that Mec1ATR is also activated by interacting with RPA-covered ssDNA tracts. These observations suggest that all the ATM, ATR, DNA-PK family proteins can be activated immediately upon DNA damage recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anibian Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Katsunori Sugimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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444
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Achuthankutty D, Thakur RS, Haahr P, Hoffmann S, Drainas AP, Bizard AH, Weischenfeldt J, Hickson ID, Mailand N. Regulation of ETAA1-mediated ATR activation couples DNA replication fidelity and genome stability. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3943-3953. [PMID: 31615875 PMCID: PMC6891097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Achuthankutty et al. show that the recently identified ATR kinase activator ETAA1 has an important role in protecting against chromosomal instability arising from incompletely replicated DNA, driven by cell cycle– and replication stress–regulated, phosphorylation-dependent control of its ATR-activating domain. The ATR kinase is a master regulator of the cellular response to DNA replication stress. Activation of ATR relies on dual pathways involving the TopBP1 and ETAA1 proteins, both of which harbor ATR-activating domains (AADs). However, the exact contribution of the recently discovered ETAA1 pathway to ATR signaling in different contexts remains poorly understood. Here, using an unbiased CRISPR-Cas9–based genome-scale screen, we show that the ATR-stimulating function of ETAA1 becomes indispensable for cell fitness and chromosome stability when the fidelity of DNA replication is compromised. We demonstrate that the ATR-activating potential of ETAA1 is controlled by cell cycle– and replication stress–dependent phosphorylation of highly conserved residues within its AAD, and that the stimulatory impact of these modifications is required for the ability of ETAA1 to prevent mitotic chromosome abnormalities following replicative stress. Our findings suggest an important role of ETAA1 in protecting against genome instability arising from incompletely duplicated DNA via regulatory control of its ATR-stimulating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Achuthankutty
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roshan Singh Thakur
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Haahr
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Hoffmann
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anna H Bizard
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen and Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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445
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Zhang D, Zhao B, Liu L, Xie Z, Yao Y, Zheng P. KHDC3L mutation causes recurrent pregnancy loss by inducing genomic instability of human early embryonic cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000468. [PMID: 31609975 PMCID: PMC6812846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is an important complication in reproductive health. About 50% of RPL cases are unexplained, and understanding the genetic basis is essential for its diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, we report causal KH domain containing 3 like (KHDC3L) mutations in RPL. KHDC3L is expressed in human epiblast cells and ensures their genome stability and viability. Mechanistically, KHDC3L binds to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to stimulate its activity. In response to DNA damage, KHDC3L also localizes to DNA damage sites and facilitates homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. KHDC3L dysfunction causes PARP1 inhibition and HR repair deficiency, which is synthetically lethal. Notably, we identified two critical residues, Thr145 and Thr156, whose phosphorylation by Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is essential for KHDC3L’s functions. Importantly, two deletions of KHDC3L (p.E150_V160del and p.E150_V172del) were detected in female RPL patients, both of which harbor a common loss of Thr156 and are impaired in PARP1 activation and HR repair. In summary, our study reveals both KHDC3L as a new RPL risk gene and its critical function in DNA damage repair pathways. Recurrent pregnancy loss is an important complication in reproductive health, and about 50% of cases remain unexplained. This study shows that KHDC3L safeguards the genomic stability of human early embryonic cells, and damaging mutations in its gene cause recurrent pregnancy loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhongliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dengfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yan An Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fertility Regulation and Birth Health of Minority Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Preconception Health in Western China, NHFPC, Population and Family Planning Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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446
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Pack LR, Daigh LH, Meyer T. Putting the brakes on the cell cycle: mechanisms of cellular growth arrest. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:106-113. [PMID: 31252282 PMCID: PMC7187785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of cellular proliferation is critical to tissue homeostasis and development, but misregulation leads to diseases of excess proliferation or cell loss. To achieve precise control, cells utilize distinct mechanisms of growth arrest such as quiescence and senescence. The decision to enter these growth-arrested states or proliferate is mediated by the core cell-cycle machinery that responds to diverse external and internal signals. Recent advances have revealed the molecular underpinnings of these cell-cycle decisions, highlighting the unique nature of cell-cycle entry from quiescence, identifying endogenous DNA damage as a quiescence-inducing signal, and establishing how persistent arrest is achieved in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Pack
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leighton H Daigh
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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447
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Preclinical Combination Studies of an FGFR2 Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate and the ATR Inhibitor BAY 1895344. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:410-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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448
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that catalyze changes in the torsional and flexural strain of DNA molecules. Earlier studies implicated these enzymes in a variety of processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromosome segregation. Studies performed over the past 3 years have provided new insight into the roles of various topoisomerases in maintaining eukaryotic chromosome structure and facilitating the decatenation of daughter chromosomes at cell division. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of ribonucleotides into DNA results in trapping of topoisomerase I (TOP1)–DNA covalent complexes during aborted ribonucleotide removal. Importantly, such trapped TOP1–DNA covalent complexes, formed either during ribonucleotide removal or as a consequence of drug action, activate several repair processes, including processes involving the recently described nuclear proteases SPARTAN and GCNA-1. A variety of new TOP1 inhibitors and formulations, including antibody–drug conjugates and PEGylated complexes, exert their anticancer effects by also trapping these TOP1–DNA covalent complexes. Here we review recent developments and identify further questions raised by these new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Bjornsti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Departments of Oncology and Molecular Pharmacolgy & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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449
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Hustedt N, Álvarez-Quilón A, McEwan A, Yuan JY, Cho T, Koob L, Hart T, Durocher D. A consensus set of genetic vulnerabilities to ATR inhibition. Open Biol 2019; 9:190156. [PMID: 31506018 PMCID: PMC6769295 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to DNA replication stress in eukaryotes is under the control of the ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase. ATR responds to single-stranded (ss) DNA to stabilize distressed DNA replication forks, modulate DNA replication firing and prevent cells with damaged DNA or incomplete DNA replication from entering into mitosis. Furthermore, inhibitors of ATR are currently in clinical development either as monotherapies or in combination with agents that perturb DNA replication. To gain a genetic view of the cellular pathways requiring ATR kinase function, we mapped genes whose mutation causes hypersensitivity to ATR inhibitors with genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screens. We delineate a consensus set of 117 genes enriched in DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle regulators that promote survival when ATR kinase activity is suppressed. We validate 14 genes from this set and report genes not previously described to modulate response to ATR inhibitors. In particular we found that the loss of the POLE3/POLE4 proteins, which are DNA polymerase ε accessory subunits, results in marked hypersensitivity to ATR inhibition. We anticipate that this 117-gene set will be useful for the identification of genes involved in the regulation of genome integrity and the characterization of new biological processes involving ATR, and may reveal biomarkers of ATR inhibitor response in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hustedt
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Alejandro Álvarez-Quilón
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Andrea McEwan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Jing Yi Yuan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Tiffany Cho
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 1A8
| | - Lisa Koob
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Durocher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1X5
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 1A8
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450
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Krenning L, van den Berg J, Medema RH. Life or Death after a Break: What Determines the Choice? Mol Cell 2019; 76:346-358. [PMID: 31561953 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a constant threat to genomic integrity. Such DSBs need to be repaired to preserve homeostasis at both the cellular and organismal levels. Hence, the DNA damage response (DDR) has evolved to repair these lesions and limit their toxicity. The initiation of DNA repair depends on the activation of the DDR, and we know that the strength of DDR signaling may differentially affect cellular viability. However, we do not fully understand what determines the cytotoxicity of a DSB. Recent work has identified genomic location, (in)correct DNA repair pathway usage, and cell-cycle position as contributors to DSB-induced cytotoxicity. In this review, we discuss how these determinants affect cytotoxicity, highlight recent discoveries, and identify open questions that could help to improve our understanding about cell fate decisions after a DNA DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenno Krenning
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van den Berg
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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